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My Epic Gear Guide for Landscapes & Portraits!
Everyone is always asking me for this! Here ya go! :)
My Epic Book: Photographing Women Models! Exalting the Venus Archetype!
Portrait, Swimsuit, Lingerie, Boudoir, Fine Art, & Fashion Photography Exalting the Venus Goddess Archetype: How to Shoot Epic ...
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Regarding the award-winning physicist Dr. Elliot McGucken at Princeton University, the late John Archibald Wheeler stated, "More intellectual curiosity, versatility and yen for physics than Elliot McGucken's I have never seen in any senior or graduate student. . . Originality, powerful motivation, and a can-do spirit make me think that McGucken is a top bet."
Dr. E would go on to heal the blind with his NSF-funded, award-winning Ph.D. dissertation which also laid down the foundations of Light Time Dimension Theory. Over the years, LTD Theory added foundational *physical* postulates, principles, and equations en route to becoming numerous books, with this one forming the simple, illustrated introduction. My fine art photography (writing with light) graces the books!
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Exalt your photography with Golden Ratio Compositions!
Golden Ratio Compositions & Secret Sacred Geometry for Photography, Fine Art, & Landscape Photographers: How to Exalt Art with Leonardo da Vinci's, Michelangelo's!
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A Simple Guide to the Principles of Fine Art Nature Photography: Master Composition, Lenses, Camera Settings, Aperture, ISO, ... Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography)
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Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist and violinist. He developed the general theory of relativity. This work was created after reading the compelling biography of Einstein by Walter Isaacson.
The source image for this caricature of Albert Einstein is a photo in the public domain available via Wikimedia.
The source image for stars in space is a photo in the public domain from NASA/JPL.
A quantum physicist working against his will for Aperture has developed a particle minimizer. He works carefully and cautiously, knowing that GLaDOS is spying on him to make sure he is working.
Shrink Ray really works! ;-)
Maker:
Born: France
Active: France
Medium: albumen print
Size: 7 in x 4 1/4 in
Location: France
Object No. 2020.456
Shelf: A-49
Publication:
Other Collections:
Provenance:
Notes: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for his demonstration of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation. He also made an early measurement of the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and is credited with naming the gyroscope (although he did not invent it). He first directed his attention to the improvement of Louis Daguerre's photographic processes. For three years he was experimental assistant to Alfred Donné (1801–1878) in his course of lectures on microscopic anatomy. With Hippolyte Fizeau he carried out a series of investigations on the intensity of the light of the sun, as compared with that of carbon in the arc lamp, and of lime in the flame of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe; on the interference of infrared radiation, and of light rays differing greatly in lengths of path; and on the chromatic polarization of light.
A heliostat (from helios, the Greek word meaning Sun, and stat, root of stationary) is a device for following the course of the sun generally to direct the sun's rays all day long towards a point or a small fixed surface, using of mirrors. The principle is to compensate for the rotational movement of the earth by a clockwork mechanism. In this way a stable solar light source was obtained, in order to reproduce most of the classic experiments: lighting of a microscope, studies of polarization, spectroscopy, etc. This "small" heliostat was designed by Foucault and built by the Duboscq workshops at the beginning of 1862. A clockwork movement in a cylindrical box rotates at the same speed as that of the sun. In its simple and robust design, a sturdy pillar with a fork supports the weight of the “big” mirror, which measures 30 cm by 15 cm. Equatorial drive is provided via its polar axis and its declination axis, the mirror itself being driven by an alidade (movable ruler in rotation around the vertical or horizontal axis of an instrument allowing angle measurement) . While Silbermann's heliostat could be installed at any latitude, Foucault's, due to the fixed polar axis, could only operate at a given latitude. This has been specially designed to operate at the latitude of Toulouse (Toulouse 43 ° 35 ').
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Creator/Photographer: Unidentified photographer
Medium: Medium unknown
Dimensions: 19 cm x 16.4 cm
Date: prior to1923
Collection: Scientific Identity: Portraits from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology - As a supplement to the Dibner Library for the History of Science and Technology's collection of written works by scientists, engineers, natural philosophers, and inventors, the library also has a collection of thousands of portraits of these individuals. The portraits come in a variety of formats: drawings, woodcuts, engravings, paintings, and photographs, all collected by donor Bern Dibner. Presented here are a few photos from the collection, from the late 19th and early 20th century.
Repository: Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Accession number: SIL14-W001-01
Alessandro Volta, in full Conte Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, (born February 18, 1745, Como, Lombardy [Italy]—died March 5, 1827, Como), Italian physicist whose invention of the electric battery provided the first source of continuous current.
Volta became professor of physics at the Royal School of Como in 1774. In 1775 his interest in electricity led him to improve the electrophorus, a device used to generate static electricity. He discovered and isolated methane gas in 1776. Three years later he was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Pavia.
In 1791 Volta’s friend Luigi Galvani announced that the contact of two different metals with the muscle of a frog resulted in the generation of an electric current. Galvani interpreted that as a new form of electricity found in living tissue, which he called “animal electricity.” Volta felt that the frog merely conducted a current that flowed between the two metals, which he called “metallic electricity.” He began experimenting in 1792 with metals alone. (He would detect the weak flow of electricity between disks of different metals by placing them on his tongue.) Volta found that animal tissue was not needed to produce a current. That provoked much controversy between the animal-electricity adherents and the metallic-electricity advocates, but, with his announcement of the first electric battery in 1800, victory was assured for Volta.
Known as the voltaic pile or the voltaic column, Volta’s battery consisted of alternating disks of zinc and silver (or copper and pewter) separated by paper or cloth soaked either in salt water or sodium hydroxide. A simple and reliable source of electric current that did not need to be recharged like the Leyden jar, his invention quickly led to a new wave of electrical experiments. Within six weeks of Volta’s announcement, English scientists William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used a voltaic pile to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen, thus discovering electrolysis (how an electric current leads to a chemical reaction) and creating the field of electrochemistry.
Como, Latin Comum, city, Lombardia regione (region), northern Italy, rimmed by mountains at the extreme southwest end of Lake Como, north of Milan. As the ancient Comum, perhaps of Gallic origin, it was conquered by the Romans in 196 bc and became a Roman colony under Julius Caesar. It was made a bishopric in ad 379. In the 11th century, after struggles with the Lombards and the Franks, it became a free commune. Shortly thereafter (1127), however, it was destroyed by the Milanese for having sided with the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in his conflict with the Lombard League (an alliance of northern Italian towns). Como made peace with Milan in 1183 and after 1335 fell under the rule of the Visconti family and the Sforzas of Milan. During that period its silk industry and wool trade played an important role in the Milanese economy. Later, the city, following the fortunes of Lombardy, came successively under Spanish, French, and Austrian rule, until it was liberated by the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1859 and became part of the Italian kingdom.
