modulation photos on Flickr

Sansui AU 999 amplifier by bayu agoes

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please visit

sakamatra.blogspot.com

for more details

Sansui Solid State Stereophonic AU 999

Specifications

Year 1970

Power amplifier part

Effective output 70W/70W (4ohm)

80W/80W (8ohm)

Music power (IHF) 180W (4ohm)

140W (8ohm)

THD 0.4%

Cross modulation distortion 0.4%

Power Band Width (IHF) 10Hz - 30kHz

Frequency characteristic 5Hz - 100kHz

Stereo separation 50dB

A hum and a noise 100dB

Input sensitivity/impedance 1V/40kohm

Load impedance 4ohm-16ohm

Dumping factor 45 (8ohm)

Preamplifier part

Output power 1V

THD 0.1%

Frequency characteristic 15Hz - 70kHz

A hum and a noise (IHF) Phono1, 2:80dB

Mic:80dB

Tuner, Aux: 85dB

Input sensitivity Phono1, 2:2mV

Mic:3mV

Tuner, Aux, Tape mon (Pin/Din): 200mV

Sound-recording output Tape rec(Pin):200mV

Tape rec(Din):30mV

Tone control Bass: +12dB--8dB (20Hz)

Midrange: ±5dB (1kHz, 2kHz)

Treble: +12dB--8dB (20kHz)

Tone selector Bass:Defeat, 200Hz, 400Hz

Midrange:Defeat, 1kHz, 2kHz

Treble:Defeat, 6kHz, 3kHz

A low filter -20dB(20Hz)

A high filter -18dB(20kHz)

Muting −20dB

Miscellaneous

Power consumption 370W

Dimensions

Width 461.5x height 155x depth of 316mm

Weight 17.5kg

Option Wood case C-17

2018 Portland Adult Soapbox Derby • 16 Impervious Modulation by Victor von Salza

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More photos from the 2018 Portland Adult Soapbox Derby, Portland, OR. O1591

"Filteramic" AM/FM radio, c. 1955 by National Museum of American History Smithsonian Institution

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RCA model 1-XF-4 "Filteramic" AM/FM radio receiver, c. 1955.

Many people began bringing radio receivers into their homes in the 1920s. By the early 1960s most homes had at least one radio and often more. At that time amplitude modulation, or AM, served as the primary mode of broadcasting, but a newer mode that used frequency modulation, or FM, was becoming increasingly popular. Well-known industrial designer John Vassos created this radio for RCA in the 1950s.

Hitachi KH-1002S by Michael Jack

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I think Hitachi succeeded in their attempt to make a "serious" radio with this 10 transistor KH-1002S.

Very hefty, well built, solid performer on all bands and good tone. This one may end up being a regular player in my basement radio room.

This radio utilizes Automatic Frequency Control. (AFC)

taken from the internet

Automatic Frequency Control. (AFC) - method or device to keep a radio or television receiver automatically tuned to a desired frequency or channel. Assuming that the receiver is at least approximately tuned to the desired frequency, a circuit in the receiver develops an error voltage proportional to the degree to which the receiver is mistuned. This error voltage is then fed back to the tuning circuit in such a way that the tuning error is reduced. In most frequency modulation (FM) detectors an error voltage of this type is easily available. In an FM receiver, automatic frequency control (AFC) may make it difficult to receive a weak signal located near in frequency to a strong one.

E3 2006: Coleco Smurf Rescue by Gary Fixler

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I had a Coleco when I was a little boy, and I absolutely loved this stupid game, and its screeching theme music, which is not the "tra LAAA la-laaa la la" music from the show. I'd find myself whistling this digital tune set all the time. Each section of the world had its own music that would cut in replacing the last bit whenever you switched backgrounds, which occurred every 2 screens or so. The musical bits were constructed of short, roughly 10-second loops, and so could conceivably annoy the crap out of parents if you played too long.

I had Donkey Kong there, too, but none of the other few on the table. One of the cool things about the Coleco was their Atari adapter, which they were eventually sued over. There's a port on the front of the Coleco, centered horizontally in front of the cartridge hole into which you could plug the wedge-shaped Atari adapter, and then you could stick Atari 2600 games into that, and it had its own reset buttons, etc. As such, I never actually had an Atari 2600, though I had original joysticks, and several of the games. It's weird, because I've ended up with strong nostalgic feelings for this other system I never actually owned.

R.I.P. Richard Wright ~ 7/28/1943 - 9/15/2008 by DjD-567

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Founding member and keyboardist of Pink Floyd, he passed away yesterday after a brief fight against cancer. This morning, in celebration of his life and his timeless contributions to the music world, I'm playing a few of the Pink Floyd classics he wrote, co-wrote or sang on. RIP Rick, thanks for all the music.

Dave Gilmour's website comments on Rick's passing

No one can replace Richard Wright. He was my musical partner and my friend.

In the welter of arguments about who or what was Pink Floyd, Rick's enormous input was frequently forgotten.

He was gentle, unassuming and private but his soulful voice and playing were vital, magical components of our most recognised Pink Floyd sound.

I have never played with anyone quite like him. The blend of his and my voices and our musical telepathy reached their first major flowering in 1971 on 'Echoes'. In my view all the greatest PF moments are the ones where he is in full flow. After all, without 'Us and Them' and 'The Great Gig In The Sky', both of which he wrote, what would 'The Dark Side Of The Moon' have been? Without his quiet touch the Album 'Wish You Were Here' would not quite have worked.

In our middle years, for many reasons he lost his way for a while, but in the early Nineties, with 'The Division Bell', his vitality, spark and humour returned to him and then the audience reaction to his appearances on my tour in 2006 was hugely uplifting and it's a mark of his modesty that those standing ovations came as a huge surprise to him, (though not to the rest of us).

