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Untitled
2009
Mica acrylic
Rosana Castrillo Díaz, Spanish, born 1971
Commissioned through a gift of Robert and Claudia Allen and the Mary Heath Keesling Fund, 2009.85
"I was very interested in exploring how the light would act with the mica. I knew there was going to be a lot of light, even though the space was not created yet. When I think about light, I always think about marble sculptures. The modulation of light in the Renaissance sculptures by Michelangelo and Bernini fascinates me. I was looking at the drapery in these works, and made some drawings. That was a reference for the conception of this work." -- Rosana Castrillo Díaz, interview with the SFMOMA Education Department, 2010
The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMoMA) was opened in 1935 under director Grace L. McCann Morley as the San Francisco Museum of Art, the first museum on the West Coast devoted solely to 20th-century art. For its first sixty years, the museum occupied upper floors of the War Memorial Veterans Building in the Civic Center. Under director Henry T. Hopkins, the museum added "Modern" to its title in 1975, and established an international reputation. In 1995 the museum moved to its current location, a large cubistic building designed by Mario Botta Architetto of Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum at 151 Third Street.
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
The sharp looking nib pictured is known as a "G pen". I don't know what the G stands for, but I'm guessing "graphic"? Anyone?
Anyway, so far I've drawn three sketches with the new pen, and this was the best of the lot, so I decided to take a picture to commemorate! I've wanted a pen like this for longer than I can remember, but it never occurred to me that eBay would be a good place to get one until a couple of weeks ago. *facepalm*
The G pen is a weird thing... it sort of handles like an ink brush, only with greater precision. It's a joy to draw with.
That said, it might take me a little while to get proficient with it, though. This is still a bit messy.
N.B. White ink ---> WORTH EVERY PENNY.
Exploring micro-controllers with the Arduino NG development system. Seen here running in standalone mode with a 9v battery. Arduino makes embedded programming fun and easy by bringing together a clean and simple hardware and software development environment.
Here, I'm messing with reading analog input from a 10k potentiometer and PWM (pulse width modulation) of leds to produce variable brightness.
Link to my RFID tagged blog entries, with video of the setup above in action: stevenandsarah.com/category/rfid/
www.arduino.cc/ - "Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board, and a development environment for writing Arduino software. The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, itself built on Processing."
Garland Fielder 'Untitled' (white contortion 02), 2007, Holly Johnson Gallery, Dallas
Garland Fielder exhibit 'Modulations'
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
Prague Castle (Pražský hrad)
For more than a thousand years, has the Prague Castle been an important symbol of the Czech state. Founded in the 9th century, it became the permanent seat of the Czech rulers and, most recently, also of the Presidents. One of the largest castle complexes in the world consists of palaces, offices, churches and fortification buildings, gardens and picturesque corners. The castle covers an area of 45 hectares. The unique view to the Prague Castle is one of the most amazing panorama views in the world.
Prague Castle is the most important folk-cultural and historical monument, and is the symbol of the more than one thousand years of development of the Czech and all-Czech states. It is a monumental symbol of the palace, church, fortification, official and residential buildings which represent very valuable monuments, included in all style epochs. It covers an area of 45 hectares, was the seat of the Bohemian princes, kings and emperors, and since the Republic was founded in 1918, it was also the residence of the presidents. Since 1962, the Prague Castle has been known for its archaeological discoveries.
History
The initial phases of the Prague Castle are connected with the first historically documented Přemyslid Bořivoj (Bořivoj I (Czech pronunciation: [ˈbɔr̝ɪvɔj], Latin: Borzivogius, c. 852 – c. 889) was the first historically documented Duke of Bohemia from about 870 and progenitor of the Přemyslid dynasty.] The Duchy of Bohemia was at those times subordinated to Great Moravia.). This one transferred in the 80s of the 9th century his original seat from Levý Hradec to the place where on the raised spot above the river Vltava/Moldau already existed a Slavic castle and was very well situated.
The first princely palace apparently only consisted of wood. The first stone building and the oldest Christian sanctuary was the Virgin Mary Church. Its remains have been found between the Second Courtyard and the Bastion garden (original name of the garden: Na Baště). This Bořivoj church was soon reconstructed by the prince Spytihněv I, who was buried here in 915. The second church in the castle was the St. George Basilica founded by Prince Vratislaus I. The next Přemyslide, Prince Wenceslas (Saint), the third sanctuary - the St Veit Rotunda - in the twenties of the 10th century nearby had built which in the 11th century by Prince Spytihnev II was transformed into a huge basilica.
In 973, when the bishopric was established in Prague, the castle was not only the seat of the head of state, but also the seat of the Prague bishop, the highest representative of the church. At the same time arose the first monastery in Bohemia at St. George's basilica.
In the 10th century the castle occupied an area of about 6 ha. In the Romanesque epoch the former fortress, especially after the year 1135 thanks to Soběslaus I, as the stony princely palace and the new masonry fortified with some towers were erected, was turned into a fortified medieval castle. Of the towers is the eastern blacktower best preserved.
Very significantly the Gothic period in the appearance of Prague Castle intervened, most of all Charles IV (1346 - 1378), who, with his father, John of Luxemburg (1310 - 1346), obtained from the pope the promotion of the Prague bishopric to the archbishopric and laid the foundations for the construction of St. Vitus Cathedral. Under Charles IV, the castle for the first time was turned into the imperial residence. Charles IV the defense of the Prague Castle had consolidated, the Royal Palace with the Chapel of All Saints he rebuilt generously. The roofs he had covered with gilded plates, which were the foundation for the binding of words "Golden Prague". Since 1382, Bohemian rulers ceased to occupy the Prague Castle for more than 100 years. The royal court was moved to the place of today's Community hall and back to the Prague castle it came only in 1483 under Wladislaus from the Jagiellonian dynasty.
Although the ruler already in 1490 moved to Ofen (Buda), he had the Prague castle renovated in the late Gothic style under the supervision of Benedikt Ried. He was the master builder of the magnificent Vladislav Hall, the largest secular vaulted room of the then Europe, with which the first Renaissance signs came to Prague. He carried out major construction works, including the construction of a new masonry, the defensive towers and the expansion of the Royal Palace. At his time, the Gothic died away and a new architectural style, the Renaissance, gradually prevailed.
The direct influence of the Italian art on the new style was most frequently observed in Prague under the reign of Ferdinand I (von Habsburg) and after his departure from Prague under the influence of the governor Ferdinand of Tyrol. At that time, the medieval castle was converted into a comfortable Renaissance castle with gardens. The typical Italian architecture of the Royal Pleasure palace arose in the northern King's garden.
For a large building activity in 1541 contributed a fire devastating the castle objects as well as the surrounding area quite a lot. Within the framework of the restoration, both the housing estates and the church buildings were rebuilt. Under the reign of the first Habsburgs, nobility palaces were added to the castle grounds (for example, the Pernstein Palace - later Lobkowicz Palace, Rosenberg Palace and others). Horse stable buildings were built in the north-west.
Under the reign of the Emperor Rudolph II (1576 - 1611), the Renaissance and Mannerism transformation of the castle, which for the second time became the center of the empire, and especially the center of European culture and science, reached its peak. On the second courtyard, new rooms were built for the collections of Rudolph - the new (now Spanish) hall and the Rudolph gallery. Also arose the connection tract between the northwestern and the southwestern part of the castle. Just here the famous Kunstkammer (Art chamber) and other rooms for Rudolph's collective activities were located. Additionally further horse stable properties were built for his rare Spanish horses. During the Rudolph times also the foundation stone of the famous Golden Alley was laid. Laboratories of the Rudolph-Alchymists were supposed to have been in the Powder tower above the Hirschgraben (Deer's ditch). The castle suffered again considerable damages when it was occupied by the Saxon army in 1631 and by the Swedes in 1648 not only was occupied but also plundered. After the Thirty Years' War, the Habsburgs did not care too much about the Prague royal seat.
Only Maria Theresia carried out an extensive reconstruction of the Prague Castle from 1755 - 1775 into a representative castle complex. The reason for the massive construction action were war damages, caused by the intense bombing of the castle during war conflicts at the beginning of her reign. The reconstruction was designed by the Viennese architect Nicolo Pacassi, who also planned the first courtyard with the monumental entrance gate. From the time of the Theresian reconstruction stems also the chapel of the Holy Cross on the 2nd castle forecourt and other buildings, especially the noblewomen institute. The south wing he imprinted the uniform monumental late Baroque facade of a representative seat. His plans influenced by Viennese Rococo and French Classicism the builders Anselmo Lurago, Anton Kunz and Anton Haffenecker brought into life.
In the 19th century, the castle fell into ruin, in several objects after the Josephine reforms the army settled. In connection with the stay of Ferdinand I the Good in the castle after his abdication in 1848 and further in connection with the preparation for the coronation of Franz Joseph I in the sixties it came to building modifications of several objects. After 1859, when the community for the completion of St Veit cathedral emerged, began first the repair, and then, under the influence of the architect Joseph Mocker, the work on the actual completion of St Veit's cathedral was started, completed in 1929.
In the years 1920 - 35, carried out extensive regulations of the Prague Castle as the seat of the Czechoslovak President the great Slovenian architect Josip Plečnik, who masterfully combined the valuable historical space with modern civilization claims. His modifications mainly concerned the 1st and 3rd court, the southern gardens of the castle, the fourth forecourt with the Bastion garden as well as numerous interiors. He created e.g. the pillared hall, private rooms of the presidential residence, including the Masaryk workroom. His pupil, Otto Rothmayer, brought to an end the incomplete solutions of some castle interior spaces after the Second World War in comparable quality.
In 1936, Pavel Janák and after him, in 1959, Jaroslav Fragner became castle architect.
After the year of change of 1989, the Prague Castle was opened to the public in many places. During the term of President Havel, at the castle it came to modulations of the interiors and to the expansion of two new entrances into the second courtyard after the project of the creator and designer Bořek Šípek. The puncture through the rampart of the Powder bridge in Hirschgraben was rewarded with a significant prize (Arch. Josef Pleskot). Also interesting is the modern greenhouse of the world-famous architect Eva Jiřičná. The Georgian Square (Jiřské náměstí) was re-paved and modulated. The Mosaic of the Last Judgment was renovated in collaboration with the specialists from the Getti Institute. In 1990, the Prague Castle was solemnly illuminated and this situation lasts from dusk to midnight until today. In the main tourist season, the lighting time even lasts an hour longer until 1 o'clock. The tradition of electric lighting, but on a much smaller scale, began in 1928, when the lamps were installed for the 10th anniversary of the elevation to a Republic. A little bit the present daylight resembles of those from the end of the sixties, but today it is much more detailed and in communist times it was only switched on at solemn occasions. At that time, illuminative days were state holidays or significant day of republic, which, however, did not lack recognition from the communist point of view.
In recent years the reconstruction and renovation work has been developed in many buildings of the castle and a considerable attention has been devoted to the archaeological investigation, which has been going on since 1925 and has brought many insights into the history of the castle. The investigation as well as the renovation of the individual rooms and objects is motivated by the idea of invigorating them as much as possible by making them accessible to the public.
Prager Burg (Pražský hrad)
Die Prager Burg ist seit über tausend Jahren ein bedeutendes Symbol des tschechischen Staates. Gegründet im 9. Jahrhundert wurde sie zum ständigen Sitz der tschechischen Herrscher und zuletzt auch der Präsidenten. Einer der größten Burgkomplexe weltweit setzt sich aus Palästen, Amts-, Kirchen- und Fortifikationsgebäuden, aus Gärten und malerischen Ecken zusammen. Die Burg erstreckt sich auf einer Fläche von 45 Hektar. Der alleinige Blick auf die Prager Burg stellt einen der überwältigendsten Panoramablicke der Welt dar.
Die Prager Burg ist das bedeutendste Volkskultur- und Historiedenkmal, sie ist das Symbol der mehr als eintausendjährigen Entwicklung des böhmischen sowie gesamttschechischen Staats. Es ist ein monumentales Symbol der Palast-, Kirchen-, Fortifikations-, Amts- und Wohngebäude, die sehr wertvolle Denkmäler darstellen, einbezogen auf alle Stilepochen. Sie erstreckt sich auf einer Fläche von 45 ha, war der Sitz der böhmischen Fürsten, Könige und Kaiser und seit der Republikentstehung im Jahre 1918 war sie auch die Residenz der Präsidenten. Seit 1962 steht die Prager Burg mit ihren archäologischen Funden als bekanntester.
Geschichte
Die Anfangszeiten der Prager Burg sind mit dem ersten historisch belegten Přemysliden Bořivoj verbunden. Dieser übertrug in den 80er Jahren des 9. Jahrhunderts seinen ursprünglichen Sitz von Levý Hradec an den Ort, wo auf der erhabenen Stelle über der Moldau eine slawische Burgstätte bereits bestand und sehr gut gelegen war.
