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...permanently stooped, while her friends walk tall, she is the most extrovert, personable and self assured woman of them all: a portrait from the streets of a small town in Madyha Pradesh, Central India
(© Handheld Films 2014)
Temporary visitors center during permanent visitors center remodel, Antietam National Battlefield, May 20, 2023
Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations, briefs reporters after the Security Council meeting on Afghanistan.
UN Photo/Mark Garten
30 August 2021
New York, United States of America
Photo # UN7907683
Revolta Permanent taldearen kontzertua Bilboko Kafe Antzokian, Kimera disko berria aurkezten. Argazki gehiago / Mas fotos
Replacing a digital photo with a better version 29-Dec-22.
'Real Norwegian Edvard Munch' tail livery.
This aircraft was delivered to a leasing company and leased to Air Caledonie International (Aircalin) as F-ODGX in Jun-89. It was returned to the lessor in May-04.
It was immediately sold to Airwork (New Zealand) Ltd as ZK-PLU and leased to Palau Micronesia Air in Jul-04. Unfortunately it didn't stay long and was returned to Airwork (NZ) Ltd at the end of Dec-04 and stored at Christchurch, New Zealand in Jan-05.
The aircraft was leased to Norwegian Air Shuttle as LN-KKS in Apr-05. It returned to the lessor in May-12 and was permanently retired at Stuttgart, AR, USA. The registration was cancelled the same month.
I also have a shot of this with Aircalin at ...
Olympus OM2, Kodachrome 64, digitised by photographing the original 35mm slide on a light pad; 12mm extension tube used. Tethered capture in Lightroom.
We are at about 3400m in the Shilla gorge. Progression down the gorge is only possible by crossing the river repeatedly. On this day I counted 26 crossings, 19 of which were with water at knee height or above.
The Flickr mapping gives Kashmir as the location, which may be politically true but culturally we are firmly in Ladakh, having left Kashmir behind.
old bullock cart... ....actually a part of an image of a bullock cart, 2-wheeled wagon usually pulled by oxen/horses. Location: kota lukut museum, Malaysia
Semi permanent snowbeds in corries of Braeriach, Cairngorms in August 1967, as seen from summit of Ben Macdui
HMS Belfast is a Town-class light cruiser that was built for the Royal Navy. She is now permanently moored as a museum ship on the River Thames in London and is operated by the Imperial War Museum.
Construction of Belfast, the first ship in the Royal Navy to be named after the capital city of Northern Ireland and one of ten Town-class cruisers, began in December 1936. She was launched on Saint Patrick's Day 1938. Commissioned in early August 1939 shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, Belfast was initially part of the British naval blockade against Germany. In November 1939, Belfast triggered a German mine and, in spite of fears that she would be scrapped, spent more than two years undergoing extensive repairs. Belfast returned to action in November 1942 with improved firepower, radar equipment and armour. She saw action escorting Arctic convoys to the Soviet Union during 1943 and in December 1943 played an important role in the Battle of North Cape, assisting in the destruction of the German warship Scharnhorst. In June 1944, Belfast took part in Operation Overlord supporting the Normandy landings. In June 1945, she was redeployed to the Far East to join the British Pacific Fleet, arriving shortly before the end of the Second World War. Belfast saw further combat action in 1950–52 during the Korean War and underwent an extensive modernisation between 1956 and 1959. A number of further overseas commissions followed before she entered reserve in 1963.
In 1967, efforts were initiated to avert Belfast's expected scrapping and to preserve her as a museum ship. A joint committee of the Imperial War Museum, the National Maritime Museum and the Ministry of Defence was established and then reported in June 1968 that preservation was practical. In 1971, however, the government decided against preservation, prompting the formation of the private HMS Belfast Trust to campaign for her preservation. The efforts of the Trust were successful and the government transferred the ship to the Trust in July 1971. Brought to London, she was moored on the River Thames near Tower Bridge in the Pool of London. Opened to the public in October 1971, Belfast became a branch of the Imperial War Museum in 1978. Since 1973 she has been home to the City of London Sea Cadets who meet on board twice a week.[8] A popular tourist attraction, Belfast received over 327,000 visitors in 2019.[9] As a branch of a national museum and part of the National Historic Fleet, Belfast is supported by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, admissions income and the museum's commercial activities.
Design
"A circular rack of conical shells. The shell cases are yellow, the rest of the room is white.
Shells in a rack in the underwater magazine serving the "A" turret of Belfast.
Belfast is a cruiser of the third Town class. The Town class had originated in 1933 as the Admiralty's response to the Imperial Japanese Navy's Mogami-class cruiser, an 11,200-ton cruiser mounting fifteen 6-inch (152 mm) guns with a top speed exceeding 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The Admiralty's requirement called for a 9,000-ton cruiser, sufficiently armoured to withstand a direct hit from an 8-inch (203 mm) shell, capable of 32 knots (59 km/h) and mounting twelve 6-inch guns. Seaplanes carried aboard would enable shipping lanes to be patrolled over a wide area and the class was also to be capable of its own anti-aircraft defence.[10] Under the Director of Naval Construction the new design evolved during 1933.[11] The lead ship of the new class, the 9,100-ton HMS Southampton, and her sister HMS Newcastle, were ordered under the 1933 estimates.[12] Three more cruisers were built to this design, with a further three ships built to a slightly larger 9,400-ton design in 1935–36.[12] By 1935, however, the Admiralty was keen to improve the firepower of these cruisers to match the firepower of the Japanese Mogami and American Brooklyn-class cruisers; both were armed with fifteen 6-inch guns.[11] The Admiralty rejected a design featuring five triple turrets as impractical, while an alternative design fitting four quadruple turrets was rejected as an effective quadruple turret could not be developed.[13] In May 1936 the Admiralty decided to fit triple turrets, whose improved design would permit an increase in deck armour.[14] This modified design became the 10,000-ton Edinburgh subclass, named after Belfast's sister ship HMS Edinburgh.[12] Belfast was ordered from Harland and Wolff on 21 September 1936,[15] and her keel laid on 10 December 1936.[15] Her expected cost was £2,141,514; of which the guns cost £75,000 and the aircraft (two Supermarine Walruses) £66,500.[16] She was launched on Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March 1938, by Anne Chamberlain, the wife of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.[15] The launch was filmed by Pathé News.[17] From March to August 1939, Belfast was fitted out and underwent sea trials.[2][15]
Diagram of one of Belfast's boilers.
When completed, Belfast had an overall length of 613 feet 6 inches (187.0 m), a beam of 63 feet 4 inches (19.3 m) and a draught of 17 feet 3 inches (5.3 m). Her standard displacement during her sea trials was 10,420 long tons (10,590 t).[4] She was propelled by four three-drum oil-fired Admiralty water-tube boilers, turning Parsons geared steam turbines, driving four propeller shafts.[2] She was capable of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph) and carried 2,400 long tons (2,400 t) of fuel oil.[4] This gave her a maximum range of 8,664 nautical miles (16,046 km; 9,970 mi) at 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph).[5]
Belfast's main armament comprised twelve Mk XXIII 6-inch guns in four triple turrets directed by an Admiralty Fire Control Table. With a rate of fire of up to eight rounds per gun per minute, her main battery was capable of a total maximum rate of fire of 96 rounds per minute.[5] Her secondary armament comprised twelve 4-inch guns in six twin mounts. Her initial close-range anti-aircraft armament was sixteen 2-pounder "pom-pom" guns in two eight-barrel mountings and two quadruple Vickers .50 machine guns. She also mounted six Mk IV 21-inch torpedo tubes in two triple mounts and fifteen Mk VII depth charges.[2][4]
Belfast was protected by a 4.5-inch (114 mm) main armour belt, with deck armour of 3 inches (76 mm) over her magazines and 2 inches (51 mm) over her machinery spaces.[4] Her six-inch turrets were protected by up to 4 inches (102 mm) of armour.[5]
One of Belfast's Supermarine Walrus aircraft, photographed in an Icelandic fjord, 1942–1943.