Like Rick, I don't find it easy to express my feelings in words, but I loved him and will miss him enormously.

David Gilmour

Monday 15th September 2008

Nick Mason's comments on Rick's passing;

Losing Rick is like losing a family member - in a fairly dysfunctional family. He's been in my life for 45 years, longer than my children and longer than my wife. It brings one's own mortality closer. I'll remember Rick with great affection. He was absolutely the non-contentious member of the band and probably suffered for it. I wouldn't say he was easy-going, but he certainly never pushed to any aggravation. It made life a lot easier.

I first met Rick at the Regent Street College of Architecture. And I think Rick was always pretty much that same character I met in 1962. Rock'n'roll is a Peter Pan existence; no one ever grows up. Over a period, we gravitated towards the people who were less interested in architecture and more in going to the pictures and making music. The band happened a couple of years later. We all had very different ways of working. He always knew what he wanted to do and had a unique approach to playing. I saw an interview he did on TV, and he said it clearly: "Technique is so secondary to ideas." Roger [Waters] said the more technique you have, the more you can copy. Despite having some training, Rick found his own way.

To some extent, I think, the recognition for what he did in the band was a bit light. He was a writer as well as a keyboard player, and he sang. The keyboard in particular creates the sound of a band. By definition, in a rock'n'roll band people remember the guitar solo, the lead vocal or the lyric content. But a lot of people listen to our music in a different way. The way Rick floats the keyboard through the music is an integral part of what people recognise as Pink Floyd. He wrote "The Great Gig in the Sky" and the music for "Us and Them".

We were a very close-knit band and one always has the memory of that. We spent a lot of time together between 1967 and the mid-1970s. Rick was a very gentle soul. My image of Rick would be him sitting at the keyboard playing when all the fireworks were going on around him. That's the main quality one remembers, in a band where Roger and David [Gilmour] were more strident about what they believed should be done.

If there's something that feels like a legacy, it's Live 8 [July 2005, Hyde Park] and the fact that we did surmount any disagreements and managed to play together. It was the greatest occasion.

Roger Waters comment on Rick's passing;

"I was very sad to hear of Rick's premature death, I knew he had been ill, but the end came suddenly and shockingly. My thoughts are with his family, particularly [his daughters] Jamie and Gala and their mum Juliet, who I knew very well in the old days, and always liked very much and greatly admired.

"As for the man and his work, it is hard to overstate the importance of his musical voice in the Pink Floyd of the '60s and '70s. The intriguing, jazz influenced, modulations and voicings so familiar in 'Us and Them' and 'Great Gig in the Sky,' which lent those compositions both their extraordinary humanity and their majesty, are omnipresent in all the collaborative work the four of us did in those times. Rick's ear for harmonic progression was our bedrock.

"I am very grateful for the opportunity that Live 8 afforded me to engage with him and David [Gilmour] and Nick [Mason] that one last time. I wish there had been more."

ECHOES...

"Overhead the albatross hangs motionless upon the air

And deep beneath the rolling waves

In labyrinths of coral caves

The echo of a distant time

Comes willowing across the sand

And everything is green and submarine.

And no-one called us to the land

And no-one knows the wheres or whys

But something stirs and something tries

And starts to climb towards the light

Strangers passing in the street

By chance two separate glances meet

And I am you and what I see is me

And do I take you by the hand

And lead you through the land

And help me understand the best I can

And no-one calls us to move on

And no-one forces down our eyes

And no-one speaks and no-one tries

And no-one flies around the sun

Cloudless everyday you fall upon my waking eyes

inciting and inviting me to rise

And through the window in the wall

Come streaming in on sunlight wings

A million bright ambassadors of morning

And no-one sings me lullabies

And no-one makes me close my eyes

And so I throw the windows wide

And call to you across the sky..."

New modules from DinSync.Info: Modseq and Osc303 mkII by Shawn Cleary

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Modules from DinSync.Info are now in-stock. Shown here is a batch of Osc303 mkII as they were initially prepared for direct orders. Now we have both the Osc303 mkII and Modseq available.

The Osc303 mkii is an updated version of the Osc303 with various improvements. A complete pcb redesign makes it more skiff friendly. The Modseq is a low cost, low hp, 8 step auxiliary sequencer. As the name implies its primary duty is for modulation, however it will function perfectly well as a note sequencer.

LINK for more info:http://www.analoguehaven.com/dinsyncinfo/ .

Handlebar bag rack attachment. by Mitch Pryor

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Nitto-made, rack adaptor bolts. Cantis are Tektro CR720, polished, with Kool Stop salmon inserts replacing stock pads which are junk. The salmon pads very noticeably improve the modulation of these wonderful yet inexpensive brakes.

outro modo de estar no mundo by andré davino

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Musical Instrument Accessories 24: Effects Pedals (of Shuggy Otis) by KM's Live Music shots

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10th July 2013 at the Village Underground, London EC2 (Shuggy Otis gig).

Effects Pedals modify the sound of a musical instrument such as an Electric Guitar by means of changes like distortion, modulation, and feedback. They are often found on the floor on a pedalboard, and are operated with the feet.

The photo includes (left to right) TC electronic flashback (delay effect); Boss Chorus Ensemble CE-5 (chorus effect), Boss Flanger BF-3 (flanging effect); MXR Phase 90 (phaser effect) and Roger Mayer Octavia (sound an octave higher).

RFID Garage Door Opener by Micah Elizabeth Scott

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This is a garage door opener based on an ultra-simple multi-protocol low frequency RFID reader design of mine. It's mounted behind the front wall of the house. Hold your wallet (with ID card) up to the front of the house, and it opens the door.

