View allAll Photos Tagged random_variation
I observed the difference between Homo habilis and Australopithecus afarensis when I took pictures of both skulls in class. Australopithecus afarensis are human ancestors that gave a rise to Homo habilis. While Australopithecus afarensis’ skulls looks more like chimpanzee, the Homo Habis’ skulls resemble the modern humans. Naturalism explains that the science includes not only specific facts and archeological studies but it also is based on random variations and physical processes. Some facts in the nature can’t be exactly explained and the communication of all sciences like biology physics, and chemistry helps us to understand the species that lived o the Earth 4 millions years ago. For example, Australopithecus have a massive jar that indicates that the individuals didn’t have a proper diet like Homo habilis did. Their skulls are similar to a gorilla’s one that shows how far they were at the stage of developing from modern humans. Their physical development is connected to their place in biology and development of their genes and ecology around them. The students are able to compare the skulls without a fear that they can make a mistake. Naturalism is not mathematics where there’s only one answer; the difference between Homo habilis and Australopithecus afarensis can be observed both in the classroom, proved by biological facts, personal knowledge, and even philosophical puzzles what was the reason of one species giving a rise to another one.
When I spotted this colony of paper wasps on Magnetic Island my first thought was that it was a big one, and my second was that they were Ropalidia revolutionalis - the nest shape is distinctive and diagnostic.
Only when I examined the images later did I notice that these wasps had yellow faces, whereas all the R. revolutionalis I have photographed before have dark red-brown faces. A few minutes online informed me that these yellow faces are indeed unusual - I couldn't find any image showing the feature.
Random variation within the species? Subspecies? I don't know.
For my final piece I created a mixed media collage inspired by my short film. I focused on the flame image captured in my film and how it glitched. I burnt the edges of the paper to compliment the image and add to the aesthetic of the piece. A leg and boot placed at the bottom of a match stick adds a surreal element influenced by Surrealists I researched such as Rene Magritte and Max Ernst. I was impacted by the artist Wade Guyton who’s works include irregularities in particular, drips, streaks and blurs. Guytons work has marks and symbols, typically Xs, stripes, and flames creating random variations and patterns which I encapsulated in my collage composition.
Seen over head on the Barr Loch trail @ RSPB Lochwinnoch. I really like how the middle wing fingers are shorter than the others, giving this Osprey a very distinctive look. Will have to find out if this is a common characteristic & if it has any meaning or just a random variation specific to this Osprey.
Alex Rosenberg’s article, “Why I am a Naturalist” discusses how the theory of natural selection created by Charles Darwin fits in with the theory of Naturalism. In regard to the theory behind naturalism, Rosenberg explains, “Random variation and natural selection are the purely physical source of the beautiful means/ends economy of nature that fools us into seeking its designer… Naturalistic philosophy has returned the favor, helping psychology; evolutionary anthropology and biology solve their problems by greater conceptual clarity about function, adaptation, Darwinian fitness and individual-versus-group selection.” Thus proving that science can explain many of the questions that puzzle our world. An example of Darwin’s survival of the fittest theory can be applied to many different species. One in particular is the baboon. Baboons are known to be one of Africa’s most successful species since they can survive in many different environments, except the Sahara and tropical rain forests. They congregate in groups of 100 or more, which can be useful as a defense method while at the same time setting the stage for fierce competition. Males are significantly larger than females and have extremely large, sharp canine teeth. They are extremely aggressive which explains why they frequently attack not only each other but campsites and villages as well. When traveling in groups, baboons place the weaker males on the outside, while the strong males stay in the center to protect the females and the young. When a predator is spotted, the large males move to the outside to protect the group, and flash their teeth which can do serious damage to even some of their most feared predators including lions.
Meet Cubitron - One of its displays looked like waves of deep intense blue. I took like 14 photos of random variations of bluish ping-pong-ball-esque lights.
Phylogeny of all species in the community samples.
Mean tooth-area character mapped at tips of the phylogeny of all species in the community samples [12] to illustrate non-random variation across the phylogeny of both presence of teeth and tooth area.
