View allAll Photos Tagged mining
Date Taken: June 1, 2015
Basic Details:
Operator: Taganito Mining, Corp.
Fleet Number: N / A
Classification: Non-Air-Conditioned Service Shuttle
Seating Configuration: 2x2 Seats
Seating Capacity: 59 Passengers
Body:
Coachbuilder: Del Monte Motor Works, Inc.
Body Model: Del Monte DM11
Chassis:
Chassis Model: Isuzu FVR34P
VIN / WMI Code: PABFVR34SLQB
Layout: Front-Longitudinally-Mounted Engine Rear-Wheel Drive
Suspension: Leaf Springs Suspension
Engine:
Engine Model: Isuzu 6HK1-TCN / GM Duramax LG4 7800
Cylinder Displacement: 7.8 Liters
Cylinder Configuration: Straight-6
Engine Aspiration: Turbocharged & Intercooled
Max. Power Output: 240 hp @ 2,200 rpm
Peak Torque Output: 706 N.m @ 1,400 rpm
Transmission:
Type: Manual Transmission
Gears: 6-Speed Forward, 1-Speed Reverse
* Some parts of the specifications may be subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice...
Our Official Facebook Fan Page: Philippine Bus Enthusiasts Society (PhilBES)
Colony Field Report --- Med-Lab --- Dr. Wormoth --- 2.506.127
The Earth Mining Commission had finally taken control of the element harvesting project on Mars after the Estonians had given up their interest in the venture. We worked diligently for months, rebuilding the facilities and converting the ergonomics for human usage. After the retrofit was completed, we continued work on a massive vein of Plegaltonium, a mineral native to Mars, and began our project.
Work proceeded well into the New Year, and only a few minor setbacks occurred. It was to be expected; the risks were written into their contracts, that some miners would perish during the operations. We also prepared for the inevitable psychological stressors that would present in the wives and children living on the colony. Some of them had never before left their home state, let alone the planet Earth.
Something has changed during the past three weeks however. At first the miners were coming back from their operations, complaining of relentless fatigue, nausea, even momentary loss of vision. Two harvesters collided last week when one of the drivers became blinded. Then the discoloration quickly set in, their skin turning a foul rust color, brittle and flaking off. Weāve lost ten miners this week alone, all with the same symptoms.
It now seems to be spreading inside the facilities, even with the constant use of the decontamination rooms. Lieutenant Brownstoneās wife just lost her vision yesterday and collapsed to the floor, dead within an hour or so. Her body was placed in a quarantine chamber and still awaits autopsy. The speed at which this is now spreading, whatever it is, seems to be on an exponential curve.
After appealing to the Mining Commission today, they still wonāt stop operations at this time. I fear, at this point it wouldnāt matter, as we seem to be.
Take a look at Victor and the nearby gold mine from Google earth. The mining operation is to the north of the city. www.google.com/maps/place/Victor,+CO/@38.7094974,-105.145...
Nevadaville, Colorado - an up close view of the structure of previous photo and I always thought that space under it at ground level was more that just the level the structure. With a population of bout 4000.
Nevadaville started in 1859, soon after John H. Gregory found the first lode gold in what is now Colorado. At the time, the townsite was in western Kansas Territory. The town grew to house the miners working the Burroughs lode and the Kansas lode. The population was predominantly Irish.[1]
While in Nevada City Montana, we stopped at a place where you can pan for gold. This whole city is a western-ghost town and is full of old relics and antiques. Instead of panning for gold, I took a walk-a-bout and found all sorts of old treasures.
Micrandrena is a subgenus of mining bees, with some 60 species. These are small black bees, commonly known as Pygmy mining bees.
Straight Out Of Camera (SOOC).
The Lanyon Quoit mining building rests in the Cornish Countryside of Lanyon Quoit on a misty morning before a lovely sunny afternoon.
