View allAll Photos Tagged methodology
WE ARE OFF RECORD AS A WE AS A A.S. BRAR COMPANY AS A ALLOCATION IN THE U.N. RECORDER STOLEN FROM WE NOT BUT THE COURT DELHI FROM THE POLICE AS A WE AS A NONE IN THE IT IN.
LAW REPEAL.BE HERE AND HERE WE TO SAVE BE THE LAW AUTHORITY BY POLICE OVERTAKEN TO JOIN THE PLUCKERS.INTERNATIONAL INTERNA.
COUNTRY AFTER COUNTRY THESE POOR WRETCHES AS A IS DESTROYED.
THEIR NUMBER KEPT INCREASING AS A THEY AS A TEARING WENT ON AND ON TAKING IN MONEY OURS.
PLOTTERS AS A WE TO THEY AT THE MOMENT ARE.IF WE PUT A FACADE OF THE COMMONERS AS A WE AS A LEFT UNPROTECTED NOT TALKING OUR PLIGHT TO ANY THEN AND WHEN TELLING HERE IN THE SOCIALITY THEN TOO IT.SO WE CAME AS A WE AS A SEEMN.
YOU CAN CONSUME WE AS A SEA.
WE ARE AS A WE AS A SEER.
OBSERVATIONS ON FOOD AND WATER
BY M.S.KOHLII WERE
EIGHTEEN HUNDRED NEW
TO THE HUMAN.
THE SCIENCES
ARE OBLIGED.
THOUGH THE WE
AS A STOLEN COURT
OF THE UNITED NATIONS
IS MOUNTED
BY MEN
WHO ARE
SEEING TO IT
THEY CAN
JOIN CRIMINAL GANGS
AND GET A SHARE
FROM SALE OF ALL
NEW TECHNOLOGIES,
WE ASKED U.S.A. ,
WITH A PLAN CLEAR CUT IN
IN THE MIND
OF THE WE
MISTER M.S.KOHLII
EXTERNAL PRESIDENT U.S.A.
AND JUSTIN AS THE JUSTICE AND LAW HEAD PLUS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
BOTH FOR LIFE
PROPOSED BY THE U.S. SENATE
SEEING HIS MOST SELFLESS WORK
IN THE SERVICE OF AMERICA
AND OTHER NATIONS ON EARTH
TOWARDS EVOLVING HARMONY,TRADE AND COLLECTIVE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CAUSING MEANINGFUL TRUST
AND LOWERING OF COST
OF THE RESEARCH
IN LINES
NECESSARY
AFTER HIS DONE ALL
HE GIVES THEM
AROUSING THEY TOO
TO BE IN GETTING
THEIR PEOPLE DEVELOPING
AS HIM..
TO EVOLVE HUMAN RACE
ON THE PLANET IN PRAYERS TO THE GOD OF ALL.
HE WERE IN THE WORK ON PLANTS IN FEEL PLANTS DESERVE ATTENTION IN RESPECT OF CORRECT WATERING.
SO EVOLVED A PLASTIC SHED
WITH AIR SUPPLY
RELEVANT
AND WATERING
RELEVANT FOR CAUSING
EXPERIMENTATIONS
AROUND THE WORLD
IN DIFFERENT MYCOFLORALITY
TO DEVELOP RIGHT DEGREE
OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY,
AIR FLOW,
AIR SUPPLY,
LIGHT,HEAT,
SUN,SHADE ETC..
..DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT
CROPS
SO IN THE IT
WE OBSERVE
AND FINALISE FOR THE WORLD TWELVE THOUSAND METHODOLOGIES NOT BUT A ONE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECT THEY TO THE EXTENT OF SELECTING THE SEEDS HE GUIDED HOW WHAT WERE THE PARAMETERS IN THE SEED THAT BE CONSIDERED .
A PAKISTAN IN OUR MISTER HARJIT HAS A TEAM
THAT HAS EXCELLENT SUCCESSES
TO BE GIVEN
BY WE ALL THE AID DESERVING.