Myrna Steele, one of the few women physicists at NASA Lewis Research Center (now Glenn Research Center), is seen working on an atomic laboratory experiment that pushed a gas at low pressure through a high-voltage discharge.
Credit: NASA
Image Number: C-1957-45726
Date: August 14, 1957
Vintage French postcard. Photo by Wyndham Ed., Paris, W104. Marie Curie, presented as 'Madame Curie'.
"Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie[a] (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), better known as Marie Curie, was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win a Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two scientific fields. Her husband, Pierre Curie, was a co-winner of her first Nobel Prize, making them the first married couple to win the Nobel Prize and launching the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was, in 1906, the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris." (Source: English Wikipedia)
Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. More than 100 years ago, Tesla anticipated the age of wireless communication and wireless power transmission.
"He was the Mozart of scientists. His ideas came out fully formed. That is his genius. . . He had the mind of a scientist, but he had the voice of a prophet." [David Grubin, writer and producer of a 2016 PBS documentary about Nikola Tesla]
Here is a link to another documentary titled "Tesla: Master of Lightning" produced in 2000, and also broadcast on PBS:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=IirCAFFgVNw
"This documentary does a wonderful job of conveying the genius that was Nikola Tesla. Watch this documentary and then look around your house. You'll be amazed in the ways in which Tesla impacts our everyday lives. His death ray is also examined and a good discussion of particle beam weaponry follows. Reagan's Star Wars program is also discussed, along with HAARP, the super secret microwave array in a remote part of Alaska.
"Tesla was truly a man who knew the secrets of electricity. His thoughts on capturing free energy and transmitting it around the world was truly a humanitarian concept and the video explains how he was stopped by greedy capitalists and how he died as a penniless man.
"Like many geniuses, Tesla was not a conventional man. He gave his life to realize his visions, while others made millions with his inventions. Tragically, he died nearly forgotten."
[Source: topdocumentaryfilms.com/tesla-master-of-lightning/]
Tesla Motors was named after him and perhaps Tesla's image should be on USA's currency too.
(The formula on the banknote is used to derive magnetic field strength T, named after Tesla. One tesla is equal to one weber per square meter, where a weber is the unit of magnetic flux. For example, the magnetic field strength at the Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas.)
I have known Nick since 1976. We have a long history of friendship of which I will tell more in My Daily Photo Diary.
www.flickr.com/groups/mdpd2008/discuss/72157603563159929/...
He is a physicist and the author of several books including "Quantum Reality"
Bain News Service,, publisher.
A. Sommerfeld
[between ca. 1920 and ca. 1925]
1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
Notes:
Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards.
Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
Format: Glass negatives.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication. For more information, see George Grantham Bain Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/274_bain.html
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Bain News Service photograph collection (DLC) 2005682517
General information about the George Grantham Bain Collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.34858
Call Number: LC-B2- 5817-7
физики шутят / physicists jokes
Это такая игра-шутка во время чаепития. Приближаются новогодние праздники. Раньше на Руси были святочные гадания под Рождество. В Болгарии меня познакомили с гаданием на кофейной гуще... :)
Получающееся изображение зависит от формы фарфоровой чашки в результате отражения./
It's such a joke game during a tea party. New Year's celebrations are approaching. Previously, in Russia there were holy divinations for Christmas. In Bulgaria, I was introduced to divination on the coffee grounds... :)
The resulting image depends on the shape of the porcelain cup as a result of reflection.
Creator/Photographer: Unidentified photographer
Medium: Medium unknown
Dimensions: 12.6 cm x 8.9 cm
Date: prior to1887
Collection: Scientific Identity: Portraits from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology - As a supplement to the Dibner Library for the History of Science and Technology's collection of written works by scientists, engineers, natural philosophers, and inventors, the library also has a collection of thousands of portraits of these individuals. The portraits come in a variety of formats: drawings, woodcuts, engravings, paintings, and photographs, all collected by donor Bern Dibner. Presented here are a few photos from the collection, from the late 19th and early 20th century.
Repository: Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Accession number: SIL14-F002-01
Warner Brothers. 1953. From Wikipedia: Far north of the Arctic Circle, a nuclear bomb test, dubbed "Operation Experiment", is conducted. Prophetically, right after the blast, physicist Thomas Nesbitt muses "What the cumulative effects of all these atomic explosions and tests will be, only time will tell". The explosion awakens a 200-foot (61 m) long carnivorous dinosaur known as a Rhedosaurus, thawing it out of the ice where it had been held in suspended animation for millions of years. Nesbitt is the only surviving witness to the beast's awakening and later is dismissed out-of-hand as being delirious at the time of his sighting. Despite the skepticism, he persists, knowing what he saw.
The dinosaur begins making its way down the east coast of North America, sinking a fishing ketch off the Grand Banks, destroying another near Marquette, Canada, wrecking a lighthouse in Maine and destroying buildings in Massachusetts. Nesbitt eventually gains allies in paleontologist Thurgood Elson and his young assistant Lee Hunter after one of the surviving fishermen identifies from a collection of drawings the very same dinosaur that Nesbitt saw. Plotting the sightings of the beast's appearances on a map for skeptical military officers, Elson proposes the dinosaur is returning to the Hudson River area, where fossils of Rhedosaurus were first found. In a diving bell search of the undersea Hudson River Canyon, Professor Elson is killed after his bell is swallowed by the beast, which eventually comes ashore in Manhattan. It eats a police officer shooting at it, squashes cars, knocks over buildings and generally causes panic and havoc. A later newspaper report of its rampage lists "180 known dead, 1500 injured, damage estimates $300 million".
Meanwhile, military troops led by Colonel Jack Evans attempt to stop the Rhedosaurus with an electrified barricade, then blast a hole with a bazooka in the beast's throat, which drives it back into the sea. Unfortunately, it bleeds all over the streets of New York, unleashing a horrible, virulent prehistoric contagion, which begins to infect the populace, causing even more fatalities. The infection precludes blowing up the Rhedosaurus or even setting it ablaze, lest the contagion spread further. It is decided to shoot a radioactive isotope into the beast's neck wound with hopes of burning it from the inside, killing it without releasing the contagion.
When the Rhedosaurus comes ashore and reaches the Coney Island amusement park, military sharpshooter Corporal Stone takes a rifle grenade loaded with a potent radioactive isotope and along with Dr. Nesbitt climbs on board a roller coaster. Riding the coaster to the top of the tracks, so he can get to eye-level with the beast, he fires the isotope into its open neck wound. It thrashes about in reaction, causing the roller coaster to spark when falling to the ground, setting the amusement park ablaze. With the fire spreading rapidly, Nesbitt and Stone climb down as the park becomes engulfed in flames. The Rhedosaurus collapses and eventually dies from isotope poisoning.