Der erste Fürstenpalast bestand offenbar aus Holz. Der erste Steinbau und das älteste christliche Heiligtum war die Jungfrau Maria Kirche. Ihre Reste wurden zwischen dem II. Vorhof und dem Basteigarten (Originalname des Gartens: Na Baště) gefunden. Diese Bořivoj-Kirche wurde durch den hier im Jahre 915 beigesetzten Fürsten Spytihněv I. bald umgebaut. Die zweite Kirche im Burgraum war die vom Fürsten Vratislaus I. gegründete St. Georg Basilika. Der nächste Přemyslide, der Fürst Wenzel (der Heilige), ließ in der Nähe in den 20er Jahren des 10. Jahrhunderts das dritte Heiligtum - die St. Veit Rotunde - bauen, die im 11. Jahrhundert vom Fürsten Spytihněv II. zu einer gewaltigen Basilika umgebaut wurde.
Im Jahre 973, als in Prag das Bistum gegründet wurde, war die Burg nicht nur der Sitz des Staatsoberhaupts, sondern auch der Sitz des Prager Bischofs, des höchsten Repräsentanten der Kirche. Zu demselben Zeitpunkt entstand an der St. Georg Basilika das erste Kloster in Böhmen.
Im 10. Jahrhundert nahm die Burg eine Fläche von ca. 6 ha in Anspruch. In der romanischen Epoche wurde die einstige Burgstätte, insbesondere nach dem Jahr 1135 dank Soběslaus I., als der steinige Fürstenpalast und das neue mit einigen Türmen verstärkte Mauerwerk aufgebaut wurden, zu einer festen mittelalterlichen Burg umgebaut. Von den Türmen ist der östliche Schwarzturm am besten erhalten.
Sehr bedeutend griff ins Aussehen der Prager Burg die Gotikzeit ein, insbesondere Karl IV. (1346 - 1378), der mit seinem Vater Johann von Luxemburg (1310 - 1346) vom Papst die Beförderung des Prager Bistums zum Erzbistum erwirkte und den Grundstein für den Bau der St. Veit Kathedrale legte. Unter Karl IV. wurde die Burg zum ersten Mal zur Kaiserlichen Residenz. Karl IV. ließ die Verschanzung der Prager Burg festigen, den Königspalast mit der Kapelle Aller Heiligen baute er großzügig um. Die Dächer ließ er mit vergoldeten Blechen decken, die das Fundament für die Wörterbindung „Goldenes Prag“ darstellten. Seit 1382 hörten böhmische Herrscher auf, die Prager Burg für mehr als 100 Jahre zu bewohnen. Der Königshof wurde an den Ort des heutigen Gemeindehauses umgezogen und zurück auf die Prager Burg kehrte er erst im Jahre 1483 unter Wladislaus aus der Jagiellonen-Dynastie.
Obwohl der Herrscher bereits 1490 nach Ofen (Buda) umsiedelte, ließ er die Prager Burg im spätgotischen Stil unter der Bauleitung von Benedikt Ried umbauen. Er war der Baumeister des großartigen Wladislaus-Saals, des größten weltlichen gewölbten Raums des damaligen Europas, mit dem die ersten Renaissancezeichen nach Prag kamen. Er führte großartige Bauregelungen einschließlich des Ausbaus eines neuen Mauerwerks, der Wehrtürme und der Erweiterung des Königspalastes durch. Zu seiner Zeit klang die Gotik aus und es setzte sich allmählich ein neuer Baustil durch, die Renaissance.
Der direkte Einfluss der italienischen Kunst des neuen Stils wurde in Prag unter der Regierung von Ferdinand I. (von Habsburg) und nach seinem Weggang von Prag unter der Wirkung des Statthalters Ferdinand von Tirol am meisten beobachtet. Damals wurde die mittelalterliche Burg in ein bequemes Renaissanceschloss mit Gärten umgewandelt. Im nördlichen Königsgarten entstand die typisch italienische Architektur des Königlichen Lustschlosses.
Zu einer großen Bauaktivität trug im Jahre 1541 ein Brand bei, der die Burgobjekte sowie die Umgebung ziemlich viel kaputt machte. Im Rahmen der Wiederherstellung wurden sowohl die Wohnräume als auch die Kirchenobjekte umgebaut. Unter der Regierung der ersten Habsburger kamen ins Burggelände auch Adelspaläste dazu (zum Beispiel der Pernstein-Palast - später Lobkowicz-Palast, Rosenberg-Palast und weitere). Im Nordwesten wurden Pferdestallgebäude erbaut.
Unter der Regierung des Kaisers Rudolph II. (1576 - 1611) erreichte der Renaissance- und Manierismusumbau der Burg, die zum zweiten Mal zum Zentrum des Reiches und insbesondere zum Zentrum der europäischen Kultur und Wissenschaft wurde, seinen Gipfel. Auf dem II. Vorhof wurden neue Räume für die Sammlungen Rudolphs erbaut - der Neue (heute Spanische) Saal und die Rudolph-Galerie. Es entstand auch der Verbindungstrakt zwischen dem Nordwest- und dem Südwestteil der Burg. Eben hier befanden sich die berühmte Kunstkammer und weitere Räume für die Sammeltätigkeit Rudolphs. Es wurden auch weitere Pferdestallobjekte für seine seltenen spanischen Pferde aufgebaut. Während der Rudolph-Zeiten wurde auch der Grundstein der berühmten Goldenen Gasse gelegt. Laboratorien der Rudolph-Alchymisten sollen im Pulverturm über dem Hirschgraben gewesen sein. Die Burg erlitt erneut erhebliche Schäden, als sie 1631 vom sächsischen Heer und 1648 von den Schweden besetzt und ausgeplündert wurde. Nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg kümmerten sich die Habsburger um den Prager königlichen Sitz nicht allzu sehr.
Erst Maria Theresia führte in den Jahren 1755 - 1775 einen umfangreichen Umbau der Prager Burg zu einem repräsentativen Schlosskomplex durch. Der Grund für die massive Bauaktion waren Kriegsschäden, verursacht durch die intensive Bombardierung der Burg bei Kriegskonflikten zu Beginn ihrer Regierung. Den Umbau entwarf der Wiener Architekt Nicolo Pacassi, der auch den I. Vorhof mit dem monumentalen Eingangstor projektierte. Aus der Zeit des theresianischen Umbaus stammt auch die Kapelle des Heiligen Kreuzes auf dem II. Burgvorhof und weitere Gebäude, insbesondere die Edeldamenanstalt. Dem Südflügel prägte er die einheitliche monumentale Spätbarockfassade eines Repräsentationssitzes ein. Seine durch das Wiener Rokoko und den französischen Klassizismus beeinflussten Pläne brachten die Baumeister Anselmo Lurago, Anton Kunz und Anton Haffenecker zustande.
Im 19. Jahrhundert verfiel die Burg, in mehreren Objekten ließ sich nach den josephinischen Reformen das Heer nieder. Zu Bauregelungen einiger Objekte kam es im Zusammenhang mit dem Aufenthalt von Ferdinand I. dem Guten auf der Burg nach seiner Abdikation im Jahre 1848 und weiter im Zusammenhang mit der Vorbereitung auf die vorgesehene Krönung von Franz Joseph I. in den 60er Jahren. Nach 1859, als die Gemeinde für die Fertigstellung der St. Veit Kathedrale entstand, begann zuerst die Reparatur und anschließend unter der Wirkung des Architekten Joseph Mocker wurde die Arbeit an der eigentlichen Fertigstellung der St. Veit Kathedrale aufgenommen, abgeschlossen im Jahre 1929.
In den Jahren 1920 - 35 führte ausgedehnte Regelungen der Prager Burg als des Sitzes des tschechoslowakischen Präsidenten der bedeutende slowenische Architekt Josip Plečnik durch, der den wertvollen historischen Raum mit modernen Zivilisationsansprüchen meisterlich zusammenfügte. Seine Regelungen betrafen vor allem den 1. und 3. Vorhof, die Südgärten der Burg, den 4. Vorhof mit dem Basteigarten sowie zahlreiche Innenräume. Er schuf z.B. die Säulenhalle, Privaträume der Präsidentenwohnung einschließlich des Arbeitszimmers Masaryks. Sein Schüler Otto Rothmayer brachte die unvollendeten Lösungen einiger Burginnenräume nach dem 2. Weltkrieg in vergleichbarer Qualität zu Ende.
Im Jahre 1936 ist Pavel Janák und nach ihm seit 1959 Jaroslav Fragner Burgarchitekt geworden.
Nach dem Wendejahr 1989 wurde die Prager Burg an vielen Stellen für die Öffentlichkeit geöffnet. Während der Amtszeit des Präsidenten Havel kam es auf der Burg zu Regelungen der Innenräume und zum Ausbau zweier neuer Eingänge in den 2. Vorhof nach dem Projekt des Bildners und Designers Bořek Šípek. Mit einem bedeutenden Preis wurde der Durchstich durch den Wall der Pulverbrücke im Hirschgraben belohnt (Arch. Josef Pleskot). Interessant ist auch das moderne Gewächshaus der weltberühmten Architektin Eva Jiřičná. Der Georg-Platz (Jiřské náměstí) wurde neu bepflastert und geregelt. In Zusammenarbeit mit den Fachleuten aus dem Getti-Institut wurde die Mosaik „des Letzten Gerichts“ renoviert. Im Jahre 1990 wurde die Prager Burg feierlich beleuchtet und dieser Zustand dauert von der Dämmerung bis zur Mitternacht bis heute. In der touristischen Hauptsaison dauert die Beleuchtungszeit sogar eine Stunde länger, bis 1 Uhr. Die Tradition der elektrischen Beleuchtung, jedoch im viel kleineren Umfang, begann im Jahre 1928, als die Lampen zum 10. Jubiläum der Republikentstehung installiert wurden. Ein wenig ähnelte die heutige feierliche Beleuchtung jener aus dem Ende der 60er Jahren, heute ist sie allerdings viel detaillierter und in den Kommunistenzeiten wurde sie nur bei feierlichen Gelegenheiten angemacht. Beleuchtungswürdige Tage waren damals Staatsfeiertage oder bedeutende Republiktage, denen allerdings aus der kommunistischen Sicht die Anerkennung nicht fehlte.
In den letzten Jahren entwickelte sich die Umbau- bzw. Renovierungstätigkeit in vielen Objekten der Burg und eine erhebliche Aufmerksamkeit wurde der archäologischen Untersuchung gewidmet, die bereits seit 1925 läuft und viele Erkenntnisse über die Burggeschichte brachte. Die Untersuchung sowie die Renovierung der einzelnen Räume und Objekte ist von der Idee motiviert, sie dadurch, dass sie der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht werden, möglichst viel zu beleben.
These modifications of this Gristleism are identical to the modifications made by A.S.M.O. and used by all four members of Throbbing Gristle at their last gig on 23rd October 2010 at Village Underground, Hackney, London, UK. The Gristleism has an added LFO circuit which modulates the pitch and rhythmically triggers the loops. The LFO has 5 controls" speed, depth, wave shape and two momentary switches to engage the modulation and loop trigger. There is also an added switched jack output to connect to larger amplification.
The effects of modulation and under-highlighing are very subtle, but very much worth the effort
It adds an extra dimension of tonality that a miniature inevitably will lack due to its size. Carefully considered modulation can make a miniature feel more dynamic, and closer to how we would imagine 'the real thing' to be.
Paeonia (peony or paeony) is a genus of flowering plants, the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, Southern Europe and Western North America. Boundaries between species are not clear and estimates of the number of species range from 25 to 40.
Most are herbaceous perennial plants 0.5–1.5 metres (1.6–4.9 ft) tall, but some resemble trees 1.5–3 metres (4.9–9.8 ft) tall. They have compound, deeply lobed leaves and large, often fragrant, flowers, ranging from red to white or yellow, in late spring and early summer.
The peony is named after Paeon (also spelled Paean), a student of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine and healing. Asclepius became jealous of his pupil; Zeus saved Paeon from the wrath of Asclepius by turning him into the peony flower.[3]
The family name "Paeoniaceae" was first used by Friedrich K.L. Rudolphi in 1830, following a suggestion by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling that same year. The family had been given other names a few years earlier. The composition of the family has varied, but it has always consisted of Paeonia and one or more genera that are now placed in Ranunculales. It has been widely believed that Paeonia is closest to Glaucidium, and this idea has been followed in some recent works. Molecular phylogenetic studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that Glaucidium belongs in Ranunculaceae, but that Paeonia belongs in the unrelated order Saxifragale
Over 262 compounds have been obtained so far from the plants of Paeoniaceae. These include monoterpenoid glucosides, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenoids, triterpenoids and steroids, paeonols, and phenols.