In Alex Rosenberg’s article, “Why I Am a Naturalist, he says that “one of the most notable thing about naturalism is the way its philosophers have employed Darwin’s theory of natural selection to tame a purpose.” Darwin’s theory of natural selection was not very popular in the time of Darwin because it caused and still causes discrepancy between religious people who believe in special creation. Rosenberg says that naturalists have shown people that “random variation and natural selection are the purely physical source of the beautiful means/ ends economy of nature that fools us into seeking its designer.” Naturalists, like Alex Rosenberg help people to establish connections between Darwin’s theory of natural selection in terms that everyone can understand. The theory of natural selection states that the strongest and the most fit will be able to adapt to the changing environment. This male gorilla skull is an example of natural selection because he is strong, fit and has adapted to his environment over the years. This gorilla has a very defined, protruding eyebrow bone. His eyebrow bone helps him to fight off his predators by banging against them with the front of his head. The male gorilla keeps he and his family alive, safe, and prosperous.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
This image is composed of nine images stacked and averaged to reduce noise caused by high ISO. Averaging several images increases the ratio of signal (information recorded from light hitting the sensor) to noise (random variations of lightness and color information caused by the electronics). The original photos were shot at ISO 3200. I learned of this technique here. Click here for a comparison (I laid one of the original images on top of the averaged one in a checkerboard pattern).
This is a skull representation of the Peking Man. It is considered to be a homo erectus and it was originally found in cave deposits in China. This skull dates back approximately 500,000 to 200,000 years ago. In the New York Times article “Why Am I a Naturalist”, it talks about how “naturalism is the philosophical theory that treats science as our most reliable source of knowledge and scientific method as the most effective route to knowledge” (Rosenberg). Darwin’s natural selection and random variation have been brought into the study of naturalism. The race that can survive and reproduce is the one that’s going to survive and evolve over time. As you can see in the Peking Man, he has similar features to the homo sapiens. His brow line still protrudes, but over time that will evolve into the frontal lobe which helps us with long term memory, ability to recognize future consequences for our actions, choose between good or bad, suppress unacceptable social responses and recognize similarity between things. These are all very helpful things that make the homo sapiens what we are today. Naturalism is always asking questions and not pushing anything aside. Finding answers are important to naturalists and they do not like people to think they are dogmatic. Their dedication to evolution will never stop and we can see in this picture that it has been happening for years and our species just keeps becoming more intricate as the years go by.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
In Alex Rosenberg's article, "Why Am I a Naturalist," he talks about the origin of species and how physical processes alone produce the illusion of design. He then goes on to discuss how random variation and natural selection are the physical source of the what we believe to be the designer of nature. Slowly, the naturalistic philosophy has helped to develop ideas and conclusions about everything including adaptation and Darwinian fitness and individual-versus- group selection. The skull of the cow above represents all that Rosenberg mentions in his article. Due to adaptation and Darwinian fitness, even though Darwin's theory is still controversial to this date; the features and the way the skull of the cow has evolved represents natural adaptation clearly. Because the cow tends to eat rubbery grass, the teeth of the cow adapted over the ages and grew to become large molars that would help them to eat. Just like how the skull developed over the years, and has so much bone structure to help support the large molars. This represents how adaptation and natural selection that Rosenberg mentions in his article comes into play, according to the Darwinian theory.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
This photo is of the earliest known primate, the Tree Shrew. Despite its extremely small size this skull is of enormous importance in regards to the emergence of primates, and later on humans, as a species. In essence everything in the primate “family tree” began from this species. Tree Shrews are interesting because physically they appear to be very rodent-like, but in reality they are classified as a primate. This photo not only relates to the theory of emergence, but also again to Alex Rosenberg’s piece on Naturalistic Philosophy. Rosenberg would argue that this specific species started it all for the hominid tree. A series or random variations over millions of years, when paired with Darwin’s theory of natural selection, led to the creation of the human race, as well as all other species in the primate family. This is a classic case of more complex forms of life emerging from more simple ones, such as the tree shrew. This type of emergence of complex things from more simple ones can also be seen in the tools we viewed in class. It is extremely easy to notice a correlation between the time period the tool was created in, and how sophisticated and effective it is. This correlation suggests that as time went on, more complex tools were able to emerge from the less complex ones.
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size.
I captured this image on a walk I recently did in Muir Woods National Park. The exercise was probably geared towards kids, (or curious folks like me) who want to know how large of a “wing” span they have and what local bird they measure up to. It immediately got me to think about Darwin’s theories on evolution and his characteristics of inheritance and natural selection. In the concept of descent with modification, these birds evolved with respect to their food source and developed random variations that allowed for their survival. There is no ideal bird among the group that all must live up to and there is not one that is better than another. And yet, it is a fun activity for humans to see where we measure up in relation to the natural world.
