Nick and Nora are at their wise-cracking best as they investigate murder and racketeering at a local race-track. Starred William Powell, Myrna Loy, Barry Nelson, Donna Reed, Sam Levene, Alan Baxter, and Henry O'Neill. Directed by W.S. Van Dyke.

Government witness testimony by Miguel Brennan in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

I have photographed this building several times, so I concentrated on details today.

The Pui Tak Center, formerly the On Leong Merchants Association Building, was designed by architects Christian S. Michaelsen and Sigurd A. Rognstad (there were no architects of Chinese ancestry in Chicago at the time). It was completed in 1928 at 2216 S. Wentworth Ave. The association used it as an immigrant assistance center, and the building was informally referred to as Chinatown's "city hall." In 1988, the FBI and Chicago Police raided the building as part of a racketeering investigation. The US federal government seized the building that same year.

The building was purchased by the Chinese Christian Union Church (CCUC) for $1.4 million and renamed the Pui Tak Center in 1993.The CCUC spent $1 million raised from community donations to renovate and update the building's neglected interior. The newly named Pai Tak Center now hosts various religious, community, and educational programs, such as English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) courses.

Photograph from Chicago Architecture Foundation Explore Chinatown tour.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Miguel Brennan in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

[Leo Frank Museum Curator: Thank you to our contributor who used Artificial Intelligence in 2021 to colorize the 1856 image of Judah P. Benjamin. He was a Jewish-American Southerner who worked successfully as an attorney and political leader in two different countries. He was the treasurer of the Confederate States of America during the secessionist war of independence (called the civil war or war between the states) of which they lost. His face was on the two-dollar bill of the Confederate currency. ]

Email commentary:

Judah P. Benjamin has often been cited as the historical evidence that the Antebellum South was not anti-Semitic, despite Jewish agitation groups like the Anti-defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL in 1987 thereafter) and other Judaic activist syndicates masquerading as civil rights organizations who defame the American South as having rampant Antisemitism, at the time, historically. Screen captures have shown ADL fundraising with the Leo Frank case by racketeering Antisemitism. A wide number of independent Jewish sources cite the Leo Frank case as inspiring the league's founding in 1913.

Judah Philip Benjamin, QC (August 6, 1811 – May 6, 1884) was a lawyer and politician who was a United States Senator from Louisiana, a Cabinet officer of the Confederate States and, after his escape to the United Kingdom at the end of the American Civil War, an English barrister. Benjamin was the first Jew to hold a Cabinet position in North America and the first to be elected to the United States Senate who had not renounced his faith.

Benjamin was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from London, who had moved to St. Croix in the Danish West Indies when it was occupied by Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. Seeking greater opportunities, his family immigrated to the United States, eventually settling in Charleston, South Carolina. Judah Benjamin attended Yale College but left without graduating. He moved to New Orleans, where he read law and passed the bar.

Benjamin rose rapidly both at the bar and in politics. He became a wealthy planter and slave owner and was elected to and served in both houses of the Louisiana legislature prior to his election by the legislature to the US Senate in 1852. There, he was an eloquent supporter of slavery. After Louisiana seceded in 1861, Benjamin resigned as a senator and returned to New Orleans.

He soon moved to Richmond after Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him as Attorney General. Benjamin had little to do in that position, but Davis was impressed by his competence and appointed him as Secretary of War. Benjamin firmly supported Davis, and the President reciprocated the loyalty by promoting him to Secretary of State in March 1862, while Benjamin was being criticized for the rebel defeat at the Battle of Roanoke Island.

As Secretary of State, Benjamin attempted to gain official recognition for the Confederacy by France and the United Kingdom, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. To preserve the Confederacy as military defeats made its situation increasingly desperate, he advocated freeing and arming the slaves late in the war, but his proposals were only partially accepted in the closing month of the war. When Davis fled the Confederate capital of Richmond in early 1865, Benjamin went with him. He left the presidential party and was successful in escaping from the mainland United States, but Davis was captured by Union troops. Benjamin sailed to Great Britain, where he settled and became a barrister, again rising to the top of his profession before retiring in 1883. He died in Paris the following year.

Reference: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin

Official US Court document regarding government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Official US Court document with regards to witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Miguel Brennan in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Miguel Brennan in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Official US Court document with regards to witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Assistant US Attorney Yates explains to THE COURT upcoming witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

The Peaky Blinders were a street gang based in Birmingham, England, which operated from the 1880s until the 1920s. The group consisted largely of young criminals from lower- to working-class backgrounds. They engaged in robbery, violence, racketeering, illegal bookmaking, and control of gambling. Members wore signature outfits that typically included tailored jackets, lapelled overcoats, buttoned waistcoats, silk scarves, bell-bottom trousers, leather boots, and peaked flat caps.

Its history is brought to life through historical re-enactors.

