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Au coeur de la Fagne wallonne près du Noir Flohay (Plateau des Hautes Fagnes), lande tourbeuse, bouleaux pubescents et bloc erratique de quartzite.
This sarcophagus is one of the three sarcophagi of Queen Hatshepsut. One of them was used for the burial of Thutmosis I and is now displayed in Boston.
The sarcophagus is perfectly polished on all sides and decorated with finely carved scenes in one of the hardest stones used by Egyptian artists, the red quartzite associated with the solar cult.
At the foot end of the sarcophagus is Isis, kneeling on the nub hieroglyph (a necklace with pendants symbolizing 'gold'). The goddess's hands rest on the shen hieroglyph (symbolizing protection). On her forehead is the cobra. The hieroglyph meaning 'throne', inscribed with her name, rests on her head. Her body is draped in a long, tight tunic with a broad strap partially covering her breast.
Three columns of hieroglyphs are incised in front of Isis, in which the goddess is defined as the daughter of Geb and which record her words: 'Your arms surround the king Maatkare, right of voice, you have illuminated his face and opened his eyes'. The whole scene is framed by three long cartouches, two vertical and a higher horizontal one in which the queen associates herself with Isis, declaring their sisterhood. A similar scene is found on the opposite short end of the sarcophagus, where the goddess Nephthys is represented. She too has her name written above her head.
Along the right-hand side of the sarcophagus are depicted two of the sons of Horus (Imseti and Duamutef), between whom is placed Anubis Khentisehnetjer ('he who stands before the tent of the god') while the other two sons of Horus (Hapy and Qebehsenuef) are represented on the left-hand side with Anubis Imyut ('the embalmer') between them.
On both sides of the sarcophagus, the texts are composed of tutelary verses for the body of the queen. On the left-hand side, there is also a pair of wedjat eyes that allowed the deceased to look out of the sarcophagus. In the interior of the sarcophagus are further representations of Isis and Nephthys.
18th dynasty, from the Valley of the Kings, KV20
JE 37678 - JE 52459
Ground floor, grand hall
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
The spectacular quartzite cone summit, 751m above sea level, forms an iconic Donegal and Irish image.
Spectacular views of the beautiful 'Poisoned Glen' below and the dramatic Donegal countryside, from Malin Head to Slieve League.
A heavenly experience! That just about sums up a climb to the summit of Mount Errigal, Donegal highest and most distinctive mountain.
Gaze with amazement atop Errigal at the scene around you. You are 751mabove sea level and looking down on a mesmerising sight. All around you is the ravishing beauty of mountains, forests, wild parkland and shimmering lakes.
The beautiful glen below you is known as 'Poisoned Glen'.Let your imagination flow as you hear about the different explanations for how the glen got its name. One Irish myth tells how it originated from the blood that ran from the evil one-eyed Balor after he had been killed by his grandson, Lúgh, the Celtic God of Light. Another, more benign tale says that English cartographers mistook the Irish word for heaven, 'neamh' for that for poison, (nimh)!
As you breath in the clear air on the summit, notice how the bright quartzite cone of Mount Errigal's peak makes for a spectacular contrast with the dark, peat-covered land on the lower slopes. The mountain is a precious treasure which forms part of the Glenveagh National Park. Admire its perfect pyramid shape and see how it completely dominates the surrounding area.
Take some time too to survey the wider spectacular views that are possible from Donegal's highest peak. These embrace a huge sweep of dramatic coastline, from Malin Head in the north to Slieve League in the south. Not forgetting the superb inland panorama that unfolds before you.
© Yvonne Mc
Sioux quartzite accents frame the Rock Island depot in Pipestone, Minnesota, now the home of Keepers. The world's largest peace pipe is just out of the frame.
Best viewed large!
Although I have been posting a number of black and white photos lately, I am still essentially a color enthusiast at heart. This was taken during a recent trip to a gem show in Quartzite, Arizona, during which I was accompanied by fellow Flickr members cobalt123 and my son Colin. Actually, it was the two of us who accompanied cobalt, who had a field day at this event.
Yatala Stockade complex, Northfield
Yatala Prison was built in 1854 to enable inmates to work the quarries. It was the second prison to be built in the state. The first was Adelaide Gaol built 1841.
Lookout, northern side of Dry Creek Valley.
From here prisoners working in and around the quarry could be watched.
Cambrian stone quarried in the Dry Creek Valley at Northfield was used for an estimated 95% of Port Adelaide’s stone buildings: transport was by rail.
Stone from here was used for many Adelaide government buildings, rubble served for roads, stone for street paving and gutters, and weathered shale for the cement industry. Shale was used for burning with limestone to manufacture cement.
Yatala quartzite was used for Adelaide’s street water tables.
A powder magazine built in 1879 was situated a good distance from the quarry but still to the north of the prison. Gunpowder was stored there.
One of the many shots of these "structures" one comes across while hiking the woods at Devil's Lake.
One of the three peaks (two Munros and a Corbett) surrounding Coire Làir, a side valley of Glen Carron. Sadly rather a grey day, and needless to say as soon as we got near the summit of Beinn Liath Mhòr, it started raining, and stayed that way for the rest of the day ... our traverse of its three summits was largely lacking in views.
As part of the Moine Thrust zone, this is a complex mixture of Cambrian quartzite (white/grey) and older Torridonian sandstone (dark/reddish) with the latter sometimes on top of the former (as seen at extreme R); this is one of the less tortured bits. Stitched from two shots.
The Bower Bird Goldfield was proclaimed on the 5th of September 1895 - and incorporated into the Cloncurry Gold and Mineral Field on the 9th of January 1913. The area encompassing the Bower Bird workings generally consists of rugged ranges of quartzite cut by streams draining into the north flowing Leichhardt River.
Gold had been found at Bower Bird between 1870 and 1872. Fossickers (notably Bill McPhail) were prospecting the area before 1880 and R L Jack's 1882 maps show a "Bower Bird Goldfield" although no official returns were recorded until 1893. The first reef located was the Victoria and in 1884 it also provided the first stone for crushing which yielded 103 ozs of gold from 17.2 tons of ore, which was carted some distance to the Soldier's Cap (Mount Freda) battery near Cloncurry for crushing.
The Bower Bird Battery of five stamps, four berdans, and concentrator was probably erected in 1895, after being relocated from other places. The stamper was already over 20 years old, having been manufactured in 1873. Between 1895 and 1897 the field's main producer the Victoria reef officially produced 930 tons of ore yielding 811 ozs of gold before being abandoned, possibly due to drought. It is not known whether the battery was also abandoned at this time or continued processing ore from other nearby reefs, such as the Lily of the Valley, Bertha, and Two Mile, which yielded patches of alluvial gold. After 1900, a small quantity of ore was carted from shafts on May Downs Station to the Bower Bird Battery for crushing, with unknown results.
By about 1895 the township, which was some distance from the battery consisted, of three stores, two hotels, and a post office which closed in 1901.
In January 1904 it was reported in Cloncurry that the battery shed had burnt down. Although there is no record, the battery may have been rebuilt because in 1909 the Victoria Reef was reopened and produced a further 8.1 tons of ore yielding 11.5ozs of gold. Hooper records that the battery was renovated in 1908 as a five head battery with a Brown and Stanfield converter to treat ore from the Victory mine. A Commonwealth Government geologist, C.S. Honman, inspected the field in 1937 but did not report on the battery.