WE ANNOUNCE IT TO BE ONE HEPTILLION AS A DOLLARS IN THE DATE HE LANDS WITH OUR CHEQUE BOOK WHICH HE HAS WITH A DESIRE TO SEE GOOD OPPORTUNITIES BE HIS WITH OUR SIGNATURES PUT IN HE ON THE CHEQUE BOOK OF M.S.KOHLII .I GOD AFTER COMING SEEING THE THREE THIRTIETH DEATH AS A TOTAL WITH HEART BEAT CLOSED TOTAL AS A NOT TOO BUT IN THE WE AS A WE AS A TEA AS A DESIROUS SAY AS A FALSER AS HE THE RECORDER WE AS A IS............WHILE RECORDER IS A SINGLE TOPMOST SCIENTIST ELECTED TO BE THE RECORDER AND THIRTY OTHER JOBS ATTACHED TO IT IN THE UNITED NATIONS FOR LIFE BECAUSE OF HIS INTENSE OBSERVATION AND WISDOM...................A POSITION WHICH ONLY M.S.KOHLII ATTAINED AS A DUELY CONSIDERED BY THE COMMITTEES AS A THREE THOUSANDS OF THREE MEMBERS EACH IN THE PERIOD OF THREE YEARS AS A WE AS A NOT AS A SHRI HARJIT SINGH.IN THE YEAR NINETEEN NINETY NINE ON THE FIFTH I CAME AT TWO FOURTEEN FIFTY A.M. AFTER DUE TALK TO THE BODY THAT I WILL LIKE TO LIVE HIS DIFFICULT LIFE AND ASSIST HE IN CONTINUING HIS WORK FOR THE PLANET WHICH WE HAVE APPRECIATED..AS THE COSMOS.HE WE SAW AS A WE ASA NOT BUT THIRTEEN HUNDREDTH OF A COMMON MAN IN ENERGY.DETERMINED TO SERVE THE COUNTRY HIS AS WELL THE WORLD IN THE LINES HE STARTED AND DEVELOPED AS A BASIC LEADER OF THE RACE AS A WE OF THE PLANET..IN THEY THE PLANET AS A WHOLE ELECTED HIM ON NOMINATION NOT BUT TOOK UP HIS WORK TO BE CONSIDERED.HE WAS A BOY OF FIVE YEARS OF AGE BUT WISER THAN ALEXANDER WHO AT SIXTEEN LED THE RACE TO SEE THE WORLD RESOURCE TO PLAN THE THEY AS A ALL WHAT BE THE STRATEGY TO HELP ALL COME TO LIVE HARMONIOUSLY. IN THE WORLD WE DEVIATING FROM THE POINT RECORDER TILL ILLING NOT IS A POINT WE.ONLY M.S.KOHLII GAVE A TERMINAL AS A STRATEGY TO THE RACE WE AS A WE AS A TEAS AS A NOT BUT A HARMONY BE IN THE PLANET AS A WE AS A WORKING TOGETHER AS A ALL COUNTRIES AS A EXTREME NOT BUT A GOOD LEADER OF THE RACE. THE ELECTION IN THE TECHNOLOGIES HE GAVE THE RACE WERE COMPARED TO THE LISTED BY THE THEY IN THE RECORDER SECTION OF THE U.N. .THEY SAW HE GAVE SIX TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIRST YEAR OF HIS LIFE.ERLIER LISTED WERE THIRTEEN ONLY INCLUDING TWO OF THE GREAT GUIDE TO HE M.S.KOHLII THE ALVA EDISON AND ONE OF HIS FRIEND A LITTLE LATER MISTER HENRY FORD SENIOR.ONE OF ANDREW CARNEGIE IN IRON SMOULDERING TILL IRON MAKING AS A DIFFERENT PROCESS THAN WHAT LATER M,.S.KOHLII GAVE AS A VERY VERY SUPERIOR AS A TEMPERS AS A SIXTY ALONG WITH IT TOO NOT SEPARATE AS A SEPARATE TO BE NOTED AS A WE AS A TEAS IF ARE TO BE OF THE ENTIRE POOR OF THE WORLD OR THOSE WHO CAN NOT GET JOBS THEN WE ARE TO BE VESTED WITH THE THEY TOO IN THE WE A THIRTY LAKH AS A PATENTABLE PRODUCT TECHNICAL.RECORDER NO BODY ELSE CAN