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Alexander Langsdorf Jr. was an American physicist on the team that developed the atomic bomb and several devices related to nuclear physics. During World War II, he worked with Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago on the Manhattan Project. Langsdorf was one of the designers of the first two nuclear reactors after Fermi completed the first sustained nuclear chain reaction in 1942. Langsdorf was able to produce a tiny usable sample of plutonium using his device. That sample was then used in the Trinity nuclear test on July 16, 1945. Langsdorf urged President Harry S Truman not to use the bomb against the Japanese, but a plutonium-based bomb was dropped on Nagasaki soon after.
He continued to urge against expansion of nuclear weapons. He helped found Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and his wife Martyl Langsdorf designed the 1947 cover of the publication which debuted the Doomsday Clock.
Two times the 6 drawings overlaid. I made a 2nd version, by copying the 6 drawings with pencil on a sheet of transparent paper one on top of the other. Then I put the transparent paper mirror-inverted on top of the 1st version (1st version see the previous upload).
2 mal die sechs Zeichnung übereinandergelegt: 2. Version: die 6 Zeichnungen mit Bleistift übereinander nachgezeichnet auf Transparentpapier und spiegelverkehrt auf die 1. Version (siehe vorherigen upload) aufgelegt.
Albert Einstein:
"Only the stupid need organization, the genius controls the chaos"
"Ordnung braucht nur der Dumme, das Genie beherrscht das Chaos"
Albert Einstein was a passionate violin player. He played Mozart sonatas together with Queen Elisabeth of Belgium.
Anecdote: While playing with Fritz Kreisler they went out of sync. Kreisler turned to Einstein: "What`s the matter, professor? Can´t you count?".
So the actor who plays the physicist Georg Eisler, who works for secret service and personates as Ernst Heinrich Ernesti who pretends that he thinks that he is Einstein, has a violin on stage.
Albert Einstein war ein passionierter Geigenspieler. Er spielte Mozarts Violinsonaten mit Königin Elisabeth von Belgien.
Anekdote: Als er mit Fritz Kreisler spielte gerieten sie aus dem Takt. Eisler zu Einstein: "Was ist los, Professor? Können sie nicht zählen?"
Daher hat der Schauspieler, der den Physiker Georg Eisler spielt, der für den Geheimdienst arbeitet und sich als Ernst Heinrich Ernesti ausgibt, der vorgibt sich für Albert Einstein zu halten, eine Geige auf der Bühne.
Part of: Putting on Paper ~ zu Papier bringen
DMC-G2 - P1860553 - 2014-11-20
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science"
Jürg is an physicist who worked at the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich) till last year. He and his accompaniment have been out for a walk in town, even the weather to day was cold and snowy again, after a period of sunny and warm spring days. Specially because they had a long ride back from Paris to Zürich by car yesterday, both needed some movement and fresh air. After a few shots, i thanked him, gave him my card, and have let them go there way.
Thanks for being a part of the project!
Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at www.100strangers.com
Photos in collaboration with PKCFowler (we can't remember who shot which one!).
The Panthéon (Latin: pantheon, from Greek πάνθειον (ἱερόν) '(temple) to all the gods' is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary châsse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a façade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's Tempietto. Located in the 5th arrondissement on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, the Panthéon looks out over all of Paris. Designer Jacques-Germain Soufflot had the intention of combining the lightness and brightness of the Gothic cathedral with classical principles, but its role as a mausoleum required the great Gothic windows to be blocked. King Louis XV vowed in 1744 that if he recovered from his illness he would replace the ruined church of the Abbey of St Genevieve with an edifice worthy of the patron saint of Paris. He did recover, and entrusted Abel-François Poisson, marquis de Marigny with the fulfillment of his vow. In 1755, Marigny commissioned Jacques-Germain Soufflot to design the church, with construction beginning two years later. The overall design was that of a Greek cross with a massive portico of Corinthian columns. Its ambitious lines called for a vast building 110 metres long by 84 meters wide, and 83 metres high. No less vast was its crypt. Soufflot's masterstroke is concealed from casual view: the triple dome, each shell fitted within the others, permits a view through the oculus of the coffered inner dome of the second dome, frescoed by Antoine Gros with The Apotheosis of Saint Genevieve. The outermost dome is built of stone bound together with iron cramps and covered with lead sheathing, rather than of carpentry construction, as was the common French practice of the period. Concealed flying buttresses pass the massive weight of the triple construction outwards to the portico columns. The foundations were laid in 1758, but due to economic problems work proceeded slowly. In 1780, Soufflot died and was replaced by his student, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet. The re-modelled Abbey of St. Genevieve was finally completed in 1790, coinciding with the early stages of the French Revolution. Upon the death of the popular French orator and statesman Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau on 2 April 1791, the National Constituent Assembly, whose president had been Mirabeau, ordered that the building be changed from a church to a mausoleum for the interment of great Frenchmen, retaining Quatremère de Quincy to oversee the project. Mirabeau was the first person interred there, on 4 April 1791. Jean Guillaume Moitte created a pediment sculptural group The Fatherland crowning the heroic and civic virtues that was replaced upon the Bourbon Restoration with one by David d'Angers. Twice since then it has reverted to being a church, only to become again a meeting house dedicated to the great intellectuals of France. The cross of the dome, which was retained in compromise, is again visible during the current major restoration project. FOUCAULT PENDULUM: In 1851, physicist Léon Foucault demonstrated the rotation of the earth by constructing a 67-metre (220 ft) Foucault pendulum beneath the central dome. The original sphere from the pendulum was temporarily displayed at the Panthéon in the 1990s (starting in 1995) during renovations at the Musée des Arts et Métiers. The original pendulum was later returned to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, and a copy is now displayed at the Panthéon. It has been listed since 1920 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. From 1906 to 1922 the Panthéon was the site of Auguste Rodin's famous sculpture The Thinker. In 2006, Ernesto Neto, a Brazilian artist, installed "Léviathan Thot", an anthropomorphic installation inspired by the biblical monster. The art installation was in the Panthéon from 15 September 2006 until 31 October for Paris's Autumn Festival. BURIAL PLACE: By burying its great people in the Panthéon, the nation acknowledges the honour it received from them. As such, interment here is severely restricted and is allowed only by a parliamentary act for "National Heroes". Similar high honours exist in Les Invalides for historical military leaders such as Napoléon, Turenne and Vauban. Among those buried in its necropolis are Voltaire, Rousseau, Victor Hugo, Émile Zola, Jean Moulin, Louis Braille, Jean Jaurès and Soufflot, its architect. In 1907 Marcellin Berthelot was buried with his wife Mme Sophie Berthelot. Marie Curie was interred in 1995. Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz and Germaine Tillion, heroines of the French resistance, were interred in 2015. The widely repeated story that the remains of Voltaire were stolen by religious fanatics in 1814 and thrown into a garbage heap is false. Such rumours resulted in the coffin being opened in 1897, which confirmed that his remains were still present. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthéon
Listen carefully true believers to this twisted tale of terrible tides...
Doctor Otto Octavius was a brilliant and respected nuclear physicist, atomic research consultant, inventor, and lecturer. His research led him to create a set of bio-mechanical arms that would aid him in his atomic physics research. A lab accident left the apparatus fused to his body and allowed him to control the arms with merely a thought. The new synaptic pathways that were being created as a result of the fusion altered his mental state and Octavius became the villainous Doctor Octopus!
A founding member of the Sinister Six, Doc Ock attempted to dispose the Amazing Spider-Man at every opportunity, even learning the hero's true identity: Peter Parker. Though SUPERIOR to Spider-Man in many ways, Otto always felt jealous of the family life that Peter led with his beloved Aunt May and relationship with Mary Jane. Otto eventually vowed that he would gain the same sort of strength of puny Parker through family by raising a child... his daughter Octavia.
With a genius level intellect, Octavius was prepared for every challenge parenthood could bring! Why even a pedestrian task such as going to the grocery store is no challenge for the foul father and his dastardly descendant!
Watch out Spider-Man! There's a new diabolical duo in New York, and this time, they're bringing coupons!
Build for Mr. Xenomurphy's Superhero Contest on Mocpages:
I'm not the most organized guy in the world.
I kinda fly by the seat of my pants in most of the stuff I do.
I grew up that way.
And I'm still like that as an adult.
I do everything at the last minute... and I generally try to pay all of my bills right before they become thirty days past due.
If the people really want their money they'll call right?
And they get so happy when I give it to them and I get to hear that in their voices on the phone.
I get a lot of bills in the mail.
There's like this 'secret code' or something...
the really important ones are red in some way.
I know how far I can push it.
It's fun living dangerously sometimes... watching how low you can get the needle down on the gas tank before you gotta get gas.
That's how I learned about something really smart people call 'parallax.'
Paralax is 'the effect whereby the position or direction of an object appears to differ when viewed from different positions.'
Like if you look at the needle on the fuel guage from the passenger side it looks like you got less gas than you really do.
That's where your girl sits and looks at the gas guage from.
The designers of automobiles took this into consideration when they dealt with fuel guages.
They know your woman's gonna look over and see that needle on 'E' and say something.
It's like a built in safety device.
And she's always like 'we better get some gas.'
And you're always like 'we can go another 70.4 miles after the needle hits 'E' babycakes.
Then you tell her about 'parallax.'
Dumbass.
There you go with your physics shit again.
Note to your idiot self: chicks don't care about physics.
Name one legendary female physicist.
There are none.
I just did a search for 'legendary female physicist' on Google and got the old "Your search - legendary female physicist - did not match any documents."
Not one.
I also did another Google search in my intensive research for this book... research which consists almost entirely of my life experience, lies, bullshit, bullshit lies, made up statistics, things drunk people told me in bars and Google searches.
I Googled 'chicks who like walking after their dumbass guy runs out of gas.'
And guess what came up?
"Your search - chicks who like walking after their dumbass guy runs out of gas - did not match any documents."
Then in that little box it taunts you with every time you misspell something it said 'did you mean to search for 'dumb ass' instead?
Did you ever get the feeling that Google was talking directly to you?
I will admit that I had to do the search twice because the first time I used 'there' inappropriately when I should have used 'their' and I needed to straighten that up to insure the integrity of my research...
because that's the kind of guy I am... and I'm also not afraid to admit that I'm wrong either...
as long as no one's around to hear it.
Not even any naked pictures came up or anything.
That seemed odd.
So just to be sure that Google wasn't broken I did a search for 'hot freaky sex' which produced twenty one million one hundred thousand results.
And lots of fascinating pictures.
That's the Google I've come to know and depend on.
You know I really didn't get much out of the rest of that day.
Or half of the next.
I did have to think fast when my girl got home and said 'Honey... did you use all of my lotion?'
'Yeah Love Gravy Buckets... I was doing research for my new book.'
And then she did the predictable thing... the very thing I did not predict...
she asked me 'why would you need an entire bottle of my lotion to research your book?'
'And what happened to the full roll of paper towels I put out just before I went to work?'
I had to come clean with her so I showed her.
You know what?
I've never been so happy to let the woman peer into my browser's history.
I felt like that moment helped her to 'get me' more just then.
I think she liked some of that stuff and I 'bookmarked' the stuff that she seemed fascinated by.
Or at least just not 'overtly repulsed by' anyway.
Then we had a really good talk... you know... the kind that bring you closer together after helping you to understand each other in a deeper and more intimately meaningful way?
'It's all about the research Sweet Love Kitten' I promised.
'But I hafta admit that some of that stuff looks like it could really spice up our love life you know' I added.
Then just to reassure myself that this kind of research was valid for something other than an excuse to look at all of those pictures that are now seared into my mind right next to all of the other pictures just like that that have been seared into my mind for a very long time...
I did another Google search after typing 'women are impossible to understand.'
It came back with one hundred and seventy one million results.
These statistics which I did not make up for once... not only support everything that I've been telling you... they're alarming.
There's eight times as much 'women are impossible to understand' out there on the internet as there is 'hot freaky sex.'
Try it yourself.
If your woman catches you you can just tell her that you were checking the academic soundness of my work.
And if you're a woman it's a good opportunity to take a look inside of your mans medulla-hot-freaky-oblongata and see what he's really thinkin' about 96% of the time.
And wait until you see how much more 'exciting' it gets to check your 'spambox.'
That's where all the good stuff goes anyway.
Except those messages that are always giving me a complex...
the ones that say 'would you like a bigger penis?'
I'm going to find out which of my vindictive and bitter ex's signed me up for that one and have a little 'talk' with her.
Anyway I think it all goes to show that I'm right... there'd be a whole lot more hot freaky goin' on if men could understand women.
I'd like to see those numbers reversed in my lifetime.
Shit... I'd like to see those numbers reversed in my personal life.
But I don't need to do a Google search to tell you this brainiac:
no chick wants to walk because your dumbass parallax understandin' self made a miscalculation over fuel endurance.
Dude.
THAT is a walk you never wanna take...
walking to the gas station with your woman after you showed her how close you like to get to the edge.
Just like saying stupid shit... burning the gas in the tank down to vapors before you get more gas is a deep intrinsic need of yours.
What is the frickin' use of the 'bottom' of the gas tank anyway if you don't use it right?
Yeah I run out of gas every once in a while...
I have never done it with a woman in the car though.
Run out of gas I mean.
Ever.
Except my daughter.
And that only cost me a little glittery plastic pony to get my ass out of that one.
Women feel that having more than fumes in your gas tank when you take them somewhere is what they call 'considerate.'
The danger you think you are facing in driving that car until the last molecule of the petrochemical dinosaur juice miracle that propels it is combusted just as you pull up to the gas pump is nothing compared to the danger you'll be in if your calculations are flawed when your woman's in the car.
And lets face it.
That's when it's gonna happen too.
Because you won't handicap your mental fuel endurance calculations for her nonstop adjustments of the climate control because you'll be thinkin' about hot freaky.
And since women ALWAYS lie about their weight you've probably underestimated the total load you were carrying.
Plus that duffel bag she calls a purse that she carries gahdknows what in and that keychain she has... the one that's composed of lots of key chains all fastened together until it becomes one megalithic ass keychain... the one that weighs like nine pounds that every once in a while you fear she's gonna beat you with.
Am I right or am I right?
I've tried to explain my propensity to do this to my girl this way...
'baby... I look at it in a lot of ways like I look at our relationship... It's like I just wanna 'know' my car you know... I wanna know it so deeply and intimately... like I wanna know you... all of its needs and stuff... I wanna know when it's 'really' gonna stop... I have a need to know this kind of thing... you know... how far I can push shit... aren't you always saying that I do the same thing with you?'
You know I had to fuck that one all up at the end right?
So I run outta the go juice every once in a while...
and here and there whatever utility I may have pushed it too far with stopped by the ranch and disconnected me.
Living the Amish life for a few days isn't the end of the world.
It gives you the time to sit around and make high quality solid oak furniture with your bare hands because you won't be fucking around on the Internet all day.
In college I'd just hook it back up after they left.
Scored free cable for a lotta years too.
I didn't even hafta climb the pole to do it because my roommate caught my neighbor doing it in the middle of the night one time.
My roommate was not a 'legitimate businessman' and freaked out when he saw a guy climbing the telephone pole in the middle of the night because he thought it was the authorities fixin' to tap the phone lines.
The guy might not have been a 'legitimate businessman' but he was 'legitimately paranoid.'
He ran out there to ask the guy what the hell he was doing... in his bathrobe... with a gun... and I just kinda sat there on the couch so I could get a head start on makin' up my story or something.
Guy walks back in in five minutes all smilin'... puts the gun down and says... 'we got cable now... turn the tv on... the neighbor was jackin' it and I told him to 'turn us on' too... premium channels and everything!'
I live and breath chaos.
I seem to be pretty good at it.
A lot of people just can't live life in such a dynamic and unstructured way.
They're probably better off for it...
because it drives a lot of people crazy.
Especially every one of my ex's apparently.
I just couldn't live any other way.
Unless a preponderance of hot freaky tips the scales towards a more regimented and domesticated lifestyle.
Ultimately everything is negotiable I suppose.
I work hard and I play hard and I do dig myself some nice vacation here and there.
It's something I really look forward to as a self-employed 'legitimate businessman.'
Men and women and vacation are a strange and extremely volatile mix if you ask me.
They're always volatile really.
Vacation is just the 'spark' that can really set them off.
I can remember my parents getting into fights all the time right before getting into the car and heading on the door out for a roadtrip.
That really sucked and it kinda made me think that I just had hot head freaks for parents.
Besides fights about dad coming home shitfaced every once in a while fighting was pretty rare in my childhood home.
What I didn't know then was that ALL couples pretty much get into it either just before vacation of just as they're walking out the door.
Mom wants to make triple sure that everythings cool with the house.
Dad figures 'fuck it... lets go... I got insurance.'
Mom wants the house to be really clean as soon as she steps in the door when we get home from vacation.
Dad says 'fuck it lets go.'
Mom's worried about what she forgot to pack.
Dad says 'fuck it... I got a wallet full of money.'
Mom says 'you never take anything seriously.'
Dad says 'why do you always have to start shit right before we roll off to vacation?'
You can see that I am the descendent of a man with a propensity to say stupid shit too.
In fact I come from a long line of men who were really good at saying stupid shit.
It is my experience that leaving the pad and going mobile does different things to the sexes.
Men just wanna get the hell out of Dodge.
Women wanna make sure that Dodge is in good shape before they come back.
Secretly I think men are thinkin' that they're gonna have such a good time on vacation it might just be the end of them.
That's always my goal on any given vacation... to have so much fun I could die.
So what do men care?
Maybe women can see that 'glint in their eye.'
When I speak this way I can't indict all women for this behavior.
Just the one's I've been with.
And we've already come to understand that I'm not the kinda guy who makes the best choices.
I'm pretty sure that all men share the same guilt though.
Every woman I've ever been in a longterm commited, or unilaterally semi committed relationship long enough to go on a shared vacation with has had that lobe pop just prior to or right at departure time.
I've often wondered why this is.
I have a theory.
Going mobile makes women feel vulnerable I think.
And when your woman feels 'vulnerable' she knows full well that you're to blame.
She 'needs' you to protect her... or at least make her feel 'protected.'
And since she feels vulnerable buddy... You have failed.
I see it start up about a week out as a mild anxiety.
And it builds up with each day closer to 'go time' that we get.
Generally the lobe pops right when you're packin' the car.
I think it's just that guys get all excited about going on vacation.
And we can't pack for shit because we don't know where anything is anyway.
And women, they just get a little nervous about leavin' the nest.
And all their throw pillows.
They've worked so hard to decorate the place and now they're being torn from it like it's a cesarean section going down.
You gotta be sympathetic to them just then.
All they really need is reassurance.
Lots and lots of reassurance.