Blists Hill Victorian Town is an open-air museum built on a former industrial complex located in the Madeley area of Telford, Shropshire, England. The museum attempts to recreate the sights, sounds and smells of a Victorian Shropshire town in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Buddy's Back

10 September 2014 -- 253/365

Providence, Rhode Island

Once again, it's election season in the US, and the campaign signs are sprouting faster than teenage acne. Seemingly overnight, these large "Buddy Cianci" signs have sprouted throughout Providence for what will prove to be, if nothing else, a very entertaining mayoral race. For those not familiar with the saga, Buddy was Mayor of Providence from 1975 to 1984 when he was forced to resign following a felony assault conviction. (He caught his wife fooling around with someone, confronted that someone, and burnt the guy with a lit cigarette. Personally, I think the guy was lucky since others in Buddy's crowd - myself included - would likely have simply planted the guy next to Jimmy Hoffa.) Buddy was then reelected Mayor from 1991 to 2001 when, again, he was forced to resign following a felony racketeering conviction under the RICO act. (The RICO act effectively says, "we have no proof you did anything, but you must have been guilty so we're going to convict you anyway.") Buddy served 4-years in the Federal Correctional Institution at Fort Dix in New Jersey. He became eligible to run for Mayor again in 2012 and has thrown his hat (sans toupee) into the ring for this year's election. Throughout his career he was extremely popular in the predominantly Italian city of Providence, but since his last stint as Mayor the demographics in the city have changed dramatically. It's now over 30% Hispanic, something that will strongly favor his challenger, newcomer Jorge Elorza. It will be an interesting race to watch. For the record, I've always been a big fan of Buddy's, and wish he had run for Governor instead of Mayor. The two gubernatorial candidates this year leave me convinced that I'll be writing in my own name on election day since I can't support either Raimondo or Fung for that office.

Post processing started with a classic filter in Topaz B&W FX. I adjusted color sensitivity sliders, adaptive exposure, regions, contrast, boost black, boost white, and protect highlights. A levels adjustment was added in PSE.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Chuck E Cheese is basicly a racketeering gig for tickets. You pay money for tokens, which the kids spend on games, which gives them tickets, for which they then choose prizes. By the time you do the exchange rate of money to token to ticket to prize your paying like $10 for that .50 cent airhead. ;)

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Elizabeth Collins in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

The Peaky Blinders were a street gang based in Birmingham, England, which operated from the 1880s until the 1920s. The group consisted largely of young criminals from lower- to working-class backgrounds. They engaged in robbery, violence, racketeering, illegal bookmaking, and control of gambling. Members wore signature outfits that typically included tailored jackets, lapelled overcoats, buttoned waistcoats, silk scarves, bell-bottom trousers, leather boots, and peaked flat caps.

Its history is brought to life through historical re-enactors.

Blists Hill Victorian Town is an open-air museum built on a former industrial complex located in the Madeley area of Telford, Shropshire, England. The museum attempts to recreate the sights, sounds and smells of a Victorian Shropshire town in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Peaky Blinders were a street gang based in Birmingham, England, which operated from the 1880s until the 1920s. The group consisted largely of young criminals from lower- to working-class backgrounds. They engaged in robbery, violence, racketeering, illegal bookmaking, and control of gambling. Members wore signature outfits that typically included tailored jackets, lapelled overcoats, buttoned waistcoats, silk scarves, bell-bottom trousers, leather boots, and peaked flat caps.

Its history is brought to life through historical re-enactors.

Blists Hill Victorian Town is an open-air museum built on a former industrial complex located in the Madeley area of Telford, Shropshire, England. The museum attempts to recreate the sights, sounds and smells of a Victorian Shropshire town in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Government witness testimony by Miguel Brennan in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Convicted for aggravated assault, arson, burglary, illegal drug abuse/sales, embezzlement, grand theft, tax evasion, treason, espionage, racketeering, robbery, murder, rape, kidnapping and fraud.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Sharon Eubanks, JD, co-author of "Bad Acts: The Racketeering Case Against the Tobacco Industry" speaks to members of the Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs Section at its midyear meeting in March at APHA's Washington, D.C., headquarters. (Photo by Natalie McGill/The Nation's Health/APHA)

For information on the book, see the APHA Press website: secure.apha.org/scriptcontent/beweb/orders/ProductDetail....

