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All the individual rounds for Photographer of the Year 2014 have been won and now it's time to choose the overall winner. I'm obviously chuffed to bits to have my photo included in collection above. There were some fine entries this year but...only one person can win overall?
If you could go to www.photoanswers.co.uk/POTY/potyvote and vote for your favourite images in the senior AND junior section that would be great!!
Voting runs until the 30th of November.
Of note is, the photo of the person in the cave in the Junior Photographer class is by Michael Parr also from Northern Ireland :)
Thank you once again for any votes cast :))
Water Fountain and Flowers grace this historic building with Fall Foliage in the background, Aspen, Colorado.
When the Wheeler Opera House first opened its doors to theatergoers on April 23, 1889, the building symbolized prestige, progress and culture for the citizens of Aspen. Only ten years earlier, the first pioneer prospectors had come over the continental divide from Leadville and into the Roaring Fork Valley. Soon Aspen boomed from a muddy camp with three prospectors into a town with brick and stone businesses and an opera house that was among the largest, most-substantial and best-furnished buildings.
From the start of construction in 1888 to the end of World War II, the Wheeler Opera House saw good times, dark times, and quiet times. Construction on the Wheeler Block begun in early June 1888 by Jerome Byron Wheeler. Wheeler had already made his name in Aspen history as the man who finally completed a working smelter for reduction of silver ore, finally making silver mining profitable and realizing the dream of Aspen's many mine-holding interests. Designed as an urban, multi-use building, the Wheeler Opera House was to reflect Aspen's meteoric growth during the 1880s into a full-fledged city. Its basement was to house a barber shop and storage space; the main floor a large clothing store, bank and ticket booth; the second floor six offices; and the third floor, the opera house.
As stone cutters worked at "dressing up the corners" of the building, townspeople noticed that the east wall looked strange, with an apparent concavity. During the rebuilding of that wall, as a swinging scaffold twenty-five feet above the sidewalk gave way, four workmen fell. As a result of this accident, an editorial in the Aspen Daily Times started a campaign to build Aspen's first hospital, which was completed in September 1891.
The opening of the Wheeler on April 23, 1889, was hailed as "one of the most notable events in the history of Aspen's most eventful year." Every seat in the house was sold as first-nighters in full dress took their places. Shortly after eight o'clock the curtain was raised and the big, glamorous, and elegantly costumed Conried Company presented a comic opera, The King's Fool. When the performance ended, celebrations of the theater opening continued through the night.
To reach the auditorium of the Wheeler, patrons used the main entrance on Hyman Avenue. The ticket office was located on the ground floor under the wide stairway, which was finished with a highly-polished wood balustrade. On the third floor at the top of the stairs was the ladies retiring room and cloakroom adjoining the auditorium. Modern and dazzling lighting equipment enhanced the house. The chandelier, a work of art, was suspended for the handsomely frescoed ceiling by a wire rope. This chandelier was the crowning glory of the house, hand-made of hammered brass, trimmed with silver and set with three dozen incandescent lights, each with an opalescent shade, flaring out at the end in the form of a flower. The sloped floor and padded seats permitted visual and physical comfort. The splendid surroundings of fine woodwork, elegant draperies and frescoed walls all superbly lighted by the handsome chandelier created an aesthetic atmosphere to remove patrons for the work-a-day world of the mining town.
The Wheeler stage offered what a modern city theater of the time might have had: eight dressing rooms, the finest obtainable scenery produced by professionals, the very latest lighting equipment and appliances and, finally, a technician to handle the equipment and build any new stage mechanism needed.
The famous "Olio" curtain, a representation of the Brooklyn Bridge, was designed by two New Yorkers, world famous for their scenic art, and painted by no less than Chicago's opera house scene painter Burke. It pictured not only the bridge and the East River, but ships from over the world.
With the opening of the opera house, Aspen became part of what was known as the Silver Circuit - mining towns that drew big-name entertainment. Offerings at the Wheeler from 1889 through early 1894 included traveling companies that brought Shakespeare, minstrels, vaudeville, comic opera, extravaganza, burlesque, melodrama, concerts, lecturers, and even boxers. Home talent performers presented concerts, musical programs, and some plays and operettas.
The glory days of the Wheeler Opera House were short-lived. With the demonetizing of silver in 1893, the Wheeler became a place of town meetings and benefits for a city that was struggling to survive in a world that had deemed silver worthless.
Although the Wheeler didn't close, it made little news until 1912 when two fires ripped through the three-story building in one week, gutting the opera house. The first fire occurred after a moving picture show at 10:30 p.m. on November 12, presumably caused by defective electric wiring.
The second fire, attributed to arson, occurred only nine days after the first. It was devastating. The ¾" headline of the town paper exclaimed, "Fiendish Firebugs Again Rampant in Our City, Wheeler Opera House Partially Destroyed, the Prettiest Little Structure of Its Kind Between Pueblo and Salt Lake City is Sacrificed to the Venom of a Degenerate Unfit to Remain Upon Earth."