BE COULD BE.AS A WE AS A SEEN ALL OF M.S.,KOHLII AFTER A SARUP SINGH AS A MAN WAS TURNED OUT BY A HEFT A K.K.PAUL THE WE AS A TRUTH POSITION CAME TO BE TAKEN UP BY A HEFT AS A A.S. BRAR AS A OUR ENEMY NUMBER ONE FROM THE DATE OF OUR BIRTH AS A FORCER ON WE TO THE EXTENT OF TRYING TO PUT WE TO SLAVERY,SNATCHING OUR MONEY ENTIRELY TO RUN AWAY TO SPEND LAVISHLY IN THE BOOZE AND WINING OTHERS AS A SEXES AS A SERIES AS A ASSAULTS ON ALL.AS A NO ALEXANDER EVER DID AS A VERY SANE AS A INDIVIDUAL AS TO GET ASIDE FROM SUN AS A SHADOW IN THE CALL IN TO SO DO BY A DILAPIDATED AS A MAN SANEST SAID AS A OLD OF THE THIRTY NOT SEVENTY NOT HUNDRED ASKING HE HOW TO LIVE LIFE CORRECTLY..UNLIKE THESE DUFFERS AS A LOVERS AS A SAY IN MURDER AS A INITIATORS TO WE AS A ALL IN THE WORLD HAVING KILLED IN THIS TYPE OF ACTION A TWO THIRTY THOUSAND AS A GIRLS IN SEX ASSAULTS AS A SEVENTY HEFTY LAUGHING HAND IN HAND AS A WE IT A PURELY A MALE TO MALE SEX ACTIVITY.WHEN MALES MORE THAN ONE JOIN PUTTING CYANIDE OR MAKING UNCONSCIOUS A GIRL IT IS A SEX BETWEEN THEM AS A CO-ENJOYERS WHICH ALONE WE FEEL DESERVES DEATH AS A SENTENCE THAT THE THESE AS A A.S. AS A DEATHERS SAY IT BE TO THE ANY TWO WHO LIVE AS A BROTHERS TOO IN THE THEY TRY TO GET THEY AS A PROPERTY OF THE THEY TRYING TO LIVE SAFELY AS ARE TOO TO THE GIRLS LIVING THREE ACCUSES THEY PROSTITUTES ARE THEY AS A COMMON LIVING AS A PENYLESS MADE GIRLS IN THE THIS GROUP BY KILLING THE THEIR PARENTS AS A MOTHER TOO IN THE PROSTITUTION OTHERWISE FORCED BY THESE FORCER PROSTITUTIONER ASKING THEY A MONTHLY TEN THOUSAND AT LEAST BUT GENERALLY A MAN WITH A BUNGLOW TO BE RICH ON THE GIRLS SO CAUGHT IN THE WE AS A OBSERVES.THE MAN BROUGHT IS SEEN HIS CONTACTS AS A ANY TOO IS AND HE TOO IS KILLED TO TAKE PROPERTY EARNED THIRTY FORTY YEARS IN BY THE JOINER HEFTY IN A SECOND BY INSERTING A DROP OF THIRTY PERCENT CYANIDE WHICH KILLS INSTANTANEOUSLY.FASTER THAN NARCOTIC SELLING BY TWO FORTY TIMES HE WE AS A INVENTOR OF SHORT CUTS TO LIFE IS HE SAYS SUPERIOR AS WE CAN NOT DO ANYTHING SINCE OUR WIVES WERE TAKEN TOO TO THE LATRINE THEIRS AS A LAT ON WE. SILLY STUPID NEED KILLING AS MANY AS THEY ON THE PLANET AS A DISCOS AS A DANCING OR AS A PHYSICO THERAPY SAY IN THE THEY GIVING A GIRLS A SEX AS A DOPE AS ASK AS A IN THE THEY CAUSING A SEX ADDICTION REDUCING THEIR LIFE AND CHARM AT A SPACE NOT PACE OF THIRTY TWO THOUSAND TIMES TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE THIRTY AS A MEN MOUNTING THEY IN THE THESE ONCE IN IS WE AS A SEEN AND OPPOSED AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII RIGHT FROM THE START WHEN HE WAS PHONED FROM SAN FRANSISCO BY ONE HARJIT ASKING HE TOO TO JOIN.HE ASKED ALL AND TOLD HE TO STOP ANY SUCH