The surrounding area contains numerous early workings and crude stone camp sites, which are comparatively undisturbed and may date from the 1890s occupation of the area by miners. The five head stamp battery and frame was built by P N Russell and Co., Engineers of Sydney in 1873 and this is the earliest manufacture date on recorded batteries in North Queensland. It is the only intact stamp battery remaining in Western and North-West Queensland and may be the earliest surviving in Queensland.
Source: Queensland Heritage Register.
Devil's Lake State Park, Wisconsin. The dock in the foreground extends out from the shoreline-based boat and watercraft rental area. The rock outcroppings on the bluff are quartzite. Because of the limited steep elevations in the US Midwest, rock climbing is popular on the bluffs with up to 1600 routes available. The three tiny black specks in the center sky are soaring turkey vultures. Best viewed large.
Hakatai Shale is the brilliant reddish formation. The cliff above it is Shinumo Quartzite. The yellow shrub on the opposite slope is brittlebush. An immense dike cuts through the shale.
Rocky outcrops like these are very common in the area where I live (Windhoek, Namibia): mica schists interspersed with quarzite.
The photo was taken for this week's challenge "Rocks"
The Prairie Prickly Pear cacti display a stunning show of their flowering capabilities at Blue Mounds State Park.
The sarcophagus is perfectly polished on all sides and decorated with finely carved scenes in one of the hardest stones used by Egyptian artists, the red quartzite associated with the solar cult.
At the foot end of the sarcophagus is Isis, kneeling on the nub hieroglyph (a necklace with pendants symbolizing 'gold'). The goddess's hands rest on the shen hieroglyph (symbolizing protection). On her forehead is the cobra. The hieroglyph meaning 'throne', inscribed with her name, rests on her head. Her body is draped in a long, tight tunic with a broad strap partially covering her breast.
Three columns of hieroglyphs are incised in front of Isis, in which the goddess is defined as the daughter of Geb and which record her words: 'Your arms surround the king Maatkare, right of voice, you have illuminated his face and opened his eyes'. The whole scene is framed by three long cartouches, two vertical and a higher horizontal one in which the queen associates herself with Isis, declaring their sisterhood.
18th dynasty, from the Valley of the Kings, KV20
JE 37678 - JE 52459
Ground floor, grand hall
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
A colossal quartzite statue of Tutankhamun. Usurped by Ay and Horemheb.
Large traces of paint that remain on the statue hint at its original vivid colors.
This statue probably had a pair and stood with it at his mortuary temple. Originally, Tutankhamun´s name was carved on the belt but his successor, Ay, inscribed his name over Tutankhamun´s. Soon after, Ay´s own name was replaced by that of his successor, Horemheb.
Today, over 3,3000 years after his death, King Tutankhamun is the most famous of all the pharaohs. His name is spoken around the world, assuring the once-forgotten boy king of his immortality.
Tutankhamun treasures of the golden pharaoh. Saatchi Gallery, London.
GEM2223
- www.kevin-palmer.com - From the summit of Bridger Peak, I had a great view of Quartzite Peak, which I also decided to climb the next day.
The Colossi of Memnon are two massive stone statues of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III, which stand at the front of the ruined Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, the largest temple in the Theban Necropolis. They have stood since 1,350 B.C., and were well known to ancient Greeks and Romans, as well as early modern travelers and Egyptologists. The statues contain 107 Roman-era inscriptions in Greek and Latin, dated to between 20 and 250 A.D.; many of these inscriptions on the northernmost statue make reference to the Greek mythological king Memnon, whom the statue was then – erroneously – thought to represent.
The twin statues depict Amenhotep III in a seated position, his hands resting on his knees and his gaze facing eastwards towards the river. Two shorter figures are carved into the front throne alongside his legs: these are his wife Tiye and mother Mutemwiya.
The statues are made from blocks of quartzite sandstone which was quarried at el-Gabal el-Ahmar (near modern-day Cairo) and transported 675 km (420 mi) overland to Thebes (Luxor). The stones are believed to be too heavy to have been transported upstream on the Nile.
Recent excavations have unearthed additional seated statues of Amenhotep III, one of which can be seen in the distance.
Statue of Neferhebef
Quartzite
New Kingdom
Egypt of Glory exhibition, Amos Rex Art Museum, Helsinki
From the collection of Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy
9.10.2020-21.3.2021
The Paps of Jura (Scottish Gaelic: Sgurr na Cìche) are three mountains located on the western side of island of Jura, in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Their highest point is Beinn an Òir (Gaelic: mountain of gold) 785 metres (2,575 ft).
They are steep-sided quartzite hills with distinctive conical shapes resembling breasts. The word pap is an ancient word of Old Norse origin for the female breast. The Paps are conspicuous hills that dominate the island landscape as well as the landscape of the surrounding area. They can be seen from the Mull of Kintyre and, on a clear day, Skye and Northern Ireland.
The Corella Formation between Cloncurry and Mary Kathleen, northwest Queensland, was later modified (metamorphosed) by moderately high temperatures, and as a result, calcium-rich silicate minerals like hornblende, diopside and scapolite crystallised. The resulting rocks are known as calc-silicates. Crustal forces also compressed them to generate spectacularly folded, layered rocks typical of the formation. The Quilalar Formation of the same age northwest of Mount Isa was not modified by such high temperatures.
The idea that these limestones, dolomites and other sediments formed in a hyper-saline sea comes from the widespread scapolite in them. This is a complex metamorphic mineral which requires abundant sodium, chlorine, and sulphate to crystallise - these are abundant in hyper-saline water.
As well as being metamorphosed, the Corella Formation was extensively permeated by hot fluids rich in sodium, potassium, and iron. This metasomatism resulted in the growth of reddish feldspars (albite and microcline) and iron-rich silicates such as epidote and amphibole, as well as additional scapolite. The fluids causing this 'red-rock alteration' are regarded by many geologists as a necessary precursor for the formation of the iron-oxide-copper-gold deposits which occur in the Cloncurry region.
Around Cloncurry, parts of the Corella Formation have been broken up to form a breccia (blocks of the original rocks mixed erratically in a matrix of finer material). The cause of the breccia remains uncertain but seems to be a process which post-dates the laying down of the rocks. During deformation and metamorphism, some layers will react differently to the strain, some being brittle and others being more plastic, and this contrast can lead to breaking of the more brittle layers. Other ideas are that it formed by a process called hydraulic fracturing by fluids escaping from later granite intrusions or by gases from deep in the crust. Either way, the breccia is a widespread but enigmatic rock type.
Source: Rocks and Landscapes of Northwest Queensland by Laurie Hutton & Ian Withnall.
The Magaliesberg is a modest quartzite mountain range in northern South Africa, spanning across two provinces. It begins south of the Pilanesberg, curves through suburban Pretoria, and extends approximately 50 km east to just south of Bronkhorstspruit.
Towering over the northern suburbs of Pretoria, the Magaliesberg offers only one escape route through a narrow valley in Wonderboom, where rail, road, and the mighty Apies River flow through.
From the Wonderboom Nature Reserve, Wonder Steam Train’s first public run, led by the class 15F No. 3117, can be seen slowly departing the northern suburbs of Pretoria and entering the valley, heading towards Pyramid South.