And not the regular kind of reassurance...
like how she's more beautiful than the day that you met her...
or her ass isn't 'really' getting fat...
and that you want to grow old with her...
she needs 'vacation specific' reassurances.
And you don't get too many oportunities to work on your vacation specific reassurances.
Because for once in your life you're not just thinkin' about hot freaky.
You're thinkin' about 'vacation hot freaky.'
You know all about the pseudo-scientific studies that show that a woman's more likely to get down with some hot freaky in a hotel bed.
Because it's not hers.
That way she doesn't have to think about it again in the perfectly accessorized and color coordinated 'love sanctuary' that she created for the two of you called a bedroom.
The place she likes to think of as a 'budoir' but would never tell you that.
You know why?
Because a 'budoir' is a room that a woman lays around in and thinks about her perfect fantasy guy.
It becomes a 'bedroom' the second you walk in.
Because you spoil the whole effect by leaving your dirty socks on the floor right next to the freaking hamper.
But dad's not thinkin' about any of that.
He wants to get the fuck out of there.
He's excited to go.
Mom's nervous about leaving.
Maybe he's already 'getting to work' on his skills of tuning the kids out.
Maybe he's thinking about the car and any problems it might have.
He's got the route in his head and he's got a timetable that he wants to stick to.
Dad's got plans to be wherever it is that he's going at a certain time.
He has done pages of mental mathematics... running all sorts of navigational calculations against his personal biorhythms, applied 'rush hour' handicapping to whatever city you'll be driving through then, figured out the liklihood of having the kids sleep at the most critical point...
Dad's mind is on the journey.
It's like a 'bombing mission' over hostile territory the way that he looks at it.
Moms worried about whether or not she left the iron on.
Dad doesn't know what that is and why she'd be worried about that anyway.
Vacation creates a great disconnect between men and women.
At least the preparing and the motivating part.
If your relationship were the Titanic... vacation would be the iceberg.
I really don't think that there's anything more perilous a guy can do with his girl than to go on vacation.
This guy I used to work with... we'll call him 'Eddy' because I'm not sure the solution that he came up with for this very situation was either legal or ethical... but damn... it was nothing short of brilliant.
Especially if you knew 'Eddy.'
Me and the guys were sittin' around the warehouse one day talking about this very phenomenon when Eddy jumps off the forklift and chimes in...
'Bitches are always cranky right before they go on vacation... everybody knows that... you know what I do... I see it comin' and I say 'hey baby... you look a little stressed... let me get you a glass of wine.'
Then 'Eddy' said he goes to the kitchen... pours a nice glass of red outta the box in the fridge... and then he crushes up two xanax tablets and stirs 'em in there real good.
He insists you gotta use red because he tried it with a zinfandel once and he said you could see like some 'residue' in the bottom of the glass.
'She feels all happy that I noticed her anxiety and she cools off when I hand her the glass of wine you know' he said.
All of us just stood there in stunned silence with wide eyes and mouths agape.
'When those xanax kick in and the alcohol from the wine I ain't got a problem in the world... I been doin' it for years and it always works'... and he looked at us when he said it like he'd just divulged the very secret of life to us.
Fuckin' 'Eddy'... the smartest gahdamn forklift driver in the world.
None of us could believe his genius at that very moment.
And we all agreed later after he got fired for getting caught on video coming into the warehouse at five am one morning after a three day cocaine bender just to get a box of razor blades and then go home to call in sick that his idea was the most intelligent thing any of us had ever heard him say.
I'm not advocating 'slipping your woman a mickey' but I've sure thought about it since 'Eddy' told us about his secret method.
In my studies on the male mind I've found that most men can't think past the next weekend.
That's because statistically that's when we'll be most likely to successfully impregnate a woman and pass on the propensity to say stupid shit to yet another generation.
It's a part of our biology.
Plus we have to work all week.
While a woman is entirely capable of making restaraunt reservations for dinner four months in advance.
About the same time she begins thinking about what she'll wear to that dinner.
That comes from her biology.
She's got that monthy cycle to break down time for her into manageable chunks.
It's a lot easier to do when you can only get pregnant on one of those weekends anyway.
And if she's on the other end of your weekend 'reproductive success' or failure depending on how you look at it she's got a nine month gestation period to give her enough time to figure out the perfect color scheme for the nursery and whatever the most fashionable baby name might be that year.
That's just the way it is.
It's always been that way.
It will always be.
And those differences should be celebrated you know?
They are what makes a couple who's found and nourished and built a functional relationship capable of so much more than any one person could be on their own.
Neanderthal mom would look back to last fall and remember where she filled her basket up with those delicious nuts... or the succulent berries in the spring.
Neanderthal dad and the guys would be playing around bullshitting with each other when one of them said 'yo... check it out... a wooly mammoth... we should kill it.
And Neanderthal mom would always be accusin' Neanderthal dad of behaving like a 'Cro-magnon.'
The differences in the male and female mind and thought process' are there for a reason.
Not just to cause you to get in all manner of fights with your girl and to get in the way of hot freaky.
The secret I think is to show your girl that even though you are for the most part a beast so different than what she really wants you to be that it is in many ways those very facets of your manliness that she secretly craves and needs in her life as much as baskets, throw pillows and paint sample chips.
And the way to show her that is to become her hero and save her ass.
One of these days I'm gonna rig up a secret 'baby be cool' button in my automobile.
Here's what it will do...
whenever Sweet Honey Cake Biscuits isn't showin' me the love... if she's all bitchin' at me about some crazy shit I did for the fiftieth gahdamn time...
I can press the secret 'baby be cool' button.
It will make the vehicle break down.
Hopefully I will push it in the worst neighborhood I can.
At night.
Then as I glide to a stop on the side of the street she will get all freaked out...
feel really vulnerable and scared...
she'll forget whatever the hell we were just fighting about... as soon as she confirms the car didn't stop because I ran it out of gas...
and I will open that hood like a MAN.
Because I know where the secret lever that opens it is.
The thing on the side by where your legs go with the dumbass lookin' stick figure standing in front of an open hood staring at an engine that he has no idea how the hell it works and scratching his head as he does.
And Honey Pie has no idea where the secret lever is.
We just happen to be in my 'realm' now.
I will demonstrate reassuring confidence that I can fix this problem and save our asses.
Maybe I'll say something like 'I know you're scared baby... but don't you worry Sweet Peaches... just give me a minute and I'll have this fixed.'
Of course I will need some tools that I have in the back near the spare tire next to that comprehensive first aid kit that I've built over the years.
And I will make it a point to ask her where those tools are because I put them there for just this situation.
When she tells me that she 'put them in the garage' I'll be cool with that... I won't blow my stack... I'll say 'don't worry baby... I can fix this... even with my bare hands if I have to.
I'll mess under the hood for a couple minutes like I know what I'm doing as she bites her nails and sinks in her seat to keep from being seen...
I'll touch something dirty and wipe that on my face so she can see it and be reminded of what a freakin hero I am when she tells me to wipe it off and lovingly hands me a baby wipe she keeps in that duffel bag sized purse of hers...
then I'll get back in the car and press the secret 'baby be cool' button again...
Whammo!
I have saved us!
I am the man.
End of argument.
I think that button would end just about any argument.
Because she will instantly have it reinforced that even though I am a creature filled with flaws and who may have only evolved half as much as her... that she needs me.
Sometimes.
When I make the car break down in bad neighborhoods at night.
And even if you're not arguing you could just use the 'baby be cool' button to be her hero every once in a while.
Because nothing gets you hot freaky like being a hero.
Her hero.
If you apply science, logic, psychology, thought and your half mastery of automotive mechanics to your goal... if you recognize all of the traps, dangers, perils and pitfalls of going on vacation with your woman...
and you have that 'baby be cool' button installed on your car like I'm telling you to do... and you use it at precisely the right moment...
you will be telling me how it is that you have personally come to discover that 'vacation hot freaky' is more than just the stuff of myth or legend.
You will be the man.
It's either that or you're gonna be telling me about the train wreck that was your vacation when your miserable ass makes it back to the refuge of the office where you'll be just as unappreciated but you'll be safe among men who've all ridden on the crazy train too.
Kelvin's Harmonic Analyser. Science Museum, London.
An excellent example of 1878 engineering from Irish physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) used to measure atmospheric pressure and temperature. But completely useless in the kitchen (for chopping carrots, potatoes or geese...) as the following proves:
"This machine is designed to compute the eleven coefficients A0, A1, B1, ... A5, B5. The tidal record is displayed on the horizontal drum in the centre of the picture. The drum is linked by gearing to the eleven disks, part of eleven disk-sphere-cylinder integrators. If the drum advances t units, the leftmost disk rotates t radians, the next two disks rotate sin (v1t)/v1 and -cos(v1t)v1 radians, respectively, the third and fourth disks rotate sin (v2t)/v2 and -cos(v2t)/2 radians, respectively, etc. As the drum turns, the vertical pointer tracks the height of H(t). The eleven integrator spheres move in unison with the pointer. At the end, the total distance rolled by each cylinder will record one of the eleven desired integrals. Dividing by the length of the record yields the corresponding coefficient."
Original digital shot: flic.kr/p/Q8L829
© 2019.
Rolleicord VA Type 1 (1958-1961) w/ Kodak Tri-X 400
ISO 400
R09 film development by Erika Zucchiatti
Digitized film negative
Sony A7R RAW Photos of Pretty, Tall Blond Bikini Swimsuit Model Goddess in Laguna Beach! Victoria Beach! Carl Zeiss Sony FE 55mm F1.8 ZA Sonnar T* Lens & Lightroom 5.3
New Instagram! instagram.com/45surf
New blog celebrating my philosophy of photography with tips, insights, and tutorials!
Ask me any questions! :)
Sony A7R RAW Photos of Pretty Brunette Bikini Swimsuit Model Goddess! Carl Zeiss Sony FE 55mm F1.8 ZA Sonnar T* Lens! Lightroom 5.3 ! Pretty Hazel Eyes & Silky Brown / Black Hair!
And here're a couple of HD video movies I shot of the goddess with the 4K Sony:
Enjoy! Be sure to watch in the full 1080P HD!
The epic goddess was tall, thin, fit, tan, and in wonderful shape (as you can see).
Check out my greatest hits compilation, and let me know what you think:
www.elliotmcguckenphotography.com/45surf/45SURF-Heros-Ody...
Epic Goddess Straight Out of Hero's Odyssey Mythology! Pretty Model! :) Tall, thin, fit and beautiful!
Welcome to your epic hero's odyssey! The beautiful 45surf goddess sisters hath called ye to adventure, beckoning ye to read deeply Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, whence ye shall learn of yer own exalted artistic path guided by Hero's Odyssey Mythology. I wouldn't be saying it if it hadn't happened to me.
New 500px!
500px.com/herosodysseymythology
New instagram! instagram.com/45surf
Pretty Swimsuit Bikini Model Goddess! :)
Follow me on facebook! facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken
Nikon D300 Photos of Beautfiul Sexy Hot Brunette!
She was a beauty--a gold 45 goddess for sure! A Gold 45 Goddess exalts the archetypal form of Athena--the Greek Goddess of wisdom, warfare, strategy, heroic endeavour, handicrafts and reason. A Gold 45 Goddess guards the beauty of dx4/dt=ic and embodies 45SURF's motto "Virtus, Honoris, et Actio Pro Veritas, Amor, et Bellus, (Strength, Honor, and Action for Truth, Love, and Beauty," and she stands ready to inspire and guide you along your epic, heroic journey into art and mythology. It is Athena who descends to call Telemachus to Adventure in the first book of Homer's Odyssey--to man up, find news of his true father Odysseus, and rid his home of the false suitors, and too, it is Athena who descends in the first book of Homer's Iliad, to calm the Rage of Achilles who is about to draw his sword so as to slay his commander who just seized Achilles' prize, thusly robbing Achilles of his Honor--the higher prize Achilles fought for. And now Athena descends once again, assuming the form of a Gold 45 Goddess, to inspire you along your epic journey of heroic endeavour.
ALL THE BEST on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
Modeling the Gold 45 Revolver Gold'N'Virtue swimsuit. :)
A laid-back,classic, socal lifestyle shoot!
May the 45surf goddesses inspire you along am artistic journey of your own making!
All 45surf Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography is shot in the honor of Truth, Beauty, and the Light of Physicist Dr. E's Moving Dimensions Theory's dx4/dt=ic . The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions at the rate of c. Ergo relativity, time, entropy, and entanglement.
All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
New blog celebrating my philosophy of photography with tips, insights, and tutorials!
Ask me any questions! :)
Sony A7R RAW Photos of Pretty Brunette Bikini Swimsuit Model Goddess! Carl Zeiss Sony FE 55mm F1.8 ZA Sonnar T* Lens! Lightroom 5.3 ! Pretty Hazel Eyes & Silky Brown Black Hair!
All the best on your Epic, Homeric, Heroic Odyssey into the Art of Photography from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
All 45surf Hero's Odyssey Mythology Photography is shot in the honor of Dynamic Dimensions Theory's First Law and equation: The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions at the rate of c: dx4/dt=ic.
Jesuit Church - Dubrovniks most beautiful baroque complex
Church of St Ignatius
The baroque stairs connecting Gundulić Square with another square named after the great Dubrovnik physicist Ruđer Bošković are reminiscent of some etymologists who believe that the word baroque originated from the word shell. The one time venue of Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet, the beautiful stairs very much resemble the ones leading to the Trinit? dei Monti Church in Rome from the Piazza di Spagna. Designed by the Roman architect Pietro Passalacque in 1738, the stairs lead to St Ignatius Church adjacent to the famous Jesuit school Collegium Ragusinum. The Church of St Ignatius - or the Jesuits, as the people of Dubrovnik call it - is the work of the famed Jesuit architect and painter Ignazio Pozzo, who worked on the church from 1699 to 1703.
The church was completed in 1725 and opened in 1729. The construction of both the Church and the Collegium began with the funds donated by a Jesuit from the Gundulić family, yet the donor had died before the designs were completed. The Collegium Ragusinum was actually founded because the people of Dubrovnik were dissatisfied with the Italian teachers with whom they often came into conflict. As soon as he was appointed, the Italian born head of the Dubrovnik diocese Beccadelli initiated the opening of the Jesuit Collegium in 1555.
The idea was realised as late as in 1658, after numerous problems with the ownership of the land had been solved. Namely, in order to build the Collegium and the Church, a large number of houses in the oldest part of the city had to be demolished. This complex is considered to be the finest Baroque set of buildings in Dubrovnik, and - according to many - in all of Dalmatia. It is thus not surprising that theatre directors at the Dubrovnik Summer Festival often use this venue as an open-air stage.
tekst from:
tzdubrovnik.hr/lang/en/get/sakralni_objekti/5101/church_o...
--------------------------------
The first column shows a cannonball shot fired from Srđ in 1814 from an English cannon during the Dubrovnik uprising against the French and their expulsion from the City. There are 2 more bullet holes on Stradun, one of which was destroyed (closed) by the owner of Orlando. The claim that these are Russian bullets from 1806 is not correct because everything is finally documented correctly and the exact information about this was given by a relative of the then English captain from whose ship the cannons were. This does not mean that Russian cannons (and Montenegrins) did not fire in 1806. On the contrary. The destruction, the number of dead and burned houses and the siege that lasted a month were much more devastating. But, as with the attack on the City in 1991/92, not much evidence remains.
Antun Tonci Karuzic
-------------------------------
Crkva sv. Ignacija isusovačka je crkva u Dubrovniku.
Prve je planove za izgradnju čitavog isusovačkog kompleksa s crkvom izradio tadašnji rektor kolegija Giovanni Battista Canauli. Plan je obuhvaćao rušenje crkvenih i privatnih građevina kako bi crkva stajala na dominantnom mjestu i odobren je tek 1656., nakon što je Canuli bio opozvan. Superior Orsat Ranjina započeo je s otkupom zemljišta i građevina dvije godine nakon toga. Izgradnja kompleksa započela je 1662., a sama crkva tek nakon Nastala je tijekom više od stotinu godina. Građena je kao barokna jednobrodna crkva s reprezentativnim pročeljem, po uzoru na crkvu sv. Ignacija u Rimu. Projektiralo je izradio arhitekt Andrea Pozzo, a gradnja je dovršena 1725. godine. Iluzionističke barokne freske u unutrašnjosti, s prizorima iz života sv. Ignacija Lojolskog, izveo je slikar Gaetano Garcia. Godine 1885. u crkvi je postavljena umjetna spilja, posvećena Gospi Lurdskoj, jedna od najstarijih u Europi.
Crkva je smještena na trgu zvanom Poljana Ruđera Boškovića. Na trg se pristupa monumentalnim stubištem iz 1738. godine, djelu Pietra Passalacque, građenom po uzoru na stubište Piazza di Spagna u Rimu. Na crkvu se nadovezuje Isusovački kolegij (Collegium Ragusinum), glasovito isusovačko učilište, a danas Biskupijska klasična gimnazija Ruđera Boškovića.
---------------------------------
Alessandro Volta, in full Conte Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, (born February 18, 1745, Como, Lombardy [Italy]—died March 5, 1827, Como), Italian physicist whose invention of the electric battery provided the first source of continuous current.
Volta became professor of physics at the Royal School of Como in 1774. In 1775 his interest in electricity led him to improve the electrophorus, a device used to generate static electricity. He discovered and isolated methane gas in 1776. Three years later he was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Pavia.
In 1791 Volta’s friend Luigi Galvani announced that the contact of two different metals with the muscle of a frog resulted in the generation of an electric current. Galvani interpreted that as a new form of electricity found in living tissue, which he called “animal electricity.” Volta felt that the frog merely conducted a current that flowed between the two metals, which he called “metallic electricity.” He began experimenting in 1792 with metals alone. (He would detect the weak flow of electricity between disks of different metals by placing them on his tongue.) Volta found that animal tissue was not needed to produce a current. That provoked much controversy between the animal-electricity adherents and the metallic-electricity advocates, but, with his announcement of the first electric battery in 1800, victory was assured for Volta.
Known as the voltaic pile or the voltaic column, Volta’s battery consisted of alternating disks of zinc and silver (or copper and pewter) separated by paper or cloth soaked either in salt water or sodium hydroxide. A simple and reliable source of electric current that did not need to be recharged like the Leyden jar, his invention quickly led to a new wave of electrical experiments. Within six weeks of Volta’s announcement, English scientists William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used a voltaic pile to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen, thus discovering electrolysis (how an electric current leads to a chemical reaction) and creating the field of electrochemistry.