The fire was actually started in three places; in or near the box seats; among the scenery on the stage; and in the locked ushers' room, originally the ladies' retiring room. It was discovered a few minutes past 2am and the Fire Department did not have it controlled until 4am. On stage a chimney effect developed due to the unfortunate positioning of a skylight directly above the stage. Flames were pulled upwards through all the sets and scenery and then spread out over the auditorium into the attic between the roof and ceiling. The heavy timber trusses became charred, but remained structurally sound. The auditorium ceiling's wooden lath burned next and the plaster, having lost its support, fell in chunks covering the specially fabricated opera chairs. Heat became so intense that the steel support cable for the beautiful electric chandelier melted and it too came crashing down.
The Wheeler had a special place in the hearts of Aspenites and its destruction was particularly lamented by the town newspapers:
"It makes one almost sick to go through the main entrance, the door through which all of us have passed so many times to be amused and to enjoy a few happy hours. May the Lord help the one who started the fire in this magnificent structure - the people of Aspen won't, that is sure." - November 22, 1912 Aspen Democrat Times
After the fires, the opera house sat vacant. To stop the vandalism and protect the public, the space was closed off from the rest of the building. The street-level spaces, mostly undamaged, continued to be occupied by local businesses. But the laughter and applause of an audience didn't ring through that third floor again until more than 30 years later.
Wheeler 1930'sDuring the Wheeler's dark decades, the children of Aspen used it as their playground. One of Glenn Beck's fondest memories of childhood, was playing in the Wheeler Opera House. The top-floor windows were broken out. And flocks of pigeons lived up in the theater. "We could go up the back stairway of the store and finally crawl out right under the stage. We played cops and robbers. There was a rope from the top of the ceiling. We could get on the balcony and swing clear over the stage. It was a long way across."
In June 1946, the Aspen Company leased the opera house and other unrented portions of the Wheeler building from the City with the required intention to improve and repair the building. It had "fallen into disrepair and (was) rapidly deteriorating due to the financial inability of the City of Aspen."
Lilian Gish 1984Elizabeth Paepcke, often cited as the "matriarch of modern Aspen" and, with her husband Walter, a major force behind the town's renaissance as a cultural center, decided that the opera house must be restored. But this renovation did not even attempt to recapture the grandeur of the original. "The seats were plain wooden benches," says Jim Markalunas, "and you had to watch where you sat because of pigeon droppings."
Over the years, the improvements continued on a piecemeal basis. Around 1960, seats were put in and the walls became a rich red with stenciled gold fleurs de lis. Elizabeth Paepcke bought a crystal chandelier to replace the one lost in the fires of 1912. Through the 1960s and '70s, the Wheeler was used mostly as a movie house. By the late '70s the City of Aspen, which had acquired the building for back taxes during the early part of the century, started to grapple with the question of whether to sell or renovate the theater. The council decided on renovation. A committee was appointed to explore how the job should be done, and finally an election was held and voters were asked to approve a real estate transfer tax that would fund the restoration and pay the theater's maintenance and operating costs. The tax was approved by the voters in 1979. The $4.5 million restoration was completed in 1984.
The Wheeler Opera House reopened with a Gala Public Opening on Friday, May 25, 1984 with a performance of George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man. The following night featured a modern dance program by Moses Pendleton, a founder of the Pilobolus Dance Company, who was hailed as one of the country's most innovative choreographers. Sometime-Aspenites James Levine, conductor and director of the Metropolitan Opera, and Lynn Harrell, internationally renowned cellist, played a special concert on Sunday, with Levine on piano and Harrell on cello. The gala concluded with a salute to the silent film, The Wind, which stared Lillian Gish. Miss Gish was on hand for the screening, with Denver ragtime and jazz pianist Hank Troy and violinist Becky Burchfield accompanying the silent film.
Some of the names that have graced the Wheeler's intimate stage since the 1984 opening include: Harry Connick Jr., Lily Tomlin (she workshopped her Broadway show "Signs Of Intelligent Life" over the course of many weeks here!), The Eagles (twice), Lyle Lovett (too many times to count), Jewel, Sugar Ray, INXS, George Carlin, Dave Chappelle, Sheryl Crow, Tony Bennett, Faith Hill, Burt Bacharach, Bernadette Peters, Linda Eder, Art Garfunkel, the PBS shows "A Prairie Home Companion" and "Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me!", Pat Metheny & Brad Mehldau, Linda Ronstadt, James Taylor, and of course Aspen's own adopted son John Denver (and whose life is still celebrated here every October).
Twenty four years after its latest renovation the Wheeler continues to serve Aspen as a world class theater, performance venue and town meeting place and is still considered not only the crown jewel of the town, but indeed the art and soul of Aspen.
So I've just got two dresses from Boden and I'm thinking I really need to just choose one and return the other. They're the same style, but in different colours. I wondered about this one as I don't have many brown clothes and so it would add some more colours to my wardrobe.
Let me know what you think :)
Dense fog this evening! Ohio sure does get a range of weather! Tonight it's fog and flooding. March 10, 2015
EM MẤT ANH :)
* Vì Em đã làm tỗn thươg Anh qá nhiều !!
* Em thì k làm đc. gì cho Anh - Toàn làm Anh khóc ^^
* Em tệ thiệc :)
* K có Em bên cạnh - Anh phãi tự chăm sóc cho bãn thân mình , Anh nhé !!