Belfast's aviation capability was provided by two catapult-launched Supermarine Walrus amphibious biplanes. These could be launched from a D1H catapult mounted aft of the forward superstructure and recoverable from the water by two cranes mounted on either side of the forward funnel. The aircraft, operated by the Fleet Air Arm's HMS Belfast Flight of 700 Naval Air Squadron, were stowed in two hangars in the forward superstructure.[3]
Second World War
1939–1942: commissioning, prize capture, mining and repairs
Belfast departed for Portsmouth on 3 August 1939 and was commissioned on 5 August 1939, less than a month before the outbreak of the Second World War. Her first captain was Captain G A Scott with a crew of 761 and her first assignment was to the Home Fleet's 2nd Cruiser Squadron. On 14 August, Belfast took part in her first exercise, Operation Hipper, in which she played the role of a German commerce raider attempting to escape into the Atlantic. By navigating the hazardous Pentland Firth, Belfast successfully evaded the Home Fleet.[18]
On 31 August 1939 Belfast was transferred to the 18th Cruiser Squadron. Based at Scapa Flow in the Orkney islands, 18th Cruiser Squadron was part of the British effort to impose a naval blockade on Germany. Germany invaded Poland the following day and Britain and France declared war on 3 September. At 11:40 that morning, Belfast received the message ‘Commence hostilities at once against Germany’.[19] On 8 September Belfast put to sea from Scapa Flow with the battlecruisers Hood, Renown, her sister ship Edinburgh and four destroyers, on a patrol intended to intercept German ships returning from Norway. In particular, they were to search for the Norddeutscher Lloyd liner Bremen, which had left New York (without passengers) on 30 August 1939. The Royal Navy was unaware that the liner had already docked safely in Murmansk on 6 September. No enemy vessels were found.[19] On 25 September, Belfast took part in a fleet operation to recover the submarine Spearfish, during which the ship was attacked by German aircraft, but suffered no damage.[20] On 1 October 1939 Belfast left Scapa Flow for a patrol in the North Sea. On 5 October Belfast intercepted and boarded a neutral Norwegian factory ship that was sailing in company with six whaling ships.[21] On 8 October the ship sighted the Swedish merchant ship C. P. Lilljevach but, in poor weather, did not intercept or board her. The following day she boarded Tai Yin, a Norwegian ship. Tai Yin had been listed by the Admiralty as suspicious, so a prize crew from Belfast sailed her to Kirkwall for investigation.[22] On 9 October Belfast intercepted a German liner, the 13,615-ton Cap Norte, 50 miles (80 km) north-west of the Faroe Islands. Disguised as a neutral Swedish vessel, SS Ancona, Cap Norte was attempting to return to Germany from Brazil; her passengers included German reservists.[18] Under the Admiralty's prize rules, Belfast's crew later received prize money.[23] On 12 October Belfast boarded the Swedish ship Uddeholm, which was also sailed to Kirkwall by a prize crew.[24] Returning to harbour, on the night of 13–14 October, Belfast was among the few ships anchored in Scapa Flow, following intelligence reports of an expected air raid. That night, the battleship Royal Oak was torpedoed by German submarine U-47, which had infiltrated the anchorage. On the morning following the sinking, Belfast left for Loch Ewe.[25]
On 10 November Belfast was taken off the northern patrol and reassigned to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron. This squadron was to form an independent striking force based at Rosyth. On 21 November, Belfast was to take part in the force's first sortie, a gunnery exercise. At 10:58 am she detonated a magnetic mine while leaving the Firth of Forth. The mine broke Belfast's keel and wrecked one of her engine and boiler rooms.[26] Twenty officers and men required hospital treatment for injuries caused by the explosion and a further 26 suffered minor injuries. One man, Painter 2nd Class Henry Stanton, was hospitalised but later died of a head injury, having been thrown against the deckhead by the blast.[27] The tugboat Krooman, towing gunnery targets for the exercise, released her targets and instead towed Belfast to Rosyth for initial repairs.[26]
Initial assessments of Belfast's damage showed that, while the mine had done little direct damage to the outer hull, causing only a small hole directly below one of the boiler rooms, the shock of the explosion had caused severe warping, breaking machinery, deforming the decks and causing the keel to hog (bend upwards) by three inches. On 4 January 1940 Belfast was decommissioned to care and maintenance status, becoming the responsibility of Rosyth Dockyard, and her crew dispersed to other vessels. By 28 June she had been repaired sufficiently to sail to Devonport, arriving on 30 June under the command of Lt Cdr H W Parkinson.[28]
Photograph of Belfast's damaged hull, taken while the ship was drydocked for repairs.
During her repairs, work was carried out to straighten, reconstruct and strengthen her hull. Her armour belt was also extended and thickened. Her armament was updated with newer 2-pounder pom-pom mountings and her anti-aircraft armament improved with eighteen 20 mm Oerlikon guns in five twin and eight single mountings, replacing two quadruple 0.5-inch Vickers guns. Belfast also received new fire control radars for her main, secondary and anti-aircraft guns. Her November 1942 radar fit included one Type 284 set and four Type 283 sets to direct the main armament, three Type 285 sets for the secondary guns and two Type 282 sets for the 2-pounder anti-aircraft guns. She also received a Type 273 general surface warning radar, Type 251 and 252 sets for identification friend or foe (IFF) purposes and a Type 281 and Type 242 for air warning. Her 1942 electronics suite also included a Type 270 echosounder.[6] Due to her increased topweight, a bulge was introduced into her hull amidships to improve stability and provide extra longitudinal strength. Her beam had increased to 69 ft (21 m) and her draught to 19 ft (5.8 m) forward and 20 ft 2 in (6.15 m) aft.[6]
1942–1943: recommissioning, Arctic convoys and Battle of North Cape
Main articles: Arctic convoys of World War II and Battle of North Cape
Rear Admiral Burnett in his cabin aboard HMS Belfast.
Belfast was recommissioned at Devonport on 3 November 1942, under the command of Captain Frederick Parham.[6][nb 1] On her return to the Home Fleet Belfast was made flagship of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Robert Burnett, who had previously commanded the Home Fleet's destroyer flotillas.[30] The squadron was responsible for the hazardous task of escorting Arctic convoys to the Soviet Union, operating from Scapa Flow and bases in Iceland. Her radar suite reduced Belfast's need for aerial surveillance and her aircraft were disembarked in June 1943.[31] Belfast spent 1943 engaged on convoy escort and blockade patrol duties, and on 5–6 October of the same year, formed part of the covering force during Operation Leader, an airstrike against German shipping in the waters of northern Norway near Bodø by the aircraft carrier USS Ranger.[32]
On 26 December 1943, Belfast participated in the Battle of North Cape. This battle, which occurred during the Arctic night, involved two strong Royal Navy formations; the first, Force One, comprised the cruisers Norfolk (with 8-inch guns), Sheffield and Belfast (the 10th Cruiser Squadron) with three destroyers; the second, Force Two, comprised the battleship Duke of York and the cruiser Jamaica with four destroyers. Bruce Fraser, C-in-C Home Fleet, expected and hoped that the German battleship Scharnhorst would sortie from its Norwegian base and attempt to attack Convoy JW 55B sailing from Scotland to Murmansk in the USSR. And indeed, on 25 December 1943, Christmas Day, Scharnhorst left port in northern Norway to attack Convoy JW 55B. The next day Force One, which had left Murmansk on the 23rd, encountered Scharnhorst, prevented her from attacking the convoy and forced her to retreat after being damaged by the British cruisers. As Scharnhorst attacked again at noon she was intercepted by Force Two and sunk by the combined formations. Belfast played an important role in the battle; as flagship of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, she was among the first to encounter Scharnhorst and coordinated the squadron's defence of the convoy. After Scharnhorst turned away from the convoy, Admiral Burnett in Belfast shadowed her by radar from outside visual range, enabling her interception by Duke of York.[33]
1944: Tirpitz and D-Day
After North Cape, Belfast refuelled at Kola Inlet before sailing for the United Kingdom, arriving at Scapa to replenish her fuel, ammunition and stores on New Year's Day 1944. Belfast sailed to Rosyth on 10 January, where her crew received a period of leave. February 1944 saw Belfast resume her Arctic convoy duties, and on 30 March 1944 Belfast sailed with the covering force of Operation Tungsten, a large carrier-launched Fleet Air Arm airstrike against the German battleship Tirpitz.[34] Moored in Altafjord in northern Norway, Tirpitz was the German navy's last surviving capital ship.[35] Forty-two Fairey Barracuda dive-bombers from HMS Victorious and HMS Furious made up the strike force; escorted by eighty fighters. Launched on 3 April, the bombers scored fourteen hits, immobilising Tirpitz for two months, with one Barracuda shot down.[34][35] Belfast underwent minor repairs at Rosyth from 23 April to 8 May, while her crew received a period of leave. On 8 May Belfast returned to Scapa Flow and carried the King during his pre-invasion visit to the Home Fleet.[36]
HMS Belfast's 4-inch guns bombarding German positions in Normandy at night.