The hardware for this project consists of a Parallax Propeller microcontroller and only passive analog components. Some fancy firmware handles all modulation, demodulation, and A/D conversion.

Firmware (with schematics in the comments) at svn.navi.cx/misc/trunk/propeller/rfid/

Robert Delaunay : Circular Forms - Formes circulaires (1913) by Robert Macho

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Robert Delaunay chose the view into the ambulatory of the Parisian Gothic church Saint-Séverin as the subject of his first series of paintings, in which he charted the modulations of light streaming through the stained-glass windows and the resulting perceptual distortion of the architecture. The subdued palette and the patches of color that fracture the smooth surface of the floor point to the influence of Paul Cézanne as well as to the stylistic elements of Georges Braque’s early Cubist landscapes. Delaunay said that the Saint-Séverin theme in his work marked “a period of transition from Cézanne to Cubism.”

The artist’s attraction to windows and window views, linked to the Symbolists’ use of glass panes as metaphors for the transition from internal to external states, culminated in his Simultaneous Windows series. (The series derives its name from the French scientist Michel-Eugène Chevreul’s theory of simultaneous contrasts of color, which explores how divergent hues are perceived at once.) Delaunay stated that these works began his “constructive” phase, in which he juxtaposed and overlaid translucent contrasting complementary colors to create a synthetic, harmonic composition. Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a poem about these paintings and coined the word Orphism to describe Delaunay’s endeavor, which he believed was as independent of descriptive reality as was music (the name derives from Orpheus, the mythological lyre player). Although Simultaneous Windows (2nd Motif, 1st Part) contains a vestigial green profile of the Eiffel Tower, it is one of the artist’s last salutes to representation before his leap to complete abstraction.

Oliver Ackermann. A Place to Bury Strangers. by amy buxton

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A Place to Bury Strangers graces us with their presence once again. I'm still surprised this avant garde experimental band comes to St. Louis. The crowd, though not large, understands and appreciates this unique band. You have to see them to understand their artistry and power.

The subtitle of this series is the "madness of photographing in stobe lights". I asked Oliver Ackermann before they played if they were going to have strobes likes the first time I saw them. I just wanted to be ready for them. He laughed and, "Maybe." Oh yes there were strobes and they were even more intense than last time. It was a smaller more independent venue this time and maybe that made it easier to put on the show they REALLY wanted to. Though 60% of my shots were black, I managed to get a few.

#amy buxton

#Fall

#St. Louis

#A Place to Bury Strangers

#band

#music

#noise manipulation

#Off Broadway

#wave modulation

#Death By Audio

#Dion Lunadon

#Oliver Ackermann

#experimental rock

#space rock

#strobe light

#strobe

#concert

Homebuilt laser projector by Fibra

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This projector is made of casette player and walkman parts, some mirors and cheap chinese laser pointer. Everything is positioned freehand and glued in place with hotglue. This is work in progress. Still comming, separate speed and direction regulation for both motors, and sound to laser modulation.

Mechanism matters! by Enzymlogic

The identification of compounds capable to modulate the activity of therapeutic targets relies on using interaction potency as a predictor of in vivo efficacy. Despite that this approach facilitates high-throughput screening of large compound libraries, potency alone fails to reveal the actual pharmacological diversity of compounds.

There are several biochemical features related to the drug-target interaction that drive its mechanism of action and all of them contribute to the ultimate pharmacological response. Although more than 80% of the marketed drugs compete with endogenous effectors, approximately 75% of these inhibitors use an additional mechanism to produce an efficacious response (uncompetitive or non-competitive inhibition, slow dissociation, conformational changes, etc).

We believe that early identification of the driving mechanism of action and assessment of the different biochemical parameters involved in the binding modulation are pivotal in the design of therapeutic agents with improved clinical efficacy and security profiles. Feel free to use this image, just link to www.enzymlogic.com.

Takapuna, Auckland - Automatic Telephone by Archives New Zealand

On 1 February 1925 six Auckland telephone exchanges were switched from manual to automatic operation. These were Wellesley Street, Mt Eden, Ponsonby, Remuera, Devonport and Takapuna. This design for the exchange at Takapuna was drawn in 1918, but the lighting was not installed and the painting not done until late in 1924, ready for the start of operations.

According to Te Ara “Between 1910 and 1950 the number of telephones grew more than tenfold – from around 33,000 to more than 350,000. Much of the growth took place in the interwar years. Increasing suburbanisation was met and fostered by the spread of exchanges into suburbs. Enhanced carrier technology allowed more calls to be carried on each line by the use of wireless frequency modulation techniques. Private (from 1925) and rural (1929) automatic exchanges – PABXs and RAXs – increased government, commercial and rural use of phones. In 1922/23, telecommunications revenues outstripped postal revenue for the first time.”

The plan is from a Public Works file held at Auckland Regional Office – BBAD 1054/2075a – Post Offices – Takapuna Automatic Telephone Exchange.

For further information please email Auckland.Archives@dia.govt.nz

For updates on our On This Day series and news from Archives New Zealand, follow us on Twitter twitter.com/ArchivesNZ

Material from Archives New Zealand

Elka Synthex by Switched On Austin

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The Synthex is a massive sounding and classic analog 8 voice synthesizer. This one in particular has the added MIDI feature. First off, It's interface is a dream to program. It has 30 knobs, 6 sliders, 80 switches and a joystick. Powerful sounds with 2 oscillators per voice, separate envelope generators, chorus and even a sequencer! The use of stable DCO's (digitally controlled analog oscillators) and oscillator cross modulation of Pulse Width and a multimode filter! The filter is based on the CEM3396 chip which was also featured in e.g. Oberheim's Matrix line of synthesizers.