* Qên Em đi - hạnh phúc sẽ mĩm cười v' Anh :)
* EM KHÔNG ĐÁNG ^^
# 130911 - 151011 - End*
___________________________________________________________________________
- Hnay là 1m* cũa tao v' mày r` đó ^^
- Tói ngày gây nhau miết :-<
- Tuy hơi buồn , nhìu lúc muốn buôg nhưg tao ngĩ ...
- Mày change vì tao nên tao k thễ buôg đc. , càg ngĩ tao càg thươg mày qá Chồg ơi :*
- Kbh tao làm mày buồn - mày nhậu - mày thuốc vì tao nữa đâu , tao thề đó :*
- Mày đừg làm tao hỗn v' mày nữa - chọc chữi đã r` nói tao md :-<
- Luôn luôn cười v' hp mà tao đag dành cho mày nhe !!
- Taoyêumày :*:*:*
- ĐồKhùg óf tao :*
The Flatiron Building, originally the Fuller Building, is a triangular 22-story, 285-foot-tall (86.9 m) steel-framed landmarked building located at 175 Fifth Avenue in the eponymous Flatiron District neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, New York City. Designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg, it was one of the tallest buildings in the city upon its 1902 completion, at 20 floors high, and one of only two "skyscrapers" north of 14th Street—the other being the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, one block east. The building sits on a triangular block formed by Fifth Avenue, Broadway, and East 22nd Street—where the building's 87-foot (27 m) back end is located—with East 23rd Street grazing the triangle's northern (uptown) peak. As with numerous other wedge-shaped buildings, the name "Flatiron" derives from its resemblance to a cast-iron clothes iron.
Called "one of the world's most iconic skyscrapers and a quintessential symbol of New York City", the building anchors the south (downtown) end of Madison Square and the north (uptown) end of the Ladies' Mile Historic District. The neighborhood around it is called the Flatiron District after its signature, iconic building. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1966, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989.
The Flatiron Building sits on a triangular block formed by Fifth Avenue to the west, Broadway to the east, and East 22nd Street to the south. The western and eastern facades converge, forming a "peak" at its northern corner where Fifth Avenue and Broadway intersect with East 23rd Street. The shape of the site arises from Broadway's diagonal alignment relative to the Manhattan street grid. The site measures 197.5 feet (60.2 m) on Fifth Avenue, 214.5 feet (65.4 m) on Broadway, and 86 feet (26 m) on 22nd Street. Above the ground level, all three corners of the triangle are curved.
Adjacent buildings include the Toy Center to the north, the Sohmer Piano Building to the southwest, the Scribner Building to the south, and Madison Green to the southeast. Entrances to the New York City Subway's 23rd Street station, served by the R and W trains, are adjacent to the building. The Flatiron Building is at the northern end of the Ladies' Mile Historic District, which extends between 15th Street to the south and 24th Street to the north. By the 1990s, the blocks south of the building had also become known as the Flatiron District
At the beginning of March 1901, media outlets reported that the Newhouse family was planning to sell "Eno's flatiron" for about $2 million to Cumberland Realty Company, an investment partnership created by Harry S. Black, CEO of the Fuller Company. The Fuller Company was the first true general contractor that dealt with all aspects of buildings' construction (except for design), and they specialized in erecting skyscrapers. Black intended to construct a new headquarters building on the site, despite the recent deterioration of the surrounding neighborhood. At the end of that March, the Fuller Company organized a subsidiary to develop a building on the site. The sale was finalized in May 1901.
Black hired Daniel Burnham's architectural firm to design a 21-story building on the site in February 1901. It would be Burnham's first in New York City, the tallest building in Manhattan north of the Financial District, and the first skyscraper north of Union Square (at 14th Street). The Northwestern Salvage and Wrecking Company began razing the site in May 1901, after the majority of existing tenants' leases had expired. Most of the Cumberland's remaining tenants readily vacated the building in exchange for monetary compensation. The sole holdout was Winfield Scott Proskey, a retired colonel who refused to move out until his lease expired later that year. Cumberland Realty unsuccessfully attempted to deactivate Proskey's water and gas supply, and Proskey continued to live in the Cumberland while contractors demolished all of the surrounding apartments. By the end of May 1901, Cumberland Realty discovered that Proskey was bankrupt, and his creditors took over the lease and razed the rest of the Cumberland that June.
The New York Herald published an image of the site on June 2, 1901, with the caption "Flatiron Building". The project's structural engineer, Corydon Purdy, filed plans for a 20-story building on the site were filed that August. The Flatiron Building was not the first building of its triangular ground-plan, although it was the largest at the time of its completion. Earlier buildings with a similar shape include a triangular Roman temple built on a similarly constricted site in the city of Verulamium, Britannia; Bridge House, Leeds, England (1875); the I.O.O.F. Centennial Building (1876) in Alpena, Michigan; and the English-American Building in Atlanta (1897). The Real Estate Record and Guide published a drawing of the building in October 1901; though the drawing was captioned "The Cumberland", it was very similar to the Flatiron Building's final design.