For the invasion of Normandy Belfast, flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton, was made headquarters ship of Bombardment Force E and was to support landings by British and Canadian forces in the Gold and Juno Beach sectors. On 2 June Belfast left the River Clyde for her bombardment areas. That morning Prime Minister Winston Churchill had announced his intention to go to sea with the fleet and witness the invasion from HMS Belfast. This was opposed by the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the First Sea Lord, Sir Andrew Cunningham. An intervention by the King eventually prevented Churchill from going.[36]
The invasion was to begin on 5 June but bad weather forced a 24-hour delay. At 5:30 am on 6 June, Belfast opened fire on a German artillery battery at Ver-sur-Mer, suppressing the guns until the site was overrun by British infantry of 7th Battalion, Green Howards. On 12 June Belfast supported Canadian troops moving inland from Juno Beach and returned to Portsmouth on 16 June to replenish her ammunition. She returned two days later for further bombardments. On the night of 6 July Belfast was threatened at anchor by German motor torpedo boats ("E-boats"). She evaded them by weighing anchor and moving to the concealment of a smoke screen.[37] Belfast fired her last round in anger in European waters on 8 July, in company with the monitor HMS Roberts and the battleship HMS Rodney, as part of Operation Charnwood.[nb 2] On 10 July she sailed for Scapa, the fighting in France having moved inland beyond the range of her guns.[37][39] During her five weeks off Normandy, Belfast had fired 1,996 rounds from her six-inch guns.[40]
1945: service in the Far East
On 29 July 1944, Captain Parham handed over command of HMS Belfast to Captain R M Dick, and until April 1945 Belfast underwent a refit to prepare for service against Japan in the Far East which improved her accommodation for tropical conditions and updated her anti-aircraft armament and fire control in order to counter expected kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. By May 1945, Belfast mounted thirty-six 2-pounder guns in two eight-gun mounts, four quadruple mounts and four single mounts. She also mounted fourteen 20 mm Oerlikons.[41] Her two aftmost 4-inch mountings were removed and the remainder fitted with Remote Power Control. Her empty hangars were converted to crew accommodation and her aircraft catapult was removed.[7]
Belfast at anchor in Sydney Harbour, August 1945.
Her radar fit now included a Type 277 radar set to replace her Type 273 for surface warning. Her Type 281 air warning set was replaced by a single-antenna Type 281B set, while a Type 293Q was fitted for close-range height-finding and surface warning. A Type 274 set was fitted for main armament fire direction.[42][31] On 17 June 1945, with the war in Europe at an end, Belfast sailed for the Far East via Gibraltar, Malta, Alexandria, Port Said, Aden, Colombo and Sydney. By the time she arrived in Sydney on 7 August Belfast had been made flagship of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron of the British Pacific Fleet. While in Sydney Belfast underwent another short refit, supplementing her close-range armament with five 40 mm Bofors guns. Belfast had been expected to join in Operation Downfall, but this was forestalled by the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945.[7]
Post-war service 1945–1950
Belfast arriving at Kure, Japan, in May 1950.
With the end of the war, Belfast remained in the Far East, conducting a number of cruises to ports in Japan, China and Malaya and sailing for Portsmouth on 20 August 1947. There she paid off into reserve and underwent a refit during which her turbines were opened for maintenance. She also received two more single Bofors guns, in place of two of her single 2-pounder mountings.[41] She was recommissioned on 22 September 1948 and, before returning to the Far East, visited her home city of Belfast, arriving on 20 October. The following day, 21 October 1948, the ship's company marked Trafalgar Day with a march through the city. The next day Belfast took charge of a silver ship's bell, a gift of the people of Belfast.[43] She sailed for Hong Kong on 23 October to join the Royal Navy's Far East Fleet, arriving in late December. By 1949, the political situation in China was precarious, with the Chinese Civil War moving towards its conclusion. As flagship of the 5th Cruiser Squadron, Belfast was the Far Eastern Station's headquarters ship during the April 1949 Amethyst Incident, in which a British sloop, HMS Amethyst, was trapped in the Yangtze River by the communist People's Liberation Army. Belfast remained in Hong Kong during 1949, sailing for Singapore on 18 January 1950. There she underwent a minor refit between January and March 1950, and in June she joined the Far East Fleet's summer cruise.[44] On 25 June 1950, while Belfast was visiting Hakodate in Japan, North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel, starting the Korean War.[45]
Korean War 1950–1952
March 1951: At anchor, Belfast fires a salvo against enemy troop concentrations on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula.
With the outbreak of the Korean War, Belfast became part of the United Nations naval forces. Originally part of the US Navy's Task Force 77, Belfast was detached in order to operate independently on 5 July 1950. During July and early August 1950, Belfast undertook coastal patrols and was based at Sasebo in Japan's Nagasaki Prefecture. From 19 July Belfast supported troops fighting around Yongdok, accompanied by USS Juneau. That day Belfast fired an accurate 350-round bombardment from her 6-inch guns and was praised by an American admiral as a "straight-shooting ship".[nb 3][46] On 6 August she sailed for the UK for a short (but needed) refit, after which she again set sail for the far east and arrived back at Sasebo on 31 January 1951.[46]
Belfast cruising alongside Ocean off Korea in 1952.
During 1951 Belfast mounted a number of coastal patrols and bombarded a variety of targets. On 1 June she arrived at Singapore for refitting, arriving back on patrol on 31 August. In September 1951 Belfast provided anti-aircraft cover for a salvage operation to recover a crashed enemy MiG-15 jet fighter. She conducted further bombardments and patrols before receiving a month's leave from operations, returning to action on 23 December.[47]
In 1952 Belfast continued her coastal patrol duties. On 29 July 1952 Belfast was hit by enemy fire while engaging an artillery battery on Wolsa-ri island. A 75 mm shell struck a forward compartment, killing a British sailor of Chinese origin in his hammock and wounding four other Chinese ratings. This was the only time Belfast was hit by enemy fire during her Korean service. On 27 September 1952 Belfast was relieved by two other Town-class cruisers, HMS Birmingham and HMS Newcastle, and sailed back to the UK. She had steamed over 80,000 miles (130,000 km) in the combat zone and fired more than 8,000 rounds from her 6-inch guns during the Korean War. She paid off in Chatham on 4 November 1952 and entered reserve at Devonport on 1 December.[48]
Modernisation and final commissions 1955–1963
After modernisation; showing the enclosed bridge, lattice mast and twin 40 mm Bofors mountings.
In reserve, Belfast's future was uncertain: post-war defence cuts made manpower-intensive cruisers excessively costly to operate and it was not until March 1955 that the decision was taken to modernise Belfast. Work began on 6 January 1956. Although described as only an extended refit, the cost of £5.5 million[49] was substantial for this large middle-aged cruiser. Changes included: individual MRS8 directors for the new twin Mk 5 40 mm and the twin 4-inch mount; the 4-inch guns training and elevation speed was increased to 20 degrees per second; and protecting key parts of the ship against nuclear, biological or chemical attack. This last consideration meant significantly enlarging and enclosing her bridge, creating a two-tiered, five-sided superstructure which radically altered her appearance. Her boiler rooms were also given remote control so they could still be run in the event of a nuclear, biological or chemical attack as the boiler rooms themselves were not protected. The most significant change was better accommodations for a smaller crew more fitting of post-war needs. Her tripod masts were replaced with lattice masts and timber decking replaced with steel everywhere except the quarterdeck. The overall effect was to create a cruiser significantly more habitable but different internally and to a degree in external appearance from wartime cruisers but still essentially a surface warfare, 'anti Sverdlov' cruiser, with anti-aircraft defence updated for point defence only out to 4 km (2.5 mi).[50]
Belfast recommissioned at Devonport on 12 May 1959.[51] Her close-range armament was standardised to six twin 40 mm Bofors guns and her close-range fire direction similarly standardised to eight close-range blindfire directors fitted with Type 262 radar.[31] Her 1959 radar fit included two Type 274 lock and follow radar directors for main armament direction against sea and land targets,[a] Type 277Q and 293Q for height-finding and surface warning, Type 960M for air warning and 974 for surface warning.[52] In order to save weight, her torpedo armament was removed.[52] Modern passive sonar Type 174 and 176 was installed and noise-reducing rubber insulation fitted to the propeller shaft.[53][page needed]
Belfast arrived in Singapore on 16 December 1959 and spent most of 1960 at sea on exercise, calling at ports in Hong Kong, Borneo, India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Australia, the Philippines and Japan. On 31 January 1961, Belfast recommissioned under the command of Captain Morgan Morgan-Giles. On her final foreign commission Belfast joined a number of exercises in the Far East and in December 1961 she provided the British guard of honour at Tanganyika's independence ceremony in Dar-es-Salaam.[54]
In 1961 plans were drawn up for the conversion of Belfast to a hybrid helicopter cruiser for amphibious operations. The two aft 6-inch turrets would be removed to accommodate a helicopter deck and two hangars capable of housing four Westland Wessex helicopters, while the 4-inch guns would be replaced by davits for four LCA landing craft. Only one of the ship's two boiler rooms would be used, which together with the reductions in armament would allow the ship's crew to be reduced so freeing up space to carry troops. Two infantry companies, 30 officers and 230 other ranks, would be carried. The plan was rejected in December 1961 as the time required to carry out the conversions was too great.[55]
Belfast at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1962.