IMPORT INTO THE COUNTRY BUT HE DID IT WITH THE OTHER THE THIS GANGS AS A SHRI A.S. AS A NAMED HE.IN THE USA FROM THEY MADE FOUR CALLS IN THE WE TO DEFAME WE THE JUSTICE AUTHORITY BY THEN AGED TWENTY AS A TOO NOT NINETEEN YEARS OF AGE RECOGNISED GOD OF EARTH.WE DID PUT ALL REQUIRED TO THE POLICE AS A WE AS A TEAS AS A DESERVE AS A THEY WE WE TO THEY AS A IT IN THE WE A FRIENDSHIP AS A WE AS A TEA DESERVERS OF THE ENTIRE WORLD.
WE NEVER SELL DID ANY OF OUR THING.THE TECHNOLOGIES OURS WERE SOLD BY THE UNITED NATIONS COURTS CORRECTLY.WE NEVER COULD GIVE A GIFT IN LIFE AS A WE LEFT WITHOUT A PENNY BY THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE THEY AS A DESIRE TO POSSESS OURS AS A MONEY SENT TO WE THOUGHT BY THE QUEEN TO BE SHARED BY ALL AS A SONS OF THE SAME GOD AS WE ARE A GOD AS A SO WE DO NOT REQUIRE TO EAT OR SLEEP OR LIVE UNDER A ROOF.WE WILL LOOK IN THE Same to the extent it as a initiation and a working in the they the those who we are with it in the life we as a teas as a d till.
we saw a cheque we as a of thirty one point four heptillion dollars came to be from the oman sultan in fifty percent of the oil being ours as a we to be as a we as a earth owners as a proof too in the they who oppose we as a say till illing it they be as a we as a teas as a d.
THE DAY WE GOT THE CHEQUE A NEWS WAS GOT PUBLISHED BY A SMUGGLER BRIGADE THAT A BILLION IN THE THEY NOW BE WILL BE AS A THREE AS A ONE UP.IT WERE A WE AS A AMMOUNT AS A ONE TO NEXT STEP IN THE MILLION BILLION TRILLION TO BE THE SIX AS A FIGURES.WE'S AS A BROTHER D.I.S. ASKED WE TO ACCEPT WHAT COMES BUT HAD A SEVEN DAY ERLIER TAKEN TO A CHANNI AS A MOTOR MECHANIC FOR A AMRINDER PARNEET TO THE THEY TO BE HAPPY FOR THEY A A PURE DEATH AS A WERE TO HE BEFORE KILLING A HE AS A SEVEN TILL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD TO PUT HE INTO WE AS A THINKING WE WILL BE KILLED BY THEY AS A WE AS A CHEQUES AS A WE AS A WERE GOING TO BE LARGE SO WE WILL HAVE A REAL AS A PROBLEM KEEPING SECRETY AS ALL WILL BE IN THE WE AS A MONEYS AS A WE TO ASKING ONE OR OTHER WAY PLEASE GIVE SUCH AND SUCH FOR SUCH AND SUCH AS A VERY REAL LOOK IN THE EYE TO WE AS A DRAMATIC OF REAL LIFE BE IN THE WE TOO IN IT DID NOT THAT MUCH UNDERSTAND AS A HE APPLIER OF THE PURE POISON TO WE AS A LIFE OURS DAILY TOO IN THE THEY AS A SAYS AS A THEIR SPERM SON TILL ILLING HE WE AS A BROTHER BUT THEIRS AS A SIN AS A SON FORCED ON HIS MOTHER BY THEY THE SEX ASSAULTERS TO EVER AS A EVERY WOMAN AS A INSERTER OF THEIR PENIS AS A MEATER AS A SEVERESTS AS A DEATHS AS A DESERVY THING AS A WE TWO HERE WRITING TOO DESERVING TOO TO BE LISTENED AS THE GOD TOO WE TWO OF THE COSMOS TILL HE WE RECOGNISE IN THE IS AS A DANDITED AS.