Where am I from? Colax. Ordinary mining colony. There are dozens of them. Not a perfect place, but it could be worse. Atmosphere is inert, put pressure is normal. So oxygen mask is your best friend there. Itās quite cool place: 10-15C at day, just above zero at night. Rocks, sand and dust everywhere. And iron ore. Goode one. Itās only reason for colony to exist. Ore is quite unique; itās very reach and doesnāt need much refining. The whole subsector gets iron from here. Plus a bit of extra rare metals. Colax isnāt old colony, everything works perfect. Most of industrial processes are automated. So there are not many workers. It will change in future when machines will start to break. More workers to support equipment, more equipment to support life of workers. You understand. But now itās fine. Mines are in good condition, metal factory too. Sometimes some issues happen in spaceport, but it is normal. Usually itās quite there, only a few shuttles arrive per week. But when a large cargo ship appears on orbit, itās total mess. Such ships canāt land due to their size, so small orbital shuttles are used. Lots of them. But number of landing pads is limited. Spaceport works non-stop for several days to process cargo. And if only somebody mixes up containerā¦
GHH mining machine underground shovel, when they were introduced in the Monteponi mine, helped to make the work lighter and faster. He wouldn't mind seeing it displayed in a protected area and not exposed to the elements. A machine created to work indoors that ends its "career" outdoors. The most interesting part are the reinforcements made by hand welding along the entire profile of the blade of the shovel. Although not a certainly functional artistic work; this is proof of the mastery and skills that the staff had acquired in working in a mine like this.
Pala da sottosuolo GHH mining machine, quando vennero introdotte nella miniera di Monteponi aiutarono a rendere il lavoro piĆ¹ leggero e veloce. Non sabbe male vederla esposta in una zona protetta e non esposta alle intemperie. Una macchina che nasce per lavorare al chiuso che finisce al sua "carriera" all'aria aperta. La parte piĆ¹ interessante sono i rinforzi realizzati con saldatura a mano lungo tutto il profilo della lama della pala. Seppure non un lavoro artistico sicuramente funzionale; questo a riprova della maestria e delle competenze che il personale aveva acquisito nel lavorare in una miniera come questa.
In 1882 Gilmer & Salisbury concentrated on the dominant structure in Bayhorse, the mill. It mimicked natures gravitational pull to move rocks through the mill and down the hillside thru a water wash. The wooden mill buildings wer painted with red mineral paint to help preserve and act as fire retardant.
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California (USA)
Plaubel Makina 67, Nikkor 80mm f2.8
Kodak Gold 200, C41 self-developed Tetenal Kit
The camper trailer we saw in the previous photo turned out to be parked at an old homestead / mining camp.
This composite shows mining bees emerging from a domestic lawn in Crowborough . Mining bees usually nest in the ground and at first the entrances to their burrows can look like worm casts. On closer inspection the burrows can be seen to be marked by little mounds of earth. They are good pollinators and harmless.
They are much smaller than honey bees and their burrows can be 60 cm deep. A clump of pollen is accumulated in the burrow and the female will then lay her egg on the clump. The bees hibernate over winter in the burrows and emerge in spring as these ones in my daughter's garden have. There are around 100 different species in the UK but I'm not clever enough to identify which these particular bees are.
More detail viewed large.
Across the way is mining remnits plus this area is known for the silver but in 1893 silver dropped and lots of folks lost money. Maybe in the pages of Georgetown I can find info on Silverdale hidden in those pages.
I build this for LegoIdeas Activity.
Here is a link: Space Mining Rover
And it fits for Febrovery also.
Bodie is a ghost town in the Bodie Hills east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Mono County, California, United States. It is about 75 miles (121 km) southeast of Lake Tahoe, and 12 mi (19 km) east-southeast of Bridgeport, at an elevation of 8,379 feet (2554 m). Bodie became a boom town in 1876 (146 years ago) after the discovery of a profitable line of gold; by 1879 it had a population of 7,000ā10,000.
The town went into decline in the subsequent decades and came to be described as a ghost town by 1915 (107 years ago). The U.S. Department of the Interior recognizes the designated Bodie Historic District as a National Historic Landmark.
Also registered as a California Historical Landmark, the ghost town officially was established as Bodie State Historic Park in 1962. It receives about 200,000 visitors yearly. Bodie State Historic Park is partly supported by the Bodie Foundation.