The ship left Singapore on 26 March 1962 for the UK, sailing east via Hong Kong, Guam and Pearl Harbor, San Francisco, Seattle, British Columbia, Panama and Trinidad. She arrived at Portsmouth on 19 June 1962.
Recommissioned in July, she made a final visit to Belfast from 23 to 29 November before paying off into reserve on 25 February 1963. In July 1963 Belfast was recommissioned for the last time, with a crew of the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) and a number of Sea Cadets flying the flag of the Admiral Commanding Reserves, Rear Admiral Hugh Martell. Belfast sailed for Gibraltar in company with sixteen RNR minesweepers for a two-week exercise in the Mediterranean on 10 August.[56] Martell's obituarist considered this commission a well-judged contrivance which "did much to restore the confidence and image of the new RNR" which had undergone an acrimonious amalgamation with the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in 1958.[57]
Reserve, decommissioning and preservation efforts 1963–1971
Belfast returned to Devonport on 24 August 1963 and underwent a short refit to prepare her for paying off into reserve, which occurred in December 1963. In January 1966 parts of the ship and power systems were reactivated and from May 1966 to 1970 she served as an accommodation ship (taking over those duties from Sheffield), moored in Fareham Creek, for the Reserve Division at Portsmouth.[56] While Belfast lay at Fareham Creek the Imperial War Museum, Britain's national museum of twentieth-century conflict, became interested in preserving a 6-inch turret. The turret would represent a number of classes of cruiser (then disappearing from service) and would complement the museum's pair of British 15-inch naval guns.[38][56]
On 14 April 1967 museum staff visited Gambia, a Crown Colony-class cruiser also moored in Fareham Creek at the time. Following the visit the possibility was raised[by whom?] of preserving an entire ship. Gambia had already severely deteriorated, so attention turned to the possibility of saving Belfast. The Imperial War Museum, the National Maritime Museum and the Ministry of Defence established a joint committee, which reported in June 1968 that the scheme was practical and economic. However, in early 1971, David Eccles the Paymaster General decided against preservation.[56] On 4 May 1971 Belfast was "reduced to disposal" to await scrapping.[56]
HMS Belfast Trust 1971–1977
HMS Belfast
(Museum ship)
The bow of a large blue warship, moored on a river, with a bridge in the background.
HMS Belfast berthed in the Pool of London; Tower Bridge can be seen behind.
HMS Belfast is located in Central LondonHMS Belfast
Location within Central London
Established1971
LocationThe Queen's Walk, London, SE1 2JH
Visitors327,206 (2019)[9]
DirectorPhil Reed[58]
Public transit accessLondon Bridge station
Tower Hill Underground station
Websitewww.iwm.org.uk/visits/hms-belfast
Imperial War Museums
Churchill War RoomsHMS BelfastIWM DuxfordIWM LondonIWM North
Following the government's refusal, a private trust was formed to campaign for the ship's preservation. The Belfast Trust was established; its chairman was Rear-Admiral Sir Morgan Morgan-Giles, captain of Belfast from January 1961 to July 1962.[56] As Member of Parliament (MP) for Winchester, Morgan-Giles addressed the House of Commons on 8 March 1971. He described Belfast as being in "a really wonderful state of preservation" and that saving her for the nation represented a "case of grasping the last opportunity".[59] Among the MPs who spoke in support of Morgan-Giles was Gordon Bagier, MP for Sunderland South, who served as a Royal Marine gunner aboard Belfast and was present at both the sinking of Scharnhorst and the Normandy landings. Speaking for the government, the Under-secretary for the Navy, Peter Kirk, said that Belfast was "one of the most historic ships which the Navy has had in the last 20 years",[59] but that he could not prevent the stripping of the ship's removable equipment, as this was already too far advanced to be halted. He did, however, agree to postpone any decision on the scrapping of Belfast to allow the Trust to put together a formal proposal.[59]
Following the Trust's efforts, the government agreed to hand over Belfast to the Trustees in July 1971, with Vice Admiral Sir Donald Gibson as her first director. At a press conference in August the Trust announced "Operation Seahorse",[nb 4] the plan to bring Belfast to London. She was towed from Portsmouth to London via Tilbury, where she was fitted out as a museum.[60] She was towed to her berth above Tower Bridge on 15 October 1971 and settled in a huge hole that had been dredged in the river bed; then she was attached to two dolphins which guide her during the rise and fall of the tide.[61]
She was opened to the public on Trafalgar Day, 21 October 1971. The date was significant, as Belfast was the first naval vessel to be saved for the nation since HMS Victory, Lord Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar.[62] Though no longer part of the Royal Navy, HMS Belfast was granted a special dispensation to allow her to continue to fly the White Ensign.[63]
Now a museum, the ship's opening was well received: in 1972 the HMS Belfast Trust won the British Tourist Authority's "Come to Britain" trophy.[64] Support for the ship's restoration was received from individuals, from the Royal Navy and from commercial businesses; in 1973, for example, the Worshipful Company of Bakers provided dummy bread for display in the ship's NAAFI and bakery.[64] By 1974, areas including the Admiral's bridge and forward boiler and engine rooms had been restored and fitted out. That year also saw the refurbishment of the ship's operations room by a team from HMS Vernon and the return of Belfast's six twin Bofors mounts, along with their fire directors.[64] By December 1975 Belfast had received 1,500,000 visitors.[64] In 1976 Belfast was reaffiliated with the successors to the British Army's Royal Ulster Rifles, the Royal Irish Rangers,[b][64] and in the same year the Royal Naval Amateur Radio Society restored the ship's Bridge Wireless Office to working order.[65][c]
Imperial War Museum 1978–present
By 1977, the financial position of the HMS Belfast Trust had become marginal, and the Imperial War Museum sought permission to merge the Trust into the museum. On 19 January 1978 the Secretary of State for Education and Science, Shirley Williams, accepted the proposal stating that HMS Belfast "is a unique demonstration of an important phase of our history and technology".[66] The ship was transferred to the museum on 1 March 1978,[64] and became the Imperial War Museum's third branch, Duxford aerodrome having been acquired in 1976. In October 1998, the HMS Belfast Association was formed to reunite former members of the ship's company.[67] The Imperial War Museum's Sound Archive also seeks to record oral history interviews with former crewmen.[64]
Preservation
A floating crane was moored alongside HMS Belfast during the installation of her new masts; September 2010.