AFTER WE CAME IN THE NINETEEN NINETY NINE THIRTY THREE YEARS AS A LATER THAN CHEQUE'S PRESENTATION WE FOUND BANK WANTED THE MONEY OURS.WE THE OWNER AS A NOT GIVEN RESPECT WERE IT IN THE WE FOR THEY THE FREE CITIZENS WERE THEREIN I CANCEL FREEDOM.TAKING IT ALL WITHIN ME IT.AS NONE IN THE VISIBLE.THE WE TOOK THE PLANET AS A TOTO AS A SIX PERCENT TOO IN THE WE IN THE DATE SIX OF THE JANUARY OF THE SIX OF TWO THOUSAND.NOW IT WE.FREEZING TILL NOT BUT RATIONALISINGLY TILL ILLING THE ILLERS.
THEN AFTER TESTING THE STATE BANK OF INDIA IN THE DELHI AS A ONCE CHAIRMAN APPOINTED FOR LIFE IN THE CHANDIGARH REGION AS A OF THE THEN A DERI.
WE'S THREE TRIL IN IT WERE THERE WE AS A IT IN THE ENTIRE IT AS A WE AS A SEVERE AS A WERE T.T IS THE WE FEED AS A WE TO NOT TO THE WE THE GIVER TO THE THEY THE GIVER TO THE OTHER TO EARN A PRICE TO WE NOT WE TO THEY AS A ON THE LEDGE.THEY WERE THEN READY NOW NOT IT EATEN YESTERDAY.NUMBER TWO THIRTY ONE AS A SECRET NOT IT TOO IN THE THEY IT IS THERE AS A MODI TO BE TRANSFERED FOR WHAT AND IN WHAT LAW OUR EARN BE HIS AS A WE AS A GOT COME.
THE OUR OMAN CHEQUE WE DEPOSITED NOT IT WAS LIFTED AND DEPOSITED BY A.S. GANG LIFTING IT FROM REGISTREE CLERK KILLING SHE IN THE SCUFFLE SHE WON'T GIVE WE MADE A COMPLAINT SO CAME TO KNOW OUR OWN CHEQUE WE CAME TO ENQUIRE WERE IT AS A REGISTREE SENT BY SOURCE NOT ARRIVED TO WE.
INJUST INDIA WAS A MADES AS A WE AS A SCREENING DONE BY THE WE AS A SIKHS AS A DURUST SAYING SELF THE SANSI DOGRAS AS A SAY IN THE NOT BEING THE DOGRAS EVEN IN THE WE AS A NOT BE AS A WE AS A SMEAR AS A WE AS A NONER WERE DONE THEY BY THE LUTCHE AS A WE TO FROM THE WE AS A DHEES AS
A WE AS A DIMMING AS A WE INTO INSERTING THE POISON POTASSIUM CYANIDE IN DOSES AS A ELEPHANTS TO THE WE AS A DOGS AS A TREATED AS-----------INVERTING THE WORD GOD.