There is a cool joystick that replaces traditional pitch/mod wheels and allows for greater variable real-time control over the two LFOs, oscillator and filter modulation. The 6 sliders beside the joystick assign what (LFO, osc and filter) goes to the joystick. Voices can also be layered or split across the keyboard. Other great features include the onboard digital Ring-Modulator, Chorus effect and Dual or Layer modes available. And also a four-track sequencer rounds out this synths host of features. The four different sequencer tracks can have different length, and sounds (Upper/Lower can be allocated to different tracks). Also it is possible to insert rests between notes as well as length of notes. Sequences and patches could be dumped to analog cassette tape through an audio interface. Two of it's tracks can output MIDI data.

The Synthex has three keyboard modes. 8 voice single sound (both Lower/Upper voices), Split with user selected split point (4 voices Lower/4 voices Upper) or Double which reduce the polyphony to four voices. Later versions implemented basic MIDI functions. Voices can also be layered or split across the keyboard.

Polyphony - 8 Voices

Oscillators - 16

Sequencer - 4-Track

Filter - Curtis Chips: 24dB LowPass, 12dB HiPass, 12dB & 6dB BandPass

VCA - ADSR

Keyboard - 61 keys

Memory - 40 preset/40 user

Control - MIDI

Date Produced - 1981 - 1984

Bruce Gordon cantilever brakes by stevep33

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Form and function at its best. It took a little bit to set them up, mostly to get the right spacer thickness and slight toe in. They work fantastically - good modulation, lots of power and no squeal. Worth every penny.

Kona Sutra 2008 - Avid BB7 Road Brakes by @fotochap

Having owned the 2008 Kona Sutra for ten months, and just completed the first chain/cassette replacement, I thought it was about time for a long term review, to give other people an idea of what living with the Sutra has been like. My previous post explains why I chose the Sutra - I came up with what I thought was an impossibly eclectic list of requirements from a bicycle, and the Sutra ticked every single box.

Here's some specs, for the statophiles out there: Frame size C54cm Frame tubing Dedacciai COM 12.5 Butted Cromoly Fork Kona P2 700c TB Disc w/Lowrider Headset TH Crankarms FSA Gossamer MegaExo Chainrings 30/39/50 B/B FSA MegaExo Pedals Shimano PD-M520 SPD - Silver Chain Shimano HG53 --> Shimano HG93 XT Freewheel Shimano Deore (11-32, 9 Spd) --> Shimano XT M760 (11-32, 9spd) F/D Shimano Tiagra Triple R/D Shimano XT Shadow Shifters Shimano Bar-Con Handlebar FSA RD30 0S Stem FSA OS-190LX Grips Velo Wrap with Gel Brakes Avid BB7 Road Disc Brake Levers Shimano BLR-600 Front Hub Shimano M525 Disc Rear Hub Shimano M525 Disc Spokes DT Stainless 14g Tires Continental Contact 700 x 32C --> Schwalbe Marathon Plus 700x38c Rims Mavic A 317 Disc Saddle Selle Italia XO SE --> Brooks B17 Seatpost FSA SL-280 Seat Clamp Kona Clamp Rear Rack Tubus Logo Panniers Bikebins Computer Sigma DTS 1606 L Fenders SKS Chromoplastic

My primary (i.e. 99% of the time) use of the Sutra has been for commuting. I have covered over 2700 miles (4500km) in the time I have owned it. My commuting route through London is pretty tough on bikes - the roads south of the Thames are awful and full of potholes, through the City there is broken glass all over the place, and further north of the river there are speedbumps everywhere. When I first got the Sutra she was wearing Continental Contact tyres, and they were pretty poor for commuting. They punctured easily and transmitted the bumpiness of the road right up into my forearms. Not much fun. After one puncture too many I replaced the tyres with Schwalbe Marathon Pluses, in their largest diameter, and the difference was marked. The increased volume of air provides a lot more cushioning for the arms, and I have not had a single puncture yet, despite having pulled 6mm long pieces of glass out of the tyre surfaces. The tyres are relatively heavy, but then so is the rest of the bike, and extra weight makes you stronger!

The original rear rack was pretty flimsy, and it did not allow the attachment of the Bikebin panniers I bought to try and add some rigidity. I ended up having to angle grind chunks out of the rack to fit the panniers, which can't have improved their structural integrity. After a month of experiencing the odd sensation of the bike wagging its tail whenever I stood up to pedal hard, I bit the bullet and upgraded the rack to a Tubus Logo. It was a tight fit with the rear disc brake, but the difference was immense. Gone was the sensation of a jelly-like bike, to be replaced by a sensation of rigid stability. Whilst the rack was expensive, it made all the difference, and I would highly recommend it.

Speaking of the brakes, they have saved my life on more than one occasion, usually when a Taxi decides to perform an emergency stop to pick up a fare. The brakes stop consistently in all conditions, and so far I have not had to replace the pads, althoguh I think it will be time to do it soon. Not bad considering I have travelled almost five thousand kilometres in all weathers in the stop-start conditions of London. I was concerned that the brakes might be too powerful, but the modulation provided by the levers and the flex in the arm of the brake means that whilst the power is there if necessary, you have a lot of control over it. There is some disc drag, but this is owing more to my laziness than the brakes themselves, and seems to have little impact on cruising speeds.

Using the bike in all conditions has been excellent. The all-over fenders (something I have never fitted to a bike previously) really keep the rain off and eliminate spray from the road. I had to saw a bit of the front fender off to fit it over the larger tyres, and a little bit off the rear for the same reason, but after the modification they have been flawless.