Como, Latin Comum, city, Lombardia regione (region), northern Italy, rimmed by mountains at the extreme southwest end of Lake Como, north of Milan. As the ancient Comum, perhaps of Gallic origin, it was conquered by the Romans in 196 bc and became a Roman colony under Julius Caesar. It was made a bishopric in ad 379. In the 11th century, after struggles with the Lombards and the Franks, it became a free commune. Shortly thereafter (1127), however, it was destroyed by the Milanese for having sided with the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in his conflict with the Lombard League (an alliance of northern Italian towns). Como made peace with Milan in 1183 and after 1335 fell under the rule of the Visconti family and the Sforzas of Milan. During that period its silk industry and wool trade played an important role in the Milanese economy. Later, the city, following the fortunes of Lombardy, came successively under Spanish, French, and Austrian rule, until it was liberated by the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1859 and became part of the Italian kingdom.
This journal belonging to Joseph Swan is from the Swan Collection of Tyne & Wear Museums, held at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was a British Physicist, Chemist and Inventor. Swan lived at Underhill, on Kells Lane North in Low Fell, Gateshead. It was here that he conducted most of his experiments in the large conservatory.
His investigations in electro-chemistry led to the construction of a motor electric meter, an electric fire-damp detector, a miners' electric safety lamp. Most importantly, Swan was also a pioneer in photographic procedures such as carbon printing.
It was Swan's demonstration of the light bulb at a lecture in Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 December 1878, before its later development by the American Thomas Edison that he is most famous for. Swan and Edison later collaborated in their work with the incandescent light bulb in 1883, when they founded the Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company, otherwise known as 'Ediswan.'
Many items held at Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums relating to Joseph Swan offer an amazing insight in to his work as an inventor and his place in the History of Scientific progression. This set offers a small selection from these collections.
This set has been produced in support of the British Science Festival 2013, held in Newcastle upon Tyne. You can find more information on the Festival here
(Copyright) We're happy for you to share these digital images within the spirit of The Commons. Please cite 'Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums' when reusing. Certain restrictions on high quality reproductions and commercial use of the original physical version apply though; if you're unsure please email archives@twmuseums.org.uk
Tyndall, South Dakota (pop. ~1,000) has two significant European connections. The first is that the town, incorporated in 1879, was named after Irish physicist John Tyndall.
In 1859 Tyndall demonstrated with absorption spectroscopy that sunlight, which is predominantly visible light with short wavelengths, readily passes through most gases that compose the atmosphere, but that the longer wavelength infrared energy emitted by the Earth gets absorbed by those same gases (primarily water vapor). The difference in energy absorption is what keeps the Earth warm, and the increasing concentrations of gases like carbon dioxide and methane is what is causing the climate to warm.
For a long time it was believed that Tyndall was the discoverer of what became known as the "greenhouse effect" but more recently the work of American scientist Eunice Newton Foote was rediscovered. In 1856, three years before Tyndall, Foote noted that glass cylinders, when filled with air, hydrogen and carbon dioxide and placed in the sun, were warmest when filled with carbon dioxide and surmised that an atmosphere with more CO2 would result in a warmer climate. And that's your history of climate science lesson for today!
Anyway, as you can see, Tyndall has a very wide Main Street.
Physics; Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian-Irish physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in quantum theory: the Schrödinger equation provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time.
In addition, he wrote many works on various aspects of physics: statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, physics of dielectrics, colour theory, electrodynamics, general relativity, and cosmology, and he made several attempts to construct a unified field theory. In his book What Is Life? Schrödinger addressed the problems of genetics, looking at the phenomenon of life from the point of view of physics. He paid great attention to the philosophical aspects of science, ancient, and oriental philosophical concepts, ethics, and religion. He also wrote on philosophy and theoretical biology. He is also known for his "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment.
Awards: Matteucci Medal (1927)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1933)
Max Planck Medal (1937)
Born: Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger 12 August 1887 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died: 4 January 1961 (aged 73) Vienna, Austria
Orginal picture: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Erwin_Schr%C3...
.jpg){kind=link}
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
Artwork: TudioJepegii
Bain News Service,, publisher.
Prof. Bohr
[between ca. 1920 and ca. 1925]
1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
Notes:
Photo shows physicist Niels Bohr.
Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards.
Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
Format: Glass negatives.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication. For more information, see George Grantham Bain Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/274_bain.html
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Bain News Service photograph collection (DLC) 2005682517
General information about the George Grantham Bain Collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.35303
Call Number: LC-B2- 5894-8
VIDEO: (Coming soon!)
••• SCRIPT/LYRICS: •••
MOLEMAN'S EPIC RAP BATTLES!!!!!!
GARNET…
…VS…
…FIRESTORM!!!
BEGIN!
Firestorm:
We could think about what gimmicks convolute our history:
Mixups with Russians, nature-forces and Yoruba witchery,
And we could think of crises wrought on our identity…
Yes, surely…
…But today, let's only think of flaming enemies with fury!
Hey, here comes a question most alarming; not to be dismissed,
And one whose comprehension won't take an atomic physicist:
Why let a contest measure merger-might to choose from we and you
When the answer is plainer than combining two plus freaking two?!
Don't get too cocky, Ronald; let's see this done as it ought to be:
Transmute lit lyrics from raw beats, and lecture blockheads properly!
It's gonna be a far cry from your Brightest Day; I'm going dark,
With aims to end this in a Flash just like my debut story arc!
Complete transparency, now; tip: skip on a kicked-in butt tonight.
Called on and dared to speak out? Quit, not even picking up the mic!
You see your worth as apt for some Gem-world princess, or even goddess,
Yet I wouldn't appraise your value at one-half Nicki Minaj's!
It's a lock, and un-jail-breakable, at that: you're getting blasted;
Your cut's unfit for this face-off, falling flat in every facet.
Why, it's evident: our foe lacks proper grasp of her position,
Just as suits the fruit of reckless, raw romance at first collision!
Molecules are being rewritten, spelling death for sucker golems;
Souring your Sugar sweetness!
That reminds me of a poem… how's it go?
A Ruby's red, and a Sapphire's colored blue;
When they're together, all the better to set fire onto you!
Garnet:
It seems your touted tangibility-tweaking tricks are getting screwy:
Though plainly made with fazing aims, your statements phase directly through me!
Fisticuffs raised to the max, I'll put it heavy-handedly:
This space-borne stone immortal's here to Vandalize you Savagely!
Don't think the balanced bond behind a harmonizing master humbled
By the body-bunking counterpart of Simon and Garfunkel;
You're the one Nuclear waste it's best to keep left in the ashcan:
That brute in Supes' ill-fated Quest for Peace was less a hack, man!
Your own saw Lanterns, Squads, the Reds and A-bombs quell your mission;
That's as jacked up as your black successor's break on television!
You'd do well to fission: squishies risk affliction, sticking to that kind of nexus;
It's as if you're mixing in black clouds in morning-time for breakfast.
Hawking off your power-set as something there's no reproducing?
Your old flame Lorraine objects, and check that shared New 52 scene!
Take me on? You're tripping; I could go all Summer Day,
Mad-laughing as you're curse-slapped, your collapse one stone's throw-down away!
Firestorm:
I'd hardly call that verse a gem, but do see you're impassioned;
Now, brace for an opposite, unequal nuclear reaction!
I'd advise you set about disarming; keep at trying to battle,
And you'll only fall apart, so turn around, three-eyes: skedaddle!
Put a bubble on your gushing pride, and hear just what I'm made of:
Nobel Prize-commemorated brains and brawn prime for the playoffs…
Oh, and right: the atoms' might, infused not in a tiny me,
But through a union whose inducement gets them splitting violently!
The irony…
These elements comprising me like father, son and holy ghost,
Your cotton candy composition couldn't come remotely close;
These bogglers are built to leave your flipping mind
As broken as that gay love metaphor between two different kinds!
Pursuing this is straight-up suicidal; heed some good advice:
Lest you be undone swiftly as a Slipknot, fleeing would be wise!
Hmm… knots, you say?
Tying yours sure garnered fandom's queerness-touting cheers.
What an accomplishment; it merely took damn-near six thousand years!
Our souls, conjoining, form an epic entelechy, knowing which,
Forgo all hopefulness of cloning this, as shown amiss with Soviets,
You cloying, kitschy clod! As for the riffs you spit haphazardly,
Those bare-bones bars have less meat than the prick who nicked your anthem, G!
Ours? Fine-tuned to the quantum level; spliced into arrangements
Set to shake your union to the brink of thrice-induced estrangement,
And don't count on pulling back together, damaged faith restored,
'Cause just the two of us are stronger than your whole volcanic Megazord!
Garnet:
Yeah, I'd imagine you'd know all about that, Orange Ranger,
But your floating mentor-head ought to have warned you to the danger;
What if I told you you'll be blindsided, both blacking-out in quick turn,
When I yank you from the Matrix like my name was Laurence Fishburne?
Known to wreck hard-headed haters, your hot one'll prove no different,
As part-timing casuals get taught the sum of true commitment!
Wanna see a giant of a power couple? I'm your girl; espouse its meaning:
Steady-rocking since mankind, they say, was still fresh out of Eden!
Plus, your Time Squad of a secret team can bite me;
Your whole future's at an end, and naught will tweak it, even slightly!
I mean, blimey: screw false pretense for some cackling magician bull;
That mind-entrapping weeks-long bender? Flatly unforgivable!
I'm dropping bombs; the biggest Ron, his mommy or his pops have seen,
For overkill to match the namesake of a poor man's Constantine:
Destabilizing deconstruction, it'll make them draw a blank.
I'd call your deal a nature-crime; rechristen Raymond: "Ronnie Frank"!
Firestorm:
You say your bodyguard-love schtick will never come to dissolution,
Like a pair of mutant, midget technicolor Whitney Houstons!
Think we'll have a problem here?
Now, that's bananas! We'll be home by daylight,
NASA asked that she's seen, fee-free, to her own, one-way flight!
Girl, your jointly self-absorbed felicity's an utter joke;
Make threats of dropping bombs, and watch your dignity go up in smoke!
You're unprepared for prime time, Gemmy! How can you expect to win this
When your origin got upstaged by a Robot Chicken Christmas?
From N.Y.C. streets to Justice Leagues, we've made ourselves a name;
You've kept ones shared with countless drones, all bred and trained to be the same!
I live up to and past the heights of my Star-Spangled heritage;
You aren't worth your own weight at the ideal price per carat, bitch:
You're meritless! You call those palette-swapped foam Hulk props on you gauntlets?
Come at me with them, and catch a flaming knuckle through the faceplate!
Your lame cheeto P.S.A. coach couldn't top this all-new hotness,
So if you can't stand the heat, beam back on up into your safe space.
See all notions that it's nearly so severely hard to beat her
Shattered like the trust invested in her dear, departed leader!
You perceive self-value more-than-constituting both your parts' sum,
But the math says otherwise; check any jewelry broker's charts, hon!
Half of you served in a royal court as its official seer;
You've gone some kind of third-eye-blind, though, if this isn't crystal-clear:
You don't look awesome, and it's time you went to bed!
Now close the deal!
I'll let your godson know that what you did today was choke, for real!
Garnet:
Oh, you'll find no exhaustion here; I'm far from prone to break a sweat:
When I wipe the floor with phony-hot shits, it's liable to wind up painted red!
It's viable to say I've wholly got this: child's play, though only for Garnet;
Joining in on it? You're gonna get rolled and left cold, all your folks going: "Oh no, they are dead."
Try on a total toxin-taste: raw space-rock rhymes, created ground-up,
Like your Ogaden oasis, the fate of which I wouldn't take it you're too proud of.
A tenth-level belter, I rep rebel melders:
Test against my mettle? Best inject some Nth; augment your cells, or get to shelter!
It's a song of ice and fire; when you're packing just the latter,
Your whole rhythm-ride's implosion-bound, and plasma's gonna splatter.
As for your nuclear family values? I'm beyond such rigid norms,
With Multiplex strengths, all rolled up inside one monolithic form!
Ever-flowering, love letter-showered, empowering, towering gay-romantic titan,
Shade thrown my way's, with a hand-flick, reflected, and BAM: it's the source who sees dishonor.
Dominant during debates, dissent-drainingly as any achromatic tyrant,
Try shouting this down, and watch me unshakenly pluck out your core; ensure you'll be a goner!
………
(*SOLO ROUND!*)
………
Martin Stein:
How's Stein's schooling session's starting something Sapph's supposed to handle?
Kindergarten rooms have brought her whole proud pairing to a standstill!
Singlehandedly one-upping that accursed menagerie,
Observe: in verse, a worse-disturbing blasphemy!
Your present-perspicacity has faltered from foresight-fixation; your taste in soulmates shows, for starters:
Even Jason never sunk to such low standards with his partners!
When this atomic architect takes to the floor,
The only overhyped-up ship that's headed for a wreck is yours!
Sapphire:
I see a glorified Jiminy Cricket with a nonexistent sex life.
He will find less clemency afforded here than with his ex-wife!
You've not met a Crystal cold to you as this; you'd better hide:
No psycho on any of infinite Earths could hope to sway me to your side.
Your Doomsday Clock is ticking; precognition needn't spell what's gonna happen,
When the baddest blue boss bombshells 'bout you break since Doc Manhattan's!
This alleged Legend won't see tomorrow: it's apparent you'll be slaughtered;
Deploring the oracle was a mistake just as aberrant as your daughter!
Martin Stein:
Hey, h- …Oh, why should I fall back onto dumb distraction-tunes,
When you're as prone to cause your own strikeout, all while we shoot the moon?
Cut with the C.R.A.P.; let this theory of mine be self-fulfilled: you'll cease to diss me,
Lest I cut your lifeline like your Greek ancestors three from Disney!
Sapphire:
If that Titanic travesty of trite trash-talk's all you've got,
Then it's no inner-fascist speaking when I say you should be shot!
Though I'd have warned you, that would be to squander breath for me; I know this:
You'd be heedless even with a quarter-century of notice!
Ruby:
Hit the streets, relapsed to homelessness: you'll want to keep anonymous;
A fuming-to-the-brim stone's bent on bringing your Apokalips!
The CW can have Ms. Kane informed on termination:
There was no room for her once this Ruby rose to the occasion!
Ronnie Raymond:
It was plain why you would be a cowboy: shit got polarizing.
Now, take one more comic page to heart: ride into the horizon;
No horsebacking, though! Try force-propelled ascension through the sky;
Yo, when you get to space's vacuum, tell your brethren I said "Hi",
And like the Happy of those five red dwarves reneged on standing with you,
Just back down from whence you've stepped up. Better yet, abandon ship, too!
Gangster-rapping worthily of some Dakotaversal bang-baby,
Watch this meta-S.T.A.R. extinguish your eternal flame, baby!
Ruby:
Funny you'd mention horizons: the events that I discern
Are painting you abyss-inbound, and past the point of no return!
Your jerkhole gripes and talking smack? I wouldn't fly to such judgments, were I to be you;
Full-circled like a Tokamak, your lapped back attacks will bite you something entirely new!
Ronnie Raymond:
A tempered temper lends to endless energy attained to blow through;
Rage has got you burning out, and that's my okay to K.O. you,
So let's leave the hero business to myself and the professor,
Making sure they'll see the written notice of your surrend
er!
Ruby:
Have you turned your own brains to jelly?! You're intoxicated; face it:
Flying off the rails, you'll plummet to rock bottom, getting wasted!
I'm out to bring hurt beyond mere heartbreak, and thus, your wounds yet need more salting,
Like your record's blackest mark, which Rusch won't soon let be forgotten!
Sapphire: That was rotten, alright; biting to look back upon as Sodom's burning.
White light this night, too, will end your torment, though with no returning!
Ruby: Or, in more straightforward wording: DIE. You must be nuts,
'Cause if the wedding stage didn't clue you in…
R+S: Today belongs to us!
Martin Stein:
I'll gladly rain on your reunion, jerks; it's time to face the truth:
You're plainly out of it as any circus sideshow saber-tooth!
Ronnie Raymond: If the professor is the passenger beside my pilot, punks,
That puts you as the ones blindfolded, bound and gagged inside our trunk!
Firestorm: You've walked Earth since prehistory?
Well, let's address the elephant…
A flung-back Furby's apt to outpace your epochal relevance!
You'll soon return to purpose-lacking, playing parent off the table,
Once our 'verses clash, and Steven takes an arrow in the navel!
Ruby:
Dude; leukemia is one thing, but those bars of your creation?
Sapphire: Cancerous beyond the help of your most cosmic incarnation!
R+S: Striking with a shadow's subtle grace, yet shining steel's lethality,
You may think it's Injustice, but we're winning by fatality! (Frosty!)
(*♪, ♪-♪-♪, ♪-♪*)
Garnet: You're getting throttled,
Harder than you dropped the ball with Brainiac's whole ship of bottles!
Take a moment to think, now, of just how very wrong you were, disputing me:
A clear-cut polymerized paragon; let no-con-fusion be.
?????????:
The trigger word's been stated! Now, my trap is activated;
Thus, the trump card's played in my fair maiden's name, so sayeth I!
The coming game's experience? You bums should take to fearing it,
Because it's time to D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-DIE!
Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon:
I'm the overkill O.G. of owning old O.C.G. scenes; don't test me:
M.C. B.E.U.D. on the track? Best bet that it's your Death-T!
I inflict direct attacks; take life points down to zero, no doubt,
For this joke of a Gem-Knight and Elemental HERO dropout!
I drop right on in, without a brutal cost; sans Cyber-Stein:
Bring triple threats, converging onto Ruby, Ron, Sapphire and Stein!
You're all exhausted; left defenseless as a goblin-force one-shotter:
Losing hands dealt to you all played-out, and now I strike like Yata
Garasu, to lock you pussy Fusionists in strangleholds!
You'd never bend my will in shining armor forged of rarest gold.
In terms of targets fixed upon you, you'll have no chance to Scapegoat it:
One fell burst-stream's zapping your whole sheepish quartet of components!
Weighing you against me, the Millennium Scales will tip so hard,
You'll catapult, with robo-turtles wishing they could flick as far.
You're standing on the edge; ensuing shock is sure to wreck your balance,
Come the baddest dragon's dark discharge from his Zorc Necrophallus!
Need I spell it out? Your destiny is FINAL; undisputed!
As for changing fate, moreover, that's my job, with gods tributed!
Crushing you, why would I spring some virus? That ain't worth my time,
When all your values at their highest couldn't match a third of mine!
The legend that began it all: oft-mimicked, never replicated.
My pot runneth over; it's not necessary to explain it!
You'll beg for some shadow penalty, such twistedness you'll face;
For those who come in behind Blue-Eyes, a Limp Bizkit's what they taste!
Firestorm:
Self-special-summoning into our double-duel? Screw that whole deal;
If I had wanted a royale, I'd just be playing Battlefield!
Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon: Don't drag this out with dialogue, delaying; I haven't got all day,
And when this card is heartless to you, how can you so much as pray?
Garnet: Well, I'd say you've let your defenses down, and I ain't talking misprints:
Your effect on me's, put simply as your text box, nonexistent!
Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon:
It's the rapper-kingdom finals, whelp; that isn't gonna fly:
Those one-star-studded gauntlets plainly tell that you're unqualified!
I've got you insects flipping out, but doing so won't serve to bite me,
For your lot's too basic!
Lusterless!
Dull!
…Let alone worthy to ride me,
While I shine on ever brightly, even scaled down for the big screen;
Steal the thunder of Gate-Guards: my lyrics' layout's labyrinthine!
This collective looks combustion-bound, face flared up; in a frenzy,
But I've felled far more infernal red-eyed monsters full of envy.
Cards here stacked against you steeper still than Reshef of Destruction,
White light's sealing your demise, so though you guessed correct on one thing,
Know my arsenal's evolved to make for new alternatives;
With chaos rituals to maximize the pain, I'll burn you, bitch!
Watch me send this three-eyed sucker straight to the grave; negate a compensating deck search:
End malformed mashups' miseries, like the doggy saying "Edward"!
Garnet:
Oh, you can banish that shit; try, instead, Fullmetal Jacket,
'Cause I have to ask it: what is your mammoth malfunction, maggot?!
Firestorm: I have had it with these Muto-fighting dragons, coalesced as one,
But for us coming back from this hijacking, hopes look next to none…
Our best's yet unexhausted…
Garnet: The sole option left to take here…
Firestorm: …Should we all agree we want it.
Garnet: …Would be nuclear in nature.
Firestorm: Are you thinking what I am?
Garnet: I don't think that's how fusion works.
Firestorm: Well, screw the rules; we have fan fiction logic!
Garnet: Let's just do this, jerk…
………
Garnetstorm:
Know your last-minute winning plays; details: I take no pleasure in this
As I bust loose from our tightest spot and get direct to business,
No less vocal for it, mind you, while I counter-steal the show,
And finish what your master started, with one down, and three to go!
These blows will knock you sideways, keeping up the damage all the same,
With meteoric impacts fit to fuel your blackest rival's flames!
I'm breaking your sustaining chains; those of my components' restraint, too:
But four pieces here need come together to obliterate you!
Brightly-blazing stone conglomerate, far from some shadow puppet:
Mega-mixture; this vanilla triple-dipper can go shove it!
If you're triple-A, call me the alphabet's whole backmost leg;
No Toonish trickery required, I'll deflect attacks all day!
My fighting spirit's too intense to stay; my presence here is fleeting,
But the Last Turn is upon us, and you're set for searing beating!
Wanna end this with a draw? I'll go Berserker, then: get violent,
And remake Destroy All Monsters; stomp out this tri-headed tyrant.
WHO WON?
WHO'S NEXT?
I DECIDE!
MOLE…
…MAN'S…
HA!
…EPIC RAP BATTLES!!!!!!!
On March 26, 1851, the physicist Léon Foucault succeeded in providing empirical proof of the earth's rotation with the pendulum named after him in the Panthéon, Paris.
Wiki: Am 26. März 1851 gelang dem Physiker Léon Foucault mit dem nach ihm benannten Pendel im Panthéon in Paris der empirische Nachweis der Erdrotation.
Listen carefully true believers to this twisted tale of terrible tides...
Doctor Otto Octavius was a brilliant and respected nuclear physicist, atomic research consultant, inventor, and lecturer. His research led him to create a set of bio-mechanical arms that would aid him in his atomic physics research. A lab accident left the apparatus fused to his body and allowed him to control the arms with merely a thought. The new synaptic pathways that were being created as a result of the fusion altered his mental state and Octavius became the villainous Doctor Octopus!
A founding member of the Sinister Six, Doc Ock attempted to dispose the Amazing Spider-Man at every opportunity, even learning the hero's true identity: Peter Parker. Though SUPERIOR to Spider-Man in many ways, Otto always felt jealous of the family life that Peter led with his beloved Aunt May and relationship with Mary Jane. Otto eventually vowed that he would gain the same sort of strength of puny Parker through family by raising a child... his daughter Octavia.
With a genius level intellect, Octavius was prepared for every challenge parenthood could bring! Why even a pedestrian task such as going to the grocery store is no challenge for the foul father and his dastardly descendant!
Watch out Spider-Man! There's a new diabolical duo in New York, and this time, they're bringing coupons!
Build for Mr. Xenomurphy's Superhero Contest on Mocpages:
Adam Michael Becker (born 1984) is an American astrophysicist, author, and scientific philosopher. His works include the book What Is Real?, published by Basic Books, which explores the history and personalities surrounding the development and evolution of quantum physics, and includes a modern assessment of the Copenhagen Interpretation.
In 2006, Becker received a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Philosophy and Physics from Cornell University only to earn a Master of Science degree in Physics from the University of Michigan a year later. In 2012, Becker would go on to receive a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in Computational Cosmology from the University of Michigan with the physicist Dragan Huterer as his doctoral advisor. His doctoral thesis concerned primordial non-Gaussianity, which he would later summarize in lay terms for his readers, declaring "I was trying to find out how much we can learn about the way stuff was arranged in the early universe by looking at the way stuff is arranged in the universe right now."
After completing his doctoral program, Becker wrote and lectured on scientific concepts, providing lay-friendly professional commentary on science.
Becker has written for several news and periodicals concerning science for the interested layperson, including the BBC (which culminated in a video series), NPR, New Scientist Magazine, Scientific American, the New York Times, Aeon, and the global educational program NOVA on the American PBS.
In 2014, while employed at the Public Library of Science, Becker was a lead developer in a project that produced Rich Citations, which were an extensive expansion to the capabilities of digital cross-referencing across the PLOS platform. Later, around the publishing of his first book, "What is Real?", Becker was appointed as a Visiting Scholar at the Office for History of Science and Technology at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2020 he accepted a position as a Visiting Researcher in the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, at University of California, Irvine.
Becker has also been a member of the California Quantum Interpretation Network, "a research collaboration among faculty and staff at multiple UC campuses and other universities across California, focusing on the interpretation of quantum physics."
Becker has announced ongoing work on a new publication that takes a step away from the controversy of his first book and instead explores the relationship between science and the Consumer Tech Industry that has evolved and been promulgated across the world from the Silicon Valley of California. This new project has an estimated publication date of "late 2023".
Publication of What is Real?
In 2016, Becker received a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to research and publish a written work concerning the history, development, and controversy surrounding the study and development of the mysticized field of Quantum Foundations. The resulting work, What is Real? (2018), focused on the question of what exactly quantum physics says about the nature of reality.
Despite the fact that every physicist agrees that quantum physics works, a bitter debate has raged over its meaning for the past ninety years, since the theory was first developed.
The book deals with the personalities behind the competing interpretations of quantum physics as well as the historical factors that influenced the debate—factors such as military spending on physics research due to World War II, the Cold War ethos that caused the eschewing of physicists thought to be Marxist, the assumed infallibility of John von Neumann, the sexism that quashed the work of Grete Hermann (the female mathematician who first spotted von Neumann's error), and the sway of prominent philosophical schools of the period, like the logical positivists of the Vienna Circle. Niels Bohr appears in the book as the charismatic figure whose stature and obtuse writing style made it hard for alternate interpretations to be voiced. The book also challenges the popular portrayal of Albert Einstein as a behind-the-times thinker who couldn't accept the new paradigm. Becker argues that Einstein's thought experiments aimed at quantum dynamics are not stodgy quibbles with the seeming randomness of quantum physics, as characterized by the popularity of the quote that "God does not play dice". Rather, Einstein's thought experiments are apt critiques of violations of the principle of locality.
Reception
"What is Real?" was given mostly positive reviews by lay and expert audiences alike in literary and pop-science panels, such as the New York Times, Publishers Weekly, the Wall Street Journal, and New Scientist, among others.
In the trade magazine Physics Today, philosopher David Wallace called the book "a superb contribution both to popular understanding of quantum theory and to ongoing debates among experts." And in the journal Nature, Ramin Skibba said "What Is Real? is an argument for keeping an open mind. Becker reminds us that we need humility as we investigate the myriad interpretations and narratives that explain the same data."
Physicist Sheldon Glashow wrote a critical review, saying, "I found it distasteful to find a trained astrophysicist invoking a conspiracy by physicists and physics teachers to foist the Copenhagen interpretation upon naive students of quantum mechanics". A review in the journal Science declared the project to be the sporadically accurate presentation of an "oversimplified" summary of either imaginary or merely ostensible conflicts between very complex schools of thought. Reviews in Science News and the American Journal of Physics were also negative, similarly criticizing the book for numerous historical inaccuracies and philosophical oversimplifications.
The book was nominated for the PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award and Physics World Magazine's Book of the Year Award.
---
www.informationphilosopher.com/knowledge/possible_worlds....
Possible Worlds
Possible worlds and modal reasoning have made "counterfactual" arguments extremely popular in current philosophy. Possible worlds, especially the idea of "nearby worlds" that differ only slightly from the actual world, are used to examine the validity of modal notions such as necessity and contingency, possibility and impossibility, truth and falsity.
Information philosophy can quantify over the information in different possible worlds and thus establish the relative possibilities or "information distance" from our actual world.
In ancient times, Lucretius commented on possible worlds. In his De Rerum Natura, he wrote in Book V,
for which of these causes holds in our world it is difficult to say for certain ; but what may be done and is done through the whole universe in the various worlds made in various ways, that is what I teach, proceeding to set forth several causes which may account for the movements of the stars throughout the whole universe; one of which, however, must be that which gives force to the movement of the signs in our world also; but which may be the true one,
(De Rerum Natura, Book V, lines 526-533
The sixteenth-century philosopher Giordano Bruno speculated about an infinite universe, with room for unlimited numbers of other stars and their own planets.
Philotheo. This is indeed what I had to add; for, having pronounced that the universe must itself be infinite because of the capacity and aptness of infinite space; on account also of the possibility and convenience of accepting the existence of innumerable worlds like to our own; it remaineth still to prove it.
I say that the universe is entirely infinite because it hath neither edge, limit, nor surfaces. But I say that the universe is not all-comprehensive infinity because each of the parts thereof that we can examine is finite and each of the innumerable worlds contained therein is finite.
There hath never been found a learned and worthy philosopher who, under any kind of pretext, hath wished to deduce from such a proposition the necessity of human action and thus to destroy free will. Thus, Plato and Aristotle among others, in postulating the necessity and immutability of God, posit no less the moral liberty and power of our free will, for they know well and understand how compatible are that necessity and that free will.
Theophilo. For the solution that you seek you must realize Firstly, that since the universe is infinite and immobile, there is no need to seek the motive power thereof, Secondly, the worlds contained therein such as earths, fires and other species of body named stars are infinite in number, and all move by the internal principle which is their own soul, as we have shewn elsewhere; wherefore it is vain to persist in seeking an extrinsic cause of their motion. Thirdly, these worlds move in the ethereal regions and are not fixed or nailed down on to any body, any more than is our earth, which is one of them. And we prove that this earth doth from innate animal instinct, circle around her own centre in diverse fashion and around the sun. These matters having been thus declared, we are not, according to our principles, obliged to demonstrate either active or passive motion arising from infinite intensive force, for the moving body, as also the motor power, is infinite; moving soul and moved body meet in a finite subject, that is, in each of the aforesaid stars which are worlds. So that the Prime Origin is not that which moveth; but itself still and immobile, it giveth the power to generate their own motion to an infinity of worlds, great and small animals placed in the vast space of the universe, each with a pattern of mobility, of motion and of other accidents, conditioned by its own nature.
(On the Infinite Universe and Worlds, First Dialogue)
The idea of many possible worlds was also proposed by Gottfried Leibniz, who famously argued that the actual world is "the best of all possible worlds." Leibniz says to Arnauld in a letter from 14 July 1686,
I think there is an infinity of possible ways in which to create the world, according to the different designs which God could form, and that each possible world depends on certain principal designs or purposes of God which are distinctive of it, that is, certain primary free decrees (conceived sub ratione possibilitatis) or certain laws of the general order of this possible universe with which they are in accord and whose concept they determine, as they do also the concepts of all the individual substances which must enter into this same universe.
(Die philosophischen Schriften., II 51/L 333)
Leibniz' notion of a substance was so complete that it could be used to deduce from it all the predicates of the subject to which this notion is attributed.
Hugh Everett III
Hugh Everett was one of John Wheeler's most famous graduate students. Others included Richard Feynman. Wheeler supervised more Ph.D. theses than any other Princeton physics professor.
Everett took mathematical physics classes with Eugene Wigner, who argued that human consciousness (and perhaps some form of cosmic consciousness) was essential to the collapse of the wave function.
In his Ph.D thesis finally accepted in 1957, Everett was the inventor of the "universal wave function" and the "relative state" formulation of quantum mechanics, later known as the "many-worlds interpretation."
Everett's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to deny the random "collapse" of the wave function and preserve determinism in quantum mechanics. Everett claims that every time an experimenter makes a quantum measurement with two possible outcomes, the entire universe splits into two new universes, each with the same material content as the original, but each with a different outcome. Everett's thesis violates the conservation of mass/energy in the most extreme way. John Bell called it "extravagant," which by Occam's Razor must be an extreme understatement.
Everett described the results of a measurment by an observer.
This is Everett's radical thesis that the observation "splits" the single observer into a superposition of multiple observers, each one of which has knowledge only of the new object-system state (interpreted later by Bryce DeWitt as different "parallel universes")
As soon as the observation is performed, the composite state is split into a superposition for which each element describes a different object-system state and an observer with (different) knowledge of it. Only the totality of these observer states, with their diverse knowledge, contains complete information about the original object-system state - but there is no possible communication between the observers described by these separate states. Any single observer can therefore possess knowledge only of the relative state function (relative to his state) of any systems, which is in any case all that is of any importance to him.
("The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics," pp.97-98)
David Lewis
In the early 1970's, the analytic language philosopher David Lewis developed the philosophical methodology known as modal realism based on the idea of many possible worlds. Lewis, who was at Princeton in philosophy, may well have been influenced by Hugh Everett, who was at Princeton in physics, and whose meeting with Einstein motivated him to restore determinism to quantum physics.
Lewis claims that
Possible worlds exist and are just as real as our world.
Possible worlds are the same sort of things as our world – they differ in content, not in kind.
Possible worlds cannot be reduced to something more basic – they are irreducible entities in their own right.
Actuality is indexical. When we distinguish our world from other possible worlds by claiming that it alone is actual, we mean only that it is our world.
Possible worlds are unified by the spatiotemporal interrelations of their parts; every world is spatiotemporally isolated from every other world.
Possible worlds are causally isolated from each other.
Modal realism implies the existence of infinitely many parallel universes, an idea similar to Hugh Everett III's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. In the information interpretation of quantum mechanics, quantum systems evolve in two ways: the first is the wave function deterministically exploring all the possibilities for interaction; the second is the particle randomly choosing one of those possibilities to become actual.
But David Lewis is a materialist and determinist who believes that our world, the actual world, could not have been otherwise. Thus, Lewis is not a true modal realist. He insists that all his possible worlds are real and actual (cf. Hegel's "the real is the actual"). In each of Lewis's possible worlds, there are no possibilities other than the completely determined actualities.
All of David Lewis's possible worlds are actual worlds!
There are no real possibilities in any of David Lewis's possible worlds. For information philosophy, possibilities are of course not real in the sense of actual, but are realized when they are actualized. Possibilities have the same existential or ontological status as ideas, especially multiple ideas in a mind that are evaluated as .alternative possibilities for action.
Possible worlds and modal reasoning made "counterfactual" arguments extremely popular in current philosophy. Possible worlds, especially the idea of "nearby worlds" that differ only slightly from the actual world, are used to examine the validity of modal notions such as necessity and contingency, possibility and impossibility, truth and falsity.
But counterfactuals and Lewis's counterpart theory are just language games, ways of talking, that analytic language philosophers and metaphysicians have found productive. They do have an ontological commitment to possibilities or ideas.
Lewis appears to have believed that the truth of his counterfactuals was a result of believing that for every non-contradictory statement there is a possible world in which that statement is true.
True propositions are those that are true in the actual world.
False propositions are those that are false in the actual world.
Necessarily true propositions are those that are true in all possible worlds.
Contingent propositions are those that are true in some possible worlds and false in others.
Possible propositions are those that are true in at least one possible world.
Impossible propositions are those that are true in no possible world .
Saul Kripke
In the 1960's, Saul Kripke recommended that his "possible worlds" should be regarded as "possible states (or histories) of the world," or just "counterfactual situations," or simply "ways the world might have been."
Kripke appears to endorse the idea of alternative possibilities, that things could have been otherwise.
I will say something briefly about 'possible worlds'. (I hope to elaborate elsewhere.) In the present monograph I argued against those misuses of the concept that regard possible worlds as something like distant planets, like our own surroundings but somehow existing in a different dimension, or that lead to spurious problems of 'transworld identification'. Further, if one wishes to avoid the Weltangst and philosophical confusions that many philosophers have associated with the 'worlds' terminology, I recommended that 'possible state (or history) of the world', or 'counterfactual situation' might be better... Perhaps such confusions would have been less likely but for the terminological accident that 'possible worlds' rather than 'possible states', or 'histories', of the world, or 'counterfactual situations' had been used.
(Naming and Necessity, p.15)
Kripke is not talking about different worlds, with different persons who might be identified as the same person in some respects (a 'transworld identification'). They are "nearby" worlds that describe a single individual and the alternative counterfactual situations that might have obtained.
In his discussion of the counterfactual situation that Humphrey wins the presidential election in 1968, he says.
although someone other than the U.S. President in 1970 might have been the U.S. President in 1970 (e.g., Humphrey might have), no one other than Nixon might have been Nixon...
proper names are rigid designators, although the man (Nixon) might not have been the President, it is not the case that he might not have been Nixon (though he might not have been called 'Nixon'). Those who have argued that to make sense of the notion of rigid designator, we must antecedently make sense of 'criteria of transworld identity' have precisely reversed the cart and the horse; it is because we can refer (rigidly) to Nixon, and stipulate that we are speaking of what might have happened to him (under certain circumstances), that 'transworld identifications' are unproblematic in such cases.
(Naming and Necessity, p.48)
Where Saul Kripke appears to accept the existence in this world of alternative possibilities, David Lewis was a materialist and determinist. His "modal realism" imagined "possible worlds," but denied the existence of alternative possibilities in any of his worlds. Even more important, for Lewis an individual can exist in only one world. His version of the Nixon/Humphrey counterfactual would be that the Nixon who lost the election would not be the same ("transworld") individual but a "counterpart," as similar to the "actual" Nixon as desired..