Biological activities include antioxidant, antitumor, antipathogenic, immune-system-modulation activities, cardiovascular-system-protective activities and central-nervous-system activities.
The herb known as Paeonia, in particular the root of P. lactiflora (Bai Shao, Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), has been used frequently in traditional medicines of Korea, China and Japan. Research suggests that constituents in P. lactiflora – paeoniflorin and paeonol – can modulate IgE-induced scratching behaviors and mast cell degranulation.
The peony is among the longest-used flowers in Eastern culture and is one of the smallest living creature national emblems in China. Along with the plum blossom, it is a traditional floral symbol of China, where the Paeonia suffruticosa is called 牡丹 (mǔdān). It is also known as 富贵花 (fùguìhuā) "flower of riches and honour" or 花王 (huawang) "king of the flowers", and is used symbolically in Chinese art.[13] In 1903, the Qing Dynasty declared the peony as the national flower. Currently, the Republic of China on Taiwan designates the plum blossom as the national flower, while the People's Republic of China has no legally designated national flower. In 1994, the peony was proposed as the national flower after a nationwide poll, but the National People's Congress failed to ratify the selection. In 2003, another selection process has begun, but to date, no choice has been made.
The ancient Chinese city Luoyang has a reputation as a cultivation centre for the peonies. Throughout Chinese history, peonies in Luoyang have been said to be the finest in the country. Dozens of peony exhibitions and shows are still held there annually.
In Japan, Paeonia lactiflora used to be called ebisugusuri ("foreign medicine"). Pronunciation of 牡丹 (peony) in Japan is "botan." In kampo (the Japanese adaptation of Chinese medicine), its root was used as a treatment for convulsions. It is also cultivated as a garden plant. In Japan Paeonia suffruticosa is called the "King of Flowers" and Paeonia lactiflora is called the "Prime Minister of Flowers."
In the Middle Ages peonies were often painted with their ripe seed-capsules, since it was the seeds, not the flowers, which were medically significant. Collectors in the Middle Ages had to take great care not to seen by a woodpecker while digging for peony roots, or the bird might peck out their eyes.
Information from Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia,
The Blip Festival takes places once a year. It's where musicians get together and play their music inspired by 8 Bit gaming: think old school Super Mario and the rest.
Failotron possible got the greatest applause for his use of psychedelic music, trance, guitar work, etc.
If you'd like to use this photo, please link back to this exact webpage.
Seen here:
www.2d-x.com/blip-festival-2009-music-and-gaming-combine-...
www.photographybay.com/2009/12/22/7-tips-for-shooting-in-...
thephoblographer.wordpress.com/2009/12/28/hey-there-im-ch...
www.2d-x.com/pulsewave-modulation-brings-fresh-chiptunes-...
At KTRU the transmitter was located across campus from the studio. So that the DJ could take the legally required transmitter meter readings every hour, the plate voltage and current of the final amplifying tube were telemetered to this panel in the studio. This was done the cheapest way possible, of course. The Analog System Specifying Hourly Operating Log Entries, or ASSHOLE, was kept in adequate calibration thanks to regular adjustments by the Chief Engineer.
Below, the legally required modulation monitor, which listens to the over-the-air signal and measures the audio level, for compliance with the rules about how often it can exceed the nominal maximum, and by how much. This was probably the single most expensive piece of equipment in the studio, and fortunately one of the few items to survive the great flood, being mounted at eye level.
Above, the Emergency Broadcast System receiver, which monitors a designated commercial AM radio station for the activation tone and automatically unmutes the audio. This allows the DJ to listen to the EBS announcement from that station. If it was just a test, the event was logged. If it was an actual EBS activation, the DJ was supposed to transmit our own EBS activation tone and then repeat the information for our listeners. Inside the fancy rack-mount case was the guts of a cheap transistor radio and a little garage-made circuit board with the tone decoder. That company is still making broadcast gear today.
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c. 1473/1490 – 27 August 1576 better known as Titian was an Italian painter, the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, near Belluno (in Veneto), in the Republic of Venice. During his lifetime he was often called da Cadore, taken from the place of his birth.
Recognized by his contemporaries as "The Sun Amidst Small Stars" (recalling the famous final line of Dante's Paradiso), Titian was one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects. His painting methods, particularly in the application and use of color, would exercise a profound influence not only on painters of the Italian Renaissance, but on future generations of Western art.
During the course of his long life Titian's artistic manner changed drastically but he retained a lifelong interest in color. Although his mature works may not contain the vivid, luminous tints of his early pieces, their loose brushwork and subtlety of polychromatic modulations are without precedent in the history of Western art.
Georges de La Tour
French, 1593-1652
Oil on canvas
J. Paul Getty Museum
My first thought; is this a Dutch or Flemish painting? No it's French and I always think of de La Tour, using candle light to express mood in his paintings.
Here a brawling musician lifts his arm, squeezing lemon juice into the eyes of his supposedly blind opponent. The impostor's guide gasps with dismay while the two spectators at right knowingly laugh at the spectacle of deception revealed. An early work by La Tour, this painting exhibits sharp diagonal rhythms, rapid calligraphic brushwork, and swift modulations in coloring that resonate with the violence of the subject.
PI: Sanjiva Lele, Stanford University
Studying the intense noise emissions associated with OAM using physics-based simulations will be important for improved wind turbine design, implementation, and clean energy. The comprehensive LES database involving the novel large-span calculation—which unequivocally showed the presence of large-scale three-dimensionality—is being used to quantify epistemic uncertainties in Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) models and could spark renewed interest in fundamental research on “stall cells” under carefully controlled conditions. The database should also help improve semi-empirical tools for predicting airfoil self-noise.
This image depicts visual evidence for “stall cells” from the large-span calculation of flow past a NACA64-618 airfoil (Reynolds number based on chord = 1,900,000, angle of attack = 12.2 degrees). Instantaneous snapshot of streamwise velocity on the airfoil surface is shown here (note that in wall-modeled large eddy simulations, the tangential components of velocity are allowed to slip at the wall).
Image credit: Joseph G. Kocheemoolayil and Sanjiva K. Lele, Stanford University
Scientific discipline: Engineering
This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility at Argonne National Laboratory
Julian Stanczak is an American painter and printmaker. The artist lives and works in Seven Hills, Ohio with his wife, the sculptor, Barbara Stanczak. He was born in eastern Poland in 1928. At the beginning of World War II, Stanczak was forced into a Siberian labor camp, where he permanently lost the use of his right arm. He had been right-handed. In 1942, aged thirteen, Stanczak escaped from Siberia to join the Polish army-in-exile in Persia. After deserting from the army, he spent his teenage years in a hut in a Polish refugee camp in Uganda. In Africa Stanczak learned to write and paint left-handed. He then spend some years in London, before moving to the United States in 1950. He settled in Cleveland, Ohio. Stanczak received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Cleveland Institute of Art, Cleveland Ohio in 1954, and then trained under Josef Albers and Conrad Marca-Relli at the Yale University, School of Art and Architecture, New Haven, where he received his Master of Fine Arts in 1956.
In 2007, Stanczak was interviewed by Brian Sherwin for Myartspace. During the interview Stanczak recalled his experiences with war and the loss of his right arm and how both influenced his art. Stanczak explained, "The transition from using my left hand as my right, main hand, was very difficult. My youthful experiences with the atrocities of the Second World War are with me,- but I wanted to forget them and live a "normal" life and adapt into society more fully. In the search for Art, you have to separate what is emotional and what is logical. I did not want to be bombarded daily by the past,- I looked for anonymity of actions through non-referential, abstract art.
The Op Art movement was named for his first major show, Julian Stanczak: Optical Paintings, held at the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York in 1964. His work was included in the Museum of Modern Art's 1965 exhibition The Responsive Eye. In 1966 he was named a "New Talent" by Art in America magazine. In the early 1960s he began to make the surface plane of the painting vibrate through his use of wavy lines and contrasting colors in works such as Provocative Current (1965). These paintings gave way to more complex compositions constructed with geometric rigidity yet softened with varying degrees of color transparency such as Netted Green (1972). In addition to being an artist, Stanczak was also a teacher, having worked at the Art Academy of Cincinnati from 1957–64 and as Professor of Painting, at the Cleveland Institute of Art, 1964-1995. He was named "Outstanding American Educator" by the Educators of America in 1970.
Stanczak uses repeating forms to create compositions that are manifestations of his visual experiences. Stanczak's work is an art of experience, and is based upon structures of color. In the 1980s and 1990s Stanczak retained his geometric structure and created compositions with bright or muted colors, often creating pieces in a series such as Soft Continuum (1981; Johnson and Johnson Co. CT, see McClelland pl. 50). More recently, Stanczak has been creating large-scale series, consisting of square panels on which he examines variations of hue and chroma in illusionistic color modulations, an example of which is Windows to the Past (2000; 50 panels).
Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio,better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance. Recognized by his contemporaries as "the sun amidst small stars" (recalling the famous final line of Dante's Paradiso), Titian was one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects. His painting methods, particularly in the application and use of colour, would exercise a profound influence not only on painters of the Italian Renaissance, but on future generations of Western art.
During the course of his long life Titian's artistic manner changed drastically[ but he retained a lifelong interest in color. Although his mature works may not contain the vivid, luminous tints of his early pieces, their loose brushwork and subtlety of polychromatic modulations are without precedent in the history of Western art.
CNC milled tree trunk from Linden wood based on a form modeled in 3D. Milled at the HfG Offenbach with the kind assistance of Mr. Wolfgang Heide. Digital image taken at the exhibition "Natur-Struktur" in March-April 2008 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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This is it. One of the absolute greatest effects pedals ever engineered. It has EVERYTHING encorperated in it: flanging, delay, vibrato, tremulant, filter, modulation. This is BY FAR the most advanced effects pedal ever designed.
Most of the junk in this picture makes up a synchronous buck / class D amplifier. The amplifier supplies power to the tesla coil bridge. Yes, i can do all sorts of modulation this way, including play music.
Title: Concha Renaissance San Juan Resort
Other title: Concha
Creator: Toro, Osvaldo 1914-1995; Ferrer, Miguel, 1915-2004; Salvadori, Mario George, 1907-1997; Marvel & Marchand Architects
Creator role: Architect
Date: 1958 (original) 2008 (renovation)
Current location: San Juan, Puerto Rico
Description of work: Renaissance Hotels tasked architect Jose R. Marchand and interior designer Jorge Rossello with renovating and saving this beachside landmark. "[B]y the mid-1990s the venerable La Concha hotel had been shuttered, abandoned and left to rot...Originally designed by Osvaldo Toro and Miguel Ferrer, with an eccentric but utterly loveable seashell-shaped restaurant by Mario Salvatori [sic], La Concha was a beautifully massed, expertly sited, vividly inventive building perfectly in sync with its time. Closely attuning the hotel to its sun-swept setting, the architects created deep-shading overhangs, open corridors, windows and doors that gave onto lush interior courtyards and provided cross ventilation, and beautifully lacy quiebra-sol (their take on a brise-soleil) for further modulation of the light and heat" (Frank, Michael. "La Concha Revival". Architectural Digest. Aug 2009, p. 103-104. Print).
Description of view: View from the pool/lounge area of the hotel that leads to the beach.
Work type: Architecture and Landscape
Style of work: Modern: International Style
Culture: Puerto Rican
Materials/Techniques: Water
Masonry
Trees
Source: Pisciotta, Henry (copyright Henry Pisciotta)
Date photographed: May 13, 2008
Resource type: Image
File format: JPEG
Image size: 2304H X 3072W pixels
Permitted uses: This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. Other uses are not permitted. For additional details see: alias.libraries.psu.edu/vius/copyright/publicrightsarch.htm
Collection: Worldwide Building and Landscape Pictures
Filename: WB2010-0236 Concha.JPG
Record ID: WB2010-0236
Sub collection: resorts
waterfront
Copyright holder: Copyright Henry Pisciotta
Hybrid EggRing and 8 speed hub-gears drive chain.
The hub-gears allow for very quick gear changes even when the system is under load.
The elliptical rings make it easier to pedal through the dead-spots where the pedaling forces are not being transfered to the rear wheel. This means that this bike can be pedaled slowly on steep hills without stalling. It also works as a traction control system reducing the likelihood of the rear wheel slipping or the front wheel lifting from the torque reaction.
By comparing the relative efficiencies of walking and running you can get a reasonable understanding of how an EggRing can be more efficient than the equivalent round chain ring. When you run you waste energy, because the walking motion is more energy efficient than running.