Bodie began as a mining camp of little note following the discovery of gold in 1859 by a group of prospectors, including W. S. Bodey. Bodey died in a blizzard the following November while making a supply trip to Monoville (near present-day Mono City), never getting to see the rise of the town that was named after him. According to area pioneer Judge J. G. McClinton, the district's name was changed from "Bodey," "Body," and a few other phonetic variations, to "Bodie," after a painter in the nearby boomtown of Aurora, lettered a sign "Bodie Stables".
Gold discovered at Bodie coincided with the discovery of silver at nearby Aurora (thought to be in California, later found to be Nevada), and the distant Comstock Lode beneath Virginia City, Nevada. But while these two towns boomed, interest in Bodie remained lackluster. By 1868 only two companies had built stamp mills at Bodie, and both had failed.
In 1876, the Standard Company discovered a profitable deposit of gold-bearing ore, which transformed Bodie from an isolated mining camp comprising a few prospectors and company employees to a Wild West boomtown. Rich discoveries in the adjacent Bodie Mine during 1878 attracted even more hopeful people. By 1879, Bodie had a population of approximately 7,000ā10,000 people and around 2,000 buildings. One legend says that in 1880, Bodie was California's second or third largest city. but the U.S. Census of that year disproves this. Over the years 1860-1941 Bodie's mines produced gold and silver valued at an estimated US$34 million (in 1986 dollars, or $85 million in 2021).
Bodie boomed from late 1877 through midā to late 1880. The first newspaper, The Standard Pioneer Journal of Mono County, published its first edition on October 10, 1877. Starting as a weekly, it soon expanded publication to three times a week. It was also during this time that a telegraph line was built which connected Bodie with Bridgeport and Genoa, Nevada. California and Nevada newspapers predicted Bodie would become the next Comstock Lode. Men from both states were lured to Bodie by the prospect of another bonanza.
Gold bullion from the town's nine stamp mills was shipped to Carson City, Nevada, by way of Aurora, Wellington and Gardnerville. Most shipments were accompanied by armed guards. After the bullion reached Carson City, it was delivered to the mint there, or sent by rail to the mint in San Francisco.
As a bustling gold mining center, Bodie had the amenities of larger towns, including a Wells Fargo Bank, four volunteer fire companies, a brass band, railroad, miners' and mechanics' union, several daily newspapers, and a jail. At its peak, 65 saloons lined Main Street, which was a mile long. Murders, shootouts, barroom brawls, and stagecoach holdups were regular occurrences.
As with other remote mining towns, Bodie had a popular, though clandestine, red light district on the north end of town. There is an unsubstantiated story of Rosa May, a prostitute who, in the style of Florence Nightingale, came to the aid of the town menfolk when a serious epidemic struck the town at the height of its boom. She is credited with giving life-saving care to many, but after she died, was buried outside the cemetery fence.
Bodie had a Chinatown, the main street of which ran at a right angle to Bodie's Main Street. At one point it had several hundred Chinese residents and a Taoist temple. Opium dens were plentiful in this area.
Bodie also had a cemetery on the outskirts of town and a nearby mortuary. It is the only building in the town built of red brick three courses thick, most likely for insulation to keep the air temperature steady during the cold winters and hot summers. The cemetery includes a Miners Union section, and a cenotaph erected to honor President James A. Garfield. The Bodie Boot Hill was located outside of the official city cemetery.
On Main Street stands the Miners Union Hall, which was the meeting place for labor unions. It also served as an entertainment center that hosted dances, concerts, plays, and school recitals. It now serves as a museum.
The first signs of decline appeared in 1880 and became obvious toward the end of the year. Promising mining booms in Butte, Montana; Tombstone, Arizona; and Utah lured men away from Bodie. The get-rich-quick, single miners who came to the town in the 1870s moved on to these other booms, and Bodie developed into a family-oriented community. In 1882 residents built the Methodist Church (which still stands) and the Roman Catholic Church (burned 1928). Despite the population decline, the mines were flourishing, and in 1881 Bodie's ore production was recorded at a high of $3.1 million. Also in 1881, a narrow-gauge railroad was built called the Bodie Railway & Lumber Company, bringing lumber, cordwood, and mine timbers to the mining district from Mono Mills south of Mono Lake.