Lewis said his counterpart theory avoids what he called the problem of "accidental intrinsics," a single individual both having and not having specific properties. In Kripke's "counterfactual situations," it is the same Nixon, though he does not both win and lose, but is either the winner or the loser depending on what "happens." Lewis's counterparts are not identical. His counterpart relation is only a similarity relation, where Kripke's identity is a reflexive, symmetric, and transitive relation.
Kripke criticizes Lewis's approach...
Strictly speaking, Lewis's view is not a view of 'transworld identification'. Rather, he thinks that similarities across possible worlds determine a counterpart relation which need be neither symmetric nor transitive. The counterpart of something in another possible world is never identical with the thing itself. Thus if we say 'Humphrey might have won the election (if only he had done such-and-such), we are not talking about something that might have happened to Humphrey but to someone else, a "counterpart".' Probably, however, Humphrey could not care less whether someone else, no matter how much resembling him, would have been victorious in another possible world. Thus, Lewis's view seems to me even more bizarre than the usual notions of transworld identification that it replaces. The important issues, however, are common to the two views: the supposition that other possible worlds are like other dimensions of a more inclusive universe, that they can be given only by purely qualitative descriptions, and that therefore either the identity relation or the counterpart relation must be established in terms of qualitative resemblance.
Many have pointed out to me that the father of counterpart theory is probably Leibnitz. I will not go into such a historical question here. It would also be interesting to compare Lewis's views with the Wheeler-Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics. I suspect that this view of physics may suffer from philosophical problems analogous to Lewis's counterpart theory; it is certainly very similar in spirit.
(Naming and Necessity, p.45)
David Layzer
The Harvard cosmologist David Layzer argues from the nature of mathematical infinity that every possible "world" is realized somewhere in the physical universe.
He asks:
Do We Exist in Multiple Copies?
Are the assemblies we have been discussing "real"? Does the Strong Cosmological Principle imply that somewhere in the Universe there is a star very much like the Sun; and orbiting that star, a planet very much like the Earth; and on that planet, a person very much like you, the reader, reading a book very much like this one? Of course, such near-replicas of the Earth and its inhabitants would be very thinly distributed in space. Although I haven't made a serious estimate, I am confident that the nearest one would lie well beyond the most distant galaxy we could observe, even with infinitely sensitive instruments, Even so, the idea is unsettling, however familiar it may be to readers of science fiction.
(Cosmogenesis, pp.127-28)
Layzer commented on the connection between himself and Everett.
The interpretation of quantum theory discussed in this chapter resembles in some respects the "many-worlds" interpretation proposed by Hugh Everett in 1957. Everett, in a Ph.D. thesis supervised by John Wheeler, suggested that every measurement or measurement-like process causes the Universe to split into a vast number of "parallel universes," in each of which one possible outcome of the measurement is realized. In one set of universes, Schroedinger's cat lives; in another, it dies. Quantum theory, according to this interpretation, doesn't describe individual physical systems, as in the orthodox and instrumental interpretations; nor does it describe assemblies of physical systems, as in the interpretation based on the Strong Cosmological Principle. It describes a multitude of universes, each of which splits at every moment into a multitude of parallel universes. All these universes are equally real, but only the one we happen to be in is real to us; all the others are completely inaccessible to us.
According to the many-worlds interpretation, the probability that a measurement has a given outcome is equal to the fraction of the parallel universes in which that outcome occurs. Since probabilities are real numbers that can assume any value between zero and one, the set of parallel universes must be infinite. Every measurement or measurement-like process in every universe therefore creates an infinity of new parallel universes.
The many-worlds interpretation shares two attractive features of the interpretation based on the Strong Cosmological Principle. It avoids the paradoxes that result from the conventional assumption that quantum theory describes individual systems. And it predicts, instead of merely positing, the basic rule mentioned earlier for calculating the probabilities of experimental outcomes. [Probabilities are proportional to the number of outcomes in the assembly.]
(Cosmogenesis, pp.129-30)
Max Tegmark
Possible Worlds Without Possibilitiesl
In our two-stage model of free will, we might imagine the alternative possibilities for action generated by an agent in the first stage to be "possible worlds" in Kripke's sense. They are counterfactual situations, involving a single individual, alternative ways one person's world may be.
Note that Kripke's possible worlds are extremely close to one another. The quantification of information in each case shows a very small number of bits as the difference between them, especially when compared to the typical examples given in possible worlds cases. In the case of Humphrey winning the election, millions of persons must have done something different. Such worlds are hardly "nearby." For typical cases of a free decision, the possible worlds require only small differences in the mind of a single person. Kripke's worlds are simply ways that our world might be (or become).
By comparison, the possible worlds of Hugh Everett, David Lewis, and David Layzer in general may bear very little resemblance to one another. But note that they all include Layzer's solution to the problem of free will, at least in those worlds with thinking beings, because the inhabitants do not know which of all the possible worlds they are in.
It is important to note that the Everett and Lewis worlds are individually materialist and deterministic. Since Layzer discounts microscopic quantum indeterminism in a given world and locates macroscopic indeterminism as something between worlds, there appears to be no alternative possibilities within each world.
Layzer believes that his macroscopic indeterminism solves the free will problem. The human ignorance of not knowing which universe we are in introduces indeterminacy in the form of the unpredictability of our futures. If Layzer is right, the logically possible worlds of David Lewis and the many physical worlds of Hugh Everett also solve the free will problem in his sense.
" If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live in daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music. . . . I get most joy in life out of music."
Thanks to Pawightm - Patricia for this other quote by A.Einstein
Known for Discovery of X-rays.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923 was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him.
Born to a German father and a Dutch mother, Röntgen attended high school in Utrecht, Netherlands. In 1865, he was unfairly expelled from high school when one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one of the teachers, which was in fact done by someone else. Without a high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in the Netherlands as a visitor. In 1865, he tried to attend Utrecht University without having the necessary credentials required for a regular student. Upon hearing that he could enter the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed its examinations, and began studies there as a student of mechanical engineering. In 1869, he graduated with a Ph.D. from the University of Zurich; once there, he became a favorite student of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the University of Strassburg
Born in Lennep, Prussia, German Confederation.
Orginal photo by Nicola Perscheid 1915
Artwork by TudioJepegii
The Foucault Pendulum ~ Panthéon ~ Paris ~ MjYj
The Foucault pendulum named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, is a simple device conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth.
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If you believe that everything we are using to post photos on Flickr was created by private industry, unaided by the US government, you should read this book! I knew it's not true, because, as a physicist, I worked on programs funded by US government agencies that led to all our daily life Goodies, including my iPhone and its camera, iPad and its camera, iMac, and iBook Pro!! It's also true for your Windows machines, your digital cameras, and anything advertised with the word Smart.
I bought a copy of this book on Friday, at Barnes and Noble in Tucson, because on Thursday, I saw an TV interview with Marianna Mazzucato. She described what I knew to be the case from my career as a physicist. Everything we use or consider cutting edge technology today is based on and derived from research that was originally funded by the US government. This was apparent to me and I assumed to everyone.
Modern society is based on those technologies and inventions first funded by the US government. These investments were crucial to our country's well being. The funding agencies included The Advanced Projects Research Agency (ARPA aka DARPA,) The National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Aeronautics And Space Agency (NASA)...There are probably others. These agencies provided the seed money that that led to projects and programs and companies that created our nation's economic well being and military might.
I would add that the G.I. Bill of Rights after the second war paid for all our military to go to college and universities. One might include various government funded fellowships that enabled us to train and use some talented individuals who participated in this research and development.
Where did we go wrong? By not enabling the US government to collect royalties or retain shares in a resulting company's ventures and the enormous wealth that these inventions allowed to be generated by the recipients of the government grants and aid. To us, it looked like the government was increasing budget deficits, when in fact it was stimulating the generation of enormous private and corporate wealth.
We seem to have learned our lesson. When the government did bail out the US automobile companies recently, we did obtain a piece of the action!! I think all computer, internet (originally known as Arpanet,) and digital electronics microchip companies should be paying royalties and 10% of all profits to the US Government (that's we the people)!
His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the US. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Hawking has a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades. He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device.
PRIMARY and SECONDARY SCHOOL YEARS
Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School in Highgate, London. He later blamed its "progressive methods" for his failure to learn to read while at the school.In St Albans, the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months. At that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses.
Hawking attended Radlett School, an independent school in the village of Radlett in Hertfordshire, for a year, and from September 1952, St Albans School, an independent school in the city of St Albans in Hertfordshire. The family placed a high value on education. Hawking's father wanted his son to attend the well-regarded Westminster School, but the 13-year-old Hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination. His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans. A positive consequence was that Hawking remained with a close group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats, and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception. From 1958 on, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components.
Although known at school as "Einstein", Hawking was not initially successful academically. With time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta, decided to read mathematics at university. Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates. He also wanted his son to attend University College, Oxford, his own alma mater. As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March 1959.
UNDERGRADUATE YEARS
Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17. For the first 18 months, he was bored and lonely – he was younger than many of the other students, and found the academic work "ridiculously easy". His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it." A change occurred during his second and third year when, according to Berman, Hawking made more of an effort "to be one of the boys". He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in classical music and science fiction. Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college boat club, the University College Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing team. The rowing trainer at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats.
Hawking has estimated that he studied about a thousand hours during his three years at Oxford. These unimpressive study habits made sitting his finals a challenge, and he decided to answer only theoretical physics questions rather than those requiring factual knowledge. A first-class honours degree was a condition of acceptance for his planned graduate study in cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Anxious, he slept poorly the night before the examinations, and the final result was on the borderline between first- and second-class honours, making a viva (oral examination) necessary. Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student. So, when asked at the oral to describe his future plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. If I receive a Second, I shall stay in Oxford, so I expect you will give me a First." He was held in higher regard than he believed; as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves". After receiving a first-class BA (Hons.) degree in natural science and completing a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962.
GRADUATE YEARS
Hawking's first year as a doctoral student was difficult. He was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciama, one of the founders of modern cosmology, as a supervisor rather than noted astronomer Fred Hoyle, and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology. After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depression – though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point. However, his disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted. Although Hawking had difficulty walking unsupported, and his speech was almost unintelligible, an initial diagnosis that he had only two years to live proved unfounded. With Sciama's encouragement, he returned to his work. Hawking started developing a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1964.
When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and Steady State theories. Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic. There were other positive developments: Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College; he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology, in March 1966; and his essay entitled "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's prestigious Adams Prize.
CAREER
1966–1975
In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his doctoral thesis. This included not only the existence of singularities but also the theory that the universe might have started as a singularity. Their joint essay was the runner-up in the 1968 Gravity Research Foundation competition. In 1970 they published a proof that if the universe obeys the general theory of relativity and fits any of the models of physical cosmology developed by Alexander Friedmann, then it must have begun as a singularity. In 1969, Hawking accepted a specially created Fellowship for Distinction in Science to remain at Caius.
In 1970, Hawking postulated what became known as the second law of black hole dynamics, that the event horizon of a black hole can never get smaller.[83] With James M. Bardeen and Brandon Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. To Hawking's irritation, Jacob Bekenstein, a graduate student of John Wheeler, went further—and ultimately correctly—to apply thermodynamic concepts literally.[85][86] In the early 1970s, Hawking's work with Carter, Werner Israel and David C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no-hair theorem that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created, it can be completely described by the properties of mass, electrical charge and rotation.[87][88] His essay titled "Black Holes" won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971.[89] Hawking's first book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, written with George Ellis, was published in 1973.
Beginning in 1973, Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and discussions with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Alexei Starobinsky, whose work showed that according to the uncertainty principle, rotating black holes emit particles. To Hawking's annoyance, his much-checked calculations produced findings that contradicted his second law, which claimed black holes could never get smaller,and supported Bekenstein's reasoning about their entropy.His results, which Hawking presented from 1974, showed that black holes emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiation, which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. However, by the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1974, a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation. At the time, he was one of the youngest scientists to become a Fellow.
Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1970. He worked with a friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne, and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the dark star Cygnus X-1 was a black hole. The wager was an "insurance policy" against the proposition that black holes did not exist. Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet in 1990, which was the first of several that he was to make with Thorne and others.Hawking has maintained ties to Caltech, spending a month there almost every year since this first visit.
1975–1990
Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a more academically senior post, as reader in gravitational physics. The mid to late 1970s were a period of growing public interest in black holes and of the physicists who were studying them. Hawking was regularly interviewed for print and television. He also received increasing academic recognition of his work. In 1975, he was awarded both the Eddington Medal and the Pius XI Gold Medal, and in 1976 the Dannie Heineman Prize, the Maxwell Prize and the Hughes Medal. He was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1977. The following year he received the Albert Einstein Medal and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford.
In the late 1970s, Hawking was elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.His inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics was titled: "Is the End in Sight for Theoretical Physics" and proposed N=8 Supergravity as the leading theory to solve many of the outstanding problems physicists were studying. His promotion coincided with a health crisis which led to his accepting, albeit reluctantly, some nursing services at home. At the same time, he was also making a transition in his approach to physics, becoming more intuitive and speculative rather than insisting on mathematical proofs. "I would rather be right than rigorous", he told Kip Thorne. In 1981, he proposed that information in a black hole is irretrievably lost when a black hole evaporates. This information paradox violates the fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, and led to years of debate, including "the Black Hole War" with Leonard Susskind and Gerard 't Hooft.
Cosmological inflation – a theory proposing that following the Big Bang, the universe initially expanded incredibly rapidly before settling down to a slower expansion – was proposed by Alan Guth and also developed by Andrei Linde. Following a conference in Moscow in October 1981, Hawking and Gary Gibbons organized a three-week Nuffield Workshop in the summer of 1982 on "The Very Early Universe" at Cambridge University, which focused mainly on inflation theory. Hawking also began a new line of quantum theory research into the origin of the universe. In 1981 at a Vatican conference, he presented work suggesting that there might be no boundary – or beginning or ending – to the universe. He subsequently developed the research in collaboration with Jim Hartle, and in 1983 they published a model, known as the Hartle–Hawking state. It proposed that prior to the Planck epoch, the universe had no boundary in space-time; before the Big Bang, time did not exist and the concept of the beginning of the universe is meaningless. The initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models was replaced with a region akin to the North Pole. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary there – it is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end. Initially, the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, which had implications about the existence of God. As Hawking explained, "If the universe has no boundaries but is self-contained... then God would not have had any freedom to choose how the universe began."
Hawking did not rule out the existence of a Creator, asking in A Brief History of Time "Is the unified theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence?" In his early work, Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense. In A Brief History of Time he wrote: "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we should know the mind of God." In the same book he suggested that the existence of God was not necessary to explain the origin of the universe. Later discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the existence of God was also compatible with an open universe.
Further work by Hawking in the area of arrows of time led to the 1985 publication of a paper theorising that if the no-boundary proposition were correct, then when the universe stopped expanding and eventually collapsed, time would run backwards. A paper by Don Page and independent calculations by Raymond Laflamme led Hawking to withdraw this concept. Honours continued to be awarded: in 1981 he was awarded the American Franklin Medal, and in 1982 made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Awards do not pay the bills, however, and motivated by the need to finance the children's education and home expenses, in 1982 Hawking determined to write a popular book about the universe that would be accessible to the general public. Instead of publishing with an academic press, he signed a contract with Bantam Books, a mass market publisher, and received a large advance for his book. A first draft of the book, called A Brief History of Time, was completed in 1984.
One of the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant to help him finish writing A Brief History of Time. Peter Guzzardi, his editor at Bantam, pushed him to explain his ideas clearly in non-technical language, a process that required many revisions from an increasingly irritated Hawking. The book was published in April 1988 in the US and in June in the UK, and it proved to be an extraordinary success, rising quickly to the top of bestseller lists in both countries and remaining there for months. The book was translated into many languages, and ultimately sold an estimated 9 million copies. Media attention was intense, and a Newsweek magazine cover and a television special both described him as "Master of the Universe". Success led to significant financial rewards, but also the challenges of celebrity status. Hawking travelled extensively to promote his work, and enjoyed partying and dancing into the small hours. He had difficulty refusing the invitations and visitors, which left limited time for work and his students. Some colleagues were resentful of the attention Hawking received, feeling it was due to his disability. He received further academic recognition, including five more honorary degrees,[149] the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985), the Paul Dirac Medal (1987) and, jointly with Penrose, the prestigious Wolf Prize (1988). In 1989, he was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH). He reportedly declined a knighthood.
1990–2000
Hawking pursued his work in physics: in 1993 he co-edited a book on Euclidean quantum gravity with Gary Gibbons and published a collected edition of his own articles on black holes and the Big Bang. In 1994, at Cambridge's Newton Institute, Hawking and Penrose delivered a series of six lectures that were published in 1996 as "The Nature of Space and Time". In 1997, he conceded a 1991 public scientific wager made with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech. Hawking had bet that Penrose's proposal of a "cosmic censorship conjecture" – that there could be no "naked singularities" unclothed within a horizon – was correct. After discovering his concession might have been premature, a new, more refined, wager was made. This one specified that such singularities would occur without extra conditions. The same year, Thorne, Hawking and Preskill made another bet, this time concerning the black hole information paradox. Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by Hawking radiation must be "new", and not from inside the black hole event horizon. Since this contradicted the quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics theory would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the concept of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way.
Hawking also maintained his public profile, including bringing science to a wider audience. A film version of A Brief History of Time, directed by Errol Morris and produced by Steven Spielberg, premiered in 1992. Hawking had wanted the film to be scientific rather than biographical, but he was persuaded otherwise. The film, while a critical success, was, however, not widely released. A popular-level collection of essays, interviews, and talks titled Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays was published in 1993, and a six-part television series Stephen Hawking's Universe and a companion book appeared in 1997. As Hawking insisted, this time the focus was entirely on science.
2000–present
Hawking continued his writings for a popular audience, publishing The Universe in a Nutshell in 2001, and A Briefer History of Time, which he wrote in 2005 with Leonard Mlodinow to update his earlier works with the aim of making them accessible to a wider audience, and God Created the Integers, which appeared in 2006. Along with Thomas Hertog at CERN and Jim Hartle, from 2006 on Hawking developed a theory of "top-down cosmology", which says that the universe had not one unique initial state but many different ones, and therefore that it is inappropriate to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state. Top-down cosmology posits that the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine-tuning question.