John Ellis is a British theoretical physicist focusing on the phenomenological aspects of particle physics. This photograph shows him in his office at CERN in January 2012.
"Then, one evening, after working at CERN, I stopped on my way back to my apartment to visit some friends living in Meyrin where I smoked some illegal substance. Later, when I got back to my apartment and continued working on our paper, I had a sudden flash that the famous diagrams look like penguins."
Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellis_(physicist)
" The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious.
It is the source of all true art and science. "
..........Albert Einstein ... ( 1879 - 1955 ).
.....German - American theoretical physicist.
Field lines is a bad (nay sad) physicist pun from a sad (and probably bad) physicist. Please dont ask me to explain
Not being a physicists I know that this relates to one of Newton's three laws of motion, my guess being number three: "To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction: or the forces of two bodies on each other are always equal and are directed in opposite directions."
New remote shutter release.
Nikon D800E & Nikon AF-S Zoom Nikkor 14-24mm f/2.8G ED AF Lens photos of my HDR Hero's Journey Mythology LA Gallery photos taken with a Nikon D800E & Nikon AF-S Zoom Nikkor 14-24mm f/2.8G ED AF Lens! If I keep this up I may create a black hole! See the full-seize photos here:
www.flickr.com/photos/herosjourneymythology45surf/sets/72...
dx4/dt=ic & 45SURF Hero's Journey Mythology Photography (31 photos)
From press release: "Theoretical Physicist hosts Hero's Journey Mythology Photography Gallery Show in Honor of Moving Dimensions Theory Physics Research." Ph.D physicist and photographer Dr. E signs all of his fine art with dx4/dt=ic -- the foundational equation for Moving Dimensions Theory, which stipulates that the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions at the rate of c--the velocity of light. His Princeton advisor, the late J.A. Wheeler, wrote "More intellectual curiosity, versatility and yen for physics than Elliot McGucken's I have never seen in any senior or graduate student," and Dr. E's award-winning artificial retina dissertation, titled Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset to Aid the Visually Impaired and Enhanced CMOS Phototransistors is now helping the blind see. Though seemingly disparate pursuits, all three endeavors--the photography, retinal prosthesis, and MDT are united in light. For MDT stipulates that photons surf the fourth expanding dimension on their way to exciting electrons in our our retinas or camera chips. The Hero's Journey Mythology motif derives from the heroic pursuit of truth and beauty, calling the viewer to adventure--to turn up Beethoven's Eroica and join the fellowship. When Dr. E's Princeton mentor J.A. Wheeler passed away, the National Post wrote, "At 96, he had been the last notable figure from the Heroic Age of Physics lingering among us. . . the student of Bohr, teacher of Feynman, and close colleague of Einstein. . . Wheeler was as much philosopher-poet as scientist, seizing on Einsteinian relativity early . . . He was ready to believe in the new world before most physicists. . ." And so it is that in honor of the noble Wheeler and all the heroes of yore, the Hero's Journey Mythology Photography seeks to remind us that the heroic age has not yet passed, that it is everywhere we look, should we only look towards the immutable ideals which mark both nature's sublime beauty and the imperishable soul. Words alone can do little to honor those who came before, but only action in the service of truth and beauty--serving those who come hence--can truly honor those heroic spirits of all ages. — in Malibu, CA.
Los Angeles Gallery Show! Dr. Elliot McGucken's Fine Art Photography! Dr. E's Legendary Malibu & Socal HDR Photography!
Some photos of my fine art photography hanging in the gallery for all my flickr fans! Thanks for the 120,000,000+ views y'all!
Setting up in a gallery was fun! It did not seem like work. :) I even got to drive to Home Depot & buy lumber (pine), hammers, nails, and a saw! I added a few dozen feet of new wooden strips to hang all the Hero's Journey Mythology photography--white strips and grey strips--cut them, nailed them up, and painted them so that we could fit all my fine art photography in the gallery! I told them I have even more on flickr if they want more photos--haha. :)
Some photographs are 13"x19" metallic prints on Kodak metallic paper mounted on 18"x24" matts in wood frames with 2.5" black, wood-grain borders, set behind anti-reflective, UV protective, museum glass! Awesome--everyone asks "why didn't you put these behind glass" because the anti-reflective museum glass is so clear! Other fine art photographs are 24" x 36" printed on canvas wraps, or 24" x 36" printed on canvas and front-mounted to plexiglass / acryllic (I love these! Great for HDR)! And the finest ones are 40" x 60" laser-printed on Fuji-crystal archival paper, front mounted to UV-protective acryllic / plexiglass, with a solid aluminum backing for durablity! Heavy, but nice! :) Also have a couple huge 40"x70" (the motorcycle in Venice and Corvette on the PCH) printed straight on a sheet of metal! Some were printed on Canon, some on Epson, and others on a laser printer so expensive it doesn't even have a name. :) I saw it in downtown LA--it was HUGE!
This is my first gallery show, and the funny thing is that while setting it up and adding all the carpentry/new wood strips, I shot more photography than usual, getting up every day at 5 AM to shoot the sunrise at around 6:30-6:45 AM. The Journey Never Ends! As Malibu faces South, the sun rises over the water this time of year, and sets over it too! So it keeps me busy as I hate missing the awesomely magical December cirrus cloud sunrises & sunsets, some of which you see hanging in the gallery, with many, many more to come!
Well, all the best on your epic hero's journey! The gallery is just below Bel Air Camera in Westwood, and if you ever want to meet up, drop me a line! :)
Happy Holidays & Best on Your Epic Hero's Journey!
P.S. (Some folks have asked me when I am going to have a goddess gallery show--soon! :)
Episodes from the History of Electricity.
If you like it, please support it at Ideas! Thank you!
Luigi Aloisio Galvani (1781 - "Animal Electricity")
Galvani was an Italian physician, physicist and philosopher who lived in Bologna.
With his experiment he discovered that the body of animals is powered by electrical impulses. Galvani named this newly discovered force “animal electricity,” and thus laid foundations for the modern fields of electrophysiology and neuroscience.
Galvani’s contemporaries - including Benjamin Franklin, whose work helped prove the existence of atmospheric electricity - had made great strides in understanding the nature of electricity and how to produce it. Inspired by Galvani’s discoveries, fellow Italian scientist Alessandro Volta would go on to invent, in 1800, the first electrical battery - the voltaic pile - which consisted of brine-soaked pieces of cardboard or cloth sandwiched between disks of different metals.