The Atlantic Terra Cotta Company began producing architectural terracotta pieces for the building in August 1901. Around the same time, the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) indicated that it would refuse to approve Purdy's initial plans unless the engineers submitted detailed information about the framework, fireproofing, and wind-bracing systems. Purdy complied with most of the DOB's requests, submitting detailed drawings and documents, but he balked at the department's requirement that the design include fire escapes. For reasons that are unclear, the DOB dropped its requirement that the building contain fire escapes. In addition, the building was originally legally required to contain metal-framed windows, although this would have increased the cost of construction. The city's Board of Building Commissioners had granted an exemption to Black's syndicate, prompting allegations of favoritism. A new Buildings Department commissioner was appointed at the beginning of 1902, promising to enforce city building codes; this prompted general contractor Thompson–Starrett Co. to announce that the building's window frames would be made of fireproof wood with a copper coating.
The building's steel frame was manufactured by the American Bridge Company in Pennsylvania. The frame had risen above street level by January 1902. Construction was then halted for several weeks, first because of a delay in steel shipments, then because of a blizzard that occurred in February. Further delays were caused by a strike at the factory of Hecla Iron Works, which was manufacturing elevators and handrails for the building. The steel was so meticulously pre-cut that, according to The New York Times, the steel pieces could be connected "without so much as the alteration of a bored hole, or the exchange of a tiny rivet". Workers used air-powered tools to rivet the steel beams together, since such equipment was more efficient than steam-powered tools at conducting power over long distances. The frame was complete by February 1902, and workers began installing the terracotta tiles as the framework of the top stories were being finished. By mid-May, the building was half-covered by terracotta tiling. The terracotta work was completed the next month, and the scaffolding in front of the building was removed. The Fifth Avenue Building Company had invested $1.5 million in the project.
Officials of the Fuller Company announced in August 1902 that the structure would be officially named after George A. Fuller, founder of the Fuller Company and "father of the skyscraper", who had died two years earlier. By then, the site had been known as the "flatiron" for several years; according to Christopher Gray of The New York Times, Burnham's and Fuller's architectural drawings even labeled the structure as the "Flatiron Building". Although the Fuller name was used for some time after the building's completion, locals persisted in calling it the Flatiron, to the displeasure of Harry Black and the building's contractors. In subsequent years, the edifice officially came to be known as the Flatiron Building, and the Fuller name was transferred to a newer 40-story structure at 597 Madison Avenue.
In the weeks before the official opening, the Fuller Company distributed six-page brochures to potential tenants and real-estate brokers. The brochures advertised the building as being "ready for occupancy" on October 1, 1902. The Fuller Company took the 19th floor for its headquarters. When completed, the Flatiron Building was much taller than others in the neighborhood; when New York City Fire Department officials tested the building's standpipes in November 1902, they found that "the 'flat-iron' building would be of great aid in fighting the fire" in any surrounding buildings. Following the building's completion, the surrounding neighborhood evolved from an entertainment district to a commercial hub. Initially, the building was topped by a flagpole, which was maintained by one man, "Steeplejack" Kay, for four decades. Henry Clay Frick expressed interest in purchasing the structure in 1904 for $5 million, but he ultimately withdrew his offer.
During the building's construction, Black had suggested that the "cowcatcher" retail space be installed at the northern tip of the building, occupying 93 square feet (8.6 m2) of unused space at the extreme northern end of the lot. This would maximize use of the building's lot and produce some retail income. Burnham initially refused to consider Black's suggestion, and, in April 1902, Black asked a draftsman at the Fuller Company to draw up plans for the retail space. Black submitted plans for the annex to the DOB in May 1902. The DOB rejected the initial plans because the walls were too thin, but the department approved a revised proposal that June, to Burnham's disapproval. The retail space in the "cowcatcher" was leased by United Cigar Stores.
Another addition to the building not in the original plan was the penthouse, which was constructed after the rest of the building had been completed. By 1905, the Fuller Company needed to expand its technical drawing facilities. As a result, the company filed plans for a penthouse with the New York City Department of Buildings that March. The penthouse would cost $10,000 and would include fireproof partitions and a staircase from the existing 20th floor. The penthouse, intended for use as artists' studios, was quickly rented out to artists such as Louis Fancher, many of whom contributed to the pulp magazines which were produced in the offices below.
New York, often called New York City or simply NYC, is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each of which is coextensive with a respective county. It is a global city and a cultural, financial, high-tech, entertainment, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care, scientific output, life sciences, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, and is sometimes described as the world's most important city and the capital of the world.
With an estimated population in 2022 of 8,335,897 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city. New York is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area. With more than 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populous megacities. The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents born outside the U.S., the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world.
New York City traces its origins to Fort Amsterdam and a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under English control in 1664 and was renamed New York after King Charles II granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. The city was temporarily regained by the Dutch in July 1673 and was renamed New Orange; however, the city has been named New York since November 1674. New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. The modern city was formed by the 1898 consolidation of its five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island, and has been the largest U.S. city ever since.
Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world's premier financial and fintech center and the most economically powerful city in the world. As of 2022, the New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world with a gross metropolitan product of over US$2.16 trillion. If the New York metropolitan area were its own country, it would have the tenth-largest economy in the world. The city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization of their listed companies: the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors. As of 2023, New York City is the most expensive city in the world for expatriates to live. New York City is home to the highest number of billionaires, individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$30 million), and millionaires of any city in the world
The written history of New York City began with the first European explorer, the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. European settlement began with the Dutch in 1608 and New Amsterdam was founded in 1624.
The "Sons of Liberty" campaigned against British authority in New York City, and the Stamp Act Congress of representatives from throughout the Thirteen Colonies met in the city in 1765 to organize resistance to Crown policies. The city's strategic location and status as a major seaport made it the prime target for British seizure in 1776. General George Washington lost a series of battles from which he narrowly escaped (with the notable exception of the Battle of Harlem Heights, his first victory of the war), and the British Army occupied New York and made it their base on the continent until late 1783, attracting Loyalist refugees.
The city served as the national capital under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 to 1789, and briefly served as the new nation's capital in 1789–90 under the United States Constitution. Under the new government, the city hosted the inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States, the drafting of the United States Bill of Rights, and the first Supreme Court of the United States. The opening of the Erie Canal gave excellent steamboat connections with upstate New York and the Great Lakes, along with coastal traffic to lower New England, making the city the preeminent port on the Atlantic Ocean. The arrival of rail connections to the north and west in the 1840s and 1850s strengthened its central role.
Beginning in the mid-19th century, waves of new immigrants arrived from Europe dramatically changing the composition of the city and serving as workers in the expanding industries. Modern New York traces its development to the consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898 and an economic and building boom following the Great Depression and World War II. Throughout its history, New York has served as a main port of entry for many immigrants, and its cultural and economic influence has made it one of the most important urban areas in the United States and the world. The economy in the 1700s was based on farming, local production, fur trading, and Atlantic jobs like shipbuilding. In the 1700s, New York was sometimes referred to as a breadbasket colony, because one of its major crops was wheat. New York colony also exported other goods included iron ore as a raw material and as manufactured goods such as tools, plows, nails and kitchen items such as kettles, pans and pots.
The area that eventually encompassed modern day New York was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically related Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami. Early European settlers called bands of Lenape by the Unami place name for where they lived, such as "Raritan" in Staten Island and New Jersey, "Canarsee" in Brooklyn, and "Hackensack" in New Jersey across the Hudson River from Lower Manhattan. Some modern place names such as Raritan Bay and Canarsie are derived from Lenape names. Eastern Long Island neighbors were culturally and linguistically more closely related to the Mohegan-Pequot peoples of New England who spoke the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language.
These peoples made use of the abundant waterways in the New York region for fishing, hunting trips, trade, and occasionally war. Many paths created by the indigenous peoples are now main thoroughfares, such as Broadway in Manhattan, the Bronx, and Westchester. The Lenape developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, they were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay. Historians estimate that at the time of European settlement, approximately 5,000 Lenape lived in 80 settlements around the region.
The first European visitor to the area was Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian in command of the French ship La Dauphine in 1524. It is believed he sailed into Upper New York Bay, where he encountered native Lenape, returned through the Narrows, where he anchored the night of April 17, and left to continue his voyage. He named the area New Angoulême (La Nouvelle-Angoulême) in honor of Francis I, King of France of the royal house of Valois-Angoulême and who had been Count of Angoulême from 1496 until his coronation in 1515. The name refers to the town of Angoulême, in the Charente département of France. For the next century, the area was occasionally visited by fur traders or explorers, such as by Esteban Gomez in 1525.
European exploration continued on September 2, 1609, when the Englishman Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed the Half Moon through the Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like Christopher Columbus, Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to Asia. He never found one, but he did take note of the abundant beaver population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the regional beaver population served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the New World. The beaver's importance in New York's history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal.
The first Dutch fur trading posts and settlements were in 1614 near present-day Albany, New York, the same year that New Netherland first appeared on maps. Only in May 1624 did the Dutch West India Company land a number of families at Noten Eylant (today's Governors Island) off the southern tip of Manhattan at the mouth of the North River (today's Hudson River). Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers; they were forced to build the wall that defended the town against English and Indian attacks. Early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans. The Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City, resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.
On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. The colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653. The first mayors (burgemeesters) of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year. By the early 1660s, the population consisted of approximately 1500 Europeans, only about half of whom were Dutch, and 375 Africans, 300 of whom were slaves.
A few of the original Dutch place names have been retained, most notably Flushing (after the Dutch town of Vlissingen), Harlem (after Haarlem), and Brooklyn (after Breukelen). Few buildings, however, remain from the 17th century. The oldest recorded house still in existence in New York, the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, dates from 1652.
On August 27, 1664, four English frigates under the command of Col. Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender, as part of an effort by King Charles II's brother James, Duke of York, the Lord High Admiral to provoke the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Two weeks later, Stuyvesant officially capitulated by signing Articles of Surrender and in June 1665, the town was reincorporated under English law and renamed "New York" after the Duke, and Fort Orange was renamed "Fort Albany". The war ended in a Dutch victory in 1667, but the colony remained under English rule as stipulated in the Treaty of Breda. During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch briefly recaptured the city in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to England for what is now Suriname in November 1674 at the Treaty of Westminster.