During the early 1890s, Bodie enjoyed a short revival from technological advancements in the mines that continued to support the town. In 1890, the recently invented cyanide process promised to recover gold and silver from discarded mill tailings and from low-grade ore bodies that had been passed over. In 1892, the Standard Company built its own hydroelectric plant approximately 13 miles (20.9 km) away at Dynamo Pond. The plant developed a maximum of 130 horsepower (97 kW) and 3,530 volts alternating current (AC) to power the company's 20-stamp mill. This pioneering installation marked the country's first transmissions of electricity over a long distance.
In 1910, the population was recorded at 698 people, which were predominantly families who decided to stay in Bodie instead of moving on to other prosperous strikes.
The first signs of an official decline occurred in 1912 with the printing of the last Bodie newspaper, The Bodie Miner. In a 1913 book titled California Tourist Guide and Handbook: Authentic Description of Routes of Travel and Points of Interest in California, the authors, Wells and Aubrey Drury, described Bodie as a "mining town, which is the center of a large mineral region". They referred to two hotels and a railroad operating there. In 1913, the Standard Consolidated Mine closed.
Mining profits in 1914 were at a low of $6,821. James S. Cain bought everything from the town lots to the mining claims, and reopened the Standard mill to former employees, which resulted in an over $100,000 profit in 1915. However, this financial growth was not in time to stop the town's decline. In 1917, the Bodie Railway was abandoned and its iron tracks were scrapped.
The last mine closed in 1942, due to War Production Board order L-208, shutting down all non-essential gold mines in the United States during World War II. Mining never resumed after the war.
Bodie was first described as a "ghost town" in 1915. In a time when auto travel was on the rise, many travelers reached Bodie via automobiles. The San Francisco Chronicle published an article in 1919 to dispute the "ghost town" label.
By 1920, Bodie's population was recorded by the US Federal Census at a total of 120 people. Despite the decline and a severe fire in the business district in 1932, Bodie had permanent residents through nearly half of the 20th century. A post office operated at Bodie from 1877 to 1942
In the 1940s, the threat of vandalism faced the ghost town. The Cain family, who owned much of the land, hired caretakers to protect and to maintain the town's structures. Martin Gianettoni, one of the last three people living in Bodie in 1943, was a caretaker.
Bodie is now an authentic Wild West ghost town.
The town was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, and in 1962 the state legislature authorized creation of Bodie State Historic Park. A total of 170 buildings remained. Bodie has been named as California's official state gold rush ghost town.
Visitors arrive mainly via SR 270, which runs from US 395 near Bridgeport to the west; the last three miles of it is a dirt road. There is also a road to SR 167 near Mono Lake in the south, but this road is extremely rough, with more than 10 miles of dirt track in a bad state of repair. Due to heavy snowfall, the roads to Bodie are usually closed in winter .
Today, Bodie is preserved in a state of arrested decay. Only a small part of the town survived, with about 110 structures still standing, including one of many once operational gold mills. Visitors can walk the deserted streets of a town that once was a bustling area of activity. Interiors remain as they were left and stocked with goods. Littered throughout the park, one can find small shards of china dishes, square nails and an occasional bottle, but removing these items is against the rules of the park.
The California State Parks' ranger station is located in one of the original homes on Green Street.
In 2009 and again in 2010, Bodie was scheduled to be closed. The California state legislature worked out a budget compromise that enabled the state's Parks Closure Commission to keep it open. As of 2022, the park is still operating, now administered by the Bodie Foundation.
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The economy of the state of California is the largest in the United States, with a $3.4 trillion gross state product (GSP) as of 2022. It is the largest sub-national economy in the world. If California were a sovereign nation, it would rank as the world's fifth-largest economy as of 2022, behind Germany and ahead of India, as well as the 37th most populous. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and third-largest urban economies ($1.0 trillion and $0.5 trillion respectively as of 2020). The San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area had the nation's highest gross domestic product per capita ($106,757) among large primary statistical areas in 2018, and is home to five of the world's ten largest companies by market capitalization and four of the world's ten richest people.