In 2049 swedish physicist Dr. Erich Ruinhaart made a discovery of quite violent reaction when he fired beam of short waves into substance known as atribhorium. This reaction produced beam of energy, that moved in exactly opposite direction as the starting beam of short waves came from. This produced beam of energy was relatively weak..... untill it hit glass of water that Ruinhaart forgot to take off the table. When it touched water (which was matter of miliseconds) it suddenly turned into hardlight-like bolt, causing quite a lot of damage. This reaction was named after its discoverer (who got killed by flying shrapnels) as Ruinhaarts effect. Later it was used for energetic weapons that can be used underwater.
But there is plot twist..... nobody fights underwater.
At least all thought so untill Broncus 112B was discovered, planet with 2% dry land.
RePW Mk.VII (Ruinhaart effect Personal Weapon Mark 7) is one of many weapons used on this planet. Mk.VII is however small(er) personal weapon as majority of weapons using RE are quite large and heavy.
It features atribhorium tank in handguard which holds enough atribhorium for 50 shots. Then it has energy capsule behind grip with enough energy for 100 shots. Variant c comes with thermovision sight, display (displaying amount of atribhorium, energy and if the shot is ready), bayonet mount and flashlight under sight.
So.... how does it work? Well, first, small amount of atribhorium from its tank is poured into chamber (that would be G23 FTS sight, in front of that G36 piston). When pulled trigger, gun fires short waves through antenna (G36 piston) into chamber, causing Ruinhaarts effect and shooting the gun. After trigger is pulled back towards, another shot is being poured into chamber. With this mechanism, it is possible to shoot at pace of 1 shot per 3 seconds. Of course, it is possible to construct weapon which can fire faster, but this ROF is better for safety reasons.
So much for the history and technical stuff. This weapon was made under criteria of 2nd round of our tournament in PMG group however this is NOT entry for it........ I judge this tournament. As criteria set, parts only, every part was used only once and I used 3 out of 4 possible white shapes.
Atribhorium is fictional substance, Dr.Erich Ruinhaart is fictional character (and any similarities with living person are just coincidence), Ruinhaarts effect would probably not work with so far known physical laws. Planet Broncus 112B is fictional planet made by Shockwave (if not fictional, I have no idea where he took it from).
This was made mastly for lulz, challenging myself.... and to show some people that criteria for this round are alright, just bit challenging.
Hope you enjoyed.
In order for members to instantaneously travel to and from their main hideout, some are required to pass through this gate. They are also able to use this gate to transport large objects. When in use, the gate violently surges with spiritual work. A wormhole (or Einstein–Rosen bridge or Einstein–Rosen wormhole) is a speculative structure linking disparate points in spacetime, and is based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations. More precisely it is a transcendental bijection of the spacetime continuum, an asymptotic projection of the Calabi–Yau manifold manifesting itself in Anti-de Sitter space. A wormhole can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether wormholes actually exist remains to be seen. Many scientists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object.Theoretically, a wormhole might connect extremely long distances such as a billion light years, or short distances such as a few meters, or different points in time, or even different universes.In 1995, Matt Visser suggested that there may be many wormholes in the universe if cosmic strings with negative mass were generated in the early universe.[4][5] Some physicists, such as Frank Tipler and Kip Thorne, have suggested how to make wormholes artificially.. For a simplified notion of a wormhole, space can be visualized as a two-dimensional surface. In this case, a wormhole would appear as a hole in that surface, lead into a 3D tube (the inside surface of a cylinder), then re-emerge at another location on the 2D surface with a hole similar to the entrance. An actual wormhole would be analogous to this, but with the spatial dimensions raised by one. For example, instead of circular holes on a 2D plane, the entry and exit points could be visualized as spherical holes in 3D space leading into a four-dimensional "tube" similar to a spherinder. Another way to imagine wormholes is to take a sheet of paper and draw two somewhat distant points on one side of the paper. The sheet of paper represents a plane in the spacetime continuum, and the two points represent a distance to be traveled, but theoretically a wormhole could connect these two points by folding that plane (i.e. the paper) so the points are touching. In this way it would be much easier to traverse the distance since the two points are now touching. If traversable wormholes exist, they might allow time travel. A proposed time-travel machine using a traversable wormhole might hypothetically work in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system, and then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than the other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both these methods, time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become "younger", than the stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through the wormhole, no matter how the two ends move around.[34]: 502 This means that an observer entering the "younger" end would exit the "older" end at a time when it was the same age as the "younger" end, effectively going back in time as seen by an observer from the outside. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine;[34]: 503 It is more of a path through time rather than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology itself to be moved backward in time.
Being Mad Physicist's sister is cool, since I get to play with his Lego :-) I even held one of his planes in my hands today and did some serious swooshing....( I can't believe I just wrote that). Since he isn't very keen on building sets, I did it for him. This will be part of the Christmas-decorations in his house this year.
Schrödinger’s cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935.
What we need to figure out how the paradox works are very few things: a cat, a steel box, a Geiger counter, a very little amount of radioactive substance, a flask containing cyanide and a small hammer. We have to put the radioactive substance in the Geiger counter, connected to the hammer, which will be activated only when (and only if) the radioactive substance will decay and will hit the cyanide flask. This dangerous device will be located into a steel box, together with a cat, then the box will be closed for an hour. Since the probability of the atom to decay is 50%, we can deduce to have the same probability to find the cat alive or dead (only in a thought experiment a cat will stay passive in a closed box for an hour!). According to the prevailing theory, the Copenhagen interpretation, if we cannot observe directly the atom behavior, it exists as a combination of the two possible states and it remains in this superposition until it interacts with, or was observed by, the external world, at which time the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. This is the so-called “collapse of the wave function”.
If we would apply the quantum interpretation to the Schrödinger paradox, it will results in a flask both broken and not broken, a Geiger counter both activated and not activated, a cat both alive and dead. This is the paradox: the cat is a macroscopic system that is, however, dependent on a microscopic system that was in a superposition. The quantum interpretation is not suitable for the cat, indeed, it will remember only being alive and to say it was both alive and dead is nonsense.
Many discussions have followed this paradox and, despite developments and evolutions of scientific knowledge, it is still considered a paradox. Was Schrödinger right?
more on my site
Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (/ˈnjuːtən/; 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/7) was an English physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton made seminal contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus.
Philip B. Duffy, Ph.D.
Physicist, Climate Strategist, and Policy Architect
Dr. Philip B. Duffy’s journey through the realms of science and policy is a testament to the power of interdisciplinary dedication. From the cosmic expanses of astrophysics to the pressing challenges of Earth’s climate, his career reflects a seamless integration of rigorous scientific inquiry with actionable policy development.