Riding a round ring on the flat is energy efficient but becomes less so as resistance forces (hills, mud , headwinds etc.) increase. This is because the rider decelerates as the pedals pass through the dead-spots, and then has to regain its speed in the power-stroke. An elliptical chain-ring, on the other hand, spends less time going through the dead-spot with the result that the rider will have less time in the deceleration phase. So, like walking, EggRings can reduce the energy needed to get from A to B. Instead of having to spin a round chainring in order to make sure you have enough momentum to get you through the next dead-spot, an EggRing can be turned slowly, with much less danger of not getting to the next power-stroke.
Does this have a use?
Well not to win races. Unless the course is so extreme that the riders repeatedly exhaust themselves and have to take rests.
However, the elliptical granny ring on my daughters bike does mean that she has now stopped whinging about how steep the hills are, and perseveres, riding slowly and steadily right to the top. Not the stuff of racing legend, but it does have a real potential for encouraging more people to ride bikes.
The Rollerbrakes are very smooth as they are filled with grease and self-servo to reduce finger strain. They give suburb control via their excellent modulation characteristics and are nearest equivalent of anti-lock brakes to be found on a bicycle.
~ Text and photograph by Graham Wallace
The Palatine Chapel, is the royal chapel of the Norman kings of Sicily situated on the first floor at the center of the Palazzo Reale in Palermo, southern Italy.
Commissioned by Roger II of Sicily in 1132 and built upon an older chapel (now the crypt) constructed around 1080.
The mosaics being only partially finished by 1143.
The sanctuary, dedicated to Saint Peter, is reminiscent of a domed basilica. It has three apses, as is usual in Byzantine architecture, with six pointed arches (three on each side of the central nave) resting on recycled classical columns.
The mosaics of the Palatine Chapel are of unparalleled elegance as concerns elongated proportions and streaming draperies of figures. They are also noted for subtle modulations of colour and luminance. The oldest are probably those covering the ceiling, the drum, and the dome. The shimmering mosaics of the transept, presumably dating from the 1140s and attributed to Byzantine artists, with an illustrated scene, along the north wall, of St. John in the desert and a landscape of Agnus Dei.
Below this are five saints, the Greek fathers of the church, St. Gregory of Nissa, St. Gregory the Theologian, St. Basil, St. John Chrysostom and St. Nicholas.
The three central figures, St. Gregory, St. Basil, St. John Chrysostom, allude to the Orthodox cult known as the Three Hierarchs, which originated fifty years earlier.
Roger II of Sicily depicted on the muqarnas ceiling in an Arabic style.
The rest of the mosaics, dated to the 1160s or the 1170s, is executed in a cruder manner and feature Latin (rather than Greek) inscriptions. Probably a work of local craftsmen, these pieces are more narrative and illustrative than transcendental.
The chapel combines harmoniously a variety of styles: the Norman architecture and door decor, the Arabic arches and script adorning the roof, the Byzantine dome and mosaics. For instance, clusters of four eight-pointed stars, typical for Muslim design, are arranged on the ceiling so as to form a Christian cross.
Muqarnas ceiling
The hundreds of facets were painted, notably with many purely ornamental vegetal and zoomorphic designs but also with scenes of daily life and many subjects that have not yet been explained. Stylistically influenced by Iraqi 'Abbasid art, these paintings are innovative in their more spatially aware representation of personages and of animals.
The chapel has been considered a union of a Byzantine church sanctuary and a Western basilica nave.
The sanctuary, is of an "Eastern" artistic nature, while the nave reflects "Western" influences.
Nave
The nave, constructed under Roger II, did not contain any Christian images.
These were added later by Roger II's successors, William I and William II.
The nave's ceiling consists of Greek, Latin and inscriptions.
The frame for the royal throne sets against the west wall of the nave.
There are six steps leading up to where the throne would be, along with two heraldic lions in two roundels upon the spandrels over the throne frame gabel.
Sanctuary
As an expression of Norman culture, St. Dionysius and St. Martin are represented in the sanctuary.
Mosaics are of Byzantine culture in their composition and subjects.
The apex of the dome consists of the Pantokrator, with rows of angels, prophets, evangelists and saints.
The Byzantine motif ends abruptly with scenes from Christ's life along the south wall of the southern transept arm, while the north wall consists of warrior saints
The amplifier with elegance. Gracefully refined and dignified.
# Features: A solid state amplifier pre-tuned to sound similar to our ultra high-end Musee acoustic amplifier series.
# Individual input level control with allows each channel to be independently controlled for multi-channel system, or 5.1 channel system.
# Pulse width modulation power supply built with toroidal core transformer for great response to high frequency and current capacity. Power supply keeps steady voltage and provides wider dynamic range.
# Powerful output final stage driven by Pc=100W 1c=10A bipolar power transistor in a single push-pull. This provides a simple and uniformed output sound.
# Blue glass epoxy circuit board for durability, reliability and endurance. 70um thick copper foil is also used for all wiring.
# High density aluminum chassis with real wood ornaments provides the elegant look and the luxury satisfaction as well as the functionality as a heat sink.
# Cooper plate backing.
# Specification: Rated Power: 70W x 4ch (4Ω) (210W x 2ch(4ΩBridged))
# Maximum Output Power: 140W x 4 (4Ω)
# Load Impedance: 2Ω - 8Ω/4Ω - 8Ω(Bridged)
# Input Sensitivity: 0.2-5V (Each channel can be individually controlled)
# Total Harmonic Distortion: 0.01% (1KHz/4Ω)
# Frequency Response: 5Hz - 100kHz (+0,-1.5dB)
# Signal-to-Noise Ratio: 100dB (1KHz/IHF-A)
# Standby Time: Short Circuit/Over Voltage/Over Load/Thermal
# Input Voltage: DC12-16V
# Current Consumption: 1.2A (Idle) /40A (Rated Power)
# Dimensions: 431(W ) x210(D) x 55(H)mm
# Weight: 5.0Kg
Crown XLS2500 DriveCore Series 2400W Amplifier Description:
Crown's XLS 2500 is a premiere, portable power amplifier with unmatched performance, technology and affordability. Its advantageous flexibility includes multiple inputs so you can plug in anything and play anywhere, along with several system setup configurations. This high-performance power amp provides enormous power and flexibility thanks to the integrated DriveCore Technology, PureBand Crossover System and Peakx limiters. Weighing less than 11 pounds, the Crown XLS2500 power amp is much easier to set up and move from show to show.
Integrated DriveCore Technology
Class D amplifiers are notable for extraordinarily high efficiency and being well suited for driving difficult reactive loads such as subwoofers. However, their performance can suffer impaired performance on marginal and unstable AC line supplies. To overcome this obstacle, Crown engineers developed DriveCore Technology—a proprietary hybrid analog-digital integrated circuit (IC) developed with Texas Instruments that drives the "front end" of the Class D output stage. Over 60 years of Crown's design knowledge and experience went into the development of this technology resulting in truly remarkable benefits. DriveCore Technology provides an extremely wide tolerance with regards to sagging or "dirty" AC line conditions, providing consistent performance without affecting audio quality. This means the Crown XLS2500 power amp won't compromised your performance by fluctuating generator power, or overload from lighting rigs, backline gear, etc.
In addition, DriveCore Technology's patented feedback and PWM modulation circuits enable fast recovery on peak transients, accurate reproduction of low-level detail, and precise tracking of low-frequencies at high power levels for maximum subwoofer output.
Advanced Switched-Mode Power Supply
The advanced power supply in the Crown XLS2500 power amp is highly efficient and optimized for maximum power transfer from the AC line through the Class D output stage to the loudspeakers. A benefit to this is substantial weight reduction when compared to older 60Hz transformer-based power supplies. All four models in the Crown XLS line weigh 10 pounds or less with no compromise in performance. This makes the Crown XLS2500 power amp and others in the XLS Series the benchmark for high-performance, lightweight portability.
PureBand Crossover System
The PureBand Crossover System in the Crown XLS Series adds an enormous amount of flexibility and performance to any system. With this system, the crossover frequency is completely variable allowing the choice of any crossover point between 50Hz and 3kHz on 1/12 octave centers. The use of 4th order Linkwitz-Riley filters provides steep slopes for a seamless transition between high and low drivers. And with four crossover modes to choose from providing the ultimate in flexibility, all of your system needs are covered.
Peakx limiters
Peakx limiters provide the ultimate in performance and protection for your entire system. This advanced algorithm was specifically developed and tuned to work with this amplifier and power-supply to achieve higher sound pressure level (SPL) with less audible artifacts. This means less distortion, less shutdowns, and maximum safe power delivered to your speakers. The Peakx limiters can be easily turned on or off by channel right from the front panel eliminating the need to be digging around in the back of the dark rack.
The XLS is a leader in portable amps, with DriveCore Technology, PureBand Crossover System, and Peakx limiters
XLS High Performance, Lightweight Class D power amp weighs less than 11 lbs.
Integrated PureBand Crossover System for better performance and control
Peakx Limiters provide maximum output while protecting your speakers
XLR, 1/4", RCA inputs provide outstanding flexibility
1/4" Inputs can be used as loop-thrus to distribute signal to additional amplifiers Efficient forced-air fans prevent excessive thermal buildup
Electronically balanced XLR inputs; touchproof binding post and Speakon outputs
Precision detented level controls, power switch, power LED, and six LEDs indicate signal, clip and fault for each channel
Three-Year, No-Fault, Fully Transferable Warranty completely protects your investment and guarantees its specifications
Minimum Guaranteed Power per channel, both channels driven: 1550W, Stereo, 2 Ohms (per ch.); 775W, Stereo, 4 Ohms (per ch.); 440W, Stereo, 8 Ohms (per ch.); 1550W, Bridge-Mono, 8 Ohms; 2400W, Bridge-Mono, 4 Ohms
Sensitivity (for full rated power at 4 ohms): 1.4 Vrms
Frequency Response (at 1 watt, 20 Hz - 20 kHz): +0 dB, -1 dB
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Rated as dBr to full rated 8Ohm power output (A-Weighted): XLS2000 > 103 dB
Damping Factor (8 Ohm): 10 Hz to 400 Hz: > 200
Crosstalk (below rated 8Ohm power): At 1kHz: > 85dB; At 20kHz: >55dB
Input Impedance (nominal): 20 kOhm balanced, 10 kOhm unbalanced
Load Impedance: 2 to 8 Ohm per channel in Stereo; 4 to 8 Ohm in Bridge Mono
AC Line Voltage and Frequency Configurations Available (± 10%):120 VAC 60 Hz; 100 VAC 50/60 Hz; 220 and 240 VAC 50 Hz
Ventilation: Flow-through ventilation from front to back
Cooling: Internal heat sinks with forced-air cooling for rapid, uniform heat dissipation
Integrated Processing: PureBand Crossover System; Crossover Filter: Linkwitz-Riley 24dB per Octave; Crossover Frequency Range: 50 HZ - 3 kHz: Crossover Mode: Crossover (CH1=LPF, CH2=HPF), LowPass (both channels LPF), HighPass (both channels HPF), Bridge (LPF or HPF); Peakx limiters: Channel independent clip limiter designed to provide maximum output while protecting your loudspeakers
Input/Output: Input Connectors: XLR (one per channel), 1/4-Inch (one per channel), and RCA (one per channel). 1/4-Inch connectors can be used as loop-thrus to distribute signal to additional amplifiers. Output Connectors: Two 4-Pole Speakon Output Connectors accept 2-pole or 4-pole Speakon connectors. The top Speakon connector is wired for both channels so it can be used for bridgemono wiring or for stereo wiring of two speakers to a single Speakon connector. One pair of back-panel binding posts per channel; accepts banana plugs or bare wire. (European models do not accept banana plugs.)
Dimensions: 19"W x 3-1/2"H x 10-3/4"D
Weight: XLS2500: 10-3/4 lb.
Photo Copyright 2012, dynamo.photography.
All rights reserved, no use without license
+++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA ++++++++
The peony or paeony[2] is a flowering plant in the genus Paeonia, the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, Europe and Western North America. Scientists differ on the number of species that can be distinguished ranging from 25 to 40,[3][4] although the current consensus is 33 known species.[5] The relationships between the species need to be further clarified.[6]
Most are herbaceous perennial plants 0.25–1 metre (0.82–3.28 ft) tall, but some are woody shrubs 0.25–3.5 metres (0.82–11.48 ft) tall. They have compound, deeply lobed leaves and large, often fragrant flowers, in colors ranging from purple red to white or yellow, in late spring and early summer.