Hawking continued to travel widely, including trips to Chile, Easter Island, South Africa, Spain (to receive the Fonseca Prize in 2008),] Canada, and numerous trips to the United States. For practical reasons related to his disability, Hawking increasingly travelled by private jet, and by 2011 that had become his only mode of international travel. By 2003, consensus among physicists was growing that Hawking was wrong about the loss of information in a black hole. In a 2004 lecture in Dublin, he conceded his 1997 bet with Preskill, but described his own, somewhat controversial solution to the information paradox problem, involving the possibility that black holes have more than one topology. In the 2005 paper he published on the subject, he argued that the information paradox was explained by examining all the alternative histories of universes, with the information loss in those with black holes being cancelled out by those without such loss. In January 2014 he called the alleged loss of information in black holes his "biggest blunder".
As part of another longstanding scientific dispute, Hawking had emphatically argued, and bet, that the Higgs boson would never be found.[182] The particle was proposed to exist as part of the Higgs field theory by Peter Higgs in 1964. Hawking and Higgs engaged in a heated and public debate over the matter in 2002 and again in 2008, with Higgs criticising Hawking's work and complaining that Hawking's "celebrity status gives him instant credibility that others do not have." The particle was discovered in July 2012 at CERN following construction of the Large Hadron Collider. Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics, which he did in 2013.
In 2007, Hawking and his daughter Lucy published George's Secret Key to the Universe, a children's book designed to explain theoretical physics in an accessible fashion and featuring characters similar to those in the Hawking family.[188] The book was followed by sequels in 2009, 2011 and 2014.
In 2002, following a UK-wide vote, the BBC included Hawking in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons.[190] He was awarded the Copley Medal from the Royal Society (2006), the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is America's highest civilian honour (2009), and the Russian Special Fundamental Physics Prize (2013).
Several buildings have been named after him, including the Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El Salvador, the Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge, and the Stephen Hawking Centre at the Perimeter Institute in Canada.Appropriately, given Hawking's association with time, he unveiled the mechanical "Chronophage" (or time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College Cambridge in September 2008.
During his career, Hawking has supervised 39 successful PhD students. As required by Cambridge University regulations, Hawking retired as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009. Despite suggestions that he might leave the United Kingdom as a protest against public funding cuts to basic scientific research, Hawking has continued to work as director of research at the Cambridge University Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and indicated in 2012 that he had no plans to retire.
On 28 June 2009, as a tongue-in-cheek test of his 1992 conjecture that travel into the past is effectively impossible, Hawking held a party open to all, complete with hors d'oeuvres and iced champagne, but only publicized the party after it was over so that only time-travellers would know to attend; as expected, nobody showed up to the party.
On 20 July 2015, Hawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiatives, an effort to search for extraterrestrial life. In 2015, Richard Branson offered Stephen Hawking a seat on the Virgin Galactic spaceship for free. While no hard date has been set for launch, Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo is slated to launch at the end of 2017. At 75, Hawking will not be the oldest person ever to go to space (John Glenn returned to space at age 77), but he will be the first person to go to space with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While this will be Hawking's first time in space, it will not be the first time he will have experienced weightlessness: in 2007, he had flown into zero gravity aboard a specially-modified Boeing 727-200 aircraft. Hawking created Stephen Hawking: Expedition New Earth, a documentary on space colonization, as a summer 2017 episode of Tomorrow's World.
In August 2015, Hawking said that not all information is lost when something enters a black hole and there might be a possibility to retrieve information from a black hole according to his theory.
Listen carefully true believers to this twisted tale of terrible tides...
Doctor Otto Octavius was a brilliant and respected nuclear physicist, atomic research consultant, inventor, and lecturer. His research led him to create a set of bio-mechanical arms that would aid him in his atomic physics research. A lab accident left the apparatus fused to his body and allowed him to control the arms with merely a thought. The new synaptic pathways that were being created as a result of the fusion altered his mental state and Octavius became the villainous Doctor Octopus!
A founding member of the Sinister Six, Doc Ock attempted to dispose the Amazing Spider-Man at every opportunity, even learning the hero's true identity: Peter Parker. Though SUPERIOR to Spider-Man in many ways, Otto always felt jealous of the family life that Peter led with his beloved Aunt May and relationship with Mary Jane. Otto eventually vowed that he would gain the same sort of strength of puny Parker through family by raising a child... his daughter Octavia.
With a genius level intellect, Octavius was prepared for every challenge parenthood could bring! Why even a pedestrian task such as going to the grocery store is no challenge for the foul father and his dastardly descendant!
Watch out Spider-Man! There's a new diabolical duo in New York, and this time, they're bringing coupons!
Build for Mr. Xenomurphy's Superhero Contest on Mocpages:
Part of "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" - Empty Padded ~ LeerGefüllt - Time at Work - Left handed drawings and writings on the empty left pages of my prompter`s book: Soufflierbuch "Die Physiker The physicists" (Friedrich Dürrenmatt) Seite 39
DMC-GH3 - P1030895 - 2015-05-05 panasonic lumix
#thema #themenkreis #aesthetizismus #work #arbeit #handwerk #theater #theatre #probe #rehearsal #performance #improvisation #fermate #entwurf #face #gesicht #portrait #porträt #spiegelaffe #abstrakt #körper #body #schriftbild #schaubild #schnittmuster #maske #mask #narrenturm #blue #blau #brille #glasses #affe #mandrill #pavian #spiegel #mirror
left side of the main nave, northern wall
From west to east: in the first niche there's St. Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, in the central niche, St. Chrysostom and in the third niche, St. Ignatius Theophorus, Patriarch of Antioch.
All mosaics are dated the 10th century.
Sancta Sophia (sophia in Greek means wisdom) was designed by the Greek scientists: the physicist Isidore of Miletus and the matematician Anthemius of Tralles.
The architecture belongs to early Byzantine period, 330 - 730 AD.
It was during Emperor Justinian’s rule from 527 to 565 AD that Byzantine Art and architecture flowered. He instituted a building campaign primarily in Constantinople and later in Ravenna, Italy.
See further byzantine works HERE
the absence of evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence. For the type ofestimation problem, see Fermi problem. For the music album, see Fermi Paradox (album). For the short story, see The Fermi Paradox Is Our Business Model.A graphical representation of the Arecibo message – Humanity's first
attempt to use radio waves to actively communicate its existence to alien civilizations. The Fermi paradox (or Fermi's paradox) is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilization and humanity's lack of contact with, or evidence for, such civilizations.[1] The basic points of the argument,
made by physicists Enrico Fermi and Michael H. Hart, are:
• The Sun is a young star. There are billions of stars in the galaxy that are billions of years older;• Some of these stars likely have Earth-like planets[2] which, if the Earth is typical, may develop intelligent life;• Presumably some of these civilizations will develop interstellar travel, as Earth seems likely to do;• At any practical pace of interstellar travel, the galaxy can be completely colonized in just a few tens of millions of years.According to this line of thinking, the Earth should have already been colonized, or at least visited. But no convincing evidence of this exists.Furthermore, no confirmed signs of intelligence elsewhere have been spotted, either in our galaxy or the more than 80 billion other galaxies of
the observable universe. Hence Fermi's question "Where is everybody?"
brainu.org/files/wikipedia_fermi_paradox_information.pdf
Frank Drake in 1961 in an attempt to find a systematic means to evaluate the numerous probabilities involved in the existence of alien life. The speculative equation considers the rate of star formation in the galaxy; the fraction of stars with planets and the number per star that are habitable; the fraction of those planets that develop life; the fraction that develop intelligent life; the fraction that have detectable, technological intelligent life; and finally the length of time such communicable civilizations are detectable. The fundamental problem is that the last four terms are completely unknown, rendering statistical estimates impossible.There are two parts of the Fermi paradox that rely on empirical evidence—that there are many potential habitable planets, and that we see no evidence of life. The first point, that many suitable planets exist, was an assumption in Fermi's time that is gaining ground with the discovery of many exoplanets, and models predicting billions of habitable worlds in our galaxy..The second part of the paradox, that we see no evidence of extraterrestrial life, is also an active field of scientific research. This includes both efforts to find any indication of life,[36] and efforts specifically directed to finding intelligent life. These searches have been made since 1960, and several are ongoing?Those who think that intelligent extraterrestrial life is (nearly) impossible argue that the conditions needed for the evolution of life—or at least the evolution of biological complexity—are rare or even unique to Earth. Under this assumption, called the rare Earth hypothesis, a rejection of the mediocrity principle, complex multicellular life is regarded as exceedingly unusual.The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity requires a host of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone, a central star and planetary system having the requisite character, the circumstellar habitable zone, a right sized terrestrial planet, the advantage of a giant guardian like Jupiter and a large natural satellite, conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics, the chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans, the role of "evolutionary pumps" such as massive glaciation and rare bolide impacts, and whatever led to the appearance of the eukaryote cell, sexual reproduction and the Cambrian explosion.This is the argument that technological civilizations may usually or invariably destroy themselves before or shortly after developing radio or spaceflight technology. Possible means of annihilation are many,[68] including war, accidental environmental contamination, or poorly designed artificial intelligence. This general theme is explored both in fiction and in scientific hypothesizing. In 1966, Sagan and Shklovskii speculated that technological civilizations will either tend to destroy themselves within a century of developing interstellar communicative capability or master their self-destructive tendencies and survive for billion-year timescales.Self-annihilation may also be viewed in terms of thermodynamics: insofar as life is an ordered system that can sustain itself against the tendency to disorder, the "external transmission" or interstellar communicative phase may be the point at which the system becomes unstable and self-destructs.Another hypothesis is that an intelligent species beyond a certain point of technological capability will destroy other intelligent species as they appear. The idea that something, or someone, might be destroying intelligent life in the universe has been explored in the scientific literature. A species might undertake such extermination out of expansionist motives, paranoia, or aggression. In 1981, cosmologist Edward Harrison argued that such behavior would be an act of prudence: an intelligent species that has overcome its own self-destructive tendencies might view any other species bent on galactic expansion as a threat It has also been suggested that a successful alien species would be a superpredator, as are humans.New life might commonly die out due to runaway heating or cooling on their fledgling planets.On Earth, there have been numerous major extinction events that destroyed the majority of complex species alive at the time; the extinction of the dinosaurs is the best known example. These are thought to have been caused by events such as impact from a large meteorite, massive volcanic eruptions, or astronomical events such as gamma-ray bursts.[76] It may be the case that such extinction events are common throughout the universe and periodically destroy intelligent life, or at least its civilizations, before the species is able to develop the technology to communicate with other species.
PLEASE DO NOT CLICK ON "YOUR PHOTOSTREAM" ON THE RIGHT.
To view my "Photo By Russell Kwock" Bay Area Sports Time Machine photo gallery, go here:
www.flickr.com/photos/golfbumsf/sets/72157628794754707/
No.
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Who :
(While in Flickr, click directly on the pic to enlarge it. Click on it a second time to bring it back to the small size.)
What : Portrait of Albert Einstein
By Roman Vishniac
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Vishniac
Roman Vishniac (/ˈvɪʃniæk/; Russian: Рома́н Соломо́нович Вишня́к; August 19, 1897 – January 22, 1990) was a Russian-American photographer, best known for capturing on film the culture of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. A major archive of his work was housed at the International Center of Photography until 2018, when Vishniac's daughter, Mara Vishniac Kohn, donated it to The Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Albert Einstein in his office, Princeton University, New Jersey, 1942
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
"Hoping to establish himsef as a portrait photographer by creating a series of images of famous Russian and German Jewish expatriates, Vishniac contacted Einstein and asked to take his portrait in 1942. The Nobel Laureate sat for a series of photographs in his Princeton University office, smoking a pipe, writing at his desk, having his portrait painted, and working on equations on the blackboard. The portraits, which Einstein later declared among his favorites, have been widely reproduced and were published as a portfolio in the 1970s".
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Evelyn Einstein, Famed Physicist’s "Granddaughter":
berkeleyplaques.org/e-plaque/evelyn-einstein/
Einstein Family Residence: 1090 Creston Road, Berkeley, California (right down the street from one of my childhood friend's house... the one who pointed it out to me many years ago)
"UC Hydraulics professor Hans Albert Einstein (1904–1973), son of the renowned physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955), and his wife Frieda had three sons before adopting a daughter, Evelyn. Chicago records list Evelyn Einstein’s mother as an unmarried sixteen year old. Evelyn maintained that as a child she had been told she was “Grandpa’s” illegitimate daughter from an affair with a ballet dancer. This she contended was substantiated at her Swiss boarding school when she heard that Frieda had told the headmaster that she and Hans had adopted Evelyn as a favor to Albert. Albert Einstein’s confession that he had had affairs with young women late in life perhaps reinforced her contention that she was his daughter rather than his granddaughter."
Hans Albert Einstein (of UC Berkeley):
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Einstein
"Einstein was born in Chicago; after her birth she was adopted by Hans Albert Einstein. She obtained a Master's degree in Medieval literature at University of California, Berkeley. She was married to Grover Krantz for 13 years. She then worked briefly as an animal control officer, as a cult deprogrammer and as a Berkeley, California reserve police officer."
Granddaughter of Albert Einstein Remembered Fondly in Albany:
patch.com/california/albany/granddaughter-of-albert-einst...
www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/us/19einstein.html?_r=0
jewishcurrents.org/may-13-einsteins-granddaughter-and-the...
www.berkeleyside.com/2011/05/05/saving-the-history-of-the...
My Friend Evelyn Einstein:
www.guernicamag.com/features/my-friend-evelyn-einstein/
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Albert Einstein's brain:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein%27s_brain
"She heard rumors that she might actually be Einstein’s own daughter. Einstein had relationships with various women and she thought that she could have been a result of one of those relationships and that Einstein had arranged it with Hans Albert to adopt her. Unfortunately, the way Harvey embalmed the brain made it impossible to extract usable DNA, so her curiosities were never satisfied."
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126229305
"One scientist who'd asked for samples was Marian Diamond at the University of California, Berkeley. She wanted pieces from four areas in Einstein's brain...Then in 1990, a Stanford University researcher named Stephen J. Smith published a paper in the journal Science that would change everything..."
Destiny Fulfilled
Fields' book begins with the story of Thomas Harvey stealing Einstein's brain.
Harvey never got a chance to read it. He died in 2007. But there's little doubt he would have been pleased to know that, even in a roundabout way, his actions helped scientists learn something about the nature of genius.
"I think there would be some sense of destiny fulfilled if he knew that," Paterniti says.
As for the stolen brain, Harvey never did give it to Einstein's granddaughter, Paterniti says. She didn't want it.
So Harvey returned the brain to the pathology department at Princeton University, where it remains.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
"He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940.[10] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project."
Manhattan Project:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project
www.atomicheritage.org/location/university-california-ber...
"Much theoretical research and thought for the Manhattan Project also took place at Berkeley. In the spring of 1942, J. Robert Oppenheimer, also based out of the University of California, Berkeley, worked with his former postdoctoral student Robert Serber and two current students Eldred Nelson and Stan Frankel on the problems of neutron diffusion and hydrodynamics."
Voices of the Manhattan Project - UC Berkeley:
manhattanprojectvoices.org/location/university-california...
"The "Rad Lab" was the short name for the Radiological Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Its director was Nobel laureate Ernest O. Lawrence. He gained recognition for his 60" cyclotron, a type of particle accelerator first invented in the early 1930s. Known as “atom smashers,” cyclotrons accelerate atoms through a vaccuum and use electromagnets to induce collisions at speeds up to 25,000 miles per second. The results of such experiments provided valuable clues about the behavior of atoms and was the driving force behind the electromagnetic separation of uranium that formed the basis for the Y-12 complex at Oak Ridge. In addition, Berkeley was the center for theoretical physics in the United States and spawned such notables as J. Robert Oppenheimer, Glenn Seaborg, and Emilio Segrè."
Where : Contemporary Jewish Museum
736 Mission Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
When viewed : May 13, 2016
Event : "Roman Vishniac Rediscovered" exhibit
Feb 11–May 29, 2016
www.thecjm.org/on-view/currently/roman-vishniac-rediscove...
"Roman Vishniac (1897–1990), an extraordinarily versatile and innovative photographer, created the most widely recognized photographic record of Jewish life in Eastern Europe between the two World Wars."
Roman Vishniac:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Vishniac
vishniac.icp.org/curators-introduction
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Vanished no more: Giant of photography Roman Vishniac finds a home at The Magnes (UC Berkeley):
news.berkeley.edu/2018/11/20/vanished-no-more-giant-of-ph...
"His entire photographic work is now coming to Berkeley from a 10-year stay at New York’s International Center of Photography. The ICP has launched a rebirth of interest of Vishniac’s work with a touring exhibition currently in London and then headed for Vienna, and in the 2015 book Roman Vishniac Rediscovered.
There are some 20 binders of contact sheets that Vishniac never had printed. They are coming west, along with about 6,500 photographic prints, including about 1,500 scientific prints. In addition, the bonanza includes about 10,000 negatives and 40 albums of slides. One of the first jobs of The Magnes will be to catalogue it all."
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Judah L. Magnes Museum
Berkeley, California
Map:
www.google.co.th/maps/place/The+Magnes+Collection+of+Jewi...
magnes.berkeley.edu/about/faqs
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and...
Mara Vishniac Kohn on the Vishniac collection at The Magnes:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fx2FjxU7gq8
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Terror in focus: the Jewish photographer who captured the rise of Nazism:
www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/28/roman-vishni...
Roman Vishniac, the photographer who captured Jewish life before the Holocaust:
www.telegraph.co.uk/photography/what-to-see/roman-vishnia...
Photographer : Roman Vishniac
Image Source : Russell
Scanned By : Russell
Contributor : Russell
Russ-Pedia Notes :
Nikon 1 J4
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"Photo By Russell Kwock"
*** San Francisco Bay Area Sports Photographer ***
Since 1971...
All photographs and videos are
COPYRIGHT RUSSELL KWOCK
More 35mm black/white sports pics from my photo vault will be added to Flickr...check back...
Oct. 2012 New: "Thailand - Asia Photo Blog"
www.flickr.com/photos/golfbumsf/sets/72157631862809626/
Updated: 2016 0525 x2
Episodes from the History of Electricity.
If you like it, please support it at Ideas! Thank you!
Benjamin Franklin (1750 - Lightning is electrical)
Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician (was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States), postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions.
In 1750 he published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm. On May 10, 1752, Thomas-François Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a 40-foot-tall (12 m) iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud. On June 15 Franklin may possibly have conducted his well known kite experiment in Philadelphia, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud.
Franklin's electrical experiments led to his invention of the lightning rod.
Luigi Aloisio Galvani (1781 - "Animal Electricity")
Galvani was an Italian physician, physicist and philosopher who lived in Bologna.
With his experiment he discovered that the body of animals is powered by electrical impulses. Galvani named this newly discovered force “animal electricity,” and thus laid foundations for the modern fields of electrophysiology and neuroscience.