I had heard reports of spokes snapping, and nothing happened to me until recently, when I noticed a detached spoke whilst replacing the rear cassette. I had no idea how long the spoke had been damaged for, and replaced it myself. The rear wheel is slightly askew, but it does not foul on anything, which is good considering the small tolerance between it and the fender. To be fair, I have been jumping off kerbs and sometimes it is impossible to miss a massive hole in the road when you are in busy traffic. An upgrade I am considering is a stronger rear wheel, although it is not pressingly urgent.

The ride of the bike is super smooth, and certainly not anything like the road bikes I am used to. I use my other road bike for triathlons, and whilst it is a lot more nimble, it is much less comfortable. The Sutra is comfortable all day long, owing in no small part to the Brooks B17 saddle, which took about two thousand miles to properly break in! It was worth it though - sitting on the bike is like sitting in an armchair (albeit a very odd armchair, but an armchair nonetheless). I tend to cruise at about 20mph on her, and my 10.5 mile commute to work takes about 37 minutes. I have started seeking out hills in preparation for some touring of Wales, and the sutra certainly loves to climb. The aggressive, mountain-bike-like frame geometry no doubt assists in this, and is confidence inspiring when climbing and descending. The bar-con shifters were a novelty for me, but they make a lot of sense, especially if replacement shifters were needed on a tour. There are even bosses on the downtube to fit truly old-school shifters in an emergency.

The weight of the bike was a shock initially - weighing in at 15kgs without the accessories, she weighs significantly more than my Specialized Hardrock mountain bike, which is saying something! Over time I have become accustomed to the weight, and now it feels normal. The main advantage of this is that when I ride anything else, it feels super light and goes very rapidly. This makes this bike an ideal training steed.

In conclusion, I have found a lot to love about the Kona Sutra - she's tough, strong and surprisingly fast. There were some niggles about fitting add-ons, but they were all easy to overcome, and the result has been a reliable bike that I think will keep delivering for years.

www.charlietyack.com

88 - Modulation by Ernie Villalobos

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Point cloud with modulated color by devDept Software

Eyeshot now supports the point cloud color modulation with point intensity values.

Don Ho "Tiny Bubbles" Ukulele Lesson by Jeffrey Thomas

1966 Classic! Original Key of Eb with 1/2 Step Modulation to E. Intro Bass Line, Guitar Chord Comp, Proper Chord Progression for Verse & Bridge, 2 Strum Patterns, Chord Melody Example, with details of Left & Right hand Fingerings.

Notation for this lesson available at:

www.jeffrey-thomas.com

More lessons and webcam instruction details:

www.jeffrey-thomas.com

Apollo 6 / Saturn 5 rocket / launch, " On the Top tower, camera view ", April 4,1968 by Dan Beaumont Space Museum

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NASA INFO: At 7:00 a.m. on 4 April 1968, Saturn V 502 rose thunderously from its Florida launch pad to boost Apollo 6 (AS-502) into orbit, but that was nearly the last normal thing the big rocket did. For the first two minutes, the five huge engines in the first stage roared, shook the ground, and belched fire evenly. Then there were thrust fluctuations that caused the vehicle to bounce like a giant pogo stick for about 30 seconds. Low-frequency modulations (known as the pogo effect) as high as +/-0.6 g were recorded in the command module, which exceeded design criteria (0.25 g was the upper limit permitted for manned flight in Gemini). Except for the bouncing and the loss of a piece of the panel in the adapter, the first stage did its job, however.

Very shortly after the second stage ignited, two of its five J-2 engines stopped. The other three engines had to fire longer to compensate for this loss of power. The second stage did not reach the desired altitude and velocity before its fuel gave out and it dropped away. To reach the required speed, the S-IVB third stage also had to burn longer than planned, putting the spacecraft into an orbit of 178 by 367 kilometers, instead of a 160-kilometer circular orbit. Apollo 6 launch LIVE on TV: www.youtube.com/watch?v=kREHEUWCXbo

NASA / LIFE photo, source Google/Life 2008 (Free).

23646_381911163281_5548437_n by The Tiara Pageant Training Studio

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November Pageant Training Course for Ponds Femina Miss India 2013, Ponds Femina Miss India Goa 2013, Ponds Femina Miss India Kolkata 2013, Femina Miss India Bangalore 2013, Femina Miss India Indore 2013, Ponds Femina Miss India Delhi 2013, Ponds Femina Miss India Chandigarh 2013, Ponds Femina Miss India Pune 2014, I am She 2013, Gladrags Megamodel 2012/2013 and Gladrags Mrs. India 2012/2013

Urvashi Rautela groomed and coached by The Tiara wins I am She Miss India Universe 2012 and ' I am Photogenic". Dipna Patel trained by The Tiara wins 3rd Runners up at IAM SHE Miss Universe India and the subtitle I am Fit. Gunjan Tyagi wins 2nd Runner Up at Gladrags South Mrs. India 2012. She will go on to participate in the Mrs. India All India in Mumbai later this year.

17 Winners in 14 Years! A Winner Every Year at The Tiara Pageant Training Studio

1. Winner of Young Turk 1998 Sandip Soparrkar , Ace Choreographer, Ballroom dance teacher,

2. Femina Miss India Earth 2002 Gauhar Khan,

3. Femina Miss India Universe 2005 Amrita Thapar

4. Femina Miss India World 2009 Pooja Chopra,

5.Gladrags Megamodel 2009 and Femina Miss India East 2011 and Bollywood Diva 2011 Ankita Mohapatra

6.Mr. India Earth 2009, Mann Sukhija

7.Miss India Intercontinental 2009 Sonia Jain

8. Femina Miss India International 2010 Neha Hinge

9.Gladrags Megamodel 2010 Arshina Trivedi

10.Femina Miss India South 2011 Shweta Dolli

11.Gladrags Manhunt 2011 First Runner Up Maitraya Kotecha

12.Miss Tourism Queen International of the year 2011 Urvashi Rautela

13.Miss India Worldwide 2011 1st Runner Up Anvita Sudarshan

14.Femina Style Diva 2011 Dipna Patel

15.Femina Miss India Earth 2012 Prachi

16.Mrs. India International 2012, 1st Runners Up Reet Sahu

17.Urvashi Rautela I am She Miss Universe India 2012.