Since being brought to London Belfast has twice been drydocked as part of the ship's long-term preservation. In 1982 she was docked at Tilbury and in June 1999 towed to Portsmouth. This was the first time she had been to sea in 28 years and thus required a certificate of seaworthiness from the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.[64] While in dock, her entire hull was cleaned, blasted and repainted, her hull blanking plates inspected and an ultrasonic survey carried out.[68] She was not expected to require further drydocking until 2020.[64] While under tow to Portsmouth she was delayed by bad weather and arrived a day late: it had been intended that she would arrive on 6 June 1999, the fifty-fifth anniversary of the Normandy landings.[69]
During the maintenance work, Belfast's hull and topsides were repainted in her specific camouflage scheme officially known as Admiralty Disruptive Camouflage Type 25, which she had worn from November 1942 to July 1944. This was objected to by some, due to the anachronistic conflict between her camouflage, which reflects the majority of her active Second World War service, and her present configuration, which was the result of the ship's extended refit from January 1956 to May 1959.[64] With the establishment of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport's (DCMS) Advisory Committee on National Historic Ships in 2006, Belfast was listed as part of the National Historic Fleet.[70][nb 5]
On 9 May 2010, a ceremony was held aboard Belfast to mark the 65th anniversary of end of the Second World War in Europe. Veterans of the Arctic convoys were in attendance to receive medals from the Russian Ambassador Yuri Fedotov. During the ceremony it was announced that, as part of the restoration of the ship, two new masts had been manufactured at the Severnaya Verf shipyard near Saint Petersburg.[72] The production of the masts, to replace corroded originals, had been supported by a number of Russian businesses at a reported cost of £500,000.[73][nb 6] The restoration of the masts involved removing the fittings from both masts, allowing them to be individually restored. The old masts were then cut down in sections, the new masts erected and the original fittings replaced.[76] On 19 October 2010, the new masts were dedicated at a ceremony attended by HMS Belfast veterans, by Prince Philip and officials from the Russian embassy and government.[77]
In 2017, it was announced that the third of the Royal Navy's Type 26 frigates would be named Belfast. At the same time, the IWM stated that the museum would be renamed as "HMS Belfast (1938)" as a means of avoiding confusion.[78][79]
Interpretation
Arctic messdeck in a forward compartment.
Museum-ship HMS Belfast, seen from a tourist boat.
When Belfast was first opened to the public, visitors were limited to the upper decks and forward superstructure.[64] As of 2011, nine decks are open to the public. Access to the ship is via a walkway which connects the quarterdeck with the pedestrianised footpath on the south bank of the River Thames. The Imperial War Museum's guidebook to HMS Belfast divides the ship into three broad sections.[80] The first of these, "Life on board the ship", focuses on the experience of serving at sea. Restored compartments, some populated with dressed figures, illustrate the crew's living conditions and the ship's various facilities such as the sick bay, galley, laundry, chapel, mess decks and NAAFI.[81] Since 2002, school and youth groups have been able to stay onboard Belfast overnight, sleeping in bunks on a restored 1950s mess deck.[64][82]
The second section, "The inner workings", below the waterline and protected by the ship's armoured belt, contains core mechanical, electrical and communication systems. As well as the engine and boiler rooms, other compartments include the transmitting station (housing the ship's Admiralty Fire Control Table, a mechanical computer), the forward steering position and one of Belfast's six-inch shell rooms and magazines.[83] The third section, "Action stations", includes the upper deck and forward superstructure with the ship's armament, fire control and command facilities.[84] Areas open to the public include the operations room, Admiral's bridge and gun direction platform. During 2011, two of these areas were reinterpreted. The operations room was restored to its appearance during Exercise Pony Express, a large British-Australian-American joint exercise held off North Borneo in 1961. The reinterpretation included an interactive audio-visual plotting table.[85][nb 7]
HMS Somerset alongside Belfast
In July 2011, the interior of Y Turret, the aftmost 6-inch turret, was redisplayed using audio-visual and atmospheric effects, seeking to evoke the experience of a gunner at the Battle of North Cape.[88] To emphasise the range of the ship's armament, the forward six-inch guns of A and B Turrets are trained on the London Gateway service area on the M1 motorway, approximately 12 miles (19 km) away on the outskirts of London.[89] A 4-inch gun mount and a shell hoist are kept in working order and used during blank-firing demonstrations by the Wavy Navy re-enactment group.[80][90] In addition to the various areas of the ship open to visitors, some compartments have been fitted out as dedicated exhibition space. Permanent exhibitions include "HMS Belfast in War and Peace" and "Life at Sea".[64] The cost of admission to HMS Belfast includes a multilingual audio guide.[91]
HMS Belfast also serves as the headquarters of the City of London Sea Cadet Corps,[92] and her prestigious location in central London as a result means she frequently has other vessels berthed alongside. In October 2007, Belfast hosted the naming ceremony of the lighthouse tender THV Galatea with the Queen and Prince Philip in attendance.[93]
2011 accident
On 29 November 2011, two workmen suffered minor injuries after a section of gangway, connected to the ship, collapsed during renovation works.[94] The ship was closed to visitors following the accident.[95] An investigation later established that the collapse of the gangway had been caused by a subcontractor cutting through the gangway's structure during refurbishment work.[96] Belfast re-opened on 18 May 2012.[97]
The closure delayed the construction of a new two-storey bank-side pavilion to replace Belfast's existing retail and admissions building. The structure, for which planning permission was received in October 2011, provides a ground floor café, shop and admissions area and a rooftop bar. Initially expected to be complete by summer 2012,[98] the pavilion opened in April 2013.[97]
Notes
Vandalised Antony Gormley Statue.
Crosby Beach is part of the Merseyside coastline north of Liverpool in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, England, stretching about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) North-West from the Seaforth Dock in the Port of Liverpool, through Waterloo, where it separates the sea from the Marina. The beach has been the permanent home of the Another Place sculptures by Antony Gormley since 2007.
Taken with a Canon 60mm USM Macro lens. Type L for a better view.
Our Daily Challenge - Natural Texture - 10/19/11
Cats are always sleepy... Hard life.
This photo is copyrighted, you can't use it without my permission.
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Robert Weingarten 8/14 2003 40x40
Signed and Numbered 4/10
The artist’s work is included in a number of permanent collections including the George Eastman House, the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art. He holds the distinction Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society and has been the recipient of several awards in photography. Robert Weingarten’s work is the subject of numerous of monographs and publications, including the 2004 Steidl book Another America: A Testimonial to the Amish.
Selected Collections
American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington, DC. Center for Creative Photography, Tucson, AZ.
Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA.
Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington DC.
Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO.
Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, ME.
Fernbank Museum of Natural History, Atlanta, GA.
Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art, Malibu, CA.
Frye Art Museum, Seattle, WA.
The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum, Dallas, TX.
George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography and Film, Rochester, NY.
High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA.
The Huntington, Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, CA.
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, (LACMA), Los Angeles, CA.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.
Monterey Museum of Art, Monterey, CA.
El Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (Conde Duque, Madrid). Spain.
National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia.
National Gallery, Washington D.C.
Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach FLA.
The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.
The Museum of Contemporary Art, (MOCA), Los Angeles, CA.
The Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN.
The Museum of Fine Art Florida, (MofA), Tallahassee, Florida.
The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA.
The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas. The Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles, CA.
Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego, CA.
(The) POLIN Museum of Art, Warsaw, Poland.
Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles, CA. Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center, East Hampton, NY. The Peabody Essex Museum, Salem MA. Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Photographic History Collection. Smithsonian Institution, National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC. Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, Israel. Whitney Museum of American Arts, New York, NY. The Ansel Adams Home in Carmel, CA. The Edward Weston Home "Wildcat" in Carmel, CA. Numerous Corporate & Individual Collections Worldwide.
Awards and Achievements
2001 Awarded the distinction Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society (FRPS), Bath, England.
2000 Awarded the Silver Medal for the Royal Photographic Society’s 143rd International Print Competition, Bath, England.
1999 Awarded the distinction Associate of the Royal Photographic Society (ARPS), Bath, England.
1997 Awarded the distinction Licentiateship of the Royal Photographic Society (LRPS), Bath, England.
Exhibitions
2018
Solo Exhibition, 6:30A.M. Series, Mary Ryan Gallery, New York, NY. Solo Exhibition, 6:30A.M. Series, “Focus on Infinity”, Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. Solo Exhibition, “Pentimento”, The Dortort Center for Creativity in the Arts, Hillel, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
Exhibition, “California Nature”, Fresno Art Museum, Fresno, CA.
2017
Exhibition, “Wooster Wild Style Wall”, Gallery 151, New York, NY.
2015
Exhibition, “Ansel Adams-Before and After”, Booth Western Art Museum, Cartersville, GA.
Exhibition, “California Light”, Descanso Gardens, Sturt Haaga Gallery, La Cañada, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Pentimento Series”, Marlborough Gallery, New York, NY.
2014
Exhibition, “Western American Art South of the Sweet Tea Line IV Exhibit”, Booth Western Art Museum, Cartersville, GA.
Solo Exhibition, “Living Legends” The Montage Portraits of Robert Weingarten. Norton Museum of Art, Palm Beach, Florida.
Solo Exhibition, “Another America” a Testimonial to the Amish, George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography and Film, Rochester, NY.
Solo Exhibition, “6:30A.M. Series”, Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA.
Solo Exhibition, “Pentimento Series”, Craig Krull Gallery, Santa Monica, CA.