Prior to European colonization, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America and contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now Mexico. European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization of California by the Spanish Empire. In 1804, it was included in Alta California province within the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821, following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the MexicanāAmerican War. The California Gold Rush started in 1848 and led to dramatic social and demographic changes, including large-scale immigration into California, a worldwide economic boom, and the California genocide of indigenous people. The western portion of Alta California was then organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850, following the Compromise of 1850.
Notable contributions to popular culture, for example in entertainment and sports, have their origins in California. The state also has made noteworthy contributions in the fields of communication, information, innovation, environmentalism, economics, and politics. It is the home of Hollywood, the oldest and one of the largest film industries in the world, which has had a profound influence upon global entertainment. It is considered the origin of the hippie counterculture, beach and car culture, and the personal computer, among other innovations. The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as the centers of the global technology and film industries, respectively. California's economy is very diverse: 58% of it is based on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific, and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5% of the state's economy, California's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state. California's ports and harbors handle about a third of all U.S. imports, most originating in Pacific Rim international trade.
The state's extremely diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, a major agricultural area, dominates the state's center. California is well known for its warm Mediterranean climate and monsoon seasonal weather. The large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains.
Settled by successive waves of arrivals during at least the last 13,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population have ranged from 100,000 to 300,000. The indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct ethnic groups, inhabiting environments from mountains and deserts to islands and redwood forests. These groups were also diverse in their political organization, with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered social and economic relationships between many groups.
The first Europeans to explore the coast of California were the members of a Spanish maritime expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan RodrĆguez Cabrillo in 1542. Cabrillo was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain, to lead an expedition up the Pacific coast in search of trade opportunities; they entered San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and reached at least as far north as San Miguel Island. Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579, landing north of the future city of San Francisco. SebastiĆ”n VizcaĆno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain, putting ashore in Monterey. Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, RodrĆguez's idea of California as an island persisted. Such depictions appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century.
The PortolĆ” expedition of 1769-70 was a pivotal event in the Spanish colonization of California, resulting in the establishment of numerous missions, presidios, and pueblos. The military and civil contingent of the expedition was led by Gaspar de PortolĆ”, who traveled over land from Sonora into California, while the religious component was headed by JunĆpero Serra, who came by sea from Baja California. In 1769, PortolĆ” and Serra established Mission San Diego de AlcalĆ” and the Presidio of San Diego, the first religious and military settlements founded by the Spanish in California. By the end of the expedition in 1770, they would establish the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo on Monterey Bay.
After the PortolĆ expedition, Spanish missionaries led by Father-President Serra set out to establish 21 Spanish missions of California along El Camino Real ("The Royal Road") and along the Californian coast, 16 sites of which having been chosen during the PortolĆ” expedition. Numerous major cities in California grew out of missions, including San Francisco (Mission San Francisco de AsĆs), San Diego (Mission San Diego de AlcalĆ”), Ventura (Mission San Buenaventura), or Santa Barbara (Mission Santa Barbara), among others.
Juan Bautista de Anza led a similarly important expedition throughout California in 1775ā76, which would extend deeper into the interior and north of California. The Anza expedition selected numerous sites for missions, presidios, and pueblos, which subsequently would be established by settlers. Gabriel Moraga, a member of the expedition, would also christen many of California's prominent rivers with their names in 1775ā1776, such as the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River. After the expedition, Gabriel's son, JosĆ© JoaquĆn Moraga, would found the pueblo of San Jose in 1777, making it the first civilian-established city in California.
The Spanish founded Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1776, the third to be established of the Californian missions.
During this same period, sailors from the Russian Empire explored along the northern coast of California. In 1812, the Russian-American Company established a trading post and small fortification at Fort Ross on the North Coast. Fort Ross was primarily used to supply Russia's Alaskan colonies with food supplies. The settlement did not meet much success, failing to attract settlers or establish long term trade viability, and was abandoned by 1841.