ELIGIBILITY

If you are participating in:

Femina Miss India: Height 5.6” upwards, Age: 18 to 25

I am She: Height 5.6 upwards, Age: 18 to 27

Gladrags Mrs India Height 5.3 upwards, Age: 20 to 50

Gladrags Megamodel: 5.3” Upwards Age: 17 to 27

November 5th to December 10th 2012(Course Fee Rs 25,000)

Monday to Friday

To ensure that you have your seat please pay the booking amount of Rs 5000 which is an advance fee. This fee is non-refundable and non-transferable to another batch in another month. The remaining 20,000 has to be paid on the first day of class, For the hostel please call Mr. Anil Shinde 9822282817 .Meetings are only by appointment.

The Tiara is located only in Pune, we have no branches.

Course Details

• Filling up Forms and Registration Help

• Developing a Pageant Strategy

• Pageant & Ramp Walk

• Personality & Grooming

• Posture & Poise.

• Camera Facing Techniques & Portfolio Assistance ( Professional Portfolio Not Included)

• Public Speaking &Voice Modulation

• Modeling Technique & Body Language

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Book Vol.3 by Dirk & Susanne Lankenau

This book concludes our tandem edition on Recombination and Meiosis. Subtitled Models, Means and Evolution, it follows its ﬁrst-born twin with emphasis on Crossing-Over and Disjunction. In the commissioning of chapter topics we have tried to cover numerous aspects of the meiotic system from many different angles. Both these books are embedded as volumes 2 and 3 in a topical Series devoted to Genome Dynamics and Stability, where DNA transmission and maintenance functions are discussed from experimental and theoretical perspectives. The earlier vol. 1 dealt with Facets and Perspectives of Genome Integrity, focusing on DNA damage repair mechanisms, and an upcoming vol.4 is on transposable elements. These books on meiotic processes, together with other volumes in this Series on genome management in mitotic cells, provide a grass-roots level starting platform—initiating a prospective trajectory superimposable upon the exploding ﬁeld of molecular cell physiology, or systems biology (see below). The preceding volume preferentially dealt with meiotic processes in multicellular organisms, such as plants and animals including man. Also, basic accomplishments from work on yeasts was presented in a comparative perspective—concerning the decisive roles of Spo11-induced breaks for crossing-over, of sister chromatid cohesion in chromosome disjunction, and cell cycle modulation in the global control of the meiotic program. The present book puts additional focus on yeasts as unicellular model organisms, where progress in revealing the mechanisms of meiotic recombination has taken place most rapidly and systematically. Also, a central aspect of genetic recombination in E. coli is included for its outstanding merits as a universal model. Furthermore, three facets of evolutionary relevance are also discussed. As for the models and means of meiotic recombination, two prominent and comprehensive chapters call for particular attention. Inasmuch as theoretical interpretations of empirical data about the exchange of genetical markers in successive generations has long preceded their biochemical elucidation,James E.Haber gives expert guidance on a veritable tour de force, presenting the Evolution of Recombination Models frompurely genetic crosses into the molecular era. He follows the historical record from simplistic breaking/joining schemes to break-induced replication, from suspected single-strand breaks to partner choice by single-strand annealing, and from the generation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) to their repair by the establishment and resolution of single or double Holliday junctions, and ﬁnally to DSB repair in the absence of crossing over accomplished through synthesis-dependent strand annealing that does not involve Holliday junctions. This scenic ride is aptly complemented from the enzymatic perspective, as displayed by Kirk T. Ehmsen and Wolf-Dietrich Heyer on the Biochemistry of Meiotic Recombination: Formation, Processing, and Resolution of Recombination Intermediates. These authors highlight the biochemistry of meiotic recombination, as more and more meiosis-speciﬁc enzymes have been added to the basic toolbox, which likewise is at work in mitotic cells (cf. GDS vol. 1, this Series). Overlapping with functions in replication and DSB repair these enzymes comprise topoisomerase, nuclease, recombinase, polymerase, and helicase activities, as well as single-strand stabilizing protein, a protective end-tethering complex and a range of modulating co-factors. The single most remarkable feature about the initiation of meiotic recombination is the deliberate and catalyzed introduction of numerous DSBs in the chromosomal DNA. Notably, the enzyme responsible for this pivotal and conserved activity is derived from a former topoisomerase (Spo11; Keeney, this SERIES), which as such had a cell-intrinsic function essential for the untangling of replication intermediates in every cell cycle. The total number of cuts is even larger than the number of effective crossovers later on2. The important question of how the sites to be cut are chosen in a given cell— among myriads of potentially equivalent sites that are ignored—is still one of the most vigorously pursued aspects of ongoing research. Foremost, the susceptible substrate for meiotic DSBs is not naked DNA, but DNA embedded in chromatin, as highlighted by Michael Lichten, in his chapter on Meiotic Chromatin—the Substrate for Recombination Initiation. The two yeasts compared for this traits how pronounced differences in the distribution of hotspot sites for DSB formation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a fairly promiscuous DSB machinery can be assembled at about every stretch of accessible chromatin that has been opened up for other purposes, especially at activated promoter regions. Michael Lichten coins the term "opportunistic DSBs" for these phenomena, foremost in S. cerevisiae—differentiating meiotic DSBs from both lower