2012
Solo Exhibition, “Pushing Boundaries: Portraits by Robert Weingarten”,
Smithsonian Institution, International Gallery, S. Dillon Ripley Center, Washington, D.C.
2011
Exhibition, “In Focus: The Sky”, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Portraits Without People” Marlborough Gallery, New York, NY.
Exhibition, “Adams & Weston and the Masters of California Photography”, Monterey Museum of Art, CA.
Exhibition, "Face to Face”, 150 Years of Photographic Portraiture, Center for Creative Photography, Phoenix, AZ.
Exhibition,“Skydreamers”, Autry National Center, Los Angeles, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Portraits Without People” Craig Krull Gallery, Santa Monica, CA.
Exhibition, “Distilled Moments”, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA.
Exhibition, “New Faces” of the Collection, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA.
Exhibition, “Lift Off”, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ.
2010
Solo Exhibition, “The Portrait Unbound; Photographs by Robert Weingarten”, High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA.
Solo Exhibition, “Robert Weingarten Retrospective”, Lumière, Atlanta, GA.
Exhibition, “Exposing Time”, Phoenix Art Museum /Center for Creative Photography, Phoenix, Arizona.
2009
Exhibition,” This side of Paradise: Body and Landscape in Los Angeles Photographs”, Musée L’Elysee, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Solo Exhibition, “Palette Series”, Springfield Art Museum, Springfield, MO.
Exhibition, “Paris and Pinpoints”, Benham Gallery, Seattle, WA.
2008
Solo Exhibition, “Palette Series”, Galería Marlborough, Madrid, Spain.
Exhibition, “This side of Paradise: Body and Landscape in Los Angeles Photographs”, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
Solo Exhibition, Benham Gallery, Seattle, WA.
Exhibition, “Picturing the Process: Landscapes Through Time and Space”, Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego, CA.
2007
Solo Exhibition, “Palette Series", Lumière, Atlanta, GA.
Exhibition, “20/20 Vision", Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Palette Series”, Craig Krull Gallery, Santa Monica, CA.
Exhibition, “Recent Acquisitions”, Permanent Collection, Monterey Museum of Art, Monterey, CA.
Exhibition, “Summer Exhibition”, Marlborough Gallery, New York, NY.
Exhibition, “A View Within”: Selections from the Permanent Collection of the Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art.
2006
Solo Exhibition, “Palette Series”, The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
Solo Exhibition, “6:30 A.M.”, George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography and Film, Rochester, NY.
Solo Exhibition, “Palette Series” Marlborough Gallery, New York,
Solo Exhibition, “6:30 A.M.” The Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, OK.
Solo Exhibition, “Palette Series: Artifacts”, Weston Gallery Carmel, CA.
Exhibition, “Right Here, Right Now - Contemporary Art from the Marlborough Gallery, NY”,
Exhibition, “Palette Series: Pensacola Museum of Art, Pensacola, FL.
Solo Exhibition, “Another America”, Cal State University, Todd Madigan Gallery, Bakersfield, CA.
2005
Solo Exhibition, “6:30 A.M.”, Marlborough Gallery, New York, NY.
Solo Exhibition, “6:30 A.M.”, Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art, Malibu, CA. Solo Exhibition, “Landscape • Cityscape”, Marlborough Gallery, New York, NY.
Exhibition, “Minimalist Visions”, Weston Gallery, Carmel, CA.
2004
Solo Exhibition, “6:30 A.M.”, Craig Krull Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
Solo Exhibition, “6:30 A.M.”, Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Another America”, Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego CA.
Exhibition, "Wanderers, Travelers & Adventurers", Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego, CA.
Solo Exhibition, "6:30 Series", Santa Barbara Museum of Art, CA.
2003
Exhibition, "International Annual Center Awards", Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA.
Exhibition, "Ansel Adams and His Legacy", High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA.
Exhibition, "California Color", Santa Barbara Museum of Art.
Solo Exhibition, "Landscape As Symphony", Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College, NY.
Exhibition, "Rhythm and Color in the Landscape", Benham Gallery, Seattle, WA.
2002
Solo Exhibition, "Landscape As Symphony", Edward Carter Gallery, New York, NY.
Exhibition, "Inner Light", The Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art, Malibu, CA.
Exhibition, "Colour & Concept", National Gallery of Australia.
Exhibition, "International Annual Center Awards", Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA.
Solo Exhibition, Benham Gallery, Seattle, WA.
Exhibition, "Traveling Light", Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego, CA.
Solo Exhibition, McLean Gallery, Malibu, CA.
Solo Exhibition, Craig Krull Gallery, Santa Monica, CA.
2001
Solo Exhibition, "The pastoral Landscape", Weston Gallery, Carmel, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Intimate Vision”, Howard Schickler Gallery, New York, NY.
Exhibition, “Water Forms” Galleries of Mumm, Napa Valley, CA.
Solo Exhibition, Ansel Adams Gallery, Monterey, CA.
2000
Exhibition, “10th International Annual Center Awards”, Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “American Landscape”, McLean Gallery, Malibu, CA.
Exhibition, “Trees” HBO/Time Warner Gallery, New York, NY.
Exhibition, “Intimate Landscapes”, Tacoma Art Museum, Tacoma, WA.
Solo Exhibition, “Quietscapes", Henry Street Settlement, Abrons Art Center, New York, NY.
Exhibition, "143rd International Print Exhibition", Royal Photographic Society, Octagon Galleries, Bath, England.
Exhibition, "Five Person Show, LACMA Rental and Sales Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.
Exhibition, “It’s About Time,” Riverside Art Museum, Riverside, CA.
1999
Exhibition, “Earthscapes: Charlie Waite and Robert Weingarten,” Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA.
Exhibition, “Americans in Spain,” Paula Vincenti Gallery, Marbella, Spain.
Exhibition, “Moving Towards the Millennium,” Barnsdall Art Center, Los Angeles, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Paintings…Through a Lens”, McLean Gallery, Malibu, CA.
Exhibition, “25 Years of Photography,” CEPA Gallery, Buffalo, NY.
Exhibition, “International Landscapes,” Mall Gallery, London, England.
Exhibition, :Artists Council 30th Annual National Juried Exhibition", Palm Springs Desert Museum, CA.
Solo Exhibition, “Quietscapes”, Mayer, Brown & Platt, New York, NY.
Solo Exhibition, “Quietscapes”, Sylvia White Gallery, New York, NY.
1998
Solo Exhibition, “Quietscapes”, Sylvia White Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.
Exhibition, “The Horse Show: Images of the Horse in Contemporary Art,” Sylvia White Gallery, LA, CA.
Exhibition, "16th Annual September Competition", Alexandria Museum of Art, Alexandria, Louisiana.
Solo Exhibition “Quietscapes,” McLean Gallery, Malibu, CA.
Exhibition, Sylvia White Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.
Exhibition, “Light is Diverse in California,” Center for the Visual Arts Gallery, Oakland, CA.
Exhibition, “Realism 1998,” Stage Gallery, Merrick, NY.
1997
Exhibition, "European Landscape Photography", Christie’s, London, England.
Lectures
2019
“Pentimento Series”, Master Class to MFA students at Claremont Graduate University of Art. Los Angeles, CA.
2018
Pentimento Series interview by Howard Fox, UCLA, The Dortort Center for Creativity in the Arts, Los Angeles, California USA.
2014
From Film Fidelity to Digital Metaphor, PEM Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, USA.
Another America: A Testimonial to the Amish, George Eastman House, Rochester, New York, USA.
2012
Pushing Boundaries, S. Dillon Ripley Center, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
2011
Robert Weingarten: From Film Fidelity to Digital Metaphor, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
2010
My Journey From Film Fidelity to Digital Metaphor, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California, USA.
2009
Artist talk, School of Art, San Diego University, San Diego, California, USA.
Artist talk on "The Portrait Unbound", Bergamot Station, Santa Monica, California, USA.
2008
Artist talk on "Landscapes," "Another America," "6:30 A.M." and "Palettes" series, Todd Madigan Gallery, California State University at Bakersfield, Bakersfield, California, USA.
2007
Artist talk on "Landscapes," "6:30 A.M.," "Palettes" and "Portraits Without People" series, Photo LA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
2007
Artist talk on "Landscapes," "Another America," "6:30 A.M." and "Portraits without People" series, Atlanta History Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
2006
Artist talk on "Landscapes," "6:30 A.M." and "Palettes" series, Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
Artist talk on "Landscapes," "Another America," "6:30 A.M." and "Palettes" series, George Eastman House, Rochester, New York, USA.