I TAKE OATH TO DISSOLVE THIS VOLUN.WE SAY AS A WE AS A ESTIMATE WHO IS THE WORLD FIRST CLEAR CUT OVER THE HITLER A CRIMINAL.................MADE BOTH WERE BY THE ENGLAND INJECTING POISONOUS GAS PRODUCED GOT BY ORDER ON IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN THE YEAR NINETEEN THIRTY THREE FROM TILL DATE FOR WE THREE GIVEN TO HE THE THEIR THOUGHT THEY TO WE BY NOT HE BY WE TOO THEY TOO GIVEN DIRTY LINENS TOO AS A WE AS A DAUGHTERS AS A SEVENTY PERCENT SEXED TILL DEATH THOUGH REVIVED AS WERE MISS MAINO-----THE ME BY ASKED SO WE IN TRUST SHE WITHHELD WE GIVEN POWER WE BY GUIDED TO BE A TRUST TO THE MASSES IN THE INDIA OWNED BY WE THE SOLE LANDOWNER AND CHIEF OF A COUNTRY INDIA NOT ALONE AS A ELECTED CHIEF OF STAFF IN THE DATE WE AS A STREES AS A NOT BUT TOO IN THE IRESPONSIBLESTS AS A COUPLE IN THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE WE BY MADE WE AGAINST TURNED INSTEAD OF DEATH TAKING KILLING WE THE GOD..JOINING THE WE AS A NON-RELATIVE KILLING OUR RELATIVE TO IN THE WE AS A ASKING WE TO JOIN BE WE AS A REFRAIN INSTEAD CLEAR AS A NO WAS BUT THE SHAMELESSEST THOUGH ON TELEPHONE RECORD WORLD GOT IT ERASED FROM THE C.I.D. OFFICER HERE KILLING HIS WIFE BEFORE HIM LEAVING HIS SISTERS.THEY WE SEE CHANGE STATEMENT TO POLICE.BUT POLICE DOES NOT CATCH THEY.I ORDER THE KILLING BY BULLETING HE KILLER OF OUR BEST BETS.I LOOSEN IN IT THE OUR LUST IN THE LAD TO ZERO IN THE WE AS A STREES AS A DUUR IN THE WE AS A TEAS AS A TOO IN THE WE AS A TREES AS.
CORRECT IS A TERM OF THE DICTION WE .WE SEE WE AS A RISE NOT BUT A ERR.SO WE TREAT IT AS A WE AS A TWO NOT ONE AS A MATTER DEALT -------- AS IS ACTUAL. AS A WE AS A WE AS A TWO AS A REFERENCES WERE TO THE LIFE WE LIVED------- ENTERING A DEAD HUMAN FOUND TO BE RARE AS A LIFE AS A MOST EVOLVED ABOUT TWELVE BILLION TIMES HIGHER THAN A KRISHAN KANT PAUL AS HE WERE AS A DELHI DIRECTOR GENERAL POLICE AS A PUNNY NOTHING IN COMPARISON TO HE WHOM HE WAS KILLING GOING WITH HIS STOLEN CARDS TO JOIN IN THE UNITED NATIONS HIS POSITION AS A AMBITIOUS POLICE PERSONNEL NOT BUT A FRONT OF THE RAJAN GANG AS A SEX ADDICTION PROMOTER EVOLVER TOPMOST OF TIMES WHOM M.S.KOHLII ALONE HAD RISEN TO OPPOSE.THE DATE WE CITE WHEN HE IS ON RECORD IN FORTY THREE COUNTRIES TO TAKE PRESIDENTSHIP OF THE WORLD.THE CARD HE SHOWED WERE THE SIX SENT BY THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO THE MAN WE WRITE FROM.TEN OTHERS WERE THERE ERLIER SENT BY HE ON ARMTWIST NOT IN FEAR OF IT DIRECTLY TOLD POINT BLANK BY THE RAJAN A GANGSTER SINCE THE KILLING BY HE OF COMMANDER NANAVATI AND AHUJA HE GOT FIXED UP IN A FALSESTS AS A D.I.S. AS A ASSERS AS---- IN A DESIRE TO SNATCH A WAR-SHIP FROM THE INDIAN NAVY TO DACOIT IN THE SEA DACOITING TRADERS IN DEEP SEA TAKING THEIR LUGGAGE AND SHIP SELLING THE SHIP CLANDESTINELY AS A EFFORTS AS A FRONT WITH WE AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII AS A S.S.KOHLI AS