Born with an innate curiosity about the universe, Duffy pursued his undergraduate studies in astronomy and astrophysics at Harvard University, graduating magna cum laude. His quest for deeper understanding led him to Stanford University, where he earned a Ph.D. in applied physics. These academic foundations equipped him with a unique perspective, allowing him to approach climate science with both analytical precision and a holistic worldview.
Duffy’s professional odyssey commenced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he delved into climate modeling and the intricate dynamics of the Earth’s systems. His tenure there was marked by significant contributions to understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly in the western United States. Recognizing the imperative of bridging science with societal needs, he became the founding director of the University of California’s Institute for Research on Climate Change and its Societal Impacts, fostering collaborations that transcended traditional academic boundaries.
Transitioning into the policy arena, Duffy served as a Senior Policy Analyst in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) during the Obama administration. His role expanded as he became a Senior Advisor to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, where he was instrumental in shaping national climate research agendas. His expertise was further recognized when he was appointed as the Climate Science Advisor in the OSTP’s Climate and Environment Division under President Biden, reinforcing the administration’s commitment to science-driven climate action.
Beyond governmental roles, Duffy’s leadership at the Woodwell Climate Research Center (formerly Woods Hole Research Center) as President and Executive Director was transformative. He championed initiatives that connected scientific research with diverse stakeholders, including faith-based organizations, under-resourced communities, and private sector leaders. His efforts emphasized the importance of inclusive dialogue in addressing climate challenges.
Currently, as the Chief Scientist at Spark Climate Solutions, Duffy continues to spearhead innovative approaches to mitigate climate risks. His work focuses on critical yet often overlooked areas, such as atmospheric methane removal and the warming-induced emissions from permafrost, underscoring his commitment to comprehensive climate strategies.
Throughout his illustrious career, Duffy has been a vocal advocate for integrating scientific insights into policy-making. His testimonies before Congress, participation in United Nations climate negotiations, and contributions to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlight his role as a bridge between empirical research and actionable policy. His words have resonated widely, with notable quotations featured in The New York Times, reflecting his ability to communicate complex ideas with clarity and urgency.
Outside the corridors of science and policy, Duffy finds solace in cycling and the companionship of his dog, Rosie. These personal pursuits mirror his professional ethos: a balance of relentless drive and grounded humanity.
Dr. Philip B. Duffy’s legacy is one of unwavering dedication to harnessing science for the betterment of society. His multifaceted career serves as an inspiration, demonstrating how rigorous scientific understanding, when coupled with compassionate leadership, can pave the way for meaningful change in the face of global challenges.
Physicist Stephen Hawking - last writings - Artificial Intelligence - Superhumans - Genetic Engineering
The late physicist and author Prof Stephen Hawking has caused controversy by suggesting a new race of superhumans could develop from wealthy people choosing to edit their and their children’s DNA.
“I am sure that during this century, people will discover how to modify both intelligence and instincts such as aggression,” he wrote.
The renowned theoretical physicist, who died in March this year, made the grim prediction in a collection of essays and articles recently published by the UK’s Sunday Times, prior to the release of a book containing a collection of writings by Dr Hawking.
Dr Hawking was known for bringing clarity to some of the most mind-bending ideas in science such as the nature of black holes and the possibility of a multiverse.
In January 2015, Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and dozens of artificial intelligence experts signed an open letter on artificial intelligence calling for research on the societal impacts of AI. The letter affirmed that society can reap great potential benefits from artificial intelligence, but called for concrete research on how to prevent certain potential "pitfalls": artificial intelligence has the potential to eradicate disease and poverty, but researchers must not create something which cannot be controlled.
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879—April 18, 1955)
IF YOU WE’RE TO ASKED TO NAME A PHYSICIST, chances are you’d think of Albert Einstein. The wild-haired, hastily-dressed, German born scientist who changed our understanding of space, time, matter, energy, and the nature of the universe is not only one of the very few true celebrities that science produced in the twentieth century, he is also our culture’s most common conception of genius.
His statement of the mass-energy equivalence relationship (E=mc2) is perhaps the most commonly known, if less commonly understood, scientific formulas. People who don’t know what his Theory of Relatively is called know the formula. And they know his name.
Hell, he’s become a part of the language—his name is synonymous with genius. “He’s smart, but he’s no Einstein,” we’ll say.
Einstein himself was uncomfortable with his own iconic status. “It strikes me as unfair, and even in bad taste, to select a few individuals for boundless admiration, attributing superhuman powers of mind and character to them,” he said in 1921. “This has been my fate, and the contrast between the popular estimate of me and the reality is simply grotesque.”
Einstein’s modesty did not prevent him from speaking out on subjects other than science. Though he had a hand in the early development of the atomic bomb, he became a prominent critic of nuclear weapons. He called himself a “deeply religious non-believer,” and as such asserted “I shall never believe that God plays dice with the world,” and “The Lord God is subtle, but malicious he is not.”
He reassured schoolchildren: “Do not let your problems with mathematics trouble you, for I assure you mine are greater.”
Perhaps it was this modesty that led him to decline the Presidency of Israel in 1952. Or perhaps he just had other things on his mind—he spent the later years of his life questing unsuccessfully after a Grand Unified Theory.
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As reported in Time Magazine on April 9, 1973 "Message from a Star" a Scottish astronomer finally was able to interpret a message first found by two Norwegian physicists in the 1920s. The message was a welcoming communication sent to us by an alien planet that belonged to the star-system Epsilon Bootis. They had sent a satellite that covered the 203 light-years between Earth and their planet and placed it in a polar orbit around Earth. The alien satellite had been transmitting its welcoming message since it started orbiting Earth 13,000 years ago. It was named the Black Knight Satellite.
This story has long since been retracted. The Black Knight Satellite never existed – but it does show how easy many were/are willing to believe that we are not alone in the Universe.
Epsilon Bootis goes by the common name Izar. One thing is for sure, Izar is the finest double-star in the Constellation of the Herdsman (Bootes). With a separation of only 2.8 arcseconds it requires a steady atmosphere and high-power to separate. But the bright yellow-orange of the primary and the blue of the secondary make for a striking pair and well worth the trouble to split.
I have no idea if a friendly intelligent species exists on a planet orbiting the binary star system Izar; as highly-unlikely as it is, I kind of like to think they do. It would be cool to live on a planet that not only had a big orange-yellow sun in the sky but a smaller blue sun as its companion.
To see additional astronomy drawings visit: www.orrastrodrawing.com
Here it is after about 3 days of trying to get it right (even tho its steal not how i would want it) Its done the scale is probably the best out of all my shermans!Hope you guys like it :).C&C welcome.