Wonderboom, Pretoria
18 May 2024
Sioux Falls is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the 121st-most populous city in the United States. It is the county seat of Minnehaha County and also extends into northern Lincoln County to the south, which continues up to the Iowa state line. The population was 192,517 at the 2020 census, and in 2022, its estimated population was 202,078. According to city officials, the estimated population had grown to 213,891 as of early 2024. The Sioux Falls metro area accounts for more than 30% of the state's population. Chartered in 1856 on the banks of the Big Sioux River, the city is situated in the rolling hills at the junction of interstates 29 and 90.
Sioux Falls is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Founded in 1856, the city was abandoned, sacked, resettled and later grew to become a city with a 2020 Census population of 192,517 people.
The history of Sioux Falls revolves around the cascades of the Big Sioux River. The falls were created about 14,000 years ago when the last glacial ice sheet redirected the flow of the river into the large looping bends of its present course. Fueled by water from the melting ice, the river exposed the underlying Sioux quartzite bedrock, the hard pinkish stone of the falls. The quartzite itself is about a billion and a half years old. It began as sediments deposited on the bottom of an ancient, shallow sea.
The lure of the falls has been a powerful influence. A prehistoric people who inhabited the region before 500 B.C. left numerous burial mounds on the high bluffs near the river. These people were followed by an agricultural society that built fortified villages on many of the same sites. Tribes of the Lakota and Dakota, widely ranging nomadic bison hunters, arrived sometime around the 18th century. Early maps indicate they used the falls as a place to rendezvous with French fur trappers, considered the first European visitors at the falls.
The falls also drew the attention of early explorers. An August 1804 journal entry of the Lewis and Clark expedition describes the falls of the "Soues River." Famous pathfinder John C. Fremont and French scientist Joseph Nicollet explored the region in 1838 and also wrote a description of the falls. Both are considered second hand accounts rather than evidence of an actual visit.
The first documented visit was by Philander Prescott, an explorer, trader, and trapper who camped overnight at the falls in December 1832. Captain James Allen led a military expedition out of Fort Des Moines in 1844. The early descriptions of the falls were published in The States and Territories of the Great West, an 1856 book by Jacob Ferris which inspired townsite developers to seek out the falls.
The focus of intense land speculation activity in Minnesota and Iowa during the mid-1850s inevitably turned toward the Big Sioux River valley. Sioux Falls was founded by land speculators who hoped to build great wealth by claiming prime townsites before the arrival of railroads and settlers.
Two separate groups, the Dakota Land Company of St. Paul and the Western Town Company of Dubuque, Iowa organized in 1856 to claim the land around the falls, considered a promising townsite for its beauty and water power. The Western Town Company arrived first, and was soon followed by the St. Paul–based company in 1857. Each laid out 320-acre (1.3 km2) claims, but worked together for mutual protection. They built a temporary barricade of turf which they dubbed "Fort Sod," in response to hostilities threatened by native tribes. Seventeen men then spent "the first winter" in Sioux Falls. The following year the population grew to near 40.
Although conflicts in Minnehaha County between Native Americans and white settlers were few, the Dakota War of 1862 engulfed nearby southwestern Minnesota. The town was evacuated in August of that year when two local settlers were killed as a result of the conflict. The settlers and soldiers stationed here traveled to Yankton in late August 1862. The abandoned townsite was pillaged and burned.
Fort Dakota, a military reservation established in present-day downtown, was established in May 1865. Many former settlers gradually returned and a new wave of settlers arrived in the following years. The population grew to 593 by 1873, and a building boom was underway in that year.
The Village of Sioux Falls, consisting of 1,200 acres (4.9 km2), was incorporated in 1876 by the 12th legislative assembly of the Dakota Territory, which convened in the territorial capital of Yankton. The village charter proved to be too restrictive, however, and Sioux Falls petitioned to become a city. The city charter was granted by the Dakota Territorial legislature on March 3, 1883.
The arrival of the railroads ushered in the great Dakota Boom decade of the 1880s. The population of Sioux Falls mushroomed from 2,164 in 1880 to 10,167 at the close of the decade. The growth transformed the city. A severe plague of grasshoppers and a national depression halted the boom by the early 1890s. The city grew by only 89 people from 1890 to 1900.
Beginning in the 1880s, a 90-day residency law and lax oversight on the part of local judges concerning sworn testimony caused word to spread across the United States that a legal divorce was easily obtained in Dakota Territory. As a result, both Sioux Falls and Fargo (in later North Dakota) became known as "divorce capitals". Thousands of people traveled to the towns seeking a divorce, with the resulting divorce rate in Minnehaha County during this period being nearly three times that of the national average. Although many local residents were unhappy with the notoriety, the surge of "tourists" necessitated the construction of a number of new hotels and restaurants, and the situation brought a level of attention uncommon for towns of a similar size. Divorce laws were tightened after statehood, and the phenomenon had ended by the early 1900s.
With the opening of the John Morrell meat-packing plant in 1909, the establishment of an airbase and a military radio and communications training school in 1942, and the completion of the interstate highways in the early 1960s, Sioux Falls grew at a moderate but steady pace in the early and middle years of the 20th century. During this period, the city's economy was largely centered on the stockyards and the meat packing industry. Sioux Falls was home to one of the largest stockyards in the nation at the time, and the John Morrell plant was by far the largest employer in the city.
Beginning in the late 20th century, Sioux Falls began growing at a considerably faster pace than during previous decades. The economy became more service-based, and word began to spread about the relatively low levels of unemployment and crime. Annexations of adjacent land in Minnehaha County became common. The first annexation of land south of 57th Street from Lincoln County was in 1969 for a municipal water tower. The next annexations from Lincoln County occurred in 1978 when a couple of new subdivisions were added.
Several large shopping malls opened during the 1970s, and the retail and dining industry began to exert a growing influence on the city's economy. In 1981, Citibank transferred its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls to take advantage of recently relaxed state anti-usury laws. Several other financial companies also moved to Sioux Falls or expanded its existing business in the city, resulting in a large present-day banking and financial presence in the city. A third factor contributing to recent growth is the expansion of the local healthcare industry. The two largest hospitals in the city, Sanford Health and Avera Health, are also the two largest present-day employers in the city.
South Dakota is a landlocked U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Dakota Sioux tribe, which comprises a large portion of the population with nine reservations currently in the state and has historically dominated the territory. South Dakota is the 17th largest by area, but the 5th least populous, and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Pierre is the state capital, and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 213,900, is South Dakota's most populous city. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River". South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota (to the north), Minnesota (to the east), Iowa (to the southeast), Nebraska (to the south), Wyoming (to the west), and Montana (to the northwest).
Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. As the southern part of the former Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with North Dakota. They are the 39th and 40th states admitted to the union; President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the statehood papers before signing them so that no one could tell which became a state first.
Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression, increased federal spending during the 1940s and 1950s for agriculture and defense, and an industrialization of agriculture that has reduced family farming. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and the area's fertile soil is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri River, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are in West River. The Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, is in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is there. South Dakota has a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The state's ecology features species typical of a North American grassland biome.
While several Democrats have represented South Dakota for multiple terms in both chambers of Congress, the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party, whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 14 presidential elections. Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in other areas to both attract and retain residents. South Dakota's history and rural character still strongly influence the state's culture.