Assistant US Attorney Yates explains upcoming witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Directed by Roger Corman. Starring Steve Cochran, Lita Milan, Robert Strauss and Celia Lovsky.

synopsis

By 1958, director Roger Corman had switched from making low-budgeters like Apache Woman to movies like the gangster flic I, Mobster that might be found outside of the drive-in setting. The ungrammatical title refers to Joe Sante (Steve Cochran) and his career of climbing the ladder in the hierarchy of organized crime. Now at the top rung, Sante is taking the Fifth Amendment before a Senate subcommittee on racketeering and as he does so, his life is recalled in flashbacks. His first job was working for a bookie, next he becomes involved in a drug ring, and then he expands into intimidating striking workers. Since the last rung of the ladder is open game for any ambitious gangster, Sante would do well to also recall how homicide got him where he now stands.

review

While hardly a big budget affair, I, Mobster did provide Roger Corman with a more workable budget than those of many of his earlier (and some later) films. Mobster is altogether only an average film, but it does have some elements that stand out. Steve Cochran's star performance is one of these. Cochran could be a frustrating actor, capable of giving quite fine performances but equally capable of falling into an acting rut; sometimes both sides of him appear in one film. In Mobstr, Cochran appears fully engaged, perhaps due to the role itself or perhaps due to Corman's direction (or both). He understands that Joe Sante is a man of two personalities, one of them a ruthless gangster, the other a human with a strict moral compass. Cochran navigates this difficult dual terrain perfectly, and his work here is very, very good. The complexity of this character is one of the other noteworthy aspects of the film, providing more depth than is often found in this kind of routine melodrama. Also of note is Floyd D. Crosby's photography, which adds considerable depth and atmosphere. There's also a lot to Mobster that's run of the mill, including the rise-and-fall plot; but fans of the genre will find enough original here to keep them engaged.

Assistant US Attorney Yates explains upcoming witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

[Leo Frank Museum Curator Commentary: Thank you to our contributor who used Artificial Intelligence to colorize the 1856 image of Judah P. Benjamin. He was a Jewish-American Southerner who worked successfully as an attorney and high-ranking political leader in the Confederate States of America (CSA).

He was the treasurer of the Confederate States of America (nicknamed Dixie or the American South) during its secessionist war of independence (called the American civil war or the war between the states) of which they lost resoundingly in 1865 to Northern forces under POTUS Abraham Lincoln. End of Commentary.]

Judah P. Benjamin and Antisemitism in the American South

Judah P. Benjamin has often been cited as the historical evidence that the Antebellum South was not anti-Semitic, despite Jewish agitation groups like the Anti-defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL in 1987 thereafter) and other Judaic activist syndicates masquerading as civil rights organizations who defame the American South as having rampant Antisemitism, at the time, historically. Screen captures have shown ADL fundraising with the Leo Frank case by racketeering Antisemitism and the hoax that throngs were screaming anti-Semitic death threats at that the jury and observers at the trial of Leo Frank. A wide number of independent Jewish sources cite the Leo Frank case as inspiring the league's founding in 1913.

Judah P. Benjamin at WIkipedia

Judah Philip Benjamin, QC (August 6, 1811 – May 6, 1884) was a lawyer and politician who was a United States Senator from Louisiana, a Cabinet officer of the Confederate States and, after his escape to the United Kingdom at the end of the American Civil War, an English barrister. Benjamin was the first Jew to hold a Cabinet position in North America and the first to be elected to the United States Senate who had not renounced his faith.

Benjamin was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from London, who had moved to St. Croix in the Danish West Indies when it was occupied by Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. Seeking greater opportunities, his family immigrated to the United States, eventually settling in Charleston, South Carolina. Judah Benjamin attended Yale College but left without graduating. He moved to New Orleans, where he read law and passed the bar.

Benjamin rose rapidly both at the bar and in politics. He became a wealthy plantation owner and slave dealer. He was elected to and served in both houses of the Louisiana legislature prior to his election by the legislature to the US Senate in 1852. There, he was an eloquent supporter of slavery. After Louisiana seceded in 1861, Benjamin resigned as a senator and returned to New Orleans.

He soon moved to Richmond after Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him as Attorney General. Benjamin had little to do in that position, but Davis was impressed by his competence and appointed him as Secretary of War. Benjamin firmly supported Davis, and the President reciprocated the loyalty by promoting him to Secretary of State in March 1862, while Benjamin was being criticized for the rebel defeat at the Battle of Roanoke Island.

As Secretary of State, Benjamin attempted to gain official recognition for the Confederacy by France and the United Kingdom, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. To preserve the Confederacy as military defeats made its situation increasingly desperate, he advocated freeing and arming the slaves late in the war, but his proposals were only partially accepted in the closing month of the war. When Davis fled the Confederate capital of Richmond in early 1865, Benjamin went with him. He left the presidential party and was successful in escaping from the mainland United States, but Davis was captured by Union troops. Benjamin sailed to Great Britain, where he settled and became a barrister, again rising to the top of his profession before retiring in 1883. He died in Paris the following year.

Reference: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin

Scheidler presents Daleiden with a "Racketeering for Life" pin

Government witness testimony by Miguel Brennan in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.

Government witness testimony by Melissa Issacson a.k.a. Tammy Ireland in CASE 92-CR-00018-AA given during the Federal racketeering trial United States of America vs. Ronnie Hudson a.k.a. Fleet in July 1993 at the Ann Arbor US Courthouse before the Honorable Judge GEORGE LA PLATTA presiding.