and higher degrees of sequence speciﬁcity: on one hand ionizing radiation induced DSBs,which occur with little sequence preference and without regard for chromatin structure, and on the other hand from the site-speciﬁc cuts of restriction-type endonucleases—or other nucleic acid transactions, such as transcription promotion, where both chromatinstructure and the recognition of DNA sequence elements contribute to speciﬁcity. Such opportunistic usage of promoter-modulated open chromatin can only in part explain the DSB pattern observed in the ﬁssion yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where other determinants may play a signiﬁcant, hotspot-speciﬁc role. Also to be determined by meiosis-speciﬁc chromatin organization, the assembly of and/or cleavage by the DSB machinery should not be all too promiscuous on a particular issue, in that at most one of two sister chromatids can become susceptible at any given site, whereas the other sister strand needs to be protected around the equivalent site. The molecular basis for this signiﬁcant restriction still remains to be determined. After the meiosis-speciﬁc, Spo11-induced DSBs have been processed to protruding 3 ends, these single strands have to interact with the corresponding sequence on the homologous chromosome, in order to repair and seal the break by homologous recombination. In eukaryotes the crucial strand exchange reaction is catalyzed by RecA-like recombinases of the ubiquitous Rad51 family and/orthemeiosis-speciﬁcDmc1protein. As modeled by the most widely studied RecA recombinase of E.coli, Chantal Prévost, in herchapter on Searching for Homology by Filaments of RecA-Like Proteins, discerns their basic functions in the genome-wide search for complementary DNA strands so as to facilitate the initial strand exchange reaction in highly coordinated, helical DNA–protein ﬁlaments, which likewise are formed by the eukaryotic RecA homologs. Corresponding studies to the leading work on meiosis in S.cerevisiae have also been pursued in S.pombe,showing striking differences indetail at various levels. The most interesting aspects of this work are pointed out in two chapters speciﬁcally devoted to the ﬁssion yeast. For one thing, S. pombe belongs to the rather few organisms that have lost the ability to form synaptonemal complexes in meiotic prophase, which usually stands out as the most characteristic structural basis of bivalent synapsis. Instead, another conserved feature of canonical meiosis, the clustering of telomeres in the so-called bouquet arrangement, is vastly exaggerated in a series of nuclear movements, which in S. pombe facilitates a dynamical alignment

of homologous chromosomes from nuclear fusion throughout the entire prophase of meiosis (D.Q. Dingand Y. Hiraoka, this BOOK). Furthermore, the crossover mechanism itself is peculiar as well. Whilst many organisms including S. cerevisiae actually employ two partly overlapping crossover pathways, one of these pathways is entirely missing in S. pombe. Characteristically, the main recombinational intermediate in S.pombe consists of single Holliday junctions (G. Cromie and G.R.Smith, this BOOK), whilst earlier results on S. cerevisiae had suggested double Holliday junctions as the canonical model. The species-oriented chapter by Gareth Cromie and Gerald R. Smith, on Meiotic Recombination in S. pombe: A Paradigm for Genetic and Molecular Analysis,was published Online FirstinJune2007. At thatrelatively early date, most of their extensive data on DSB hotspot distribution in S. pombe were mentioned in brief as unpublished results. These signiﬁcant data are now more fully discussed, as mentioned above, in Michael Lichten’s comparative chapter—with due reference to their recent publication in the mean time (Cromie et al. 2007). Unfortunate as such asynchrony appears to be, this is a price to pay for the advantages of Online First publication for the individual chapters as they are being completed—with a spread of Online First dates up to a year per book in such a series. Three evolutionary topics relating to meiosis have been selected to conclude this book: the putative origin of the meiotic system, the conﬁnement of meiosis to the germline in animals, and the abandonment of meiosis in relatively few eukaryotic lineages, some of which are remarkably persistent on the evolutionary time scale—capable of lasting for millions of years. At the dawn of genetics, crossing-over and meiosis had been considered very much the same, but the early view of apparent congruence between the two phenomena has long since been abandoned. Instead, genetic recombination as such has proved to have much earlier and more fundamental roles than the complex and highly integrated pattern of mainstream meiosis, of which crossing-over has become the most characteristic ingredient. In short, homologous DNA recombination has directly co-evolved with faithful replication (see R. Egel and D.Penny, thisBOOK), clearing physical damageand/or broken replication forks as they arise (C. Rudolph, K.A. Schürer, and W. Kramer, GDS vol. 1, this Series)—potentially in each cell cycle of prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike. Of more sporadic occurrence, on the other hand, meiosis only happens once per generation,or life cycle—whatever meaning may be attached to these derived terms for unicellular organisms (see below). N.B., bacteria and archaea are proﬁcient in recombinational repair of DSB damage to their DNA, but meiosis is missing altogether. In multicellular organisms, the meanings of generation and lifecycle are evident, and the complex inter-relationship of germline development and maintaining sexuality in animals and plants was already recognized by Charles Darwin and August Weissmann by the end of the 19th century. In his chapter on The Legacy of the Germ Line—Maintaining Sex and Life in Metazoans: Cognitive Roots of the Concept of Hierarchical Selection, Dirk-Henner Lankenau follows the germline concept to its historical roots, and he addresses the multiple levels of selective evolution related to this concept. Also, he fathoms Weismann’s prescient usage of germ plasm in its original meaning that nowadays has been replaced by genes and genomes—and he sketches a tie to modern frontiers, discussing the so-called nuage as a germline-speciﬁc germplasm organelle of multiple RNA processing, where a suspended term is thus revived in new guises. A hallmark of meiosis is the production of recombinant offspring, efﬁciently scrambling the parental genotypes. The overwhelming majority of taxonomic groups throughout eukaryotes show proﬁciency of meiosis, at least to begin with. Higher plants and animals would probably never have originated without the evolutionary thrust empowered by meiosis. Yet, sexual propagation including meiosis has been lost repeatedly in evolution, although major evolutionary innovations have never sprung from such secondarily asexual lineages. Hence, asexual lineages of relatively ancient origins can serve as virtual mirrors to reﬂect the evolutionary importance of meiosis in the remaining majority of animals and plants, as thoroughly discussed by Isa Schön, Dunja K.Lamatsch,