The history of South Dakota describes the history of the U.S. state of South Dakota over the course of several millennia, from its first inhabitants to the recent issues facing the state.
Human beings have lived in what is today South Dakota for at least several thousand years. Early hunters are believed to have first entered North America at least 17,000 years ago via the Bering land bridge, which existed during the last ice age and connected Siberia with Alaska. Early settlers in what would become South Dakota were nomadic hunter-gatherers, using primitive Stone Age technology to hunt large prehistoric mammals in the area such as mammoths, sloths, and camels. The Paleolithic culture of these people disappeared around 5000 BC, after the extinction of most of their prey species.
Between AD 500 and 800, much of eastern South Dakota was inhabited by a people known as the 'Mound Builders'. The Mound Builders were hunters who lived in temporary villages and were named for the low earthen burial mounds they constructed, many of which still exist. Their settlement seems to have been concentrated around the watershed of the Big Sioux River and Big Stone Lake, although other sites have been excavated throughout eastern South Dakota. Either assimilation or warfare led to the demise of the Mound Builders by the year 800. Between 1250 and 1400 an agricultural people, likely the ancestors of the modern Mandan of North Dakota, arrived from the east and settled in the central part of the state. In 1325, what has become known as the Crow Creek Massacre occurred near Chamberlain. An archeological excavation of the site has discovered 486 bodies buried in a mass grave within a type of fortification; many of the skeletal remains show evidence of scalping and decapitation.
The Arikara, also known as the Ree, began arriving from the south in the 16th century. They spoke a Caddoan language similar to that of the Pawnee, and probably originated in what is now Kansas and Nebraska. Although they would at times travel to hunt or trade, the Arikara were far less nomadic than many of their neighbors, and lived for the most part in permanent villages. These villages usually consisted of a stockade enclosing a number of circular earthen lodges built on bluffs looking over the rivers. Each village had a semi-autonomous political structure, with the Arikara's various subtribes being connected in a loose alliance. In addition to hunting and growing crops such as corn, beans, pumpkin and other squash, the Arikara were also skilled traders, and would often serve as intermediaries between tribes to the north and south It was probably through their trading connections that Spanish horses first reached the region around 1760. The Arikara reached the height of their power in the 17th century, and may have included as many as 32 villages. Due both to disease as well as pressure from other tribes, the number of Arikara villages would decline to only two by the late 18th century, and the Arikara eventually merged entirely with the Mandan to the north.
The sister tribe of the Arikaras, the Pawnee, may have also had a small amount of land in the state. Both were Caddoan and were among the only known tribes in the continental U.S. to have committed human sacrifice, via a religious ritual that occurred once a year. It is said that the U.S. government worked hard to halt this practice before their homelands came to be heavily settled, for fear that the general public might react harshly or refuse to move there.
The Lakota Oral histories tell of them driving the Algonquian ancestors of the Cheyenne from the Black Hills regions, south of the Platte River, in the 18th century. Before that, the Cheyenne say that they were, in fact, two tribes, which they call the Tsitsistas & Sutaio After their defeat, much of their territory was contained to southeast Wyoming & western Nebraska. While they had been able to hold off the Sioux for quite some time, they were heavily damaged by a smallpox outbreak. They are also responsible for introducing the horse to the Lakota.
The Ioway, or Iowa people, also inhabited the region where the modern states of South Dakota, Minnesota & Iowa meet, north of the Missouri River. They also had a sister nation, known as the Otoe who lived south of them. They were Chiwere speaking, a very old variation of Siouan language said to have originated amongst the ancestors of the Ho-Chunk of Wisconsin. They also would have had a fairly similar culture to that of the Dhegihan Sioux tribes of Nebraska & Kansas.
By the 17th century, the Sioux, who would later come to dominate much of the state, had settled in what is today central and northern Minnesota. The Sioux spoke a language of the Siouan language family, and were divided into two culture groups – the Dakota & Nakota. By the early 18th century the Sioux would begin to move south and then west into the plains. This migration was due to several factors, including greater food availability to the west, as well as the fact that the rival Ojibwe & other related Algonquians had obtained rifles from the French at a time when the Sioux were still using the bow and arrow. Other tribes were also displaced during some sort of poorly understood conflict that occurred between Siouan & Algonquian peoples in the early 18th century.
In moving west into the prairies, the lifestyle of the Sioux would be greatly altered, coming to resemble that of a nomadic northern plains tribe much more so than a largely settled eastern woodlands one. Characteristics of this transformation include a greater dependence on the bison for food, a heavier reliance on the horse for transportation, and the adoption of the tipi for habitation, a dwelling more suited to the frequent movements of a nomadic people than their earlier semi-permanent lodges.
Once on the plains, a schism caused the two subgroups of the Sioux to divide into three separate nations—the Lakota, who migrated south, the Asiniboine who migrated back east to Minnesota & the remaining Sioux. It appears to be around this time that the Dakota people became more prominent over the Nakota & the entirety of the people came to call themselves as such.
The Lakota, who crossed the Missouri around 1760 and reached the Black Hills by 1776, would come to settle largely in western South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, and southwestern North Dakota. The Yankton primarily settled in southeastern South Dakota, the Yanktonnais settled in northeastern South Dakota and southeastern North Dakota, and the Santee settled primarily in central and southern Minnesota. Due in large part to the Sioux migrations, a number of tribes would be driven from the area. The tribes in and around the Black Hills, most notably the Cheyenne, would be pushed to the west, the Arikara would move further north along the Missouri, and the Omaha would be driven out of southeastern South Dakota and into northeastern Nebraska.
Later, the Lakota & Assiniboine returned to the fold, forming a single confederacy known as the Oceti Sakowin, or Seven council fire. This was divided into four cultural groups—the Lakota, Dakota, Nakota & Nagoda-- & seven distinct tribes, each with their own chief—the Nakota Mdewakan (Note—Older attempts at Lakota language show a mistake in writing the sound 'bl' as 'md', such as summer, Bloketu, misprinted as mdoketu. Therefore, this word should be Blewakan.) & Wahpeton, the Dakota Santee & Sisseton, the Nagoda Yankton & Yanktonai & the Lakota Teton. In this form, they were able to secure from the U.S. government a homeland, commonly referred to as Mni-Sota Makoce, or the Lakotah Republic. However, conflicts increased between Sioux & American citizens in the decades leading up the Civil War & a poorly funded & organized Bureau of Indian Affairs had difficulty keeping peace between groups. This eventually resulted in the United States blaming the Sioux for the atrocities & rendering the treaty which recognized the nation of Lakotah null and void. The U.S., however, later recognized their fault in a Supreme Court case in the 1980s after several decades of failed lawsuits by the Sioux, yet little has been done to smooth the issue over to the best interests of both sides.
France was the first European nation to hold any real claim over what would become South Dakota. Its claims covered most of the modern state. However, at most a few French scouting parties may have entered eastern South Dakota. In 1679 Daniel G. Duluth sent explorers west from Lake Mille Lacs, and they may have reached Big Stone Lake and the Coteau des Prairies. Pierre Le Sueur's traders entered the Big Sioux River Valley on multiple occasions. Evidence for these journeys is from a 1701 map by William De L'Isle that shows a trail to below the falls of the Big Sioux River from the Mississippi River.
