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The Sewanee Outing Program offers students, faculty, and staff at the University of the South the chance to explore the splendid outdoor environment of Sewanee's domain, the Tennessee region and other national parks. We offer climbing, caving, canoeing, kayaking, cycling, hiking, backpacking and much more. We loan outdoor equipment and offer students the chance to develop as outdoor trip leaders. (Photo by Paul O'Mara)
Found in folder "Bumbershoot," Ephemera Collection (Record Series 9900-01), Seattle Municipal Archives
Photo credit: Elena Olivo
Copyright: NYU Photo Bureau
The Fall 2010 Student Hackathon brought in hundreds of students from 30 universities to NYU's Courant Institute for 24 hours of creative hacking on New York City startups' APIs.
Selected startups presented their technologies at the beginning of the event, and students formed groups to brainstorm and begin coding on their ideas. Many students worked into the night, foregoing sleep to fulfill their visions.
On Sunday afternoon students presented their projects to an audience including a judging panel, which selected the final winners.
hackNY hosts hackathons one each semester, as well as a Summer Fellows Program, which pairs quantitative and computational students with startups which can demonstrate a strong mentoring environment, a problem for a student to work on, a person to mentor them, and a place for them to work. Startups selected to host a student are expected to compensate student Fellows. Students enjoy free housing together and a pedagogical lecture series to introduce them to the ins and outs of joining and founding a startup.
For more information on hackNY's initiatives, please visit www.hackNY.org and follow us on twitter @hackNY
High school students participating in the Biotechnology Learning Alliance for Bioscience (LAB) Program at Ohlone College. Get information at www.ohlone.edu/instr/biotech/labprogram/
HDR. AEB +/-3 total of 7 exposures processed with Photomatix. Colors adjusted in PSE.
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
Final version of the two trains for the layout of 2017.
One train has color dark blue and the other dark red.
Photo credit: Elena Olivo
Copyright: NYU Photo Bureau
The Fall 2010 Student Hackathon brought in hundreds of students from 30 universities to NYU's Courant Institute for 24 hours of creative hacking on New York City startups' APIs.
Selected startups presented their technologies at the beginning of the event, and students formed groups to brainstorm and begin coding on their ideas. Many students worked into the night, foregoing sleep to fulfill their visions.
On Sunday afternoon students presented their projects to an audience including a judging panel, which selected the final winners.
hackNY hosts hackathons one each semester, as well as a Summer Fellows Program, which pairs quantitative and computational students with startups which can demonstrate a strong mentoring environment, a problem for a student to work on, a person to mentor them, and a place for them to work. Startups selected to host a student are expected to compensate student Fellows. Students enjoy free housing together and a pedagogical lecture series to introduce them to the ins and outs of joining and founding a startup.
For more information on hackNY's initiatives, please visit www.hackNY.org and follow us on twitter @hackNY
October 9, 2013 - Washington DC.2013 World Bank / IMF Anuual Meetings. Program of Seminars - From Poverty to Prosperity
Though millions have moved out of extreme poverty since 2000, prosperity for people at the lower end of the income spectrum remains elusive. World Bank President Dr. Kim and a panel of distinguished speakers discussed strategic policy questions related to shared prosperity.
The panel featured:
Kaushik Basu, WB Senior Vice President and Chief Economist;
Helen Clark, Administrator, United Nations Development Programme;
Pravin Gordhan, Minister of Finance, Republic of South Africa;
Santiago Levy, Vice President for Sectors & Knowledge, Inter-American Development Bank; and Moderator,
Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator, Financial Times.
Photo: Brangelina Clawson / World Bank
Photo ID: 100913_POS_Poverty_to_Prosperity188_F
Over the years, Trout Unlimited has contributed many hours of labour to enhancing the stream and stabilizing the bank at Apps' Mills Nature Centre.
Soldiers from 2nd Canadian Division practice drills on April 7, 2015 in preparation for sentry duty at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The National Sentry Program will see sentries posted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from April 9 to November 10, 2015.
Photo: Cpl Wesley, Directorate of Army Public Affairs
LF2015-0016-11
Des soldats de la 2e Division du Canada exécutent des exercices militaires le 7 avril 2015, en vue de leur affectation à titre de sentinelles à la Tombe du Soldat inconnu. Dans le cadre du Programme des sentinelles, des sentinelles seront postées à la Tombe du Soldat inconnu du 9 avril au 10 novembre 2015.