Peonies are among the most popular garden plants in temperate regions. Herbaceous peonies are also sold as cut flower on a large scale, although generally only available in late spring and early summer.[7]
Description
Morphology
All Paeoniaceae are deciduous perennial herbs or shrubs, with thick storage roots and thin roots for gathering water and minerals. Some species are caespitose, because the crown produces adventitous buds, while others have stolons. They have rather large compound leaves without glands and stipules, and with anomocytic stomata. In the woody species the new growth emerges from scaly buds on the previous flush or from the crown of the rootstock. The large bisexual flowers are mostly single at the end of the stem. In P. emodi, P. lactiflora, P. veitchii and many of the cultivars these contributed to, few additional flowers develop in the axils of the leaves. Flowers close at night or when the sky is overcast. Each flower is subtended by a number of bracts, that may form a sort of involucre, has 3-7 tough free sepals and mostly 5-8, but occasionally up to 13 free petals. These categories however are intergrading, making it difficult to assign some of them, and the number of these parts may vary. Within are numerous (50–160) free stamens, with anthers fixed at their base to the filaments, and are sagittate in shape, open with longitudal slits at the outer side and free pollen grains which have three slits or pores and consist of two cells. Within the circle of stamens is a more or less prominent, lobed disc, which is presumed not to excrete nectar. Within the disk is a varying number (1-15) of separate carpels, which have a very short style and a decurrent stigma. Each of these develops into a dry fruit (which is called a follicle), which opens with a lengthwise suture and each of which contains one or a few large fleshy seeds. The annual growth is predetermined: if the growing tip of a shoot is removed, no new buds will develop that season.[7][8][9]
Taxonomy
The family name "Paeoniaceae" was first used by Friedrich K.L. Rudolphi in 1830, following a suggestion by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling that same year.[3] The family had been given other names a few years earlier.[10] The composition of the family has varied, but it has always consisted of Paeonia and one or more genera that are now placed in Ranunculales.[4] It has been widely believed that Paeonia is closest to Glaucidium, and this idea has been followed in some recent works.[3][11] Molecular phylogenetic studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that Glaucidium belongs in the Ranunculaceae family, Ranunculales order,[12] but that Paeonia belongs in the unrelated order Saxifragales.[13] The genus Paeonia consists of about 35 species, assigned to three sections: Moutan, Onaepia and Paeoniae. The section Onaepia only includes P. brownii and P. californicum. The section Moutan is divided into P. delavayi and P. ludlowii, together making up the subsection Delavayanae, and P. catayana, P. decomposita, P. jishanensis, P. osti, P. qiui and P. rockii which constitute the subsection Vaginatae. P. suffruticosa is a cultivated hybrid swarm, not a naturally occurring species.[14]
2017-06-25 1655 Peony
Distribution
The genus Paeonia naturally occurs in the temperate and cold areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The section Moutan, which includes all woody species, is restricted in the wild to Central and Southern China, including Tibet. The section Onaepia consist of two herbaceous species and is present in the West of North-America, P. brownii between southern British Columbia and the Sierra Nevada in California and eastward to Wyoming and Utah, while P. californica is limited to the coastal mountains of Southern and Central California.
The section Paeonia, which comprises all other herbaceous species, occurs in a band stretching roughly from Morocco to Japan. One species of the section Paeonia, P. anomala, has by far the largest distribution, which is also north of the distribution of the other species: from the Kola peninsula in North-West Russia, to Lake Baikal in Siberia and South to the Tien Shan Mountains of Kazakhstan. The rest of the section concentrates around the Mediterranean, and in Asia.
The species around the Mediterranean include Paeonia algeriensis that is an endemic of the coastal mountains of Algeria, P. coriacea in the Rif Mountains and Andalucia, P. cambessedesii on Majorca, P. russoi on Corsica, Sardinia and Sicilly, P. corsica on Corsica, Sardinia, the Ionian islands and in western Greece, P. clusii subsp. clusii on Crete and Karpathos, and subsp. rhodia on Rhodes, P. kesrouanensis in the Western Taurus Mountains, P. arietina from the Middle Taurus Mountains, P. broteri in Andalucia, P. humilis from Andalucia to the Provence, P. officinalis from the South of France, through Switzerland to the Middle of Italy, P. banatica in western Romania, northern Serbia and Slovenia and in southern Hungary, P. peregrina in Albania, western Bulgaria, northern Greece, western Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia, while P. mascula has a large distribution from Catalonia and southern France to Israel and Turkey.
Between the two concentrations, the subspecies of Paeonia daurica occur, with subspecies velebitensis in Croatia, and daurica in the Balkans and Crimea, while the other subspecies coriifolia, macrophylla, mlokosewitschii, tomentosa and wittmanniana are known from the Caucasus, Kaçkar and Alborz Mountains.
Paeonia emodi occurs in the western Himalayas between Pakistan and western Nepal, P. sterniana is an endemic of southeastern Tibet, P. veitchii grows in Central China (Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and the eastern rim of Tibet), like P. mairei (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan), while P. obovata grows in warm-temperate to cold China, including Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Far Eastern Russia (Primorsky Krai) and on Sakhalin, and P. lactiflora occurs in Northern China, including Manchuria, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East and Siberia).[15]
Distributional history
The species of the section Paeonia have a disjunct distribution, with most of the species occurring in the Mediterranean, while many others occur in eastern Asia. Genetic analysis has shown that all Mediterranean species are either diploid or tetraploid hybrids that resulted from the crossbreeding of species currently limited to eastern Asia. The large distance between the ranges of the parent species and the nothospecies suggest that hybridisation already occurred relatively long ago. It is likely that the parent species occurred in the same region when the hybrids arose, and were later exterminated by successive Pleistocene glaciations, while the nothospecies remained in refugia to the South of Europe. During their retreat P. lactiflora and P. mairei likely became sympatric and so produced the Himalayan nothospecies P. emodi and P. sterniana.[15]
Chemistry and biological activity
Over 262 compounds have been obtained so far from the plants of Paeoniaceae. These include monoterpenoid glucosides, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, paeonols, and phenols. In vitro biological activities include antioxidant, antitumor, antipathogenic, immune-system-modulation activities, cardiovascular-system-protective activities and central-nervous-system activities.[19]
Cultivation
Paeonia 'Sarah Bernhardt'
Ancient Chinese texts mention the peony was used for flavoring food. Confucius (551–479 BC) is quoted to have said: "I eat nothing without its sauce. I enjoy it very much, because of its flavor."[20] Peonies have been used and cultivated in China since early history. Ornamental cultivars were created from plants cultivated for medicine in China as of the sixth and seventh century. Peonies became particularly popular during the Tang dynasty, when they were grown in the imperial gardens. In the tenth century the cultivation of peonies spread through China, and the seat of the Sung dynasty, Luoyang, was the centre for its cultivation, a position it still holds today. A second centre for peony cultivation developed during the Qing dynasty in Cáozhōu, now known as He Ze. Both cities still host annual peony exhibitions and state-funded peony research facilities. Before the tenth century, P. lactiflora was introduced in Japan, and over time many varieties were developed both by self fertilisation and crossbreeding, particularly during the eightienth to twentieth centuries (middle Edo to early Shōwa periods). During the 1940s Toichi Itoh succeeded in crossing tree peonies and herbaceous peonies and so created a new class of so-called intersectional hybrids. Although P. officinalis and its cultivars were grown in Europe from the fifteenth century on, originally also for medicinal purposes, intensive breeding started only in the nineteenth century when P. lactiflora was introduced from its native China to Europe. The tree peony was introduced in Europe and planted in Kew Gardens in 1789. The main centre of peony breeding in Europe has been in the United Kingdom, and particularly France. Here, breeders like Victor Lemoine and François Félix Crousse selected many new varieties, mainly with P. lactiflora, such as "Avant Garde" and "Le Printemps". The Netherlands is the largest peony cut flower producing country with about 50 million stems each year, with "Sarah Bernardt" dominating the sales with over 20 million stems.[7]
Plant growth habits
Peony species come in two distinct growth habits, while hybrid cultivars in addition may occupy an intermediate habit.
herbaceous: During summer, renewal buds develop on the underground stem (the "crown"), particularly at the foot of the current season's annual shoots. These renewal buds come in various sizes. Large buds will grow into stems the following growing season, but smaller buds remain dormant. The primordia for the leaves can already be found in June, but the flower only starts differentiating in October, as the annual shoots die down, completing its development in December, when sepals, petals, stamens and pistils are all recognisable.[7]
tree: During the summer, large buds develop at the tip of the annual growth and near its foot. In the autumn, the leaves are shed, and the new stems become woody and are perennial.
Itoh (or "Intersectional"): In 1948 horticulturist Toichi Itoh from Tokyo used pollen from the yellow tree peony "Alice Harding" to fertilize the herbaceous P. lactiflora "Katoden", which resulted in a new category of peonies, the Itoh or intersectional cultivars. These are herbaceous, have leaves like tree peonies, with many large flowers from late spring to early autumn, and good peony wilt resistance. Some of the early Itoh cultivars are "Yellow Crown", "Yellow Dream", "Yellow Emperor" and "Yellow Heaven".[21]
Flower types
Six types of flower are generally distinguished in cultivars of herbaceous peonies.
single: a single or double row of broad petals encircle fertile stamens, carpels visible.
Japanese: a single or double row of broad petals encircle somewhat broadened staminodes, may carry pollen along the edges, carpels visible.
anemone: a single or double row of broad petals encircle narrow incurved petal-like staminodes; fertile stamens are absent, carpels visible.
semi-double: a single or double row of broad petals encircles further broad petals intermingled with stamens.
bomb: a single row of broad petals encircles a shorter dense pompon of narrower petals.
double: the flower consists of many broad petals only, including those which likely are altered stamens and carpels.[7]
Propagation
Herbaceous and Itoh peonies are propagated by root division, and sometimes by seed. Tree peonies can be propagated by grafting, division, seed, and from cuttings, although root grafting is most common commercially.[22][23]
Herbaceous peonies such as Paeonia lactiflora, will die back to ground level each autumn. Their stems will reappear the following spring. However tree peonies, such as Paeonia suffruticosa, are shrubbier. They produce permanent woody stems that will lose their leaves in winter but the stem itself remains intact above ground level.[24]
Uses
The herb known as Paeonia, in particular the root of P. lactiflora (Bai Shao, Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), has been used frequently in traditional medicines of Korea, China and Japan. In Japan, Paeonia lactiflora used to be called ebisugusuri ("foreign medicine"). Pronunciation of 牡丹 (peony) in Japan is "botan." In kampo (the Japanese adaptation of Chinese medicine), its root was used as a treatment for convulsions. It is also cultivated as a garden plant. In Japan Paeonia suffruticosa is called the "King of Flowers" and Paeonia lactiflora is called the "Prime Minister of Flowers."[25]
In China, the fallen petals of Paeonia lactiflora are parboiled and sweetened as a tea-time delicacy. Peony water, an infusion of peony petals, was used for drinking in the Middle Ages. The petals may be added to salads or to punches and lemonades.[26]
Peonies are also extensively grown as ornamental plants for their very large, often scented flowers.
Culture
In this gold-engraved lacquerware food tray from the Song dynasty (960–1279), the two long-tailed birds represent longevity, and the peony seen at the top center represents prosperity
Peony, by Chinese artist Wang Qian, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
Portrait of a peony by Chinese artist Yun Shouping, 17th century
The peony is among the longest-used flowers in Eastern culture. Along with the plum blossom, it is a traditional floral symbol of China, where the Paeonia suffruticosa is called 牡丹 (mǔdān). It is also known as 富貴花 (fùguìhuā) "flower of riches and honour" or 花王 (huawang) "king of the flowers", and is used symbolically in Chinese art.[27] In 1903, the Qing dynasty declared the peony as the national flower. Currently, the Republic of China government in Taiwan designates the plum blossom as the national flower, while the People's Republic of China government has no legally designated national flower. In 1994, the peony was proposed as the national flower after a nationwide poll, but the National People's Congress failed to ratify the selection. In 2003, another selection process has begun, but to date, no choice has been made.
The ancient Chinese city Luoyang has a reputation as a cultivation centre for the peonies. Throughout Chinese history, peonies in Luoyang have been said to be the finest in the country. Dozens of peony exhibitions and shows are still held there annually.
In the Middle Ages, peonies were often painted with their ripe seed-capsules, since it was the seeds, not the flowers, which were medically significant.[1] Ancient superstition dictated that great care be taken not to be seen by a woodpecker while picking the plant's fruit, or the bird might peck out one's eyes.[28]
In 1957, the Indiana General Assembly passed a law to make the peony the state flower of Indiana, a title which it holds to this day. It replaced the zinnia, which had been the state flower since 1931.
Mischievous nymphs were said to hide in the petals of the Peony, giving it the meaning of Shame or Bashfulness in the Language of Flowers. While the peony takes several years to re-establish itself when moved, it blooms annually for decades once it has done so.[29]
Peonies tend to attract ants to the flower buds. This is due to the nectar that forms on the outside of the flower buds, and is not required for the plants' own pollination or other growth.[30]
Peonies are a common subject in tattoos, often used along with koi-fish. The popular use of peonies in Japanese tattoo was inspired by the ukiyo-e artist Utagawa Kuniyoshi's illustrations of Suikoden, a classical Chinese novel. His paintings of warrior-heroes covered in pictorial tattoos included lions, tigers, dragons, koi fish, and peonies, among other symbols. The peony became a masculine motif, associated with a devil-may-care attitude and disregard for consequence.