The colony benefited from increased immigration from Europe and its population grew faster. The Bolting Act of 1678, whereby no mill outside the city was permitted to grind wheat or corn, boosted growth until its repeal in 1694, increasing the number of houses over the period from 384 to 983.
In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689 to 1691, before being arrested and executed.
Lawyers
In New York at first, legal practitioners were full-time businessmen and merchants, with no legal training, who had watched a few court proceedings, and mostly used their own common sense together with snippets they had picked up about English law. Court proceedings were quite informal, for the judges had no more training than the attorneys.
By the 1760s, the situation had dramatically changed. Lawyers were essential to the rapidly growing international trade, dealing with questions of partnerships, contracts, and insurance. The sums of money involved were large, and hiring an incompetent lawyer was a very expensive proposition. Lawyers were now professionally trained, and conversant in an extremely complex language that combined highly specific legal terms and motions with a dose of Latin. Court proceedings became a baffling mystery to the ordinary layman. Lawyers became more specialized and built their reputation, and their fee schedule, on the basis of their reputation for success. But as their status, wealth and power rose, animosity grew even faster. By the 1750s and 1760s, there was a widespread attack ridiculing and demeaning the lawyers as pettifoggers (lawyers lacking sound legal skills). Their image and influence declined. The lawyers organized a bar association, but it fell apart in 1768 during the bitter political dispute between the factions based in the Delancey and Livingston families. A large fraction of the prominent lawyers were Loyalists; their clientele was often to royal authority or British merchants and financiers. They were not allowed to practice law unless they took a loyalty oath to the new United States of America. Many went to Britain or Canada (primarily to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) after losing the war.
For the next century, various attempts were made, and failed, to build an effective organization of lawyers. Finally a Bar Association emerged in 1869 that proved successful and continues to operate.
By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. The Dutch West Indies Company transported African slaves to the post as trading laborers used to build the fort and stockade, and some gained freedom under the Dutch. After the seizure of the colony in 1664, the slave trade continued to be legal. In 1703, 42% of the New York households had slaves; they served as domestic servants and laborers but also became involved in skilled trades, shipping and other fields. Yet following reform in ethics according to American Enlightenment thought, by the 1770s slaves made up less than 25% of the population.
By the 1740s, 20% of the residents of New York were slaves, totaling about 2,500 people.
After a series of fires in 1741, the city panicked over rumors of its black population conspiring with some poor whites to burn the city. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 black and 4 white people, who over a period of months were convicted of arson. Of these, the city executed 13 black people by burning them alive and hanged the remainder of those incriminated.
The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among Sons of Liberty who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to 1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island in late 1776, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for loyalist refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became the focal point for Washington's espionage and intelligence-gathering throughout the war.
New York was greatly damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin, with the Loyalists and Patriots accusing each other of starting the conflagration. The city became the political and military center of operations for the British in North America for the remainder of the war. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans lost their lives aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. The British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city.
Starting in 1785 the Congress met in the city of New York under the Articles of Confederation. In 1789, New York became the first national capital under the new Constitution. The Constitution also created the current Congress of the United States, and its first sitting was at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first Supreme Court sat there. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall. New York remained the national capital until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia.
During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada. By 1835, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury.
In 1842, water was piped from a reservoir to supply the city for the first time.
The Great Irish Famine (1845–1850) brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1850 the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population. Government institutions, including the New York City Police Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents. In 1831, New York University was founded by U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin as a non-denominal institution surrounding Washington Square Park.
This period started with the 1855 inauguration of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall. It was the political machine based among Irish Americans that controlled the local Democratic Party. It usually dominated local politics throughout this period and into the 1930s. Public-minded members of the merchant community pressed for a Central Park, which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it became the first landscape park in an American city.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city was affected by its history of strong commercial ties to the South; before the war, half of its exports were related to cotton, including textiles from upstate mills. Together with its growing immigrant population, which was angry about conscription, sympathies among residents were divided for both the Union and Confederacy at the outbreak of war. Tensions related to the war culminated in the Draft Riots of 1863 led by Irish Catholics, who attacked black neighborhood and abolitionist homes. Many blacks left the city and moved to Brooklyn. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.
From 1890 to 1930, the largest cities, led by New York, were the focus of international attention. The skyscrapers and tourist attractions were widely publicized. Suburbs were emerging as bedroom communities for commuters to the central city. San Francisco dominated the West, Atlanta dominated the South, Boston dominated New England; Chicago dominated the Midwest United States. New York City dominated the entire nation in terms of communications, trade, finance, popular culture, and high culture. More than a fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered here.
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan, and outlying areas. Manhattan and the Bronx were established as two separate boroughs and joined with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge; the Borough of Queens was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as Nassau County in 1899); and the Borough of Richmond contained all of Richmond County. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions were absorbed by the city or each borough. In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.
The Bronx had a steady boom period during 1898–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression created a surge of unemployment, especially among the working class, and a slow-down of growth.