Photo: Cpl Wesley, Direction des Affaires publiques de l’Armée de terre
LF2015-0016-11
I grew up as a metal baby in the late 80s/early 90s, and I’ve never lost my taste for the hard stuff. The combination of two of my great loves, heavy metal and computer programming, in one of my favorite mediums, the t-shirt, makes this an instant favorite.
Fun fact: Although not widely known, corpse paint has been worn by computer programmers as early as the late 1960s. It’s rumored that Kim Petersen, better known as King Diamond, was first exposed to corpse paint by some LISP developers who were attending a mathematics conference in Denmark in the early 1970s.
Pro-tip: While real programmers wear do wear corpsepaint, real programmers do not wear nail studded gauntlets. They’re a major contributing factor in repetitive stress injuries.
Aerobotics Global designed a unique "Kids Programs" for your children in which they can learn basic programming languages. This program helps them to enhance their skills. To know more visit www.aeroboticsglobal.com
Argonne’s Bike Share program provides an alternative to automobile use at the lab, promoting sustainability and wellness in the workplace.
I have made a third test, this time with the extended locomotive.
1) Charge the battery until its completely full
2) Put the train and two wagons on a test track
3) Stop four 4 seconds at the yellow mark
4) Measure the time in seconds for a full round
5) Plot the data in a graph
A video of the test can be viewed on Youtube.
Gilaine Spoto leading program at Madison Junior Ranger Station;
Jim Peaco;
June 2015;
Catalog #20178d;
Original #IMG_6035
Tatiane e eu no programa Mulher.com no dia 13 de outubro.
Video e moldes:
www.tvseculo21.org.br/mulherpontocom/Default.aspx?opcao=v...
Participants in the 2023 College Student Internship Program on a site visit to the Navajo Nation 55 megawatt solar farm in Kayenta, AZ. Pictured (left to right): Sherry Sneezer, Edwina Leslie and Sarah LaVallie.
Photo from Sandra Begay
Date Taken; June 13, 2023
workexcel.net/leadership-training-programs-online-or-webs...
Leadership Training Programs Online or Website – Come to Us First
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Aboriginal candidates from across Canada trained at Gagetown from August 1 to 3, as part of the Canadian Armed Forces' 6-week Black Bear Aboriginal Summer Training Program, designed to give aboriginal youth a taste of military training.
The course is based on the Canadian Army Reserve Basic Military Qualification and includes such subjects as general military knowledge, weapons handling, navigation, first aid, drill and survival skills.
Photo by MCpl David McCord
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Le programme Black Bear, qui dure 6 semaines, vise à donner aux jeunes Autochtones une expérience de l'instruction militaire.
Le cours s'inspire de la qualification militaire de base de la Réserve de l'Armée canadienne et porte, entre autres, sur des sujets comme les connaissances militaires générales, le maniement des armes, l'orientation, les premiers soins, les exercices militaires et les compétences de survie.
Photo : Cplc David McCord
Return to the Western world! We spend one month in Croatia, and sample the joys of Central Europe by the Adriatic Sea.
Zagreb is thoroughly modern and beautiful, with a livelier local crowd, fresh markets, and more hidden gems than Prague or Budapest.
The Plitvice Lakes are one of the most awesome national parks we have visited so far.
Dubrovnik is like stepping back into the 1400s, all rocky hillside, stone streets, towering city walls, and Mediterranean blue sea.
Split is Croatia's second city, perched on the sea and built around the Roman ruins of Diocletian's Palace. We would love to come back here.
Read more about our travels at www.circumnavacation.com!
Debt Settlement Company – Timelinedebt - Timeline Debt Solutions LLC is a debt settlement company which can reduce your unsecured credit card debt by as much as 60% and have you eliminate your debt in as little as 12 - 36 months. Our senior debt consultants are standing by to tailor a debt management program that is right for you. www.timelinedebt.com/
A view from above of the vast forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (Forest Service photo by Olivia Freeman)
High school students participating in the Biotechnology Learning Alliance for Bioscience (LAB) Program at Ohlone College. Get information at www.ohlone.edu/instr/biotech/labprogram/