Famous painters of peonies have included Conrad Gessner (ca. 1550) and Auguste Renoir in 1879. Paeonia officinalis can be found in the altar picture of Maria im Rosenhag by Schongauer in the former Dominican Church in Colmar.[31] The Italian Jesuit, painter and architect Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), who worked at the court of the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty, painted peonies.
Die Pfingstrosen (Paeonia), auch Päonien genannt, sind die einzige Pflanzengattung der Familie der Pfingstrosengewächse (Paeoniaceae). Diese Gattung umfasst 32 Arten. Die bekanntesten Sorten sind Stauden, also ausdauernde krautige Pflanzen, deren oberirdische Sprossen im Winter absterben; daneben gibt es auch verholzende Arten und Sorten, die meistens als Halbsträucher, seltener als Sträucher wachsen. Ausgangsformen der Kultursorten sind fast immer gärtnerische Züchtungen der Gemeinen Pfingstrose und der Milchweißen Pfingstrose.[1] Wenige Gartenformen basieren dagegen auf interspezifischen Hybriden.
Die wechselständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind zumeist relativ groß und gestielt. Die zusammengesetzte Blattspreite ist mit Ausnahme der vorhergehend genannten beiden Arten zumeist doppelt dreizählig. Die Zahl der Abschnitte der unteren Blätter variieren bei den staudigen Arten zwischen 9 (Paeonia daurica),[3] 10 bis 22 (Paeonia mascula),[3] 78 bis 91 (Paeonia intermedia)[4] und 134 bis 340 (Paeonia tenuifolia).[4] Bei Paeonia intermedia und Paeonia tenuifolia sind die Blätter dabei federartig mit zahlreichen linealischen Blattabschnitten.[5] Die Blattfiedern besitzen normalerweise einen gezähnten Rand oder sind gelappt. Nebenblätter fehlen.
Blüten, Früchte und Samen
Die endständigen Blüten stehen über ein bis sechs Hochblättern (Brakteen). Sie sind groß und sehen Rosenblüten etwas ähnlich. Die zwittrigen Blüten variieren stark in der Anzahl ihrer Blütenorgane. Es sind zwei bis neun Kelchblätter und vier bis dreizehn Kronblätter vorhanden. Die Kronblätter besitzen meist Rosa- oder Rottöne, es existieren jedoch auch Arten mit weißen und gelben Kronblättern. In der Mitte der Blüte befinden sich viele (bis zu 230), zentrifugal vermehrte, kurze Staubblätter. Die Staubblätter verdecken beinahe die zwei bis fünf (bis acht) großen, freien Fruchtblätter, welche am Grunde eine als Nektarium dienende Scheibe, den „Diskus“, bilden. Die Blüten der Pfingstrosen verbreiten einen intensiven Duft.
Die Sorten der Strauch- und Baumpäonien tragen die größten und prächtigsten Blüten aller Pfingstrosen. Sie sind zumeist gefüllt, manchmal bis über 20 Zentimeter groß und besitzen gerüschte oder gekräuselte Kronblätter.
Es werden Sammelbalgfrüchte gebildet. Die dunklen Samen sind relativ groß mit einem Durchmesser von bis zu 1,3 Zentimetern.
Mikroskopische Merkmale, Inhaltsstoffe und Chromosomenzahl
Vorkommen
Bis auf zwei an der Westküste Nordamerikas heimische Arten sind alle Pfingstrosen aus den gemäßigten Klimazonen und subtropischen Klimazonen Eurasiens verbreitet. Einige Arten gedeihen aber auch in stärker kontinentalen Gebieten Sibiriens und Ostasiens (Paeonia anomala, Paeonia lactiflora, Paeonia obovata). Verbreitungsschwerpunkt sind aber die subtropischen Bergregionen in Südeuropa, Kleinasien, Kaukasien und Ostasien.
Um Blütenknospen ausbilden zu können, benötigen die meisten Pfingstrosen-Arten eine kalte Ruhezeit im Winter. Junge Blätter und Blütenknospen können dagegen durch Spätfröste geschädigt werden. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Strauch-Päonien, die besonders früh austreiben.
Pfingstrosen wachsen überwiegend in Bergwäldern, einige Arten kommen auch in den Steppenregionen Osteuropas sowie Asiens vor (beispielsweise Paeonia tenuifolia). Die europäischen Pfingstrosen finden sich überwiegend auf kalkhaltigen Böden und wachsen zumeist in wenig geschlossenen Wäldern und Buschwaldregionen. Die Gemeine Pfingstrose (Paeonia officinalis) kommt aber auch häufiger in subalpinen Rasengesellschaften der Südalpen vor.
Die Gemeine Pfingstrose, die aus den Bergregionen Südeuropas stammt, gilt in Bayern und zwar vor allem in Franken als stellenweise eingebürgert. Aufgrund ihrer langen Kultivierungsgeschichte in Mitteleuropa würde man sie den ethelochor verschleppten Archäophyten zurechnen.
Die meisten europäischen Pfingstrosenarten sind nur von wenigen Fundorten bekannt und gehören daher zu den gefährdeten Arten.
Systematik
Namensherkunft
Die Gattung Paeonia wurde 1753 von Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum erstveröffentlicht.[6] Der botanische Gattungsname Paeonia ist auf das griechische Wort „paionia“ zurückzuführen, das für den Götterarzt Paian steht. Der griechischen Sage nach heilte er mit Hilfe dieser Pflanze Pluton, den Gott der Unterwelt, nachdem Herakles diesen im Krieg um Pylos verwundet hatte. Auch die antiken römischen Dichter wissen Ähnliches von der Pflanze zu berichten. Vergil sagt im 7. Gesang der Äneis, dass die Göttin Artemis den Virbios, der von den Pferden seines Vaters Theseus getötet worden war, mit Hilfe einer Pfingstrose wieder zum Leben erweckte.
Äußere Systematik
Die Pfingstrosengewächse wurden im Laufe der Zeit an verschiedenen Stellen im Stammbaum der Bedecktsamer angesiedelt: Cronquist stellte sie unter anderem wegen der zentrifugalen Vermehrung (Dédoublement) der Staubblätter in die basale Ordnung Dilleniales der Dilleniidae (siehe Systematik nach Schmeil-Fitschen); Tachtadschjan sah eine enge Verwandtschaft mit Glaucidium palmatum, das von APG II zu den Hahnenfußgewächsen gestellt wird, stellte Paeonia und Glaucidium jeweils in eine eigene Ordnung Paeoniales bzw. Glaucidiales und ordnete beide der Unterklasse Hahnenfußähnliche (Ranunculidae) zu[7][8] (siehe Systematik der Bedecktsamer nach Tachtadschjan).
Die Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) schließlich, nach deren Systematik sich die deutschsprachige Wikipedia richtet, rechnet die Pfingstrosengewächse zur Ordnung der Steinbrechartigen (Saxifragales) (siehe Systematik der Bedecktsamer).
Balearen-Pfingstrose (Paeonia cambessedesii)
West-Kaukasische Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica subsp. coriifolia)
Gelbe Kaukasus-Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica subsp. mlokosewitschii)
Korallen-Pfingstrose (Paeonia mascula)
Gemeine Pfingstrose (Paeonia officinalis)
Die Feinblättrige Pfingstrose (Paeonia tenuifolia) zählt bis heute nicht zu den häufigen Gartenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa.
Innere Systematik
Die Gattung Paeonia enthält 32 Arten, die sich in drei Sektionen einteilen lassen:[9]
Sect. Moutan DC. (Strauchige Pfingstrosen)
Paeonia cathayana D.Y.Hong & K.Y.Pan: Sie kommt in den chinesischen Provinzen Henan und Hubei vor.[10]
Paeonia decomposita Hand.-Mazz.: Die zwei Unterarten kommen nur im nordwestlichen Sichuan vor:[10]
Paeonia decomposita Hand.-Mazz. subsp. decomposita: Dieser Endemit gedeiht nur im Dadu He Tal in Höhenlagen von 2000 bis 3100 Metern im nordwestlichen Sichuan.[10]
Paeonia decomposita subsp. rotundiloba D.Y.Hong: Dieser Endemit gedeiht nur im Ming Jiang Tal in Höhenlagen von 2000 bis 3100 Metern im nordwestlichen Sichuan.[10]
Delavays Strauch-Pfingstrose[11] (Paeonia delavayi Franch., Syn.: Paeonia lutea Delavay ex Franch.): Sie kommt im südöstlichen Tibet und in den chinesischen Provinzen westliches Sichuan und zentralen sowie nördlichen Yunnan vor.[10]
Paeonia jishanensis T.Hong & W.Z.Zhao: Sie kommt in den chinesischen Provinzen Henan, Shaanxi und Shanxi vor.[10]
Paeonia ludlowii (Stern & G.Taylor) D.Y.Hong: Sie kommt im südöstlichen Tibet in Höhenlagen von 2900 bis 3500 Metern vor.[10]
Paeonia ostii T.Hong & J.X.Zhang (Syn.: Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. yinpingmudan D.Y.Hong, K.Y.Pan & Zhang W.Xie): Die Heimat ist das westliche Henan.[10]
Paeonia qiui Y.L.Pei & D.Y.Hong: Die Heimat ist das westliche Henan und das westliche Hubei.[10]
Paeonia rockii (S.G.Haw & L.A.Lauener) T.Hong & J.J.Li ex D.Y.HongSie kommt in den chinesischen Provinzen Gansu, Henan, Hubei und Shaanxi vor.[10] Mit den Unterarten:
Paeonia rockii subsp. atava (Brühl) D.Y.Hong & K.Y.Pan (Syn.: Paeonia rockii subsp. taibaishanica D.Y.Hong)
Paeonia rockii subsp. rockii (Syn.: Paeonia rockii subsp. linyanshanii (Halda) T.Hong & G.L.Osti)
Zu dieser Sektion gehört auch die Kulturhybride
Strauch-Pfingstrose[11] (Paeonia ×suffruticosa Andrews), die die kultivierten, von Kreuzungen mehrerer wilder Arten abstammenden Strauchpäonien umfasst.[9]
Sect. Onaepia Lindl. (Nordamerikanische Stauden-Pfingstrosen)
Paeonia brownii Douglas: Sie kommt in den westlichen US-Bundesstaaten Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Nevada, Idaho und Kalifornien vor.[12]
Kalifornische Pfingstrose (Paeonia californica Nutt.): Sie kommt in Kalifornien und im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Baja California vor.[12]
Sect. Paeonia DC. (Eurasische Stauden-Pfingstrosen)
Paeonia algeriensis Chabert (Syn.: Paeonia mascula subsp. atlantica (Coss.) Greuter & Burdet): Sie kommt in Algerien vor.[13]
Paeonia anomala L., Heimat: China, Russland (auch im europäischen Teil), Sibirien, Zentralasien, Mongolei; mit den Unterarten:
Paeonia anomala L. subsp. anomala
Veitchs Pfingstrose[11] (Paeonia anomala subsp. veitchii (Lynch) D.Y.Hong & K.Y.Pan; Syn.: Paeonia veitchii Lynch): Die Heimat ist China.
Türkische Pfingstrose (Paeonia arietina G.Anderson, Syn.: Paeonia mascula subsp. arietina (G.Anderson) Cullen & Heywood)
Paeonia broteri Boiss. & Reuter (Syn.: Paeonia lusitanica Mill.): Sie kommt auf der Iberischen Halbinsel vor.
Balearen-Pfingstrose[11] (Paeonia cambessedesii (Willk.) Willk.). Sie kommt nur auf den Balearen vor.
Clusius-Pfingstrose[14] (Paeonia clusii Stern & Stearn), mit den zwei Unterarten:
Paeonia clusii subsp. clusii, Heimat: Kreta, Karpathos.
Paeonia clusii subsp. rhodia (Stearn) Tzanoud., Heimat: Rhodos.
Paeonia coriacea Boiss.: Sie kommt in Marokko, in Spanien, in Sardinien und in Korsika vor.[13]
Paeonia corsica Sieber ex Tausch: Sie kommt in Sardinien, Korsika und Griechenland vor.[13]
Krim-Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica Andrews), mit folgenden Unterarten:
Krim-Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica subsp. daurica)
West-Kaukasische Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica subsp. coriifolia (Rupr.) D.Y.Hong)
Großblättrige Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica subsp. macrophylla (Albov) D.Y.Hong, Syn.: Paeonia macrophylla (Albov) Lomakin)
Gelbe Kaukasus-Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica subsp. mlokosewitschii (Lomakin) D.Y.Hong, Syn: Paeonia mlokosewitschii Lomakin): Sie kommt in Aserbaidschan, in Georgien und im südlichen europäischen Russland vor.[13]
Paeonia daurica subsp. tomentosa (Lomakin) D.Y.Hong (Syn.: Paeonia tomentosa (Lomakin) N.Busch)
Paeonia daurica subsp. velebitensis D.Y.Hong: Dieser Endemit gedeiht nur im Velebit-Gebirge in Kroatien.