After 1713, France looked west to sustain its fur trade. The first Europeans to enter South Dakota from the north, the Verendrye brothers, began their expedition in 1743. The expedition started at Fort La Reine on Lake Manitoba, and was attempting to locate an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean. They buried a lead plate inscribed near Ft. Pierre; it was rediscovered by schoolchildren in 1913.
In 1762, France granted Spain all French territory west of the Mississippi River in the Treaty of Fontainebleau. The agreement, which was signed in secret, was motivated by a French desire to convince Spain to come to terms with Britain and accept defeat in the Seven Years' War. In an attempt to secure Spanish claims in the region against possible encroachment from other European powers, Spain adopted a policy for the upper Missouri which emphasized the development of closer trade relations with local tribes as well as greater exploration of the region, a primary focus of which would be a search for a water route to the Pacific Ocean. Although traders such as Jacques D'Eglise and Juan Munier had been active in the region for several years, these men had been operating independently, and a determined effort to reach the Pacific and solidify Spanish control of the region had never been undertaken. In 1793, a group commonly known as the Missouri Company was formed in St. Louis, with the twin goals of trading and exploring on the upper Missouri. The company sponsored several attempts to reach the Pacific Ocean, none of which made it further than the mouth of the Yellowstone. In 1794, Jean Truteau (also spelled Trudeau) built a cabin near the present-day location of Fort Randall, and in 1795 the Mackay-Evans Expedition traveled up the Missouri as far as present-day North Dakota, where they expelled several British traders who had been active in the area. In 1801, a post known as Fort aux Cedres was constructed by Registre Loisel of St. Louis, on Cedar Island on the Missouri about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of the present location of Pierre. This trading post was the major regional post until its destruction by fire in 1810.[30] In 1800, Spain gave Louisiana back to France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso.
In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $11,000,000. The territory included most of the western half of the Mississippi watershed and covered nearly all of present-day South Dakota, except for a small portion in the northeast corner of the state. The region was still largely unexplored and unsettled, and President Thomas Jefferson organized a group commonly referred to as the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the newly acquired region over a period of more than two years. The expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery, was tasked with following the route of the Missouri to its source, continuing on to the Pacific Ocean, establishing diplomatic relations with the various tribes in the area, and taking cartographic, geologic, and botanical surveys of the area. The expedition left St. Louis on May 14, 1804, with 45 men and 15 tons of supplies in three boats (one keelboat and two pirogues). The party progressed slowly against the Missouri's current, reaching what is today South Dakota on August 22. Near present-day Vermillion, the party hiked to the Spirit Mound after hearing local legends of the place being inhabited by "little spirits" (or "devils"). Shortly after this, a peaceful meeting took place with the Yankton Sioux, while an encounter with the Lakota Sioux further north was not as uneventful. The Lakota mistook the party as traders, at one point stealing a horse. Weapons were brandished on both sides after it appeared as though the Lakota were going to further delay or even halt the expedition, but they eventually stood down and allowed the party to continue up the river and out of their territory. In north central South Dakota, the expedition acted as mediators between the warring Arikara and Mandan. After leaving the state on October 14, the party wintered with the Mandan in North Dakota before successfully reaching the Pacific Ocean and returning by the same route, safely reaching St. Louis in 1806. On the return trip, the expedition spent only 15 days in South Dakota, traveling more swiftly with the Missouri's current.
Pittsburgh lawyer Henry Marie Brackenridge was South Dakota's first recorded tourist. In 1811 he was hosted by fur trader Manuel Lisa.
In 1817, an American fur trading post was set up at present-day Fort Pierre, beginning continuous American settlement of the area. During the 1830s, fur trading was the dominant economic activity for the few white people who lived in the area. More than one hundred fur-trading posts were in present-day South Dakota in the first half of the 19th century, and Fort Pierre was the center of activity.[citation needed] General William Henry Ashley, Andrew Henry, and Jedediah Smith of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, and Manuel Lisa and Joshua Pilcher of the St. Louis Fur Company, trapped in that region. Pierre Chouteau Jr. brought the steamship Yellowstone to Fort Tecumseh on the Missouri River in 1831. In 1832 the fort was replaced by Fort Pierre Chouteau Jr.: today's town of Fort Pierre. Pierre bought the Western Department of John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company and renamed it Pratte, Chouteau and Company, and then Pierre Chouteau and Company. It operated in present-day South Dakota from 1834 to 1858. Most trappers and traders left the area after European demand for furs dwindled around 1840.
Main articles: Kansas–Nebraska Act, Nebraska Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Dakota Territory
In 1855, the U.S. Army bought Fort Pierre but abandoned it the following year in favor of Fort Randall to the south. Settlement by Americans and Europeans was by this time increasing rapidly, and in 1858 the Yankton Sioux signed the 1858 "Treaty of Washington", ceding most of present-day eastern South Dakota to the United States.
Land speculators founded two of eastern South Dakota's largest present-day cities: Sioux Falls in 1856 and Yankton in 1859. The Big Sioux River falls was the spot of an 1856 settlement established by a Dubuque, Iowa, company; that town was quickly removed by native residents. But in the following year, May 1857, the town was resettled and named Sioux Falls. That June, St. Paul, Minnesota's Dakota Land Company came to an adjacent 320 acres (130 ha), calling it Sioux Falls City. In June 1857, Flandreau and Medary, South Dakota, were established by the Dakota Land Company. Along with Yankton in 1859, Bon Homme, Elk Point, and Vermillion were among the new communities along the Missouri River or border with Minnesota. Settlers therein numbered about 5,000 in 1860. In 1861, Dakota Territory was established by the United States government (this initially included North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of Montana and Wyoming). Settlers from Scandinavia, Germany, Ireland, Czechoslovakia[citation needed] and Russia,[citation needed] as well as elsewhere in Europe and from the eastern U.S. states increased from a trickle to a flood, especially after the completion of an eastern railway link to the territorial capital of Yankton in 1872, and the discovery of gold in the Black Hills in 1874 during a military expedition led by George A. Custer.
The Dakota Territory had significant regional tensions between the northern part and the southern part from the beginning, the southern part always being more populated – in the 1880 United States census, the population of the southern part (98,268) was more than two and a half times of the northern part (36,909), and southern Dakotans saw the northern part as bit of disreputable, "controlled by the wild folks, cattle ranchers, fur traders” and too frequently the site of conflict with the indigenous population. Also, the new railroads built connected the northern and southern parts to different hubs – northern part was closer tied to Minneapolis–Saint Paul area; and southern part to Sioux City and from there to Omaha. The last straw was territorial governor Nehemiah G. Ordway moving the territorial capital from Yankton to Bismarck in modern-day North Dakota. As the Southern part had the necessary population for statehood (60,000), they held a separate convention in September 1883 and drafted a constitution. Various bills to divide the Dakota Territory in half ended up stalling, until in 1887, when the Territorial Legislature submitted the question of division to a popular vote at the November general elections, where it was approved by 37,784 votes over 32,913. A bill for statehood for North Dakota and South Dakota (as well as Montana and Washington) titled the Enabling Act of 1889 was passed on February 22, 1889, during the Administration of Grover Cleveland, dividing Dakota along the seventh standard parallel. It was left to his successor, Benjamin Harrison, to sign proclamations formally admitting North and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889. Harrison directed his Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first and the actual order went unrecorded.