Photograph above:
MV PATRICK BLACKETT (IMO: 9762302) arriving at HM Naval Base, Portsmouth this afternoon. The vessel is a Offshore Supply Ship that was built in 2022 (newbuilding) and is sailing under the flag of the United Kingdom. Her carrying capacity is 150t DWT and her current draught is reported to be 2.3 metres. Her length overall (LOA) is 40 metres and her width is 8 metres. Royal Marine and Royal Navy personnel can be seen aboard her today and lots of Royal Marine personnel were about to welcome her to Portsmouth.
Photograph Source: Digital Expression UK
NEWS;
Royal Navy's new advanced technology testbed 'XV Patrick Blackett' arrived at HM Naval Base, Portsmouth this afternoon. It is reported that the vessel is due to have her Commissioning Ceremony on Friday.
WHO WAS PATRICK BLACKETT?
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett OM CH FRS
(18 November 1897 – 13 July 1974) was a British experimental physicist known for his work on cloud chambers, cosmic rays, and paleo-magnetism, winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1948. In 1925 he became the first person to prove that radioactivity could cause the nuclear transmutation of one chemical element to another. He also made a major contribution in World War II advising on military strategy and developing operational research. His left-wing views saw an outlet in third world development and in influencing policy in the Labour Government of the 1960s
Early life and education
Blackett was born in Kensington, London, the son of Arthur Stuart Blackett, a stockbroker, and his wife Caroline Maynard. His younger sister was the psychoanalyst Marion Milner. His paternal grandfather Rev. Henry Blackett, brother of Edmund Blackett the Australian architect, was for many years vicar of Croydon. His maternal grandfather Charles Maynard was an officer in the Royal Artillery at the time of the Indian Mutiny. The Blackett family lived successively at Kensington, Kenley, Woking and Guildford, Surrey, where Blackett went to preparatory school. His main hobbies were model aeroplanes and crystal radio. When he went for interview for entrance to the Royal Naval College, Osborne, Isle of Wight, Charles Rolls had completed his cross-channel flight the previous day and Blackett who had tracked the flight on his crystal set was able to expound lengthily on the subject. He was accepted and spent two years there before moving on to Dartmouth where he was "usually head of his class".
In August 1914 on the outbreak of World War I Blackett was assigned to active service as a midshipman. He was transferred to the Cape Verde Islands on HMS Carnarvon and was present at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. He was then transferred to HMS Barham and saw much action at the Battle of Jutland. While on HMS Barham, Blackett was co-inventor of a gunnery device on which the Admiralty took out a patent. In 1916 he applied to join the RNAS but his application was refused. In October that year he became a sub-lieutenant on HMS P17 on Dover patrol, and in July 1917 he was posted to HMS Sturgeon in the Harwich Force under Admiral Tyrwhitt. Blackett was particularly concerned by the poor quality of gunnery in the force compared with that of the enemy and of his own previous experience, and started to read science textbooks. He was promoted to lieutenant in May 1918, but had decided to leave the Navy. Then, in January 1919, the Admiralty sent the officers whose training had been interrupted by the war to the University of Cambridge for a course of general duties. On his first night at Magdalene College, Cambridge, he met Kingsley Martin and Geoffrey Webb, later recalling that he had never before, in his naval training, heard intellectual conversation. Blackett was impressed by the prestigious Cavendish Laboratory, and left the Navy to study mathematics and physics at Cambridge.
Career and research
After graduating from Magdalene College in 1921, Blackett spent ten years working at the Cavendish Laboratory as an experimental physicist with Ernest Rutherford and in 1923 became a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, a position he held until 1933.
Rutherford had found out that the nucleus of the nitrogen atom could be disintegrated by firing fast alpha particles into nitrogen. He asked Blackett to use a cloud chamber to find visible tracks of this disintegration, and by 1925, he had taken 23,000 photographs showing 415,000 tracks of ionized particles. Eight of these were forked, and this showed that the nitrogen atom-alpha particle combination had formed an atom of fluorine, which then disintegrated into an isotope of oxygen 17 and a proton. Blackett published the results of his experiments in 1925. He thus became the first person to deliberately transmute one element into another.
Blackett spent some time in 1924–1925 at Göttingen, Germany, working with James Franck on atomic spectra. In 1932, working with Giuseppe Occhialini, he devised a system of Geiger counters which took photographs only when a cosmic ray particle traversed the chamber. They found 500 tracks of high energy cosmic ray particles in 700 automatic exposures. In 1933, Blackett discovered fourteen tracks which confirmed the existence of the positron and revealed the now instantly recognisable opposing spiral traces of positron/electron pair production. This work and that on annihilation radiation made him one of the first and leading experts on anti-matter.
That year he moved to Birkbeck, University of London, as professor of Physics for four years. Then in 1937 he went to the Victoria University of Manchester where he was elected to the Lang-worthy Professorship and created a major international research laboratory. The Blackett Memorial Hall and Blackett lecture theatre at the University of Manchester were named after him.
In 1947, Blackett introduced a theory to account for the Earth's magnetic field as a function of its rotation, with the hope that it would unify both the electromagnetic force and the force of gravity. He spent a number of years developing high-quality magnetometers to test his theory, and eventually found it to be without merit. His work on the subject, however, led him into the field of geophysics, where he eventually helped process data relating to paleo-magnetism and helped to provide strong evidence for continental drift.
In 1948 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his investigation of cosmic rays using his invention of the counter-controlled cloud chamber.
Blackett was appointed head of the Physics Department of Imperial College London in 1953 and retired in July 1963. The Physics department building of Imperial College, the Blackett Laboratory is named in his honour.
In 1957 Blackett gave the presidential address ("Technology and World Advancement") to the British Association meeting in Dublin. In 1965 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Continental Drift"
World War II and operational research
In 1935 Blackett was invited to join the Aeronautical Research Committee chaired by Sir Henry Tizard. The committee was effective pressing for the early installation of Radar for air defence. In the early part of World War II, Blackett served on various committees and spent time at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) Farnborough, where he made a major contribution to the design of the Mark XIV bomb sight which allowed bombs to be released without a level bombing run beforehand. In 1940–41 Blackett served on the MAUD Committee which concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible. He disagreed with the committee's conclusion that Britain could produce an atomic bomb by 1943, and recommended that the project should be discussed with the Americans. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1933 and awarded its Royal Medal in 1940.