Wittmanns Pfingstrose (Paeonia daurica subsp. wittmanniana (Hartwiss ex Lindl.) D.Y.Hong, Syn.: Paeonia wittmanniana Hartwiss ex Lindl.): Sie kommt im Kaukasusraum sowie in der Türkei vor.
Paeonia emodi Wall ex Royle: Sie kommt im nördlichen Pakistan, im nordwestlichen Indien, in Kaschmir, im westlichen Nepal und im südlichen Xizang vor.[10]
Paeonia intermedia C.A.Mey. (Syn.: Paeonia anomala subsp. intermedia (C.A.Mey.) Trautv.): Sie kommt in Kasachstan, Usbekistan, Tadschikistan, Kirgisistan, im südwestlichen Sibirien und in der chinesischen Provinz Xinjiang vor.
Paeonia kesrouanensis (J. Thiébaut) J.Thiébaut: Sie wurde aus dem Gebiet von Syrien und Libanon beschrieben, wird aber von manchen Autoren auch als Unterart Paeonia mascula subsp. kesrouanensis (J. Thiébaut) Halda angesehen.[15]
Milchweiße Pfingstrose[16] (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Ihre Hybriden werden auch als Chinesische Pfingstrose oder Edelpfingstrose bezeichnet, Verbreitung: China (Mandschurei), Mongolei, Japan, Korea.
Paeonia mairei H.Lév.: Sie kommt in den chinesischen Provinzen Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan und Yunnan vor.[10]
Korallen-Pfingstrose (Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.), mit folgenden Unterarten:
Paeonia mascula subsp. bodurii N.Özhatay
Paeonia mascula subsp. hellenica Tzanoud.
Paeonia mascula subsp. mascula
Paeonia mascula subsp. russoi (Biv.) Cullen & Heywood
Paeonia obovata Maxim., Heimat: Es gibt zwei Unterarten:
Paeonia obovata subsp. obovata (Syn.: Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & H.Takeda, Paeonia obovata var. glabra Makino, Paeonia obovata subsp. japonica (Makino) Halda, Paeonia obovata var. japonica Makino, Paeonia oreogeton S.Moore): Sie ist in China, Japan, Korea und Russlands Fernen Osten verbreitet.[10]
Paeonia obovata subsp. willmottiae (Stapf) D.Y.Hong & K.Y.Pan (Syn.: Paeonia willmottiae Stapf, Paeonia obovata var. willmottiae (Stapf) Stern): Sie gedeiht in sommergrünen Laubwäldern in Höhenlagen von 800 bis 2800 Metern in den chinesischen Provinzen südöstliches Gansu, westliches Henan, westliches Hubei, südliches Ningxia, östliches Qinghai, südliches Shaanxi, Shanxi, östliches sowie nördliches Sichuan.[10]
Gemeine Pfingstrose (Paeonia officinalis L.), mit folgenden Unterarten:
Paeonia officinalis subsp. banatica (Rochel) Soó
Paeonia officinalis subsp. huthii Soldano
Paeonia officinalis subsp. italica Passalacqua & Bernardo
Paeonia officinalis subsp. microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Nym.
Paeonia officinalis subsp. officinalis
Paeonia parnassica Tzanoud.: Sie kommt nur in Griechenland vor.
Fremde Pfingstrose[16] (Paeonia peregrina Mill.): Ihre Heimat ist Süd- und Südosteuropa und die Türkei.
Paeonia saueri D.Y.Hong, X.Q.Wang & D.M.Zhang: Sie kommt auf der Balkanhalbinsel vor.[13]
Paeonia sterniana H.R.Fletcher: Sie gedeiht in Höhenlagen von 2800 bis 3500 Metern nur im südöstlichen Tibet.[10]
Feinblättrige Pfingstrose[16] (Paeonia tenuifolia L.): Ihre Heimat ist Südosteuropa und Südrussland.
Nutzung
Pfingstrosen im Garten
Kulturformen
Von zwei Arten aus dieser Gattung werden viele Sorten in Mitteleuropa sehr häufig kultiviert: Die Gemeine Pfingstrose (Paeonia officinalis) wird auch als Echte Pfingstrose oder Bauern-Pfingstrose bezeichnet, weil sie fester Bestandteil des traditionellen Bauerngartens ist. Nach wie vor findet sich diese Art in vielen mitteleuropäischen Gärten, wo sie ab Mai mit ihren großen Blüten die Pflanzenfreunde erfreut. Als Zierpflanze für Parks und Gärten hat sie jedoch zunehmend Konkurrenz durch die züchterischen Sorten der aus Ostasien stammenden Milchweißen Pfingstrose (Paeonia lactiflora) erhalten. Insgesamt wurden 3.000 Sorten dieser Gattung gezüchtet. Strauch- oder Baumpäonien werden nur in klimatisch begünstigten Regionen kultiviert. Strauch-Pfingstrosen werfen im Herbst ihre Blätter ab. Ihre verholzten Triebe verwelken im Gegensatz zu denen der Stauden-Pfingstrosen nicht. Erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gelang es Züchtern, Strauch-Pfingstrosen und Stauden-Pfingstrosen erfolgreich zu kreuzen. Die ersten sechs Sorten dieser Kreuzungen wurden nach dem Züchter Itoh-Hybriden benannt, geläufiger ist inzwischen der Begriff „Intersektionelle Pfingstrosen“. Gemeinsames Merkmal dieser Hybriden sind das Laub und die Blüten (besonders die gelbe Farbe) den Strauch-Pfingstrosen ähneln, verbunden mit dem jährlichen Neuaustrieb als Staude.
Die Korallen-Pfingstrose (Paeonia mascula) ist eine der zwei Arten, die man bereits in der Antike als Heilpflanze schätzte.
Die Geschichte der Pfingstrosen als Gartenpflanze
Pfingstrosen in China
Strauch-Pfingstrose (Paeonia ×suffruticosa)
Die Pfingstrosen werden in der chinesischen Gartenkunst bereits seit mehr als tausend Jahren als Zierpflanze kultiviert. Die Strauch-Pfingstrose (Paeonia ×suffruticosa) ist in Nordwestchina, in Tibet und in Bhutan beheimatet und wächst dort in Bambusdickichten, im Unterholz der Wälder und auf Wiesen. Chinesische Gärtner hatten aus der ursprünglich rot blühenden Art bereits eine Palette unterschiedlicher Sorten mit Blütenfarben von Weiß über Gelb bis hin zu Schwarzviolett gezüchtet, als gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts Europäer die ersten lebenden Pflanzen nach England mitbrachten. Die Royal Horticultural Society sendete 1834 sogar eigens den Pflanzensammler Robert Fortune nach China, um dort weitere Pfingstrosen-Sorten zu erwerben.
Auch eine zweite Art, die Milchweiße Pfingstrose (Paeonia lactiflora), wird seit über 1.000 Jahren in China als Zierpflanze geschätzt. Bereits zur Zeit der Song-Dynastie (961 bis 1278) hatte man aus der Art 39 verschiedene Sorten gezüchtet, die sich vor allem durch dicht gefüllte, ballähnliche Blüten auszeichneten.
Pfingstrosen in Europa
Bereits in der europäischen Antike war die Pfingstrose als Gartenpflanze bekannt. Zwei der Arten, die im Mittelmeergebiet heimisch sind, die Korallen-Pfingstrose (Paeonia mascula) und die Gemeine Pfingstrose (Paeonia officinalis), wurden im Mittelmeerraum bereits in der Antike gepflegt. Beide Arten standen in dem Ruf, Heilpflanzen zu sein. Es sind vor allem die Benediktinermönche gewesen, die die Gemeine Pfingstrose von jenseits der Alpen nach Mitteleuropa brachten, um sie als Heilpflanze in ihren Klöstern zu kultivieren. Gelegentlich bezeichnete man daher die Gemeine Pfingstrose auch als Benediktinerrose. Von den Klostergärten aus gelangte sie in die Bauerngärten, wo sie neben ihrer Heilwirkung auch wegen ihrer Anspruchslosigkeit und Langlebigkeit geschätzt wurde.
Insbesondere die Gemeine Pfingstrose (Paeonia officinalis) ist eine verhältnismäßig robuste Gartenpflanze und das gilt auch für viele der Zuchtsorten der Chinesischen Pfingstrose. Die anderen Arten stellen an ihren Standort höhere Anforderungen und können vor allem durch Spätfröste Schaden an Blättern und Trieben nehmen. Sinnvoll ist es, Pfingstrosen möglichst lange an einem Standort stehen zu lassen, da der Blütenansatz von Jahr zu Jahr zunimmt. Pfingstrosen können über Jahrzehnte am selben Ort gedeihen, ohne dass sie je ausgegraben und geteilt werden müssen. Empfehlenswert ist es, die Pflanzen im Frühjahr vor dem Austrieb sowie nach der Blüte im Sommer mit organischem Dünger wie Knochenmehl oder Hornspänen zu versorgen, damit die Pflanzen ihre Blühwilligkeit behalten. Auf mineralischen Dünger reagieren Pfingstrosen gelegentlich mit gelben Blättern und dürftigem Wachstum. Der Blühfähigkeit der Pflanze dient es auch, wenn verblühte Blüten abgeschnitten werden, da die Samenbildung die Pflanze viel Kraft kostet, die zu Lasten des Blütenansatzes im nächsten Jahr geht.
Pfingstrosen gedeihen am besten an einem etwas windgeschützten Standort in vollem oder leicht gefiltertem Sonnenlicht und in einem nährstoffreichen und durchlässigen Gartenboden wie beispielsweise einem lockeren Lehmboden. Pfingstrosen sind sogenannte Starkzehrer, das heißt, sie benötigen einen nährstoffreichen Boden. Bei den meisten Gärtnern hat es sich bewährt, sie nach dem Austrieb zu mulchen und mit gut verrottetem Mist zu düngen.
Stauden-Pfingstrosen werden so tief gepflanzt, dass ihr Wurzelstock etwa drei bis vier Zentimeter unter der Erdoberfläche liegt. Die ideale Pflanzzeit ist in der Regel der Herbst, wenn die Sortenauswahl im Gartenfachhandel in der Regel auch am größten ist. Die beste Pflanzzeit für Strauch-Pfingstrosen fällt gleichfalls in diese Zeit. Sie werden jedoch so tief gepflanzt, dass die Veredelungsstelle etwa 10 bis 15 Zentimeter unterhalb der Oberfläche liegt. Der Pflanzabstand sollte 80 bis 100 cm betragen.
Strauch-Pfingstrosen stehen am besten allein oder in Gesellschaft mit anderen Sträuchern. Ideale Begleitpflanzen der Stauden-Pfingstrosen sind beispielsweise Frauenmantel, Katzenminze oder die Arten und Sorten der Storchschnäbel.
Pfingstrosen in der Medizin
In China werden Pfingstrosen (Sorte 'Fen Dan Bai', Hybride von Paeonia ostii) großflächig zur Gewinnung des Mudan pi, einem wichtigen Stoff der chinesischen Heilkunst, angebaut. Auch in Europa importiert die Pharmaindustrie beträchtliche Mengen an Päonienwurzeln, die von Naturstandorten aus Ost-Europa und Vorderasien stammen.
Die Blüten enthalten den Anthocyanin-Farbstoff Peonidin, einen Methylether des Cyanidins.
Symbolik
Aufgrund ihrer langen Kultivierungsgeschichte wird den Päonien ein hoher symbolischer Gehalt zugewiesen. Pfingstrosen tauchen in den mittelalterlichen Tafelgemälden bereits auf, da sie in der christlichen Symbolsprache Reichtum, Heil, Heilung und Schönheit symbolisierten.
In der chinesischen Gartenkunst symbolisiert die Päonie Reichtum, Liebespfand, ein in Liebe erfülltes Frauenleben und die Sanftmut Buddhas.
Ein japanisches Sprichwort sagt:
立てば芍薬、座れば牡丹、歩く姿は百合の花
tateba shakuyaku, suwareba botan, aruku sugata wa yuru no hana
Im Stehen wie eine Chinesische Pfingstrose, im Sitzen wie eine Strauch-Pfingstrose, und die Art, wie sie läuft, die Blüte einer Lilie.