On June 15, 1904, over 1,000 people, mostly German immigrant women and children, were killed when the excursion steamship General Slocum caught fire and sank. It is the city's worst maritime disaster. On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers. In response, the city made great advancements in the fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication, marking its rising influence with such events as the Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909. Interborough Rapid Transit (the first New York City Subway company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station thrived.
From 1918 to 1920, New York City was affected by the largest rent strike wave in its history. Somewhere between several 10,000's and 100,000's of tenants struck across the city. A WW1 housing and coal shortage sparked the strikes. It became marked both by occasional violent scuffles and the Red Scare. It would lead to the passage of the first rent laws in the nations history.
The city was a destination for internal migrants as well as immigrants. Through 1940, New York was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the rural American South. The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the 1920s and the era of Prohibition. New York's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates were reduced after World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great Depression reduced the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics temporarily stabilized, labor unionization helped the working class gain new protections and middle-class affluence, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized zoning controls.
For a while, New York ranked as the most populous city in the world, overtaking London in 1925, which had reigned for a century.[58] During the difficult years of the Great Depression, the reformer Fiorello La Guardia was elected as mayor, and Tammany Hall fell after eighty years of political dominance.
Despite the effects of the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were built during the 1930s. Art Deco architecture—such as the iconic Chrysler Building, Empire State Building, and 30 Rockefeller Plaza— came to define the city's skyline. The construction of the Rockefeller Center occurred in the 1930s and was the largest-ever private development project at the time. Both before and especially after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the construction of bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Robert Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America.
Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom. Demands for new housing were aided by the G.I. Bill for veterans, stimulating the development of huge suburban tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County. The city was extensively photographed during the post–war years by photographer Todd Webb.
New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading the United States ascendancy. In 1951, the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, to the East Side of Manhattan. During the late 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as the anti-urban renewal views of Jane Jacobs gained popularity. Citizen rebellion stopped a plan to construct an expressway through Lower Manhattan.
After a short war boom, the Bronx declined from 1950 to 1985, going from predominantly moderate-income to mostly lower-income, with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.
The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed, while the jobs in the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the suburbs or to distant cities. At the same time, there was enormous growth in services, especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city and largest metropolitan area in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural center.
Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the late 1960s. Street activists and minority groups such as the Black Panthers and Young Lords organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding improved city services for poor areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by Felix Rohatyn. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the New York City blackout of 1977 and serial slayings by the Son of Sam.
The 1980s began a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. Neighborhood restoration projects funded by the city and state had very good effects for New York, especially Bedford-Stuyvesant, Harlem, and The Bronx. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crime-fighting techniques on the part of the New York Police Department. In 1989, New York City elected its first African American Mayor, David Dinkins. He came out of the Harlem Clubhouse.
In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the nationwide fall of violent crime rates, the resurgence of the finance industry, and the growth of the "Silicon Alley", during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York was also able to attract more business and convert abandoned industrialized neighborhoods into arts or attractive residential neighborhoods; examples include the Meatpacking District and Chelsea (in Manhattan) and Williamsburg (in Brooklyn).
New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was a site of the September 11 attacks of 2001; 2,606 people who were in the towers and in the surrounding area were killed by a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth. On November 3, 2014, One World Trade Center opened on the site of the attack. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York in the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan. It flooded low-lying areas of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. Electrical power was lost in many parts of the city and its suburbs.
Screenshot of the beauty of Need For Speed Payback
Car: Subaru Impreza WRX STI
Tools used: HattiWatt1's Cinematic Tools, Lightroom color correction custom preset.
You can also find me on:
had to go to a debut and didn't have time to go home so I had to buy makeup in the mall and did my makeup in Starbucks :x
model: me
...boldog az az ember akinek van társa, akihez odabújhat, aki átöleli ha baj van, akire mindig számíthat, aki gyengéden megcsókolja, aki mindig SZERETI
...én még keresem ezt a személyt.... :(
In the 1930s there was an increasing need for a real people's car in the German-speaking region. A car affordable for the masses, the so called 'Volkswagen'.
One of the leading engineers at that time was Josef Ganz (Budapest, 1898-1967). After he had worked for Adler, BMW, Daimler-Benz and Röhr, he developed his own minicar in 1931, the 'Maikäfer'.
In Standard Fahrzeugbau he found a manufacturer and in 1932 the Standard Superior 400 was launched (officially presented at the IAMA, the Berlin international motor show, Febr. 1933).
This cheap car was based on the 'Maikäfer' principles: tubular chassis, rear engine, independent wheel suspension and with a streamlined body.
Journalist Paul Schilperoord wrote a very interesting book about the history of the development of the VW Beetle in the 1930s. In this book he describes the life and works of Josef Ganz who's technical ideas were taken over by Ferdinand Porsche. The book reads like a very exciting story.
See: Paul Schilperoord, Het ware verhaal van de Kever: hoe Hitler het ontwerp van een Joods genie confisqueerde, Veen Magazines, 2009.
In 2019 a documentary was made about Josef Ganz and his life story: Ganz, How I lost my Beetle (2019), by Suzanne Raes: www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNuS4GwU7CU
Image source: Paul Schilperoord, Het ware verhaal van de Kever: hoe Hitler het ontwerp van een Joods genie confisqueerde, Veen Magazines, 2009.