In August 1940 Blackett became scientific adviser to Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Pile, Commander in Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command and thus began the work that resulted in the field of study known as operational research (OR). He was director of Operational Research with the Admiralty from 1942 to 1945, and his work with E. J. Williams improved the survival odds of convoys, presented counter-intuitive but correct recommendations for the armour-plating of aircraft and achieved many other successes. His aim, he said, was to find numbers on which to base strategy, not gusts of emotion. During the war he criticised the assumptions in Lord Cherwell's de-housing paper and sided with Tizard who argued that fewer resources should go to RAF Bomber Command for the area bombing offensive and more to the other armed forces, as his studies had shown the ineffectiveness of the bombing strategies, as opposed to the importance of fighting of the German U-boats, which were heavily affecting the war effort with their sinking of merchant ships. In this opinion he chafed against the existing military authority and was cut out of various circles of communications. However, after the war, the Allied Strategic Bombing Survey proved Blackett correct.
Politics
Blackett became friends with Kingsley Martin, later editor of the New Statesman, while an undergraduate and became committed to the left. Politically he identified himself as a socialist, and often campaigned on behalf of the Labour Party. In the late 1940s, Blackett became known for his radical political opinions, which included his belief that Britain ought not develop atomic weapons. He was considered too far to the left for the Labour Government 1945–1951 to employ, and he returned to academic life. His internationalism found expression in his strong support for India. There in 1947 he met Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought his advice on the research and development needs of the Indian armed forces and for the next 20 years he was a frequent visitor and advisor on military and civil science. These visits deepened his concern for the underprivileged and the poor. He was convinced that the problem could be solved by applying science and technology and he used his scientific prestige to try to persuade scientists that one of their first duties was to use their skill to ensure a decent life for all mankind. Before underdevelopment became a popular issue he proposed in a presidential address to the British Association that Britain should devote 1% of its national income to the economic improvement of the third world and he was later one of the prime movers in the foundation of the Overseas Development Institute. He was the senior member of a group of scientists which met regularly to discuss scientific and technological policy during the 13 years when the Labour Party was out of office, and this group became influential when Harold Wilson became leader of the Party. Blackett's ideas led directly to the creation of the Ministry of Technology as soon as the Wilson government was formed and he insisted that the first priority was revival of the computer industry. He did not enter open politics, but worked for a year as a civil servant. He remained deputy chairman of the Minister's Advisory Council throughout the administration's life, and was also personal scientific adviser to the Minister.
Sancta Sophia was designed by the Greek scientists: the physicist Isidore of Miletus and the matematician Anthemius of Tralles.
The architecture belongs to early Byzantine period, 330 - 730 AD.
It was during Emperor Justinian’s rule from 527 to 565 AD that Byzantine Art and architecture flowered. He instituted a building campaign primarily in Constantinople and later in Ravenna, Italy.
See further byzantine works HERE
video 3dimensional reconstruction of the Hagia Sophia's byzantine sanctuary
Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture, of great artistic value its decorated interior with mosaics, marble pillars and coverings, it was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian is believed to have said Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών: "Solomon, I have surpassed you!"
Been waiting all winter for spring to arrive bringing with it the warm wind that delivers all the beautiful creatures with delicate wings to the UK . the older I get the more excited I get anticipating the arrival of the years first butterfly's ,dragonfly's , buttercups and baby ducks
( especially baby ducks!)
plus I got a new camera over winter so that just added to my excitement, still never mind its here now spring is well and truly sprung . its even more wonderful than I remember .
.........BLUE STUFF...every now and then... nature has a funny five mins and goes and evolves something BLUE ....clear.blows my mind , all i can do is stand and stare and go "WOW thats SO BLUE!!" so imagine my delight when the blue thingy landed on something SO YELLOW and then stayed there long enough for me to take a photo ..tickled pink i was!
why so yellow the buttercup ?
Mark Brown explains below….
We all have fond memories of playing the buttercup game. You simply hold a buttercup flower underneath your chin, and if your neck lights up yellow then it's conclusive, empirical proof that you like butter.
But physicists at the University of Cambridge have discovered the real reason that these flowers give off that golden glow. Disappointingly, it's more about the unique interplay of the petals' epidermal layers, and less about your fondness for margarine.To make that gorgeous yellow hue, the petals of the buttercup flower (Ranunculus repens) have a carotenoid pigment which absorbs light in the blue and green region of the optical spectrum. The result is that the other colours -- in this case, mostly yellow -- are reflected back.
The light passes through to the epidermal layer of the petals.This is a layer of flat cells, from which light is reflected. On the buttercup, though, this layer has not one but two extremely flat surfaces, separated by a gap of air.
Reflection of light by the smooth surface of the cells and by the air layer effectively doubles the gloss of the petal. This causes the buttercup to reflect light under your chin better than any other flower on the school sports field.
In their research, the Cambridge flower-pickers found that the buttercup's petals are also good at reflecting ultraviolet light.
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( still clueless as to the butterflys blueness)
maxxxi
2019 UK Stephen Hawking CERTIFIED BU 50p
Stephen Hawking was one of the world’s most prodigious physicists but he was also a renowned ambassador for science. His breakthrough work on black holes and the popularisation of science are seen as significant contributions to humanity.
To commemorate the life of Stephen Hawking, The Royal Mint has announced it will be issuing a brand new 50p coin - the first in an exciting new series celebrating Innovators in Science. It is only fitting that the first coin in the series features the most famous British scientist of modern times. What’s more, Stephen Hawking will become only the third person in British history to have been commemorated on a coin within a year of their death – the other two being Winston Churchill and the Queen Mother.
The Design
The reverse of the coin, designed by Edwina Ellis, features a stylised black hole and the inscription ‘Stephen Hawking’. It also shows the Bekenstein-Hawking formula, which describes the thermodynamic entropy of a black hole. The obverse shows Her Majesty the Queen as designed by Royal Mint engraver Jody Clark. Excitingly, this is the first time Stephen Hawking has been represented on a British coinage and is the start of a brand new Royal Mint series celebrating Innovators in Science. It's certain this coin is going to prove incredibly popular with Collectors.
The flags in front of Wilson Hall at Fermilab. According to the lab website, they are Argentina, Brazil, Canada,
Columbia, France, Germany, Greece,India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico,Netherlands, P.R. of China, Poland,
Russian Republic, South Korea, Spain,Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
They are flown in alphabetical order.
Creator/Photographer: Unidentified creator
Medium: Medium unknown
Dimensions: 14.6 cm x 10 cm
Date: 1906
Collection: Scientific Identity: Portraits from the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology - As a supplement to the Dibner Library for the History of Science and Technology's collection of written works by scientists, engineers, natural philosophers, and inventors, the library also has a collection of thousands of portraits of these individuals. The portraits come in a variety of formats: drawings, woodcuts, engravings, paintings, and photographs, all collected by donor Bern Dibner. Presented here are a few photos from the collection, from the late 19th and early 20th century.
Repository: Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Accession number: SIL14-T002-05
– September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).