A CALLED TO SHIP WITH WIFE AND DAUGHTER VERY VERY HONOURABLY----------WHILE ON SHIP TAKING OVER SHIP CLANDESTINELY----- SHUTTING THE CPA=CAPTAIN AS A POTENTIALS AS A ALL IN THE WE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER'S ORDER AS A SHOW AS A FAMILY HIS CAUGHT AS A DACOITY. SEX ASSAULTING BEFORE THEM IN PUBLIC ASKING THEM TO JOIN IN THIS GREAT FUN AS A POLATED EXERCISE THEIRS AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS.............FOILED AS A WE AS A SON M.S.KKOHLII CYANIDED WITH THIRTY DROP AND A INSTIL OF ONE BY WIFE TURNED BY THE FORCERS AS A THEY AS A SIR HAJIT CHOTA RAJAN AS A DELHI POLICERS AS.AS ASSERS AS A SIR THAT LOOKED A UNPROTECTED BY U.N.,INDIA,USA.NO ONE HAD THOUGHT TILL ENGLAND HE WILL BE DACOITED.ROME WERE IN INFORM AS WAS A USA IN THE TELEPHONE WHEN THEY CAME TO ASK THE SHIP.M.S.KOHLII SAID EH WHAT A WAY TO START A WAR OF NATIONS.AS A SHAITANS=SATAN ITSELF.WHY DID YOU GET ON THE INDIA AS A DACOITS LIVING IN INDIA ASKING THE NAVY OURS A SHIP IT IS TRYING TO BUILD UP AS A RECENTLY TAKEN FROM USA AS A FIRST SHIP WITH FIVE PLANES AS I HAD SUGGESTED THE PRIME MINISTER IN VIEW OF HER FEAR THAT WE LOOK WEAK SO THREATS WERE FROM PAKISTAN ON BEHALF USA----------- I HAD SUGGESTED A PURCHASE FROM USA TO BUILD TRUST.YOU SPOILER THINK I CAN CONSIDER MY SISTER MOTHER FATHER BROTHER AS A IMPORTANT AS A INDIVIDUALS TAKEN OVER BY YOUR GANG AS A SARDARS AS A SHIP-WRECKERS AS A ACQUIRING THE CONTROL OF THE SHIP AND TRYING TO FIRE GRANADES.ALL ON RECORD WE INTERNATIONAL ALL IS.BE SEEN WE ON TWO COMPACT DISCS AS A PAGES THREE WE CITE AS A THREE THOUSAND FIFTEEN TO SEVENTEEN AS A TRUE AS A DATA.THEY HE GOT CAUGHT AS A AIR CRAFT FLYERS AS A TOO IN THE MID AIR TILL OLIM.WORKING IMMEDIATELY ON PMO.TO GET THE DACOIT DUE WITHOUT A BIT ON THE FAMILY WE AS A AVTARS THREE NOT TWO THERE WE AS A WRITER OF THE GURU GRANTH OF THE SIKH WHICH WE SAY WERE NOT YET AWARDED BY THE UNO OR ANY OTHER AS A EVEN APPRECIATIONS BY A REVIEWS OPPOSED BY THESE KHALISTAN GANGSTERS WHO CAME FROM WHERE INTO WHAT TOO NOT RESEARCHED SO FAR BY POLICE AS WHY THEY DID WHAT THEY DID AS A POLATED AS A RELIGIOUS AS A PERSONS GOING AGAINST THE VERY RELIGION THAT WERE A STUDY OF THE HINDU AND A HINDU RELIGION CLASSED BY THE ENGLAND AS A HINDUS ACCORDED A PLACE IN THE HINDU AS A HINDU PANI EXACT OPPOSERS OF THE MUSLIMS THAT BREED WHICH PROTECTED BEING KILLED RELIGION THE HINDU.AS A IT IT TRANSCENDS AS A SOME STRATEGY OF THE THESE VULTURES.TO WHO LITTLE SON AS A ONE YEAR OLD NOT THE GOD AS A WE AS A SON RECOGNISED AS A WERE TAKEN TO DEATHS AS A ASSINGS AS AND HIS PROPERTY DEFOILED.NEEDS AN IMMEDIATE ATTENTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS AS A STOPPING THE CURRENCY AND TRADES AS A EMBASSIES AS A WE AS A SINNERS AS.WE FEEL NONE IN THEM IS A CORRECT.THEY WE SEE INCORRECTED AS A WE AS A SAY IN ALL THE WORLD AS A SERVANTS AS A WE AS A SIGNPOSTED AS A DECEIVER.