With statehood South Dakota was now in a position to make decisions on the major issues it confronted: prohibition, women's suffrage, the location of the state capital, the opening of the Sioux lands for settlement, and the cyclical issues of drought (severe in 1889) and low wheat prices (1893–1896). In early 1889 a prohibition bill passed the new state legislature, only to be vetoed by Governor Louis Church. Fierce opposition came from the wet German community, with financing from beer and liquor interests. The Yankee women organized to demand suffrage, as well as prohibition. Neither party supported their cause, and the wet element counter-organized to block women's suffrage. Popular interest reached a peak in the debates over locating the state capital. Prestige, real estate values and government jobs were at stake, as well as the question of access in such a large geographical region with limited railroads. Huron was the temporary site, centrally located Pierre was the best organized contender, and three other towns were in the running. Real estate speculators had money to toss around. Pierre, population 3200, made the most generous case to the voters—its promoters truly believed it would be the next Denver and be the railway hub of the Dakotas. The North Western railroad came through but not the others it expected. In 1938 Pierre counted 4000 people and three small hotels.
The national government continued to handle Indian affairs. The Army's 1874 Custer expedition took place despite the fact that the western half of present-day South Dakota had been granted to the Sioux by the Treaty of Fort Laramie as part of the Great Sioux Reservation. The Sioux declined to grant mining rights or land in the Black Hills, and the Great Sioux War of 1876 broke out after the U.S. failed to stop white miners and settlers from entering the region. The Sioux were eventually defeated and settled on reservations within South Dakota and North Dakota.
In 1889 Harrison sent general George Crook with a commission to persuade the Sioux to sell half their reservation land to the government. It was believed that the state would not be viable unless more land was made available to settlers. Crook used a number of dubious methods to secure agreement and obtain the land.
On December 29, 1890, the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. It was the last major armed conflict between the United States and the Sioux Nation, the massacre resulted in the deaths of 300 Sioux, many of them women and children. In addition 25 U.S. soldiers were also killed in the episode.
Railroads played a central role in South Dakota transportation from the late 19th century until the 1930s, when they were surpassed by highways. The Milwaukee Road and the Chicago & North Western were the state's largest railroads, and the Milwaukee's east–west transcontinental line traversed the northern tier of the state. About 4,420 miles (7,110 km) of railroad track were built in South Dakota during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, though only 1,839 miles (2,960 km) were active in 2007.
The railroads sold land to prospective farmers at very low rates, expecting to make a profit by shipping farm products out and home goods in. They also set up small towns that would serve as shipping points and commercial centers, and attract businessmen and more farmers. The Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway (M&StL) in 1905, under the leadership of vice president and general manager L. F. Day, added lines from Watertown to LeBeau and from Conde through Aberdeen to Leola. It developed town sites along the new lines and by 1910, the new lines served 35 small communities.
Not all of the new towns survived. The M&StL situated LeBeau along the Missouri River on the eastern edge of the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation. The new town was a hub for the cattle and grain industries. Livestock valued at one million dollars were shipped out in 1908, and the rail company planned a bridge across the Missouri River. Allotment of the Cheyenne River Reservation in 1909 promised further growth. By the early 1920s, however, troubles multiplied, with the murder of a local rancher, a fire that destroyed the business district, and drought that ruined ranchers and farmers alike. LeBeau became a ghost town.
Most of the traffic was freight, but the main lines also offered passenger service. After the European immigrants settled, there never were many people moving about inside the state. Profits were slim. Automobiles and busses were much more popular, but there was an increase during World War II when gasoline was scarce. All passenger service was ended in the state by 1969.
In the rural areas farmers and ranchers depended on local general stores that had a limited stock and slow turnover; they made enough profit to stay in operation by selling at high prices. Prices were not marked on each item; instead the customer negotiated a price. Men did most of the shopping, since the main criterion was credit rather than quality of goods. Indeed, most customers shopped on credit, paying off the bill when crops or cattle were later sold; the owner's ability to judge credit worthiness was vital to his success.
In the cities consumers had much more choice, and bought their dry goods and supplies at locally owned department stores. They had a much wider selection of goods than in the country general stores and price tags that gave the actual selling price. The department stores provided a very limited credit, and set up attractive displays and, after 1900, window displays as well. Their clerks—usually men before the 1940s—were experienced salesmen whose knowledge of the products appealed to the better educated middle-class housewives who did most of the shopping. The keys to success were a large variety of high-quality brand-name merchandise, high turnover, reasonable prices, and frequent special sales. The larger stores sent their buyers to Denver, Minneapolis, and Chicago once or twice a year to evaluate the newest trends in merchandising and stock up on the latest fashions. By the 1920s and 1930s, large mail-order houses such as Sears, Roebuck & Co. and Montgomery Ward provided serious competition, making the department stores rely even more on salesmanship and close integration with the community.
Many entrepreneurs built stores, shops, and offices along Main Street. The most handsome ones used pre-formed, sheet iron facades, especially those manufactured by the Mesker Brothers of St. Louis. These neoclassical, stylized facades added sophistication to brick or wood-frame buildings throughout the state.
During the 1930s, several economic and climatic conditions combined with disastrous results for South Dakota. A lack of rainfall, extremely high temperatures and over-cultivation of farmland produced what was known as the Dust Bowl in South Dakota and several other plains states. Fertile topsoil was blown away in massive dust storms, and several harvests were completely ruined. The experiences of the Dust Bowl, coupled with local bank foreclosures and the general economic effects of the Great Depression resulted in many South Dakotans leaving the state. The population of South Dakota declined by more than seven percent between 1930 and 1940.
Prosperity returned with the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941, when demand for the state's agricultural and industrial products grew as the nation mobilized for war. Over 68,000 South Dakotans served in the armed forces during the war, of which over 2,200 were killed.
In 1944, the Pick-Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U.S. Congress, resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River, four of which are at least partially located in South Dakota.[83] Flood control, hydroelectricity and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs.
On the night of June 9–10, 1972, heavy rainfall in the eastern Black Hills caused the Canyon Lake Dam on Rapid Creek to fail. The failure of the dam, combined with heavy runoff from the storm, turned the usually small creek into a massive torrent that washed through central Rapid City. The flood resulted in 238 deaths and destroyed 1,335 homes and around 5,000 automobiles.[84] Damage from the flood totaled $160 million (the equivalent of $664 million today).
On April 19, 1993, Governor George S. Mickelson was killed in a plane crash in Iowa while returning from a business meeting in Cincinnati. Several other state officials were also killed in the crash. Mickelson, who was in the middle of his second term as governor, was succeeded by Walter Dale Miller.
In recent decades, South Dakota has transformed from a state dominated by agriculture to one with a more diversified economy. The tourism industry has grown considerably since the completion of the interstate system in the 1960s, with the Black Hills being especially impacted. The financial service industry began to grow in the state as well, with Citibank moving its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls in 1981, a move that has since been followed by several other financial companies. In 2007, the site of the recently closed Homestake gold mine near Lead was chosen as the location of a new underground research facility. Despite a growing state population and recent economic development, many rural areas have been struggling over the past 50 years with locally declining populations and the emigration of educated young adults to larger South Dakota cities, such as Rapid City or Sioux Falls, or to other states. The Cattleman's Blizzard of October 2013 killed tens of thousands of livestock in western South Dakota, and was one of the worst blizzards in the state's history.