From the above study, we found that the average kinetic energy is proportional to the temperature, according to where the angular brackets denote the average value. From this, we can calculate the average momentum imparted to a wall of the container (suppose it is a cubic box with side lengths L) surrounding the ideal gas. Specifically, an average of one-third of this kinetic energy will be directed at a wall in a given direction, say perpendicular to the x-axis, (since v2 = vx2 + vy2 + vz2). Thus we have = kB T. The force exerted by one particle collision is given by the momentum impulse: where in the last equality, is the change in x-momentum of the particle, and is the time between colisions by that particle. Taking average values, we find that = 2 (the factor 2 occurs because the momentum changes from mvx to -mvx upon elastically bouncing off the wall), and = 2 L / (this second factor of 2 occurs because the particle needs to make a round trip across the box length L). This gives the average force imparted by a collision to be Fx = / L, and so the pressure due to all N particles, on the wall of area A, is
Since the gas constant is just R = NA kB , where NA is Avogadro's number, we have the ideal gas law P V = n R T where n is the number of moles of gas particles.Boltzmann's kinetic theory of gases seemed to presuppose the reality of atoms and molecules, but almost all German philosophers and many scientists like Ernst Mach and the physical chemist Wilhelm Ostwald disbelieved their existence. During the 1890s Boltzmann attempted to formulate a compromise position which would allow both atomists and anti-atomists to do physics without arguing over atoms. His solution was to use Hertz's theory that atoms were "Bilder", that is, models or pictures. Atomists could think the pictures were the real atoms while the anti-atomists could think of the pictures as representing a useful but unreal model, but this did not fully satisfy either group. Furthermore, Ostwald and many defenders of "pure thermodynamics" were trying hard to refute the kinetic theory of gases and statistical mechanics because of Boltzmann's assumptions about atoms and molecules and especially statistical interpretation of the second law.Around the turn of the century, Boltzmann's science was being threatened by another philosophical objection. Some physicists, including Mach's student, Gustav Jaumann, interpreted Hertz to mean that all electromagnetic behavior is continuous, as if there were no atoms and molecules, and likewise as if all physical behavior were ultimately electromagnetic. This movement around 1900 deeply depressed Boltzmann since it could mean the end of his kinetic theory and statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics.After Mach's resignation in Vienna in 1901, Boltzmann returned there and decided to become a philosopher himself to refute philosophical objections to his physics, but he soon became discouraged again. In 1904 at a physics conference in St. Louis most physicists seemed to reject atoms and he was not even invited to the physics section. Rather, he was stuck in a section called "applied mathematics", he violently attacked philosophy, especially on allegedly Darwinian grounds but actually in terms of Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics that people inherited bad philosophy from the past and that it was hard for scientists to overcome such inheritance.In 1905 Boltzmann corresponded extensively with the Austro-German philosopher Franz Brentano with the hope of gaining a better mastery of philosophy, apparently, so that he could better refute its relevancy in science, but he became discouraged about this approach as well. In the following year 1906 his mental condition became so bad that he had to resign his position. He committed suicide in September of that same year by hanging himself while on vacation with his wife and daughter near Trieste, Italy.The Boltzmann equation was developed to describe the dynamics of an ideal gas.where ƒ represents the distribution function of single-particle position and momentum at a given time (see the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution), F is a force, m is the mass of a particle, t is the time and v is an average velocity of particles.This equation describes the temporal and spatial variation of the probability distribution for the position and momentum of a density distribution of a cloud of points in single-particle phase space. (See Hamiltonian mechanics.) The first term on the left-hand side represents the explicit time variation of the distribution function, while the second term gives the spatial variation, and the third term describes the effect of any force acting on the particles. The right-hand side of the equation represents the effect of collisions.Boltzmann's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, with bust and entropy formula.In principle, the above equation completely describes the dynamics of an ensemble of gas particles, given appropriate boundary conditions. This first-order differential equation has a deceptively simple appearance, since ƒ can represent an arbitrary single-particle distribution function. Also, the force acting on the particles depends directly on the velocity distribution function ƒ. The Boltzmann equation is notoriously difficult to integrate. David Hilbert spent years trying to solve it without any real success.The form of the collision term assumed by Boltzmann was approximate. However for an ideal gas the standard Chapman–Enskog solution of the Boltzmann equation is highly accurate. It is expected to lead to incorrect results for an ideal gas only under shock wave conditions.Boltzmann tried for many years to "prove" the second law of thermodynamics using his gas-dynamical equation — his famous H-theorem. However the key assumption he made in formulating the collision term was "molecular chaos", an assumption which breaks time-reversal symmetry as is necessary for anything which could imply the second law. It was from the probabilistic assumption alone that Boltzmann's apparent success emanated, so his long dispute with Loschmidt and others over Loschmidt's paradox ultimately ended in his failure.Finally, in the 1970s E.G.D. Cohen and J.R. Dorfman proved that a systematic (power series) extension of the Boltzmann equation to high densities is mathematically impossible. Consequently nonequilibrium statistical mechanics for dense gases and liquids focuses on the Green–Kubo relations, the fluctuation theorem, and other approaches instead.
Michio Kaku book The God Equation combines Albert Einstein general relativity with quantum theory.
Michio Kaku latest book "The God Equation" combines Albert Einstein general relativity with quantum theory to create theory of everything.
Michio Kaku a futurist, co-founded string field theory, a subset of string theory, popularizer of science, and theoretical physicist, as well as a bestselling author and media personality. He is a renowned professor of theoretical physics in the City College of New York and CUNY Graduate Center and he is the co-founder of string field theory. He said, when I was a kid I was fascinated by science fiction about telepathy, reading minds and telekinesis, moving objects with the mind, and I would read stories about recording memories and becoming a genius and all these things, but I grew up and became a physicist and I realized that all that was nonsense. Until now. Now because of advances in physics, we can actually peer into the brain and all the things that I mentioned -- telepathy, telekinesis, uploading memories, recording memories, even photographing a dream - these are things that we actually do in the laboratory. And I wanted to tell people the excitement that we feel knowing that these new advanced instruments of physics are literally prying open the thinking process. Books by Michio Kaku: Hyperspace : A Scientific Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the 10th Dimension, Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel, Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century, Beyond Einstein : The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100, Parallel Worlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos, Einstein's Cosmos : How Albert Einstein's Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time, To Win a Nuclear War : The Pentagon's Secret War Plans, The Future of the Mind : The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind, The Best American Science Writing 2012, The Future of Humanity : Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond , Quarks, Symmetries and Strings, Strings, Conformal Fields, and M-Theory, Weapons in Space, Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Introduction. Michio Kaku latest book, The God Equation, is a clear and accessible examination of the quest to combine Einstein's general relativity with quantum theory to create an all-encompassing theory of everything about the nature of the universe.