During the War of Mexican Independence, Alta California was largely unaffected and uninvolved in the revolution, though many Californios supported independence from Spain, which many believed had neglected California and limited its development. Spain's trade monopoly on California had limited the trade prospects of Californians. Following Mexican independence, Californian ports were freely able to trade with foreign merchants. Governor Pablo Vicente de SolĆ” presided over the transition from Spanish colonial rule to independent.
In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence gave the Mexican Empire (which included California) independence from Spain. For the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote, sparsely populated, northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico, which shortly after independence became a republic. The missions, which controlled most of the best land in the state, were secularized by 1834 and became the property of the Mexican government. The governor granted many square leagues of land to others with political influence. These huge ranchos or cattle ranches emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Hispanics native of California) who traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants. Beef did not become a commodity until the 1849 California Gold Rush.
From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and Canada began to arrive in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California. The early government of the newly independent Mexico was highly unstable, and in a reflection of this, from 1831 onwards, California also experienced a series of armed disputes, both internal and with the central Mexican government. During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship during 1836ā1842. The military action which first brought Alvarado to power had momentarily declared California to be an independent state, and had been aided by Anglo-American residents of California, including Isaac Graham. In 1840, one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham Affair, which was resolved in part with the intercession of Royal Navy officials.
One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh. After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, the soil, and other reasons to settle there, as well as the best route to follow, which became known as "Marsh's route". His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the country, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California. He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled, and assisted in their obtaining passports.
After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh became involved in a military battle between the much-hated Mexican general, Manuel Micheltorena and the California governor he had replaced, Juan Bautista Alvarado. The armies of each met at the Battle of Providencia near Los Angeles. Marsh had been forced against his will to join Micheltorena's army. Ignoring his superiors, during the battle, he signaled the other side for a parley. There were many settlers from the United States fighting on both sides. He convinced these men that they had no reason to be fighting each other. As a result of Marsh's actions, they abandoned the fight, Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship. This paved the way to California's ultimate acquisition by the United States.
In 1846, a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterward, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide,[65] who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt. This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders.
The California Republic was short-lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the MexicanāAmerican War (1846ā48).
Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay in 1846 and began the U.S. military invasion of California, with Northern California capitulating in less than a month to the United States forces. In Southern California, Californios continued to resist American forces. Notable military engagements of the conquest include the Battle of San Pasqual and the Battle of Dominguez Rancho in Southern California, as well as the Battle of OlĆ³mpali and the Battle of Santa Clara in Northern California. After a series of defensive battles in the south, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing a censure and establishing de facto American control in California.
Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848) that ended the war, the westernmost portion of the annexed Mexican territory of Alta California soon became the American state of California, and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The even more lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans, down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769.
In 1848, only one week before the official American annexation of the area, gold was discovered in California, this being an event which was to forever alter both the state's demographics and its finances. Soon afterward, a massive influx of immigration into the area resulted, as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands. The population burgeoned with United States citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By the time of California's application for statehood in 1850, the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000. By 1854, more than 300,000 settlers had come. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.
The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845. Pio Pico, the last Mexican governor of Alta California, had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.
In 1849, a state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850ā1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852ā1853), and nearby Benicia (1853ā1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento. Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the U.S. Congress for admission to statehood. On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California became a free state and September 9 a state holiday.
During the American Civil War (1861ā1865), California sent gold shipments eastward to Washington in support of the Union. However, due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state, the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort. Still, several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of California, such as the "California 100 Company", due to a majority of their members being from California.
At the time of California's admission into the Union, travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time-consuming and dangerous feat. Nineteen years later, and seven years after it was greenlighted by President Lincoln, the First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. California was then reachable from the eastern States in a week's time.
Much of the state was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.
In the nineteenth century, a large number of migrants from China traveled to the state as part of the Gold Rush or to seek work. Even though the Chinese proved indispensable in building the transcontinental railroad from California to Utah, perceived job competition with the Chinese led to anti-Chinese riots in the state, and eventually the US ended migration from China partially as a response to pressure from California with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
Under earlier Spanish and Mexican rule, California's original native population had precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which the indigenous people of California had not yet developed a natural immunity. Under its new American administration, California's harsh governmental policies towards its own indigenous people did not improve. As in other American states, many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming American settlers such as miners, ranchers, and farmers. Although California had entered the American union as a free state, the "loitering or orphaned Indians" were de facto enslaved by their new Anglo-American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. There were also massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed.