These critters are the result of a computer program that created a simple structure and allowed it to mutate. Selection preferred motion. The critters learned to move in an amazing variety of ways. Some of them look familiar; others are just plain weird. All of them are the result of selection pressure on random variation. This kind of mathematical evolution can be used to solve design problems.
In the early days of herpetology (the study of amphibians and reptiles) there were really only two or three species of "Dusky" salamanders in the genus Desmognathus. One was the "generic" dusky salamander that lived in clean streams and rivers, and another was the smaller "Mountain" Dusky Salamanders that occured at higher elevations. Nowadays these species have been split so many ways that is nearly impossible to keep track of them all, let alone identify them. The Carolina Dusky Mountain Dusky Salamander is found in certain ranges of the Southern Blue Ridge and Smoky Mountains. This individual is "typical" (if there is such a thing with Dusky salamanders), but older individuals can lose their pattern and coloration and become jet black. The only real trick to IDing any Mountain Dusky to species is to use location and find as many individuals as possible to get an idea of variation in coloration/pattern within that location. All I can say is that I found twenty or so of this "species" in the Unaka Mountians, and maybe a third to a half of them looked like this. The remainder was comprised of many random variations and types, none of which were as prevalent. One trait that almost all share was the light line from the eye to the jaw. This is the mark of the genus, and is totally obscured only in the oldest, darkest individuals.
Image 1 in my portfolio album is related to module 6 a retaken best shot. The original shot was taken of my daughter and son standing near a window. My daughter was looking down and picking petals off of flowers. One of my classmates gave me a tip to make the picture a close up in order to capture the feeling I was striving to convey. I chose to retake the image without my son in it, and take the suggestion to do a close up. During my second attempt or my re-take I adjusted my camera lens to allow for a close up. By zooming in I was able to capture a better expression on my daughter’s face. Cropping the photo allowed me to remove the distractions such as the fire hydrant and street. It allowed me to bring the image closer. I then chose to flip the image from left to right. Flipping the image helped to capture the emotion better. This gave the picture a bit more mystery and allowed for the viewer’s imagination to take over. I often wonder what she thinking about as she was picking the petals off the flower. I also then changed the coloring of the photo to a black and white which was done in module 7. I felt that it captured the intent or feeling better. The changes to the picture improved the shot and established the right form of emotion. The quality of the picture is better as I cropped the image to remove distractions, ensured the image remained in focus, and that it had good composition. The photo proves to be of good quality as there is no noise or random variations due to pixel imaging . I do think this image still has room for improvement, possibly positioning the model (a.k.a my daughter), the backdrop or setting could have been changed and the angle to capture her face differently. But I do find this to be one of the stronger photo’s I created this semester based on emotional impact.
Mirrors with frame decorated with vitreous glas titles and Emaux de Briare. Mosaic technique. Vertical lines or random. Variation of blue, white, grey and black . Variation of dark og light grey for the grout.
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size.
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size. Over 1 million steps.
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size.
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size.
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Useful Commands for Stata
Useful Commands for R
Preface for Students: How This Book Can Help You Learn Econometrics
Preface for Instructors: How to Help Your Students Learn Econometrics
Acknowledgments
1 The Quest for Causality
The Core Model
Two Challenges: Randomness and Endogeneity
CASE STUDY: Flu Shots
CASE STUDY: Country Music and Suicides
Randomized Experiments as the Gold Standard
2 Stats in the Wild: Good Data Practices
2.1 Know Our Data
2.2 Replication
CASE STUDY: Violent Crime in the United States
2.3 Statistical Software
I The OLS FRAMEWORK
3 Bivariate OLS: The Foundation of Econometric Analysis
3.1 Bivariate Regression Model
3.2 Random Variation in Coefficient Estimates
3.3 Exogeneity and Unbiasedness
3.4 Precision of Estimates
3.5 Probability Limits and Consistency
3.6 Solvable Problems: Heteroscedasticity and Correlated Errors
3.7 Goodness of Fit
CASE STUDY: Height and Wages
3.8 Outliers
4 Hypothesis Testing and Interval Estimation: Answering Research Questions
4.1 Hypothesis Testing
4.2 t Tests
4.3 p Values
4.4 Power
4.5 Straight Talk about Hypothesis Testing
4.6 Confidence Intervals
5 Multivariate OLS: Where the Action Is
5.1 Using Multivariate OLS to Fight Endogeneity
5.2 Omitted Variable Bias
CASE STUDY: Does Education Support Economic Growth?