© All Rights Reserved - Black Diamond Images
Image created from a video in Microsoft Image Composite Editor (MSICE)
The image attached in the first comment below was originally posted many months ago and was a hand-held panorama.
I made this one from a video and it's turned out pretty much exactly as the handheld pano did.
In 2020 the Sculptor, Alex Miles, created an art work called Bitumen Bones with Sarah Day's poem 'Wombat' providing the inspiration for the winged sculpture.
Constructed of quartzite, rammed earth, steel and aluminium, the artwork is a response to the beautiful and often harsh environment in South West Tasmania. The quartzite earth wedge represents weather-bleached bones, and framing the view, the black wings of a Forest Raven (Corvus tasmanicus) – often seen hopping along the roadside scavenging roadkill remnants. Reference
Dual Names - tacinc.com.au/official-aboriginal-and-dual-names/
Blackrock Summit (South District) - Shenandoah National Park, Virginia
Blackrock, like several other rock slopes in Shenandoah National Park, used to be a huge cliff. It cracked and tumbled down the mountainside thousands of years ago. Look for uneven surfaces, these were the cliff's top. Along the breaks the rock is smooth.
Blackrock summit and the talus slopes below it are Hampton quartzite. Maybe you can imagine the great monolith that all this started from. When it was exposed by erosion it had already been cracked and weakened by pressure, and by cycles of heating and cooling. In a very short time, as geologists measure - probably less than 100,000 years - Blackrock crumbled into the magnificent but messy, lichen covered rock pile you see today. Imagine the thunderous noise it must have made when it collapsed.
Many of the rocks on Blackrock are covered with close-clinging pale green lichen. Any blackness that Blackrock may have is due to its burden of rock tripe - a coarse lichen that's dark brown and crispy when it's dry, and gray-green and leathery when it's wet. (see below comment photo)
The South District's Blackrock, is sometimes easily confused with the Blackrock in the Central District (Big Meadows area) because both mountains are located in Shenandoah National Park and both have the same name.
HDR -- 3 brackets from a single RAW (-2 | 0 | +2) merged and tone mapped.
THANKS FOR VIEWING!
This sarcophagus is one of the three sarcophagi of Queen Hatshepsut. One of them was used for the burial of Thutmosis I and is now displayed in Boston.
The sarcophagus is perfectly polished on all sides and decorated with finely carved scenes in one of the hardest stones used by Egyptian artists, the red quartzite associated with the solar cult.
At the foot end of the sarcophagus is Isis, kneeling on the nub hieroglyph (a necklace with pendants symbolizing 'gold'). The goddess's hands rest on the shen hieroglyph (symbolizing protection). On her forehead is the cobra. The hieroglyph meaning 'throne', inscribed with her name, rests on her head. Her body is draped in a long, tight tunic with a broad strap partially covering her breast.
Three columns of hieroglyphs are incised in front of Isis, in which the goddess is defined as the daughter of Geb and which record her words: 'Your arms surround the king Maatkare, right of voice, you have illuminated his face and opened his eyes'. The whole scene is framed by three long cartouches, two vertical and a higher horizontal one in which the queen associates herself with Isis, declaring their sisterhood. A similar scene is found on the opposite short end of the sarcophagus, where the goddess Nephthys is represented. She too has her name written above her head.
Along the right-hand side of the sarcophagus are depicted two of the sons of Horus (Imseti and Duamutef), between whom is placed Anubis Khentisehnetjer ('he who stands before the tent of the god') while the other two sons of Horus (Hapy and Qebehsenuef) are represented on the left-hand side with Anubis Imyut ('the embalmer') between them.
On both sides of the sarcophagus, the texts are composed of tutelary verses for the body of the queen. On the left-hand side, there is also a pair of wedjat eyes that allowed the deceased to look out of the sarcophagus. In the interior of the sarcophagus are further representations of Isis and Nephthys.
18th dynasty, from the Valley of the Kings, KV20
JE 37678 - JE 52459
Ground floor, grand hall
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
NESTLED AT THE FOOT OF MT. ERRIGAL (THE HIGHTEST MOUNTAIN IN COUNTY DONEGAL) AND OVERLOOKING THE BEAUTIFUL POISONED GLEN SITS THE BEAUTIFUL 'OLD CHURCH OF DUNLEWEY'.
JANE SMITH RUSSELL HAD THE CHURCH BUILT AS A MEMORIAL TO HER HUSBAND, JAMES RUSSELL, THE LANDLORD OF THE DUNLEWEY ESTATE, WHO DIED ON 2ND SEPTEMBER 1848. JAMES RUSSELL WAS LAID TO REST IN A VAULT UNDER THE CHURCH FLOOR. THE CHURCH WAS CONSECRATED ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 1853 AS A CHAPEL OF EASE TO TUL-LAGHABEGLEY. TULLAGHABEGLEY WAS THE PARISH CONSISTING OF THE PRESENT DAY GWEEDORE AND CLOUGHANEELY PARISHES.
THE CHURCH IS BUILT OF WHITE MARBLE AND BLUE QUARTZITE WHICH WAS QUARRIED LOCALLY. THE SUPPLY OF MARBLE IN THE NEARBY QUARRY HAS NOW BEEN DEPLETED. THE RED BRICK IN THE ARCHES OF THE WINDOWS WAS PRODUCED LOCALLY.
THIS IS THE GLEN AT THE HEAD OF DUNLEWEY LOCH. THERE ARE MANY THEORIES ABOUT ITS STRANGE NAME IN ENGLISH (POISON GLEN) BUT IT IS MOST LIKELY A MIS-TRANSLATION FROM IRISH.
One of the most beautiful statues in the entire museum -- Horemakhet, son of Shabaka, and high priest of Amun.
Quartzite. 25th Dynasty. Karnak.
Luxor, Egypt
Quartzite buildings, 111-115 West Main Street, Pipestone, Minnesota. The building on the left is the Cheverton-IOOF Block, a combination of two buildings built circa 1889 and 1910. The building in the middle of the former First National Bank building, built in 1898 and designed by the architect Wallace Dow. The building is currently the home of an Edward Jones office. The building on the right is the Ober-Hubbard Block, built in 1899, designed by Wallace Dow, and constructed by Leon Moore. The original businesses that were housed in this building were E. W. Crosby's shoe store and D. W. Smith's Jewelry Store.
Pipestone County Courthouse, 416 South Hiawatha, Pipestone, Minnesota. This 1902 courthouse is a Beaux Arts style building featuring a Renaissance dome on a clock tower with heavily rusticated masonry and Sioux quartzite. A bronze Lady Justice stands on the dome. The interior is finished with elaborate oak woodwork. A multicolored mantle in the foyer was constructed from pipestone in a Native American motif. The building was constructed by C.H. Peltier of Faribault for $45,175. The architect was George Pass of Mankato, Minnesota. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Quartzite. 12th Dynasty, reign of Senwosoret. Sait to be from el-Burj el Hamam (East Bank near Asyut). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Agyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung.
Yatala Stockade complex, Northfield
Yatala Prison was built in 1854 to enable inmates to work the quarries. It was the second prison to be built in the state. The first was Adelaide Gaol built 1841.