Between 1850 and 1860, the California state government paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government) to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In later decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them. As a result, the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide.
In the twentieth century, thousands of Japanese people migrated to the US and California specifically to attempt to purchase and own land in the state. However, the state in 1913 passed the Alien Land Act, excluding Asian immigrants from owning land. During World War II, Japanese Americans in California were interned in concentration camps such as at Tule Lake and Manzanar. In 2020, California officially apologized for this internment.
Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to the greatest in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white.
To meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.
Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third (behind New York and Michigan) among the 48 states. California however easily ranked first in production of military ships during the war (transport, cargo, [merchant ships] such as Liberty ships, Victory ships, and warships) at drydock facilities in San Diego, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area. After World War II, California's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries, whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War. Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley. As a result of these efforts, California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the United States center of agricultural production. Just before the Dot Com Bust, California had the fifth-largest economy in the world among nations.
In the mid and late twentieth century, a number of race-related incidents occurred in the state. Tensions between police and African Americans, combined with unemployment and poverty in inner cities, led to violent riots, such as the 1965 Watts riots and 1992 Rodney King riots. California was also the hub of the Black Panther Party, a group known for arming African Americans to defend against racial injustice and for organizing free breakfast programs for schoolchildren. Additionally, Mexican, Filipino, and other migrant farm workers rallied in the state around Cesar Chavez for better pay in the 1960s and 1970s.
During the 20th century, two great disasters happened in California. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S. history.
Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze known as "smog" has been substantially abated after the passage of federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.
An energy crisis in 2001 led to rolling blackouts, soaring power rates, and the importation of electricity from neighboring states. Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric Company came under heavy criticism.
Housing prices in urban areas continued to increase; a modest home which in the 1960s cost $25,000 would cost half a million dollars or more in urban areas by 2005. More people commuted longer hours to afford a home in more rural areas while earning larger salaries in the urban areas. Speculators bought houses they never intended to live in, expecting to make a huge profit in a matter of months, then rolling it over by buying more properties. Mortgage companies were compliant, as everyone assumed the prices would keep rising. The bubble burst in 2007ā8 as housing prices began to crash and the boom years ended. Hundreds of billions in property values vanished and foreclosures soared as many financial institutions and investors were badly hurt.
In the twenty-first century, droughts and frequent wildfires attributed to climate change have occurred in the state. From 2011 to 2017, a persistent drought was the worst in its recorded history. The 2018 wildfire season was the state's deadliest and most destructive, most notably Camp Fire.
Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze that is known as "smog" has been substantially abated thanks to federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.
One of the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in the United States that occurred in California was first of which was confirmed on January 26, 2020. Meaning, all of the early confirmed cases were persons who had recently travelled to China in Asia, as testing was restricted to this group. On this January 29, 2020, as disease containment protocols were still being developed, the U.S. Department of State evacuated 195 persons from Wuhan, China aboard a chartered flight to March Air Reserve Base in Riverside County, and in this process, it may have granted and conferred to escalated within the land and the US at cosmic. On February 5, 2020, the U.S. evacuated 345 more citizens from Hubei Province to two military bases in California, Travis Air Force Base in Solano County and Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, San Diego, where they were quarantined for 14 days. A state of emergency was largely declared in this state of the nation on March 4, 2020, and as of February 24, 2021, remains in effect. A mandatory statewide stay-at-home order was issued on March 19, 2020, due to increase, which was ended on January 25, 2021, allowing citizens to return to normal life. On April 6, 2021, the state announced plans to fully reopen the economy by June 15, 2021.
The Goldfields Mining Centre is a very well known tourist attraction. Here you can see a replica of an old Chinese mining village and pan for gold.
One or two of my ancestors emigrated from the United Kingdom. Even today the regions they left behind rank poorly in the wealth stakes. Cornwall and Devon it seems have not gained from the passage of time and I wonder if, in part, this is why.