2004
Artist talk on "Another America" and "6:30 A.M.", Museum of Photographic Art, San Diego, California, USA.
Catalogues and Monographs
2011 Thomas Perich, Shannon . "The Changing Face of Portrait Photography, From Daguerreotype to Digital" . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books.
2011 Marlborough Inc.. Robert Weingarten: Portraits without People. New York: Marlborough Chelsea.
2009 Cox, Julian, Curator. The Portrait Unbound. Atlanta: The High Museum.
2008 Castellote, Alejandro . Paletas de Artistas (Serie). Madrid: Galería Marlborough.
2006 Lanzone, Dale. Palette Series. New York: Marlborough Chelsea.
2005 Weingarten, Robert. 6:30 A.M. Berlin: Hatje Cantz Verlag.
2004 Weingarten, Robert. Another America: A Testimonial to the Amish. Göttingen: Steidl Publishing.
1999 High, Dennis. Earthscapes. Carmel: Center for Photographic Art.
1999 Gallery. Americans in Spain. New York: Paula Vincenti Gallery and Sylvia White Gallery.
Bibliography
David Van Reybrouk, “ODES”, Poetry. ODE AAN DE LENTE, pg 42. Jackson Pollock #2, 2007 photo on pg 47. Olson, Katelyn, “Past bleeds into present in Hillel at UCLA’s newest art exhibits”, Hillel at UCLA’s Winter 2018, January 23, 2018. 2nd Hanna S. Barsam Photography Invitational, illustrated catalog, Fresno Art Museum, Fresno, CA. January 26, 2018. Gallery 151, illustrated sales kit for “Decade” anniversary “Wooster Wild Wall” exhibition. New York, NY, November 2016 – January 2017. “Overnight Ink” Poetry compilation. Book cover 6:30A.M. #77. Tokyo, Japan, 2016. Acquisition Highlights, illustrated catalog. George Eastman Museum, Rochester, NY, July 2015. Pentimento Series, illustrated exhibition catalog. Essay by: Colin Westerbeck. Marlborough Gallery, New York, NY, January 2015. Richard, Andrea "At the Norton: Robert Weingarten's Unusual "Portraits" of Don Shula, Sonia Sotomayor, and More. Broward/Palm Beach New Times, Art. August 29th, 2014.
Sjostrom, Jan, "Complex Portraits: Photographer Depicts Celebs without Using Faces", Palm Beach Daily News, Arts, Local, August 10, 2014.
Thomason, John, "Portraiture as you've never seen it before", Boca Raton Magazine, Arts. August, 8th, 2014.
Calder, Diane, "Pentimento Series" at Craig Krull Gallery, ArtScene, July/August 2014. Pg. 20 & 21.
Bielak, Jessica, “Face Off”, Palm Beach Illustrated, Agenda. July/August 2014.
Entertainment Life, "Meditations on California Skyline" July, 31, 2014.
Valys, Phillip, “Legends Live on in Art” South Florida Sun Sentinel, July 13, 2014. Lifestyles 2G.
De Palma, Donna, "A Simpler Life" Democrat & Chronicle, March 9, 2014. Pg., 1C, RocArts and pg., 5C, Arts.
O’Sullivan Michael, “Don’t Miss”, Museums openings, The Washington Post, June 29th, 2012, weekend section.
Shannon Thomas Perich, Smithsonian Books, "The Changing Face of Portrait Photography, From Daguerreotype to Digital" 2011. Chapter 10, pg. 138-149.
Paul Sisolak, “Portraits of another matter”, The Malibu Times, May 5, 2011, Malibu Life, Section B.
Jeff Kent, “The Portrait Unbound” Professional Photographer, June 2010, pg. 24.
Richard Nilsen, “Exhibit displays powerful photos of time in motion” The Arizona Republic. March 28th, 2010.
Hillary M. Sheets, “A Few of Their Favorites Things”. ARTnews, Art Talk, March 2010, pg 32.
The Portrait Unbound, The High Museum, Atlanta, GA, 2009. Essay by Julian Cox, Curator.
Camille Howell Dautrich, “These Sunflowers Bloom in Different Way”, Springfield News-Leader. Pg 3C-4C, October 2009.
417 Magazine, “Robert Weingarten, The Palette Series”. September 2009.
Daylight & Architecture magazine by Velux. 6:30A.M Series pp. 34-35. Issue 9 autumn 2008.
Jennifer A. Watts, Claudia Bohn-Spector, Douglas R. Nickel. “This side of Paradise: Body and Landscape in Los Angeles Photographs”, June 2008, pp 228-229.
José Manuel Ibáñez. “Exploración de la Luz”. Mucho Viaje No 36. Pistas/Exposiciones May 2008.
Carlos García-Osuma. “Las Paletas de los Artistas”. La Vanguardia / Exposiciones. May 4, 2008.
Fernando Castro Florez. “El Lugar de Todas las Mezclas” Descubrir el Arte magazine No 111 May 2008. Agenda Arte Exposiciones.
Arte y Parte “Robert Weingarten” Revista de Arte No 74 April 2008, pp. 97.
C. de A., El Punto de las Artes “Robert Weingarten. Palette Series” April 29th 2008.
Introduction by Alejandro Castellote., Paletas de Artistas (Serie), illustrated exhibition catalog, Galería Marlborough, Madrid April 2008.
Benjamin Epstein, Where Guest Book Los Angeles “Waking State”. January 2008, pp. 30-38.
Kim Beil. “In Pursuit of Perception”. Art Ltd. West Coast Art + Design May 2007, pp. 36.
Nash Editions “Photography and the Art of Digital Printing” Graham Nash, introduction, essays by Richard Benson, R. Mac Holbert, Henry Wilhelm and edited by Garrett White. New Riders, Voices that Matter, January 2007.
O’Sullivan Michael. “Capturing the Many Hues of Creativity.” The Washington Post July 28, 2006, Weekend, pp. 23.
Watts Jr., James D. “An ever-changing landscape.” Tulsa World, June, 4, 2006, pp H5.
Stewart Smith, Joan. “Epson Prints Bring California to Wintry Upstate New York”, “Robert Weingarten’s “6:30 a.m.” at George Eastman House.” Epson Website, March 2006.
Palette Series, illustrated exhibition catalog. Introduction: Interview by Dale Lanzone., Marlborough Chelsea, New York, NY March 2006.
Gantenbein, Douglas. “Film Photography Fades to Black” The Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2006, pp. D8.
Tobin, Jacqueline. “Rise and Shine.” Photo District News, February 2006, pp.134-136.
Kennedy, Randy. “California Dreaming on Such a Winter’s Day.” The New York Times, January 12, 2006, pp. E1, E7.
Sugarman, Martin. “6:30 AM by Robert Weingarten”, H2O, 2006 (book review).
American Photo, “Bay Light”, January 2006.
Weingarten, Robert, 6:30 A.M, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2005.
Looking at Los Angeles, New York: Metropolis Books/D.A.P., 2005.
“Testimonial to the Amish”, LensWork, January-February 2005, pp. 10-27.
Harris, Jane, “Robert Weingarten.” The Village Voice, May 18-24, 2005 p. 84.
Another America: A Testimonial to the Amish. Germany: Steidl Publishing, 2004.
Pincus, Robert L. “For Robert Weingarten, a pair of themes inspires beautiful images.” The San Diego Union-Tribune, June 13, 2004, pp. F1, F4, F5.
"Landscape as Symphony", Camera Arts, April - May 2002.
Royal Photographic Society Journal, 143rd International Print Competition Award Winning Images, Bath, England, May and June 2000.
Earthscapes, Introduction by Dennis High, Center for Photographic Art: Carmel, CA, November 1999 illustrated (exhibition catalog).
Americans in Spain, Paula Vincenti Gallery, Marbella, Spain and Sylvia White Gallery, New York, NY September 1999, illustrated (exhibition catalog).
After about 20 exposures, the camera started to shred the film, this is the remains of the last frame taken with a Praktica IV camera in week 157 of my 52 film cameras in 52 weeks project:
www.flickr.com/photos/tony_kemplen/collections/72157623113584240
Agfa Vista film from Poundland, developed in Tetenal C41 chemistry.
For our Dailyu Challenge - Permanent
Don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without explicit permission. © Barbara Dickie. All rights reserved.