5.3 Measurement Error
5.4 Precision and Goodness of Fit
CASE STUDY: Institutions and Human Rights
5.5
idstudy.net/product/test-bank-for-real-econometrics-the-r...
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size.
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size.
ContextFreeArt: Using the spiral approach (demo) aiming to extend the max number of steps with random variations of size.
Team Woollies Ravelympics Prize
Fibre: BFL
Colourway: 'Flames'
These are two coordinating lots of fibre, 1 length dyed in stripes, the second in a random variation of the same colours.
I bought Rachel those Ray Bans for her birthday, and Tony recently purchased his own pair. And together, they look like a very random variation of the Blues Brothers.
These sketches were created using ink, I liked this method because of all the random variations that can be made from either blowing or running the ink. These sketches were made based on my final colour pallet and evening wear theme,
I am not sure where I was in this screenshot, but it was taken early on in my Second Life experience. I had no idea what was with the seemingly random variations of light being emitted from the ground, but it looked awesome! I had to take a screenshot of this one simply because of how cool it looked. I know this probably is not considered art to most people in Second Life, but this was art to me. Due to the awe of the setting, I hung around and admired the view for quite some time before further exploration. As a newcomer, made up a majority of my early in world experience. Finding a place like this really made me want to explore even more parts of the Second Life world. I am certain that there are many other incredibly cool places like this one here, and looking back at this photo makes me want to sign on right now and explore some more.
//================================================
macro "fun with randomish blobs [q]" {
newImage("blobalicious", "RGB White", 640,640, 1);
run("Colors...", "foreground=orange background=black selection=yellow");
run("Select All");
run("Fill", "slice");
amplitude = 300; // radius of a circle
variation = 600; // plus or minus variation of amplitude
number_of_points = 5 + round(random()*5.5); // min and max number of points
for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
draw_one_blob(number_of_points, variation, amplitude);
a = floor(random() * 256);
xxxxxxxx = toBinary(a);
run("XOR...", "value="+xxxxxxxx);
run("Select None");
}
}
//================================================
function draw_one_blob(points, variation, amp) {
xc = getWidth()/2; yc = getHeight()/2;
x = newArray(points);
y = newArray(points);
step = 2 * PI / points;
t = 0;
for (k=0; k<points; k++ ){
r = amp - variation + (random() * variation * 2);
x[k] = xc + r * sin(t);
y[k] = yc + r * cos(t);
t=t+step;
}
//x[points] = x[0];
//y[points] = y[0];
makeSelection("polygon", x, y);
run("Fit Spline");
}
Different #scale #mathphoto16 Exact weight - sure! There is #variation #random_variation #hidden_variation - why? t.co/bIk5ilraXs - @apharradine
After being poured upon by the sky, we found a yarn store with TONS of Rowan, and two random variations of Noro.
These are my favorite flowers we see on our walks here in Claremont. The little flowers are yellow, orange, red or pink, and they seem to gather in random variations on basic geometric patterns.
Forecasting for the future depends on trend of costs or sales over time. Practically it is unlikely that past results carry on in future as well due to number of reasons. Variation could occur and these variations could be in different ways.
Time series:
is a set of past Figures taken at equal intervals of time e.g. yearly
Variations in observations caused by :
Trend: Refers to a situation when is time series short term fluctuations have been smoothed out.
Cyclical Variations: UPS and Downs like waves for longer period of time continuously called cyclical variations. Generally shows booms and slumps in the industry.
Seasonal variations: Rise and fall for shorter periods of time regularly. For example, Coats and jackets sales increase in winters and decrease in summers.
Random variations: these are other, unpredictable or unseen variations.
E.g. any change occur due to earth quake.
Trend and the seasonal variations can be calculated through 2 methods.
- Moving Averages: Trend and the seasonal variations can be calculated through Moving Averages.
- Multiplicative Model :Multiplicative model help to calculate increasing seasonal variations as percentage of trend.
Set out below are the sales per quarter (in 000’s of units) of a company over the Past 3 years.