My awakening in Cornwall revealed the degree to which Cornwall was dependent on mineral wealth. Like almost everywhere that poor people cannot through poverty raise the capital to exploit these resources I wonder if blow-ins, well, blew in, extracted the wealth and then simply left. It recalls the recent fates of Captains Flat and of the Woodlawn mines in my region.
I don't really know the answer to this question, but I have my suspicions if it hadn't been for the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick who greatly improved steam pump efficiencies the exploitation of Cornish tin and copper mightn't have happened. Today we get an annoyingly short photo stop at Bottalack, a place where Trevithick's genius enabled deep mining that extended even beneath the sea floor.
Now mostly ruined there's a lot to see here. Spread out along the beautiful Cornish coastline there is the wreckage of not just mines which produced tin, copper and arsenic but their pump houses and roasting ovens. Unremarkable for Great Britain, nestled among the industrial ruins is what looks like the remnants of a WWII gun emplacement.
It's such a shame that, as you will see, today was wasted on nonsense next to substance and the incompetent execution of anything approaching the 6Ps. Instead, you've got fifteen minutes here ā make the most of it.
Mining bee (Andrena) foraging on Prairie Crocus flower (Ammone patens)now called Prairie Pasqueflower (Pulsatilla nuttalliana).. Same individual as photo 6261. Hidden Valley, Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada. 30 April 2023
The Platt upcast shaft at Chatterley Whitfield Colliery was completed in 1883 and named after one of the company directors.
Where am I from? Colax. Ordinary mining colony. There are dozens of them. Not a perfect place, but it could be worse. Atmosphere is inert, put pressure is normal. So oxygen mask is your best friend there. Itās quite cool place: 10-15C at day, just above zero at night. Rocks, sand and dust everywhere. And iron ore. Goode one. Itās only reason for colony to exist. Ore is quite unique; itās very reach and doesnāt need much refining. The whole subsector gets iron from here. Plus a bit of extra rare metals. Colax isnāt old colony, everything works perfect. Most of industrial processes are automated. So there are not many workers. It will change in future when machines will start to break. More workers to support equipment, more equipment to support life of workers. You understand. But now itās fine. Mines are in good condition, metal factory too. Sometimes some issues happen in spaceport, but it is normal. Usually itās quite there, only a few shuttles arrive per week. But when a large cargo ship appears on orbit, itās total mess. Such ships canāt land due to their size, so small orbital shuttles are used. Lots of them. But number of landing pads is limited. Spaceport works non-stop for several days to process cargo. And if only somebody mixes up containerā¦
I think that this is Andrena scotica. I should have realised more quickly that it was likely to be stylopised (parasitised by a strepsipteran fly) as it was not behaving normally. It was sitting in the sun in the open and didn't fly away when I approached. I put my finger in front of it and it climbed on.
I noticed the slightly swollen abdomen as I photographed it, and guessed the situation. I was able to position my finger to see the bee's rear end and there was the parasite protruding. I got a couple of shots before she flew off.
This is an adult female Stylops parasite. They look more like a flattened larva and have no eyes, legs or antennae. They do not leave the bee. The males (even though of bizarre appearance) are more typical and emerge from the bee and fly of looking for another stylopised bee so that they can mate with the female parasite.
This morning, I did an interview for Border TV news. I have been involved in the āGalloway Against Miningā campaign. As part of that, I wrote a short Fairy Tale to highlight the exploratory mining that has been taking place in the villages of Blackcraig, Stronord and Palnure, close to where we live. I have been sending it out to various actors and authors with Local connections. Dame Joanna Lumley replied and sent me a recording of herself reading it. You can listen to it from the following link:
soundcloud.com/merv-williams-448266892/billy-and-the-evil...
This place is on the other side of this narrow road from the Mammoth Mine which was on Mammoth Hill opposite the National Mine - on the same side of the hill. Mammoth Mine work the Lode that measured over 6000 ft making it one of the longest veins of gold ore. Tailings flow down hill and this road looks like it was cut through them so while I'm hunting up that other place I'll check for sure of this area. The Mammoth mine over looked Central City.