Galvani’s contemporaries - including Benjamin Franklin, whose work helped prove the existence of atmospheric electricity - had made great strides in understanding the nature of electricity and how to produce it. Inspired by Galvani’s discoveries, fellow Italian scientist Alessandro Volta would go on to invent, in 1800, the first electrical battery - the voltaic pile - which consisted of brine-soaked pieces of cardboard or cloth sandwiched between disks of different metals.
Thomas Alva Edison (1882 - First Power Station)
Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company (today as General Electric) in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan and the members of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles."
After devising a commercially viable electric light bulb on October 21, 1879, Edison patented a system for electricity distribution in 1880, which was essential to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp.
The company established the first investor-owned electric utility in 1882 on Pearl Street Station, New York City. It was on September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan. Earlier in the year, in January 1882, he had switched on the first steam-generating power station at Holborn Viaduct in London. The DC supply system provided electricity supplies to street lamps and several private dwellings within a short distance of the station.
Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name. More significant than the number of Edison's patents was the widespread impact of his inventions: electric light and power utilities, sound recording, and motion pictures all established major new industries world-wide. Edison's inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
Nicola Tesla (1891 - Tesla Coil)
Tesla was a Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.
Tesla moved to New York in 1884 and introduced himself to Thomas Edison. Although Tesla and Edison shared a mutual respect for one another, at least at first, Tesla challenged Edison’s claim that current could only flow in one direction (DC, direct current). Tesla claimed that energy was cyclic and could change direction (AC, alternating current), which would increase voltage levels across greater distances than Edison had pioneered. In 1888, Tesla went to work for Westinghouse in order to develop the alternating current system. Westinghouse and Tesla in their design for the first hydroelectric power plant in Niagara Falls.
Around 1891 Tesla invented the Tesla coil, which is an electrical resonant transformer circuit. It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits. In 1899 Tesla moved to Colorado Springs, where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments: Tesla was sitting in his laboratory with his "Magnifying transmitter" generating millions of volts.
Tesla invented the first alternating current (AC) motor and developed AC generation and transmission technology, invented electric oscillators, meters, improved lights. He also experimented with X-rays and gave short-range demonstrations of radio communication.
Sancta Sophia was designed by the Greek scientists: the physicist Isidore of Miletus and the matematician Anthemius of Tralles.
The architecture belongs to early Byzantine period, 330 - 730 AD.
It was during Emperor Justinian’s rule from 527 to 565 AD that Byzantine Art and architecture flowered. He instituted a building campaign primarily in Constantinople and later in Ravenna, Italy.
See further byzantine works HERE
This mysterious stranger was a very tiny insect visiting my small bachelor button flower. I've been reading about quantum physics and time particles again recently
In the article, a physicist remarks: "“The quantum world has become more tangible, and the nature of reality even more mysterious”
I used to watch a TV show called: "Connections" It would leap from one item to another, throughout history using these sometimes weak links called connections. Almost like gossip, which starts with a fact at one end of a chain, and ends up all the way at the other end of a chain completely different, yet with the show, it somehow wrapped it all up into a sort of quasi circle, with a plausible scenario for their completed elliptical turn, and if you suspended your disbelief, and without skepticism, it was an entertaining concoction of historical events.
My connection is this, I begin with the tiny insect, to which I state he is very very small, and I've got this camera which is able to record his or her beauty in fabulous macro style. But I observe his tiny presence and extrapolate smaller, to particles unseen and infinitesimal. The article appears, thanks to first a visit by Panta Rhei, a contact who just got back from a vacation to the North Sea, so you see I'm leaping here, I'm placing these links together in semblances of connections. She has a contact named Perceval's Land (or he has changed his flickr name now). So in his photostream, I see this picture of the chains and gears of a bicycle, and of course I can't resist, being a bike lover myself, and I see he has sent some article about a possible way to actually observe this particles and or waves without disturbing them, perhaps by fixing what you have disturbed; and a fellow named Katz, to Panta, so of course I have to google that and I find the article, it is the quantum theory again, about not being able to observe without also disturbing. Sort of like photography, I am able to observe and photograph this tiny insect, but have I disturbed the scene? Have I sent it into an alternate universe? If I had not disturbed this, it might have happened differently. In the schrödinger's cat thought experiment, the cat is in a box, in a state where he is either alive or dead, but at the same time (that departure elides me a bit), and when you open the box (observation) you find the cat is either alive or dead, but cannot be both at the same time, by observing you have disturbed.
I could make this program a bit longer, with chains upon links of connections, but I'm off for work, and you see I don't want to be that late, even though I'm already a bit. Many more of these connections are possible! Let's take trips through flickr with many connections. My final connection is this: I just happened to be reading a book by Mark Twain, called the Mysterious Stranger, you can only guess who that is. Well I also read another book by C.S.Lewis called "The Great Divorce" about the divorce between Heaven and Hell. Well in that book, heaven is in the sky and grand and glorious, hell is in the tiny cracks of the ground and is infinitesimal. Therefore, you can begin to see further connections, that hell is the tiny particles of quantum physics, and our great big world is heaven, and well, perhaps by disturbing the tiny particles, we are disturbing hell, we don't want to wake up Satan!
Listen carefully true believers to this twisted tale of terrible tides...
Doctor Otto Octavius was a brilliant and respected nuclear physicist, atomic research consultant, inventor, and lecturer. His research led him to create a set of bio-mechanical arms that would aid him in his atomic physics research. A lab accident left the apparatus fused to his body and allowed him to control the arms with merely a thought. The new synaptic pathways that were being created as a result of the fusion altered his mental state and Octavius became the villainous Doctor Octopus!
A founding member of the Sinister Six, Doc Ock attempted to dispose the Amazing Spider-Man at every opportunity, even learning the hero's true identity: Peter Parker. Though SUPERIOR to Spider-Man in many ways, Otto always felt jealous of the family life that Peter led with his beloved Aunt May and relationship with Mary Jane. Otto eventually vowed that he would gain the same sort of strength of puny Parker through family by raising a child... his daughter Octavia.
With a genius level intellect, Octavius was prepared for every challenge parenthood could bring! Why even a pedestrian task such as going to the grocery store is no challenge for the foul father and his dastardly descendant!
Watch out Spider-Man! There's a new diabolical duo in New York, and this time, they're bringing coupons!
Build for Mr. Xenomurphy's Superhero Contest on Mocpages:
Today I was reading a 1994 paper by physicist Don N. Page on what he calls Sensible Quantum Mechanics. Specifically, he was speculating on how to experimentally determine if there is Information Loss in Black Holes and/or Conscious Beings?.
The equation I've put at the top, taken from Page's paper, is the Poincaré recurrence time for one particular model of the universe; how long it would take for everything to repeat is on the order of a googolplex years. Roughly speaking!
I was already working on this image with two self-portraits cropped from PANO-sabotages, then I layered in two other PANO-sabotages, one of circles (from a graphics source book) and one of a Rubik's cube on a book shelf that includes the classic Gödel, Escher, Bach. I think it adequately expresses my mood after considering loss of information in conscious beings!
One Ball Total Equilibrium Tank, 1985 by Jeff Koons.
It was fascinating reading about how Jeff worked with Nobel prize winning Physicists in order to create this iconic artwork (it was also therfore even more surprising to hear that it needs constant adjustment......).
I don't normally go to the special Exhibitions at the Ashmolean, not least as they're quite expensive for what can be quite small exhibitions, but the exception that proves the rule I went to see the recent Jeff Koons exhibition on it's last day.
I was particularly keen to see (and photograph) his reflective Ballerinas. Photos of those will follow but first I'll upload some shots of the other exhibits.
You can see more contemporary art in my Art set : www.flickr.com/photos/darrellg/albums/72157623184641329
From Wikipedia : "Jeffrey Koons (born January 21, 1955) is an American artist known for working with popular culture subjects and his reproductions of banal objects, such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror-finish surfaces. He lives and works in both New York City and his hometown of York, Pennsylvania.
His works have sold for substantial sums, including at least two record auction prices for a work by a living artist, including $91.1 million with fees in May 2019. On November 12, 2013, Koons' Balloon Dog (Orange) sold at Christie's Post-War and Contemporary Art Evening Sale in New York City for US$58.4 million, above its high US$55 million estimate, becoming the most expensive work by a living artist sold at auction. The price topped Koons' previous record of US$33.7 million and the record for the most expensive living artist, held by Gerhard Richter, whose 1968 painting, Domplatz, Mailand, sold for US$37.1 million at Sotheby's on May 14, 2013. Balloon Dog (Orange) was one of the first of the Balloon dogs to be fabricated, and had been acquired by Greenwich collector Peter Brant in the late 1990s. His Rabbit in stainless steel fetched the highest price ever for a piece by a living artist in May 2019, selling for $91 million.
Critics are sharply divided in their views of Koons. Some view his work as pioneering and of major art-historical importance. Others dismiss his work as kitsch, crass, and based on cynical self-merchandising. Koons has stated that there are no hidden meanings in his works, nor any critiques."
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© D.Godliman
Michael Faraday (/ˈfærədeɪ, -di/; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the study of electrochemistry and electromagnetism. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis. Although Faraday received little formal education, as a self-made man, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology. The SI unit of capacitance, the farad, is named after him.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday ultimately became the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, a lifetime position.
Faraday was an experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language. His mathematical abilities did not extend as far as trigonometry and were limited to the simplest algebra. Physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell took the work of Faraday and others and summarised it in a set of equations which is accepted as the basis of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. On Faraday's uses of lines of force, Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods."
A highly principled scientist, Faraday devoted considerable time and energy to public service. He worked on optimising lighthouses and protecting ships from corrosion. With Charles Lyell, he produced a forensic investigation on a colliery explosion at Haswell, County Durham, indicating for the first time that coal dust contributed to the severity of the explosion, and demonstrating how ventilation could have prevented it. Faraday also investigated industrial pollution at Swansea, air pollution at the Royal Mint, and wrote to The Times on the foul condition of the River Thames during The Great Stink. He refused to work on developing chemical weapons for use in the Crimean War, citing ethical reservations. He declined to have his lectures published, preferring people to recreate the experiments for themselves, to better experience the discovery, and told a publisher: "I have always loved science more than money & because my occupation is almost entirely personal I cannot afford to get rich."
Albert Einstein kept a portrait of Faraday on his study wall, alongside those of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time."
Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court on 25 August 1867, aged 75. He had some years before turned down an offer of burial in Westminster Abbey upon his death, but he has a memorial plaque there, near Isaac Newton's tomb. Faraday was interred in the dissenters' (non-Anglican) section of Highgate Cemetery.
When it comes to unique, iconic examples of midcentury modern homes, it’s hard to find one quirkier than John Lautner’s “Rawlins House” on Balboa Island in Newport Beach, CA.
Built in 1979 as a retirement home for physicist Bob Rawlins and his wife Marjorie, a musician, who both loved the midcentury style, but were looking for something a bit more interesting when they moved out West, the one-of-a-kind Rawlins House is now referred to fondly as the “treasure of Balboa Island”.
Due to its whimsical design, often described as looking like an open-mouthed shark or whale, it’s also called “Jaws” by neighbors.
John Lautner was their architect of choice for many reasons. He had studied with the renowned world-famous midcentury modern visionary architect Frank Lloyd Wright in the 1930s, but more importantly, the Rawlins liked his specific architectural style, especially his Googie designs.
Googie style is kind of a mash-up of classical midcentury modern style and futurism inspired by the Atomic Age and the Space Age. The Rawlins house meshes both design styles with its bold use of glass and wood, its curvaceous exterior aesthetic, the spare, sleek minimalistic lines, the open concept, and its celebration of indoor/outdoor living.
The Rawlins House is considered one of Lautner’s most memorable urban designs by architectural critics. Located on South Bay Front in Newport Beach Harbor, the modernistic domed residence, sporting notable architectural features like a stunning copper balcony and roof, is the perfect retreat for entertaining friends and celebrating the sunset beach-side over dinner and drinks or welcoming overnight guests.
John Lautner’s House was privately owned by the original owners until 2010. Since 2014 it has been listed for sale by real estate agents in the Beverly Hills and Orange County areas. Originally listed at $5,395 million, the water’s edge residence has been reduced multiple times over the years.
It was eventually purchased in 2017 for $3.772. New homeowner, Michael LaFetra, had been eyeing the property for years. LaFetra is a preservationist and architecture restorer as well as a movie producer of horror films such as Stag Night and Night train.
There is a continuing debate among theoretical physicists about how the stuff (matter/energy) of the universe could have originated of its own accord, out of 'nothing' (the elusive, so-called ‘theory of everything’). However, the most important question in this debate: Where did information come from? Has been largely ignored, but this is absolutely CRUCIAL - because the universe, as we know it, could not exist without information. The laws of nature, are indicative of order, they govern and control the whole material universe, and extremely complex information is essential for all life.
Information is rightly called the third fundamental property of the universe.
So we have to wonder why the crucial question of the origin of information is excluded from the 'theory of everything' debate?
Isn't it ironic that atheists, rely almost entirely on non-physical means such as; mental processes, information and mathematical equations to formulate their so-called 'Theories' of 'Everything' which then completely exclude all non-physical entities?
They are 'Theories of Everything' that don't include an explanation of EVERYTHING, only physical entities. So they are NOT theories of everything at all, the whole description is a misnomer and completely misleading. It can only be construed as a device intended to deceive.
Without a credible explanation for the origin of information - any proposed theory of 'everything' would, in fact, be a theory of only some things, while excluding others ... and therefore absolutely useless.
Life requires information from the very outset, even the tiniest, most primitive cell is packed with complex information (coded in DNA), and the means of interpreting it.
Life could not exist without information. The first life on earth (regardless of how you believe it originated) needed complex information right from the very start, this is certain and beyond any dispute. The well established, law of biogenesis definitely rules out the idea that life can arise of its own accord from sterile matter, but atheists refuse to accept that law (which has never been refuted) and have perversely invented their own law of 'abiogenesis', which says the exact opposite.
However, even if we accept the ridiculous (unscientific) claim that the law of biogenesis is not valid, we are left with the major problem of how information arose in the alleged, first, living cell? Was the information for life just floating about in the ether waiting to alight on the right mixture of chemicals in some primordial soup? I think not! (but atheists have not yet been able to propose any better explanation).
Even if such an incredible thing were possible, the question would still remain as to how this information originated within the universe? Where did it come from, and why? Hence for any atheist (or evolutionist), the origin of DNA code itself, and the information it contains, is an impossible dilemma.
The unanswerable question for atheism is, which came first, information or matter?
Information cannot possibly create itself, but neither can matter. To suggest that either of them originated, of their own accord, from nothing, is self-evidently, utter nonsense and completely unscientific.
(Atheists will never be able to answer this question because the only logical option is - - a non-contingent first cause of all the material realm, which is eternally pre-existent, intelligent, non-material and therefore not subject to natural laws which govern all natural entities, i.e. a Supernatural Creator God).
Amazingly, we were told by ‘experts’ in 2004 that the discovery of the simple sugar glycoldehide in a gas cloud (known as Sagittarius B2 allegedly detected light years away in the middle of our galaxy) could explain the origin of DNA & life. (Daily Mirror newspaper, UK, 22/9/2004)
This is comparable to claiming that, if a component for making ink were to be discovered in outer space, it would explain how the complete works of Shakespeare could have originated spontaneously, of their own accord - and some people call that science - - incredible!
Make no mistake, atheism is just another religion.
Atheists are very fond of telling us what they don’t believe, but just what do they believe?
Because they reject an eternal, pre-existent, non-material first cause, every atheist is obliged to believe the preposterous notion that, the potential and information for life, as well as all the laws of nature, must have been an intrinsic property of the first matter/energy, when this matter/energy arose by its own power, and of its own volition, out of absolutely nothing, at the beginning of everything!!!! (albeit contrary to logic, common sense, and the laws of nature that govern all matter).
Surely this must be the ultimate miracle to outdo all other miracles.
Supporters of this bizarre, magical belief are very fond of describing atheism as “the only rational viewpoint,” - - -
They call such a belief rational? - - -
What do you think?
Atheists cannot accept that any information pre-existed the material. Therefore, matter not only had to create itself, but also its own governing laws & information, from nothing, and so the god of the atheist religion of naturalism is credited with even more creative powers than those usually attributed to an eternally pre-existing, Supernatural God.
In other words, ‘matter’ is automatically ascribed by atheist belief as a self-created, intelligent entity.
(This is completely contrary to logic, and to natural laws which describe the inherent properties and behaviour of matter and all natural occurrences, without exception).
“It’s just unbelievable what unbelievers are willing to believe, in order to be unbelievers” (Dr. Duane Gish)
Consider this ...
Long, long, long ago, in an eternal void of nothingness, a tiny cosmic egg arose of its own volition. Then, all of a sudden, the egg accidentally exploded and proceeded to expand until it became the whole universe and everything within it.
(This is the atheistic, ‘Big Bang’, fairy story of creation in a nutshell - - - or should that be eggshell?). But where could this cosmic egg have come from? - - - who knows? - - - perhaps a cosmic chicken laid it? - - - if so - - - where did the cosmic chicken come from? - - - don’t even ask! - - - because the only thing we are absolutely sure of is that we are still waiting for any ‘Big Bang’ supporter to propose a better solution. - - - Please don’t hold your breath!
The best they have come up with so far, is that the 'nothing' in which the cosmic egg emerged, wasn't really nothing, but 'something', i.e. SPACE. But, any fool can see that this is just a device to make a ridiculous belief sound plausible. It is obviously not plausible, because they then have to explain how space (which is not nothing, but just a part of the contingent, material realm) originated, which takes the whole ridiculous idea back to square one.
Since information is not a physical element (and as information is a fundamental constituent of the universe and an essential feature of all life) to assert that the universe is composed solely of matter and energy is clearly wrong.
The speculated ‘Big Bang’ explosion is an accidental, purposeless and destructive event, with no directing/organising, informational component whatsoever. As it is not possible for such a ‘Big Bang’ or any other undirected release of energy to create useful information (or any sort of order) it is patently obvious that this ‘Big Bang’ story of creation is erroneous.
Where has wisdom gone?
For all our modern knowledge and technology, ancient man had a wisdom in these matters which far surpasses modern ideas.
It is now more than 2 thousand years ago that Christ's Apostle John delivered the ultimate ‘theory of everything’. He understood (like many of his predecessors) that the most important factor in the question of origins is information: “In the beginning was the word” [(word: logos) = information]. John 1; 1. (the 'Word' is applied by John to Jesus Christ as true God and true man - meaning the universe was created by the Word (Jesus), by means of God's word - intelligent, constructive information).