In the bleak days of nineteen-eighty-three, as England languished in the doldrums of a ruinous monetarist policy, the good and loyal men of the Permanent Assurance Company-- a once-proud family firm, recently fallen in hard times-- strained under the yoke of their oppressive new corporate management. Pushed beyond the bounds of decent and reasonable victimisation, the aged retainers take their destiny in their own hands and-- Mutiny!
And so, the Crimson Permanent Assurance was launched upon the high seas of international finance.
WARNING! Disclaimer: This modification could possibly permanently damage your PNXS body! Don't blame me if you choose to try this and you ruin your PNXS body. Proceed at your own risk!
I used a razor blade to shave off thin slices of the neck. I kept trying her head on to check it for length and then would shave off a bit more. This plastic cuts like butter! I did not realize just how soft it is.
The Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module Leonardo being attached to the International Space Station, 1 March 2011.
This final flight of Discovery marks the eighth and final trip of Leonardo to the orbiting complex. This visit will be longer: the module will be left attached to the Station as a permanent extension. Originally built to ferry cargo to and from the Station in the Shuttle cargo bay, Leonardo’s modifications include improved debris shielding and easier access by the crew to its internal equipment.
Leonardo flew into space for the first time in 2001, also on Discovery, as the first of three Multipurpose Logistics Modules built by the Italian space agency, ASI, under an agreement with NASA.
Credits: NASA TV
Permanent resident in Las Vegas, Nevada, this yellow-headed, tiny & tough, acrobatic little songbird is one of the most characteristic species of the warm southwest deserts. Many at Sunset Park, although surprisingly, this one turned up foraging and flitting about above my car in the parking lot of a coffee shop!
The evolutionary relationships of the Verdin is unclear, and the species is currently thought to be the only American representative of a bird family that is otherwise restricted to Eurasia—the Penduline Tits.
Permanent speed restriction signs above three mainline tracks are hung in the catenary at Halethorpe MD along Amtrak's' P&W Line.
Rollei Retro 80S, Rolleicord lll
The permanent planting has been removed and in its place we have turfed lawn with annual planting full of colour.
The colonization of the Moon is the proposed establishment of permanent human communities on the Moon. Advocates of space exploration have seen settlement of the Moon as a logical step in the expansion of humanity beyond the Earth. Recent indication that water might be present in noteworthy quantities at the Lunar poles has increased interest in the Moon. Polar colonies could also avoid the problem of long Lunar nights (about 354 hours, a little more than two weeks) and take advantage of the sun continuously.
Permanent human habitation on a planetary body other than the Earth is one of science fiction's most prevalent themes. As technology has advanced, and concerns about the future of humanity on Earth have increased, the argument that space colonization is an achievable and worthwhile goal has gained momentum. Because of its proximity to Earth, the Moon has been seen as a prime candidate for the location of humanity's first permanently occupied extraterrestrial base.
A lunar outpost was an element of the George W. Bush era Vision for Space Exploration, which has been replaced with President Barack Obama's space policy. The outpost would have been an inhabited facility on the surface of the Moon. At the time it was proposed, NASA was to construct the outpost over the five years between 2019 and 2024. The United States Congress directed that the U.S. portion, "shall be designated the Neil A. Armstrong Lunar Outpost".
On December 4, 2006, NASA announced the conclusion of its Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture Study. The Lunar Architecture Study's purpose was to "define a series of lunar missions constituting NASA's Lunar campaign to fulfill the Lunar Exploration elements" of the Vision for Space Exploration. What resulted was a basic plan for a lunar outpost near one of the poles of the Moon, which would permanently house astronauts in six-month shifts. These studies were made before the discovery of water ice (5.6 ± 2.9% by mass) in a polar crater, which may substantially affect plans.
Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations, briefs reporters ahead of the Security Council meeting. With her are Fergal Mythen, Permanent Representative of Ireland to the United Nations.
UN Photo/Evan Schneider
9 December 2022
New York, United States of America
Photo # UN7965906
Store permanently closed 3-3-2019
Obviously building facelift. Ocean State Job Lot will soon occupy that very building that is expected to open by the conclusion of the year.
As you can see, the BIG Kmart sign on the front were already removed but those other signs previously left behind were still visible as of June 10th of this year.
Since this was taken, more leftover signs from Kmart have been dismantled.
This U Pe Kin official sheet is a high-gravity diplomatic treasure for the Terence J. Cox Archive. It documents the service of one of Myanmar's (Burma's) most historically significant diplomats at a time when the nation was a leading voice in the early United Nations.
The Signatory: His Excellency U Pe Kin (1912–2004)
U Pe Kin (also spelled Pe Khin) was a titanic figure in Burmese history and diplomacy.
The Architect of Peace: Before his UN tenure, he was a primary negotiator of the 1947 Panglong Agreement, the foundational document that united Burma's ethnic groups and led to independence from British rule.
The UN Tenure: He served as the Permanent Representative of Burma to the United Nations in New York from 1952 to 1956.
Security Council Service: During his tenure, Burma served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, making U Pe Kin the voice of his nation during the height of the Korean War and early Cold War decolonization.
Forensic Details & Provenance
The Address: 888 Madison Avenue, New York 21, N.Y. This was the official location of the Burmese Delegation during the early 1950s. It was a prime "diplomatic row" address, situated just blocks from the homes of other high-level delegates.
The Format: A single sheet of official delegation stationery. In the 2026 market, "Full Sheet" autographs on official letterhead are significantly more valuable than small clipped signatures because they preserve the administrative history of the mission.
The Collector: This pull confirms Terence J. Cox (or his source) was successfully targeting the "Founding Generation" of UN diplomats during the early 1950s.
U Pe Kin is regarded as a national hero in Myanmar. An official signed sheet from his UN tenure is a museum-quality artifact that bridges the gap between Burma's founding and its global presence in the 1950s.
Historical Significance:
U Pe Kin was a legendary Burmese diplomat and a central architect of the historic 1947 Panglong Agreement, which led to Burma’s independence. During his tenure as Permanent Representative (1952–1956), he represented his nation on the UN Security Council during the critical early years of the Cold War. This official document captures the "Golden Era" of Burmese diplomacy, when the nation was a leading voice for non-alignment and international peace.
Altopiano di Pratobello (to foresta di Montes) - in the central-eastern part of Sardinia (Italy) in the Nuoro province - was teeming with roaming Sarda pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). This Sardinian pig breed and other livestock (predominantly sheep, donkeys, and goats) are typically kept free-range on a plateau, where they live more or less permanently. Pigs can go as far as 10 km away, but they tend not venture too far and freely return to the pen for the night. In summer, however, they often spend the night in the countryside, especially in areas where water is available. They can find shelter in caves and hollow trees, but both in winter and summer pigs have a tendency to stay outside.
Herders regularly move from the lowland villages, where they spend time with their families, to the highlands, where they tend the animals. Though no longer practiced, the long distant movement of pigs occurred until the 1970s and was aimed at reaching regions where better pig pasturing would seasonally be available. In the past specialised pig breeders were common, but nowadays herding is in addition to managing a restaurant.
Geologically the plateau is, like most of Sardinia, rather diverse, and includes limestone formations, as well as granite and metamorphic rocks. The vegetation is typically Mediterranean with substantial pockets of surviving woodland (holm oak, cork oak, downy oak, sweet chestnut) as well extensive areas of maquis. The pigs roam freely in wooded mountain areas, where they feed on acorns, chestnuts, roots, grass and some worms. In summer, when natural sources of food are scarce, their natural food is supplemented with some acorns, corn seeds, figs, prickly pears and legumes. In winter the pigs are completely self-sufficient and need no supplements to natural food, but some is provided to prevent pigs becoming too wild and to ensure they remain accustomed to people. Herders train the pigs to come at their call to the usual feeding-place.
The Sarda or Suino Sardo is a breed of domestic pig from the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. The traditional Sardinian type, which is dark-coloured, slim and long-snouted, are relatively similar to wild boar. The wildness and imperviousness of the countryside have helped to preserve the original biological characteristics of wild boar and domestic pigs. Herders also own some “improved pigs”, but they are enclosed as they would not survive on the plateau.
The pork meat is used for salamis, hams and other products. A roast suckling pig forms the centrepiece of parties in Sardinia. And don’t forget prosciutto from free-range pigs or boar, served with black olives. Slaughter season runs from December to February (winter) when the pigs are fattened, and when low temperatures are right for ham preparation and the meat can be more easily preserved (curing the meat without the risk of spoiling). As the pigs will have fattened themselves with acorns, the meat will be tastier too.