A powder magazine built in 1879 was situated a good distance from the quarry but still to the north of the prison. Gunpowder was stored there. Unfortunately all of the magazine and surrounding wall has been spoiled by excessive graffiti.
Lookout, northern side of Dry Creek Valley.
From here prisoners working in and around the quarry could be watched.
Cambrian stone quarried in the Dry Creek Valley at Northfield was used for an estimated 95% of Port Adelaide’s stone buildings: transport was by rail.
Stone from here was used for many Adelaide government buildings, rubble served for roads, stone for street paving and gutters, and weathered shale for the cement industry. Shale was used for burning with limestone to manufacture cement.
Yatala quartzite was used for Adelaide’s street water tables.
NESTLED AT THE FOOT OF MT. ERRIGAL (THE HIGHTEST MOUNTAIN IN COUNTY DONEGAL) AND OVERLOOKING THE BEAUTIFUL POISONED GLEN SITS THE BEAUTIFUL 'OLD CHURCH OF DUNLEWEY'.
JANE SMITH RUSSELL HAD THE CHURCH BUILT AS A MEMORIAL TO HER HUSBAND, JAMES RUSSELL, THE LANDLORD OF THE DUNLEWEY ESTATE, WHO DIED ON 2ND SEPTEMBER 1848. JAMES RUSSELL WAS LAID TO REST IN A VAULT UNDER THE CHURCH FLOOR. THE CHURCH WAS CONSECRATED ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 1853 AS A CHAPEL OF EASE TO TUL-LAGHABEGLEY. TULLAGHABEGLEY WAS THE PARISH CONSISTING OF THE PRESENT DAY GWEEDORE AND CLOUGHANEELY PARISHES.
THE CHURCH IS BUILT OF WHITE MARBLE AND BLUE QUARTZITE WHICH WAS QUARRIED LOCALLY. THE SUPPLY OF MARBLE IN THE NEARBY QUARRY HAS NOW BEEN DEPLETED. THE RED BRICK IN THE ARCHES OF THE WINDOWS WAS PRODUCED LOCALLY.
THIS IS THE GLEN AT THE HEAD OF DUNLEWEY LOCH. THERE ARE MANY THEORIES ABOUT ITS STRANGE NAME IN ENGLISH (POISON GLEN) BUT IT IS MOST LIKELY A MIS-TRANSLATION FROM IRISH.
What is an Aboriginal quarry?
Aboriginal quarries are places where Aboriginal people took stone from rocky outcrops to make chipped or ground stone tools for many different purposes.
Not all types of stone were suitable for making tools, so an outcrop of good stone that could be easily quarried was a valuable resource.
Aboriginal people quarried different types of stone, each with its own special value and use. Stone tools were made from greenstone, silcrete, quartz, quartzite, basalt and chert. Pigments were made from quarried ochre, and grinding tools were made from sandstone.
Some quarries are small, consisting of just a single protruding boulder. Other quarries incorporate many outcrops and areas of broken stone that cover thousands of square metres.
What to do if you find an Aboriginal quarry...
do not disturb the place or remove any material
check whether the place has the typical characteristics of an Aboriginal quarry
if it does, record its location and write a brief description of its condition
note whether it is under threat of disturbance
please help to preserve Aboriginal cultural places by reporting their presence to First Peoples - State Relations.
Where are quarries found?
Aboriginal quarries are generally found on slopes where erosion has exposed the stone, for example, the slopes above creeks and rivers, on the sides of old volcanoes and on ridges.
How did Aboriginal people quarry stone?
Aboriginal people used at least two methods of stone quarrying. One method was to strike the surface of the outcrop at an angle with a hammerstone. Manageable pieces of stone broke off with minimum effort. This method scarred the rock face and left scattered broken fragments around the outcrop. The hammerstone was sometimes left at the quarry site.
The other method involved digging around and under outcrops to find buried stone. The purpose was to find manageable chunks of stone that were unweathered. Such digging created pits and trenches.
The early stages of stone tool making often occurred at the quarry. Tool manufacture added to the debris produced by quarrying. Aboriginal people used hammerstones, anvils and grinding stones, which were often left at the quarry because they were heavy. Sometimes, unfinished tools such as ‘axe blanks’ were also left behind.
What else looks like Aboriginal quarrying?
Natural weathering can create outcrops that appear similar to Aboriginal quarries. Uneven fractures and splintering on the outcrop face can resemble flaking scars. Weathering also produces large quantities of angular pieces of stone that look like stone tools. First Peoples - State Relations can provide an expert assessment of your discovery.
Why are Aboriginal quarries important?
Aboriginal quarries tell us a lot about Aboriginal stone tools, such as the types of stone used, how stone was obtained, and how the tools were made.
Aboriginal quarries also provide a rare glimpse into the fabric of past Aboriginal society. Quarried stone was often traded. Stone axes from one of the most important quarries in Victoria, at Mount William near Lancefield, have been found right across south east Australia.
Knowing where stone was quarried, we can learn more about the networks that existed between different groups of Aboriginal people. Most importantly, quarries are an important link for Aboriginal people today with their culture and their past.
Are Aboriginal quarries under threat?
Human activities such as mining, road building, damming, clearing and construction can disturb or destroy Aboriginal quarries. Natural processes such as weathering and erosion can also cause the gradual breakdown of stone outcrops.
First Peoples - State Relations records the location, dimensions and condition of Aboriginal quarries. The aim is to have a permanent record of this important part of the heritage of all Australians.
Management works around Aboriginal quarries, such as stock and erosion control, help preserve the sites for future generations.
Are Aboriginal quarries protected?
All Aboriginal cultural places in Victoria are protected by law. Aboriginal artefacts are also protected.
It is illegal to disturb or destroy an Aboriginal place. Artefacts should not be removed from the site.
Source: First Peoples Relations, Victorian Government: Fact sheet: Aboriginal quarries (www.firstpeoplesrelations.vic.gov.au/fact-sheet-aborigina...)
The site consists of two ribstones and a cairn constructed by the Government of Alberta in 1959 near the top of a hill approximately 11 miles east of Viking.
The hill is currently maintained for use as an historic monument and day use park. When the surface was ploughed and seeded to grass in the 1950s, abundant prehistoric artifacts were exposed. Currently, only the ribstones and several other large rocks are visible.
The Viking Ribstones are very hard quartzite boulders which have been modified by aboriginal people. They pecked two kinds of marks into the boulder surface: grooves and pits. The grooves are thought to represent the backbone and ribs of the buffalo. The circular pits or "cupules" may have been carved in imitation of the pock-marked surface of the Iron Creek Meteorite which was the aboriginal peoples greatest and most venerated monument to "Old Man Buffalo" the spirit protector of the buffalo herds.
Aboriginal peoples left offerings of meat, tobacco, or beads at ribstones to acquire luck in hunting and to give thanks to "Old Man Buffalo". Only nine ribstone sites are known to exist in Alberta. These are among the rarest types of archaeological sites present within the Province.
Quartzite.
Thebes, Funerary Temple of Ay and Horemheb.
New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, Reigns of Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb (1355 - 1315 BCE).
One of a pair, this colossal figure with features of a young man may have stood in Tutankhamun's mortuary temple. After his early death, Ay appropriated the statue and carved his name on the front belt. Horemheb, in turn, took it over for his use and reinscribed the belt with his name. The large amount of surviving paint provides a hint of its original vivid colors.