All sensible people realise that information just had to come first, nothing constructive or creative can occur without information. Science tells us that, any input of raw energy alone, tends to increase entropy. Only organised or directed energy (energy with an informational component) can temporarily reverse or reduce the effects of entropy.
Without information, nothing material could exist in its present form.
Information derives only from an intelligent source, so only information from a pre-existing, supernatural, intelligent source could bring everything material into being, organise and control its construction and behaviour, and maintain its continued existence.
So the essential, single, first cause had to be both uncaused and intelligent.
There is no other logical option.
Belief in God did not just evolve (as some atheists keep telling us) as a means for ‘ignorant’, ‘primitive’, ‘superstitious’ humans to explain things they could not understand.
On the contrary, ancient man (from the time of Adam) fully understood (better than many of the so-called experts today) that the material universe does not contain within itself any possible means of creating itself and its essential, regulatory information, out of nothing.
A non-contingent, pre-existing, supernatural (non-material), eternal, infinite and omnipotent force had to be responsible for creating it. An essential element of that force is a supreme intelligence which has to be the original source of all information.
“ALL THINGS WERE MADE BY HIM; AND WITHOUT HIM WAS NOT ANY THING MADE THAT WAS MADE. IN HIM WAS LIFE
AND THE LIFE WAS THE LIGHT OF MEN” John 1: 3-4.
In this computer age, people are again beginning to understand the particular relevance of information.
A computer (the hardware) processes and stores information (the software). Without any software programming, the hardware would be useless.
As Chuck Missler points out in his book ‘Cosmic Codes; “software has no mass. (its embodiment may have weight, but the software doesn’t. It simply codes information)”.
A computer disk loaded with a million bytes of software will weigh no more than a blank disk and the information it contains can be sent invisibly through the airwaves from one point to another.
To quote Chuck Missler again “if you and I were meeting face-to-face, I would still not be able to see the real you. I would only see the temporary residence you are occupying. The real you, your personality - - call it soul, spirit, whatever - - is not visible. It is software not hardware. The codes - - your history, your accumulated responses to the events of your life, your attitudes - - are all simply informational, not physical. It is software only and software has no mass”. According to Einstein, time is a physical property - - - “that which has no mass has no time. You are eternal, that is what the Bible has declared all along. You are eternal whether you like it or not” Chuck Missler, Cosmic Codes. 1999. Koinonia house.
The information for life ....
Atheists and evolutionists have no idea how the first, genetic information originated. They claim the spontaneous generation of life (abiogenesis) is an established scientific fact, but this is completely disingenuous. Apart from the fact that abiogenesis violates the Law of Biogenesis, the Law of Cause and Effect and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it also violates Information Theory.
Atheists and evolutionists have an enormous problem with explaining how the DNA code originated. However that is not the major problem. The impression is given to the public, that evolutionists only have to find an explanation for the origin of DNA by natural processes - and the problem of the origin of genetic information will have been solved. That is a confusion in the minds of many people that evolutionists cynically exploit. It is far from the truth, as they very well know.
Explaining how DNA was formed by chemical processes, explains only how the information, storage medium was formed (the hardware), it tells us nothing about the origin of the information (the software) it expresses.
To clarify this it helps to compare DNA to other information, storage mediums.
For example, if we compare DNA to the written word, we understand that the alphabet is a tangible medium for storing, recording and expressing information, it is not information in itself. The information is recorded in the sequence of letters, forming meaningful words.
You could say that the alphabet is the 'hardware' created from paper and ink, and the sequential arrangement of the letters is the software. The software is a mental construct, not a physical one.
The same applies to DNA.
DNA is not information in itself. Just like the alphabet, it is the medium for storing and expressing information. It is an amazingly efficient, storage medium. However, it is the sequence or arrangement of the amino acids which is the actual information, not the DNA code.
So, if evolutionists are ever able to explain how DNA was formed by chemical processes, it would explain only how the information storage medium was formed. It will tell us nothing about the origin of the information it carries. Therefore, when atheists and evolutionists tell us it is only a matter of time before 'science' will be able to fill the 'gaps' in our knowledge and explain the origin of genetic information, they are not being honest. Explaining the origin of the 'hardware' by natural processes is an entirely different matter to explaining the origin of the software.
Next time you hear atheists skating over the problem of the origin of genetic information with their usual bluff and bluster, and parroting their usual nonsense about science being able to fill such gaps in knowledge in the future, don't be fooled. They cannot explain the origin of genetic information, and never will be able to. The software cannot be created by chemical processes or the interaction of energy and matter, it is not possible. If you don't believe that. then by all means put it to the test, by challenging any atheist or evolutionist to explain how genetic information (not DNA) can originate by natural means?
ATHEISTS SHOOT THEMSELVES IN THE FOOT ....
It is a major problem for atheists to explain where natural laws came from, or why they exist?
In a PURPOSELESS universe there should be no regulatory principles at all.
Firstly, we would not expect anything to exist, we would expect eternal nothingness.
Secondly, even if we overlook that impossible hurdle, and assume by some amazing fluke and contrary to logic, something was able to create itself from nothing ….. we would expect that the ‘something’ would have no ordered structure and no laws based on that ordered structure. We would expect it to behave randomly and chaotically.
This is an absolutely fundamental question to which atheists have no answer. The basic properties of matter/energy, and the universe, scream …. ‘purpose’.
Atheists say the exact opposite.
If we consider the atheist belief; that matter is naturally predisposed to produce life and the genetic information for life, whenever environmental conditions are conducive (the atheist's so-called law of abiogenesis), the question arises of where does that predisposition for life come from, and why does such a property exist in a purposeless universe?
The idea that the origin of life is just an inevitable consequence of the right conditions – the right chemistry or interaction of matter and energy - is routinely presented by atheists and evolutionists as a scientific fact. They believe that is how life on Earth originated - and also that life is likely to exist elsewhere in the universe, for the very same reason.
For this to be true, matter/energy would have to be inherently predisposed for the potential production of life, whenever conditions are conducive and - therefore, some sort of natural law/plan/blueprint for the creation of life would have to be an intrinsic property of matter. A basic principle of science (and common sense) is that an effect can never be greater than that which causes it. In this case the effect - LIFE - could not be greater than that which atheists allege caused it, i.e. the random interaction of matter and raw energy and chemical processes. So there has to be a directive principle existing as an intrinsic property of matter that endows it with the ability to create life.
So atheists are left with an impossible dilemma – if life originates as a natural result of the inherent properties of matter, i.e. a natural predisposition for life, they have to explain where that predisposition for life comes from?
It would not be possible for matter to have such a property in a purposeless universe. Therefore, the atheist belief in a natural origin of life, denotes purpose in the universe which atheists deny. This then, is a classic catch 22 situation for atheists.
Atheists cannot have it both ways, if there is no purpose in the universe, matter cannot possibly have an inherent predisposition to produce life.
Thus the atheist belief in ‘no purpose’ also means there is no possibility of a natural origin of life.
The denial of purpose negates a natural origin of life.
So if atheists insist on claiming a natural origin of life, they are also obliged to admit to the existence of 'purpose' in the universe.
Therefore, either the idea of a purposeless universe is effectively debunked, or the idea of a natural origin of life is debunked - which is it?
Atheists can take their choice?
Either way, atheism is effectively debunked.
To believe in abiogenesis means that atheism is wrong.
To not believe in abiogenesis also means atheism is wrong.
Conclusion: atheism is wrong - period.
____________________________________________
"I believe that the more thoroughly science is studied, the further does it take us from anything comparable to atheism"
"If you study science deep enough and long enough, it will force you to believe in God"
Lord William Kelvin.
Noted for his theoretical work on thermodynamics, the concept of absolute zero and the Kelvin temperature scale.
The Law of Cause and Effect is a fundamental principle of the scientific method. Science literally means 'knowledge'. Knowledge about the natural world is gained through seeking adequate causes for every natural occurrence. An uncaused, natural ocurrence, is a completely, unscientific notion.
Concerning the Law of Cause and Effect, one of the world's greatest scientists, Dr. Albert Einstein wrote: “All natural science is based on the hypothesis of the complete causal connection of all events”
Albert Einstein. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Hebrew University and Princeton University Press p.183
FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE
The Law of Cause and Effect. Dominant Principle of Classical Physics. David L. Bergman and Glen C. Collins
www.thewarfareismental.net/b/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/b...
"The Big Bang's Failed Predictions and Failures to Predict: (Updated Aug 3, 2017.) As documented below, trust in the big bang's predictive ability has been misplaced when compared to the actual astronomical observations that were made, in large part, in hopes of affirming the theory."
kgov.com/big-bang-predictions
Why God must exist.
I photographed my copy of the book on my kitchen counter in Tucson, Arizona
In Schrödinger's cat experiment, a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source connected to a Geiger counter are placed in a sealed box. As illustrated, the objects are in a state of superposition: the cat is both alive and dead.
In quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment that illustrates a paradox of quantum superposition. In the thought experiment, a hypothetical cat may be considered simultaneously both alive and dead, while it is unobserved in a closed box, as a result of its fate being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur. This thought experiment was devised by physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935[1] in a discussion with Albert Einstein[2] to illustrate what Schrödinger saw as the problems of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
In Schrödinger's original formulation, a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. a Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation implies that, after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality resolves into one possibility or the other.
Though originally a critique on the Copenhagen interpretation, Schrödinger's seemingly paradoxical thought experiment became part of the foundation of quantum mechanics. The scenario is often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. The experiment is not intended to be actually performed on a cat, but rather as an easily understandable illustration of the behavior of atoms. As a result, Schrödinger's cat has had enduring appeal in popular culture. Experiments at the atomic scale have been carried out, showing that very small objects may be superimposed; superimposing an object as large as a cat would pose considerable technical difficulties.
Fundamentally, the Schrödinger's cat experiment asks how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse. Interpretations for resolving this question include that the cat is dead or alive when the box is opened (Copenhagen); that a conscious mind must observe the box (Von Neumann–Wigner); that upon observation, the universe branches into one universe where the cat is alive and another one where it is dead (many-worlds); that every object (such as the cat, and the box itself) is an observer, but superposition is relative depending on the observer (relational); that superposition never truly exists due to time-travelling waves (transactional); that merely observing the box either slows or accelerates the cat's death (quantum Zeno effect); among other theories that assert that the cat is dead or alive long before the box is opened. It is unclear which interpretation is correct; the underlying issue raised by Schrödinger's cat remains an unsolved problem in physics.
Origin And Motivation
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935.[3][4] The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.
The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by, the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.[4]
To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-live cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.[1]
Since Schrödinger's time, various interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real, others do not.[5][6] Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics and can be used to illustrate and compare their strengths and weaknesses.[7]
Thought experiment
Schrödinger wrote: [1][8]
One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives. if meanwhile, no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.
It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.
Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "When does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in more than one state simultaneously—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be in such a condition. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:
You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality — reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.[9]
Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.[4]
Interpretations
Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.
Copenhagen interpretation
Main article: Copenhagen interpretation
A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.[10] In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat" and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.
Von Neumann interpretation
Main article: Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
In 1932, John von Neumann described in his book Mathematical Foundations a pattern where the radioactive source is observed by a device, which itself is observed by another device and so on. It makes no difference in the predictions of quantum theory where along this chain of causal effects the superposition collapses.[11] This potentially infinite chain could be broken if the last device is replaced by a conscious observer. This solved the problem because it was claimed that an individual's consciousness cannot be multiple.[12] Neumann asserted that a conscious observer is necessary for collapse to one or the other (e.g., either a live cat or a dead cat) of the terms on the right-hand side of a wave function. This interpretation was later adopted by Eugene Wigner, who then rejected the interpretation in a thought experiment known as Wigner's friend.[13]
Wigner supposed that a friend opened the box and observed the cat without telling anyone. From Wigner's conscious perspective, the friend is now part of the wave function and has seen a live cat and seen a dead cat. To a third person's conscious perspective, Wigner himself becomes part of the wave function once Wigner learns the outcome from the friend. This could be extended indefinitely.[13]
Bohr's interpretation
One of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, offered an interpretation that is independent of a subjective observer-induced collapse of the wave function, or of measurement; instead, an "irreversible" or effectively irreversible process causes the decay of quantum coherence, which imparts the classical behavior of "observation" or "measurement".[14][15][16][17] Thus, Schrödinger's cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is observed.[18]
A resolution of the paradox is that the triggering of the Geiger counter counts as a measurement of the state of the radioactive substance. Because a measurement has already occurred deciding the state of the cat, the subsequent observation by a human records only what has already occurred.[19] Analysis of an actual experiment by Roger Carpenter and A. J. Anderson found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before any human knows of the result.[20] The apparatus indicates one of two colors depending on the outcome. The human observer sees which color is indicated, but they don't consciously know which outcome the color represents. A second human, the one who set up the apparatus, is told of the color and becomes conscious of the outcome, and the box is opened to check if the outcome matches.[11] However, it is disputed whether merely observing the color counts as a conscious observation of the outcome.[21]
Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories
Main article: Many-worlds interpretation
In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.
When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled, or linked, with the cat so that the observation of the cat's state and the cat's state correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "live cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.[22][23]
A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.
Ensemble interpretation
The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.
This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.[24]
Relational interpretation
The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, and the apparatus or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.[25] The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.
Transactional interpretation
In the transactional interpretation, the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.[26]
Zeno effects
The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.
On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.[27]
Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.
Objective collapse theories
According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation) when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself" or "the environment observes the cat".
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.[28] These theories could ideally be tested by creating mesoscopic superposition states in the experiment. For instance, energy cat states has been proposed as a precise detector of the quantum gravity related energy decoherence models.[29]
Applications and tests
Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.[30][better source needed] These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.
A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.[31]
A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.[32]
An experiment involving a superconducting quantum interference device ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."[33]
A piezoelectric "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non-vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.[34]
An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.[35]
An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.[36]
In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,
|\psi \rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigg (}|00\ldots 0\rangle +|11\ldots 1\rangle {\bigg )}.
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.[37][38]
Extensions
Prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.[39][40]
In August 2020, physicists presented studies involving interpretations of quantum mechanics that are related to the Schrödinger's cat and Wigner's friend paradoxes, resulting in conclusions that challenge seemingly established assumptions about reality.[41][42][43]
See also
iconPhysics portal
Basis function
Complementarity (physics)
Double-slit experiment
Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester
Heisenberg cut
Modal realism
Observer effect (physics)
Schroedinbug
Schrödinger's cat in popular culture
References
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Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? Archived 2006-02-08 at the Wayback Machine A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)
^ a b c Fine, Arthur (2017). "The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 11 April 2021.none
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Maxwell, Nicholas (1 January 1993). "Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 44 (2): 275–305. doi:10.1093/bjps/44.2.275. JSTOR 687649.none
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^ a b Levin, Frank S. (2017). Surfing the Quantum World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 229–232. ISBN 978-0-19-880827-5. Retrieved April 8, 2022.none
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Stig Stenholm (1983). "To fathom space and time". In Pierre Meystre (ed.). Quantum Optics, Experimental Gravitation, and Measurement Theory. Plenum Press. p. 121. The role of irreversibility in the theory of measurement has been emphasized by many. Only this way can a permanent record be obtained. The fact that separate pointer positions must be of the asymptotic nature usually associated with irreversibility has been utilized in the measurement theory of Daneri, Loinger and Prosperi (1962). It has been accepted as a formal representation of Bohr's ideas by Rosenfeld (1966).none
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Faye, J (2008-01-24). "Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. Retrieved 2010-09-19.none
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Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ (2006). "The death of Schrödinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse" (PDF). Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie. 31 (1): 45–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2010-09-10.none
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Okon, Elias; Sudarsky, Daniel (2014-02-01). "Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity". Foundations of Physics. 44 (2): 114–143. arXiv:1309.1730. Bibcode:2014FoPh...44..114O. doi:10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6. ISSN 1572-9516. S2CID 67831520.none
Khazali, Mohammadsadegh; Lau, Hon Wai; Humeniuk, Adam; Simon, Christoph (2016-08-11). "Large energy superpositions via Rydberg dressing". Physical Review A. 94 (2): 023408. arXiv:1509.01303. Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94b3408K. doi:10.1103/physreva.94.023408. ISSN 2469-9926. S2CID 118364289.none
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Romero-Isart, O.; Juan, M. L.; Quidant, R.; Cirac, J. I. (2010). "Toward Quantum Superposition of Living Organisms". New Journal of Physics. 12 (3): 033015. arXiv:0909.1469. Bibcode:2010NJPh...12c3015R. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/033015. S2CID 59151724.none
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Further reading
Einstein, Albert; Podolsky, Boris; Rosen, Nathan (15 May 1935). "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?". Physical Review. 47 (10): 777–780. Bibcode:1935PhRv...47..777E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777.none
Leggett, Tony (August 2000). "New Life for Schrödinger's Cat" (PDF). Physics World. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 28 February 2020.none An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.
Trimmer, John D. (1980). "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 124 (5): 323–338. JSTOR 986572.none(registration required)
Yam, Phillip (October 9, 2012). "Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life". Scientific American. Retrieved 28 February 2020. A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland, for which they won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Kalmbach, Gudrun (1983). Orthomodular Lattices. Academic Press.
There are no apologies. This image is posted out of sequence. Stay here with me and you will know why.
Nearby is Sir Isaac Newton's memorial built into the choir screen. It's flashy. Everyone wants to snap it with their latest gadget, their stupid pose, a supercilious grin and get it on-line. I am more patient. I want you to admire this stone, absorb it and understand what comes after.
I am humbled, emotionally engaged, adoring. I am here to honour, inter alia, the man; his legacy. He is at the fore, without peer; maybe.
Here lies what was mortal of Isaac Newton
Title after the title of a Painting by Goya.
Part of "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" - "Empty Padded ~ LeerGefüllt - Time at Work" - Left handed drawings and writings on the empty left pages of my prompter`s book: Soufflierbuch "Die Physiker" Friedrich Dürrenmatt "The Physicists" // blue + red = violet
DMC-G2 - P1880008 - 2015-01-24
#schlaf #vernunft #monster #ungeheuer #goya #absent #abesse #absenz #absent #absence #abwesenheit #fledermaus #bat #narrenturm
Albert Einstein 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "services to theoretical physics", in particular his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.
Artwork: TudioJepegii
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great stamp Germany 153pf. Otto von Guericke (1602-1686 physicist and sientist of the vacuum-model) timbres Allemagne 우표 독일 유럽 sellos Alemania selos Alemanha γραμματόσημα Γερμανία frimerker Tyskland markica Njemačka pullari Almanya 郵便切手 切手 スタンプ ドイツの ヨーロッパ postzegels duitsland francobolli Germany sellos selos