Das Sprichwort beschreibt die drei unterschiedlichen Schönheitsideale, denen eine Frau entsprechen soll: Wenn sie steht, soll sie einer chinesischen Pfingstrose gleichen, mit ihrem kräftigen Stängel und der vollen Blüte. Wenn sie sitzt, soll sie dagegen zerbrechlich wirken wie die Strauch-Pfingstrose. Und wenn sie geht, soll sie anmutig sein wie eine Lilie.
In China gilt die Päonie als Symbol für Vornehmheit und Reichtum. Zu den zentralen Werken der chinesischen Literatur zählt das vielfach ausgeführte und bearbeitete Drama Der Päonienpavillon. In der klassischen Erotikliteratur Chinas gilt der Blumenname “牡丹”(Aussprache "mu-dan") oft als Anspielung auf den Genital,[19] da das Schriftzeichen “牡”(Aussprache "mu") in etymologischer Verbindung mit dem Schriftzeichen “牝”(Aussprache "pin") steht und ursprünglich verwendet wurde, um einen Ochsen/Hahn als Gegensatz einer Kuh/Huhn zu bezeichnen. In einer chinesischen Legende kennt man die junge Heldin unter dem Namen“白牡丹”(Aussprache "bai-mu-dan", wörtliche Übersetzung "weiße Päonie"; namentlich eine weibliche Person aus der Familie bai resp. Familie "weiß" mit dem Vornamen mu-dan resp. "Päonie"). Diese Figur ist nämlich Geliebte des Unsterblichen “吕洞宾”(Aussprache "lü-dong-bin") in der chinesischen Mythologie.
Pfingstrosen in der Kunst
Édouard Manet, Weiße Pfingstrosen (1864)
Die Pfingstrose wird in der chinesischen Kunst sehr häufig dargestellt, aber auch in der europäischen Kunst spielt sie eine große Rolle. Eines der ersten Gemälde, auf denen Pfingstrosen zu entdecken sind, ist „Das Paradiesgärtlein“, das um 1410 von einem unbekannten oberrheinischen Meister geschaffen wurde. Dieses Bild gehört heute zu einem der Hauptwerke im Besitz des Städelschen Kunstinstituts in Frankfurt. Die sogenannte „Marienblume“, wie man die Pfingstrose auch nannte, ist auf diesem Bild in der Mitte des unteren Bilddrittels abgebildet. Nicht unweit davon liegt tot der kleine Drache, der das Unheil symbolisiert und damit das Gegenstück zu dieser Blume bildet, die das Heil symbolisiert.
18th October 2013 at Kings Place (Hall Two), London N1 (Ross Ainslie & Jarlath Henderson gig).
Effects Pedals modify the sound of a musical instrument such as an Electric Guitar by means of changes like distortion, modulation, and feedback. They are often found on the floor on a pedalboard, and are operated with the feet.
It is common to see a battery of pedals like this with an Electric guitar player. Much less common with someone playing an acoustic instrument like Ali Hutton.
PI: Frank Tsung, University of California, Los Angeles
Laser-initiated, or inertial fusion energy (IFE), holds incredible promise as a source of clean and sustainable energy. However, significant obstacles to delivering IFE remain, including the fact that IFE experiments have not achieved self-sustained ignition. This is attributed in large part to excessive laser-plasma instabilities (LPIs) encountered by the laser beams. LPIs, such as two-plasmon/high-frequency-hybrid instability (HFHI) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), can absorb, deflect, or reflect laser light, causing potential disruptions and excess heat loads. Therefore, developing an understanding of LPIs is crucial to the success of any IFE scheme.
The Ex-field at two different times showing the evolution of a nonlinear electron plasma wave in an SRS simulation using OSIRIS. The wave breaks up due to modulations in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, the wave-fronts bow due to the nonlinear plasma wave frequency shift, and the wave localizes transversely about its central axis.
Image credit: F.S. Tsung, University of California, Los Angeles
Scientific discipline: Physics: Plasma Physics
This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility at Argonne National Laboratory.
Accession Number: 1990:1416
Display Title: Capturing the wild elephant
Suite Name:
Media & Support: Opaque watercolor and gold on paper
Creation Date: ca. 1780
Creation Place/Subject: India
State-Province: Tamilnadu
Court: Tanjore
School: Company
Display Dimensions: 9 7/16 in. x 13 11/16 in. (24 cm x 34.8 cm)
Credit Line: Edwin Binney 3rd Collection
Label Copy:
November 2006
Paintings from South India
These two paintings are from the same series, which appears to have been commissioned by a British patron from the East India Company. Elements of European watercolor landscape painting are evident in the distant vegetation along the low horizon line and in the modulations of the grass and sky.
The top painting depicts one of South Indias renowned processions in which the movable image of divinitiesin this case Shiva and his wife, Parvati, on the bull Nandiare carried aloft by priests. On special festival days, the presence of the gods is ritually transferred from the icons in the temple sanctum to the movable images in order to provide opportunities for the masses to receive the blessings of darshan (seeing god and being seen by god) during the procession. Dark-skinned mendicant holy men are directly beneath the palanquin. A dancer and musicians are shown in front of a cluster of devotees at the far right. (For information on the use of South Indian music in the context of ritual processions, see the computer kiosk program.)
Marks:
Bibliography:
Repository: The San Diego Museum of Art
Robert Delaunay chose the view into the ambulatory of the Parisian Gothic church Saint-Séverin as the subject of his first series of paintings, in which he charted the modulations of light streaming through the stained-glass windows and the resulting perceptual distortion of the architecture. The subdued palette and the patches of color that fracture the smooth surface of the floor point to the influence of Paul Cézanne as well as to the stylistic elements of Georges Braque’s early Cubist landscapes. Delaunay said that the Saint-Séverin theme in his work marked “a period of transition from Cézanne to Cubism.”
Delaunay explored the developments of Cubist fragmentation more explicitly in his series of paintings of the Eiffel Tower. In these canvases, characteristic of his self-designated “destructive” phase, the artist presented the tower and surrounding buildings from various perspectives. Delaunay chose a subject that allowed him to indulge his preference for a sense of vast space, atmosphere, and light, while evoking a sign of modernity and progress. Like the soaring vaults of Gothic cathedrals, the Eiffel Tower is a uniquely French symbol of invention and aspiration. Many of Delaunay’s images of this structure and the surrounding city are views from a window framed by curtains. In Eiffel Tower (painted in 1911, although it bears the date 1910) the buildings bracketing the tower curve like drapery.
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for more details
Specifications
Year 1973
Form : Solid-state 4ch control Integrated Amplifier
Circuit system
Power amplifier part
Perfect complimentary whole page hardwired-connection OCL circuitry
Power amplifier part
Music power (IHF)
120W (4ohms)
98W (8ohms)
Effective output (IHF)
42W/42W (4ohms)
35W/35W (8ohms)
Power Band Width
5Hz - 50kHz-3dB
Frequency characteristic
5Hz-100kHz+0 -3 dB
Distortion (at the time of an effective output) 0.2% or less
Cross modulation distortion (60Hz:7kHz=4:1) 0.2% or less (at the time of an effective output)
SN ratio (IHF) 110dB or more
Dumping factor 50 (at the time of an 8-ohm load intensity)
Input sensitivity/impedance 1V/50kohm
Input sensitivity/impedance
Phono : 2mV / 30kohm, 50kohm, 100kohm
Tuner, AUX : 100mV /, 80kohm
Tapes monitor Rec Out : 100mV / 10kohm
Playback : 100mV / 60kohm
Rec/Play(DIN) : 100mV / 60kohm, 50mV / 80kohm
An Output voltage/impedance Output power : 1V/200 ohm
Maximum output voltage : 3V
Phono maximum permissible input 100mV (1kHz)
Frequency characteristicDeflection of less than ±0.5dB from a Phono : RIAA standard curve
Tuner, AUX : 5Hz - 60kHz, and +0 -3 dB
Tone control
Bass :50Hz, ±16dB
Turnover frequency : 150Hz, 500Hz
Treble : 20kHz, ±14dB
Turnover frequency : 2kHz, 6kHz
Loudness control 100Hz : +10dB (Volume −30dB)
An Output-power voltage
/Output load impedance 600mV / 10 kohm
Maximum output voltage 2.5V
Frequency characteristic 10Hz-20kHz+0 -3 dB
The semiconductor used Transistor : 37 pieces
Diode : Seven pieces
Power source AC 100V, 50/60Hz
Power consumption At the time of an Output power : 70W
Dimensions
Width 410x height 140x depth of 300mm
Weight 10.3kg
source : audio-database.com
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
Naamseingever
de Nederlandse zeevisserij
voornamelijk geplaatst in radiotelefonie zenders van schepen
met slechte gespreksdicipline en identificatie problemen.
naamsein " I M "
fabrikaat Centrale Werkplaats PTT
type 3-65 nr. 40
primaire 24VDC
output = het naamsein "I M" in morse ( . . __ __ )
modulatie toon 2000Hz
An 8-bit atmega328 synth that does digital direct synthesis and bitwise modulation. Two oscillators, sine, square, saw and triangle waves, bitwise modulation effect, a rudimentary LFO, LPF, VCA and MIDI in.
+BEST BEFORE UNU +
¬Best Before Unu
UNU (Antonis Anissegos)
and BESTBEFORE (Andreas Karaoulanis) met in March 2010 on stage at a Festival in Thessaloniki, following the invitation of the festival director to perform together.
The match was instant and after the success of their performance, they decided to form the duo best before unu.
Since then they produced together many short audio/visual pieces, and performed often in Greece and in Germany.
The intensive electronics of unu found a visual counterpoint in the moving images of bestbefore, generating complex sonic-visual formations. While audio frequencies are analyzed and passed into image motions, which in turn feed back to the music, a never ending circulation of influence travels in both directions.
As an enrichment of the collaboration, best before unu appears also with live piano, adding an acoustic dimension to the creative process. A journey through morphing landscapes and imaginary organisms, stimulating the audience to continuously perceive new associations.
vimeo.com/channels/bestbeforeunu/
bestbefore.gr/blog/category/best-before-unu/
+PARABELLES+
Its a jodeling nonjodeling elektronic duo .
+JAGUAR+
Jaguar is a collective formed by Oscar Martin (noish) and Constanza Piña (corazón de robota) focused on noise exploration and creative electronics sound devices. Jaguar is devoted to ride by bike around the city and look for old TVs to transform them into spices synthesizers and no logic machines.
+AME ZEK+
Ame Zek is an electronic musician, sound artist, and composer based in Berlin. To electronic music enthusiasts, he is a producer of sound waves and an LFO modulator. The music of Ame Zek is constructed from modulation chains to create a platform for building evolving sound structures.
+ ANACONDA BOY+
AnacondaBoy
Am Electronic music producer from Bangladesh
∆∆condadrums∆∆
Cracked voices, broken noises and the realm of the stage provokes the transformation of a human electronic music producer into the electronic beast that is Anacondaboy Using synthesizers, analog recordings and crash sounds the anaconda boy is in love with beats and broken noises. Crash melodies catch the attention of the audience taking their attention and bringing them into a land of pop metal beat music that is like a flash. This transformation from human to electronic beast brings a stroboscopic, psychedelic music where the voice can be analog and the audience can dance.
+PANI K.+
Visuals and electronic cakes. Origin coming from video and filmart, she studied in Poland, Pani K. is also interested to let a kitchen sing and performs her own language of beautiful music.
+YVES YANOMAMI+
+ DJ KIM KONG-IL
This is a performance module designed to be used in a skiff. The module has four gate generators (The arcade buttons) which can be used to trigger oscillators and modulation. The gate generators can then be combined with the 6 attenuators or the 2 waveshapers for great performance controls.
For the latest info on Minimal System Instruments Eurorack Modular Synth Modules please visit our Facebook page and hit the 'Like' button.
Networked Fabrication for Urban Provocations.
Shifting Paradigms from Mass Production to Mass Customization
Computational architecture and design course
Conventional construction methods all depart from the basic premises of mass production: standardization, modulation and a production line. What these systems developed during the last two centuries fail to take into account are the evolutionary leaps and bounds the manufacturing industry has taken over the last decades. With the introduction of CNC technologies and rapid prototyping machines have altered the paradigms of fabrication forever. It is due to these new tools that it is now possible to create (n) amount of completely unique and different pieces with the same amount of energy and material that is required to create (n) identical pieces. The possibilities for implementation of new forms, textures, materials and languages are infinite due to the versatility that these new tools offer a growing network of architects, designers, fabricators that are integrating them into their professional practices to generate unique and precise objects that respond to countless data and real-life conditions.
Instructors:
Monika Wittig [ LaN, IaaC ]
Shane Salisbury [ LaN, IaaC ]
Filippo Moroni [ SOLIDO, Politecnico di Milano ]
MS Josh Updyke [ Advanced Manufacturing Institute, KSU, Protei ]
Aaron Gutiérrez Cortes [ Amorphica ]