Location: prob. Frankfurt.
Date: ca. 1935.
Original photographer, place and exact date unknown.
Halfweg, Febr. 11, 2023.
© 2009/2023 Schilperoord/Sander Toonen, Halfweg | All Rights Reserved
Hair - eXxEsS: Chocolat
Head - Catwa: Catya
Mesh Body - Maitreya Lara
Outfit - **ABSEN** Torri Outfit
SL Marketplace: marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/213655
Thanks for the setup Elise Onmura!!
eliseonmurasecondlife.blogspot.com/2019/05/refuge-emma-de...;
There is no need to introduce the Lofoten islands; they have been on tourist radar for years. The islands' tall, craggy mountains stand majestically against the grey sky and made first-time visitors stare in silent awe.
Lofoten offers everything that their adventurous visitors seek for: sea-bird colonies, beautiful sandy beaches, towering peaks, and picturesque fishing villages. The mountains are set so close together that there seems to be no way through, but in fact the islands are riddled with straits, sounds and fjords.
Inspired by the Long crossing of the Lofoten Islands, we focused on the archipelago's arguably most diverse and rugged island, the southernmost Moskenesøya.
Besides well-known spots like Kvalvika bay, we were attracted by the scarcely populated west coast of the island, with no roads and (almost) no villages. On top of that, the southernmost tip of Moskenesøya seemed to offer real wilderness hiking since there is in fact no other way how to reach it except for a chartered boat transfer.
Our week-long itinerary was the following: Buvågen -> Gjerdvika -> Ågvatnet -> Forsfjorden -> Stormarkpollen -> Kvalvika -> Fredvang.
Sometimes you don’t need the whole tree. Just a handful of leaves catching late sun and pretending they’re centre stage. Shot low with a standard lens, f/3.5 to keep some depth while holding detail. Not a metaphor. Just good light on a good shape.
Just passing by to say something to you
Font used: Adamant Pro by Parachute Fonts
(Made with Adobe Photoshop & Adobe Illustrator)
31th January.
185/365
At first I thought Aloe Blacc sang those words haha.
My mum made this poncho last year. It's so beautiful.
Black and white version on tumblr.
British ( HOUNDSTOOTH) Tweed Jacket
Teamed With A Pair Of 100% Wool Cavalry Twill Trousers
( BEST COLOUR BROWN.....MATCHES THE TWEED JACKET)
Topped Off With A Hounds tooth Tweed Flat Cap
NOW ....THAT'S HOW TO GET THE DISTINGUISHED DAPPER VINTAGE LOOK !!!!
Dear Flickr Friends,
I hope you all are doing well and are able to protect yourself and your loved ones from the on going crisis.
I really need your support.
I recently started a youtube channel and want to get some traction on that. As you may know, the algorithm of youtube doesn't really understand quality or content. It is more based on number of clicks, subscribers, catchy titles etc. So I need your support to get the first push for the channel.
It will be amazing if you could spend few minutes of your time and visit through my channel and subscribe to it. It will really help me growing and keep me motivated to spend time on making such videos and on the way taking those photos that need exceptional amount of time and money to achieve. If you like my images, I am sure you will also enjoy the videos too.
Currently I have contents related my travel, but soon I will start making some tutorials and practical gear reviews of my own honest experience of using the gears on my day to day work.
Thank you very much in advance for your support and help.
Best Regards,
Avi
Need For Speed: Most Wanted (2012)
3449x1940 || 2xSSAA || ToCA EDIT (freecam/no-HUD/FOV) || jim2point0's CE script (time of day)
|| SweetFX 1.4/B (monochrome/tonemap/curves/vignette)
Alt Shot (w/o monochrome)
Follow me on Instagram | Dennis Schrader Photo on Instagram
Photo by: Dennis Schrader Photography | dennisschraderphoto.com
In 1994, regional passenger rail in California changed for the better with the introduction of Amtrak California's California Cars and its own locomotive, the F59PHI. At the time, the new equipment was revolutionary. Amtrak California had an identity. Now, 18 years later, Amtrak California has become the gold standard for regional passenger train service nationwide. It demonstrated how a state can succesfully take on passenger train service. Today, Amtrak California now has three of the busiest passenger rail corridors in the United States.
The future for Amtrak California is very bright. And almost 18 years later, CDTX 2001 (the first F59PHI ever produced), looks just as beautiful as she did in 1994. She's at home on the UP Martinez Sub, pulling a WB Capitol through Dixon, CA. BTW, the cab car was 8301, the first cab-car in the California Car series!
© 2012 Patrick Dirden Photography
All Rights Reserved
Canon 50mm f1:0.75 doesn't have a focus ring. Once "mounted" on the camera it can only work at a single focusing distance - I'm not sure whether I'll be able to get it to focus at infinite
Canon 50mm f1:0,95 needs an adapter mount (ordered) for my EOS M. Aperture ring is very smooth, focus ring a bit hard to rotate. some light mold on the front lens
Both were a present from my best friend's collection