and Koen Martens in their chapter on Lessons to Learn from Ancient Asexuals. To single out a particular highlight, the purging of deleterious mutations by a meiotic recombination appears to be remarkably effective—readily compensating for the low mutation rates observed. As for the inferred origin of the meiotic system, this does not only far predate the emergence of multicellular animals, fungi and plants—it even dates back before the last common ancestor of all the eukaryotic phyla known today (LECA). As canonical meiosis, therefore, is a common heritage to all eukaryotes, there are no comparative cues among different lineages living today from which by parsimony to deduce a likely order of step-wise additions to the basic toolbox of meiotic mechanisms. On the other hand, the meiotic system is so complex in its widely conserved pattern, that its instantaneous invention from scratch appears unlikely. Against this rather uninformative backdrop, Richard Egel and David Penny, in their chapter On the Origin of Meiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution, propose a possible series of incremental steps towards meiosis, each of which could have added some selective advantage on its own. This series may well have started before the mitotic division system had been perfected to its present ﬁdelity, e.g. when telomere-directed chromosome movements may have preceded the establishment of centromeres. Hence their hypothesis is subtitled Coevolution of Meiosis and Mitosis from Feeble Beginnings. A likely driving force to establish a proto-meiotic system—alternating with proto-mitotic nuclear division—is seen in maintaining a periodically needed dormancy program, so as to protect it against the accumulation of dormancy-deﬁcient mutations at the higher error load presumed in early evolution. This is in line with the common correlation between meiosis and the formation of dormant spores or cysts in extant microbial eukaryotes. In a certain sense, therefore, a single generation in the life cycle of unicellular eukaryotes would last from one stage of encystment or sporulation to the next. With the commissioning and presentation of the various chapter topics on the genomic aspects of the meiotic system we hope to have served a salient need for integrating basic knowledge gained from studying diverse genetic model organisms. Research on meiotic exchange and segregation mechanisms may appear more esoteric than the vast resources spent on understanding metabolism and growth in mitotic cells. While emphasis on the latter area is motivated by the numerical predominance of mitotic divisions, as well as the direct connection of mitotic cell divisions to the immense problems of cancerous growth in human disease, meiosis in its paucity is more secluded and its medical aspects are limited to less pressing problems, such as impaired fertility or Down-like syndromes (H.Kokotas,M.Grigoriadou,andM.B.Petersen, this Series). Also, a certain twist of hierarchy is undeniable: whilst endless perpetuation of mitotic divisions can be viable as an evolutionarily stable strategy, a contiguous series of several meioses is certainly not. In this sense meiosis will always be the subordinate companion of mitosis. At the conceptual level, however, the complexity of molecular mechanisms applying to meiosis far exceeds that of its mitotic counterpart. And for the continuity of generations in most eukaryotic forms of life, both meiosis and mitosis are complementary features of general and essential interest. Traditionally, the largest share of meiotic research has been focused on DNA exchange and related features, whereas the immense ﬁeld of protein–protein interactions in the rewiring of the meiotic cell out of and back into the mitotic cell cycle stood in second place. The concluding chapter of the preceding volume speciﬁcally deals with these meiotic aspects of molecular cell physiology (L. Pérez-Hidalgo, S. Moreno, and C. Martin-Castellanos, this Series). As pioneered with yeasts, genome-wide expression studies have started with identifying all the genes upregulated in meiotic cells and sorting them into functional categories. This is a long way off fromknowing all their particular functions. To illustrate the scope of the barely charted ﬁeld: of 4,824 annotated genes in S. pombe, 955 proteins contain coiled-coil motifs4; of these, 180 are upregulated before, during or after meiosis—21 exclusively so, but not expressed during mitosis (Ohtaka et al. 2007). The interactive potential of so many proteins is enormous, and the systemsbiology of meiosis has merely just begun. To form a link between both books on Recombination and Meiosis, the list of chapter titles in the preceding volume is included after the Contents table of this book. In fact, as some of the individual chapters already had been published Online First, before the editorial decision to divide the printed edition into two books, the preliminary cross references had not yet accounted for the split. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause, but the listing of all the chapter titles in both books should hopefully direct the reader to the proper destination. We would also like to point out that the missing chapter numbers are no neglect but reﬂect an obligatory compromise necessitated by publishing all manuscripts OnlineFirst immediately

after they have been peer-reviewed, revised, accepted and copy-edited (see, www.springerlink.com/content/119766/). We most cordially thank all the chapter authors for contributing to this topical edition of two accompanying books focusing on meiotic recombination. Without their expertise and dedicated work this comprehensive treatise would not have been possible. Receiving the incoming drafts as editors, we had the great privilege of being the ﬁrst to read so many up-to-date reviews on the various aspects of meiotic recombination and model studies elucidating this ever-captivating ﬁeld. Also, we greatly appreciate the productive input of numerous referees, who have assisted us in thriving for the highest level of expertship, comprehensiveness, and readability. We are again deeply indebted to the editorial staff at Springer. We would especially like to mention the editor Sabine Schwarz at Springer Life Sciences(Heidelberg), the deskeditor Ursula Gramm (Springer,Heidelberg),and the production editor Martin Weissgerber (le-tex publishing services oHG, Leipzig).

April 2008

Copenhagen, Richard Egel

Ladenburg, Dirk-Henner Lankenau

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