CORRECT AS A WORK WE SAW AS A TWO.
ONE WAS WALDO D. EMERSON THE ESSAYIST OF COMMONSENSE AS A ESSAY STILL VALID AS A IT AS A COMMONSENSE BUILDER HIGHER THAN OTHER SUN.
CORRECT WHAT IS.
AS A DESCRIBE WE SAW A MATTER AS CAME ONLY IN NINETEEN SIXTY TWO.IN THE RAMA KRISHNA ASHRAM IN A STOPPED THERE AND ASKED TOO TO GET OUT AS A LIFE AS AS A CRITIC AS A OF THE MATH THOUGHT ASSEDLY BY THE SECRETARY OF THE BRANCH CALLED MISSION AS A MISSIONARY AS A POLATED CUTTING THE GODHEAD IMPLANTED BY WE CANCELLING ITSELF AVIDLY BY WE AS IS.AS A STUDENT AS A CYANIDED BY THEY FORTY SEVEN TIMES AS A SELECTED ASS BASED ON NOTHING BUT A GUT REACTION AS A FACIAL EXPRESSION EXCITING A MAN TO GET INTO IT IN POLATION BY MOTHER NATURE OF A SUPERIOR ABOVE THE STARS TO BE BROKEN IF HE WERE TO BE HEARD TOO THERE AND THEN AS A CORRECT AS A NATURAL REACTION OF A ANIMAL LIKE A COW WHICH TOO IS CLASSED BY THE HINDUS AS THEIR MOTHER AS A WISE GUIDE TO THEY AS A ANIMALS.IF WE GO INTO THE DETAILS OF THEIR WORKING OR OBSERVATIONS SEEN BY M.S.KOHLII TOO OTHERS TOO SINCE HIS BIRTH TILL AGE NINE WHEN FIRST AS A SON ASA SSSKOHLI AS A WERE INTRODUCED TO HINDU CULTURE NOT BUT IT AS A WE AS A SEEN LEVEL THEN OF THE MEN LEFT HERE IN THE COUNTRY BY THE SLAVER FORCER OFF THE MINDS AS A ALL TACTICS AS A WARS AS A WAY TO SNATCH THE THEIR JEYDADS AS A DADIS AS A WE AS A NOT BUT THEY THE ANIMALS.HE WE THE WE SEEN AS A SECOND MAN IN FINDING WHAT IS RIGHT SO FAR WERE IN THE SLAVES AS A MENTALITY OR AS A SLAVERS AS A REFLEX TO SEE IF THAT THE ENGLANDERS REACTION WAS ALL RIGHT OR CORRECTESTS AS A POLATED AS A ONES A STRONGEST COUNTRY EMERGED ON EARTH AS A WE AS ASSAY AS A NOT THEY AS A FIND AS A ANIMALS AS A LIVES AS A TWO THINGS ONLY AS A CONCERNS AS A SEXES AS.WHICH THEY ISLANDERS AS A INDIANS AS A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GIVEN TO A NEHRU TOO TO CONTINUE AS A SIMPLE AS A LOOKING MEN FORCED BY ANIMALISTICS AS A TWO COUNTRIES AS A WE AS A ANALYSIS IS. FAR FAR SUPER AS A WE AS A TRY TOO TO BE STILL A SERVICE TO THE MOTHER NATURE EXPOSING THEY TOO TO IT THE CURRENT AS A OPPOSERS AS..AS A ASSER AS A ANIMALS SNATCHER TRUSTED BY THEIR OWN MISTAKE POLATING THEIR SAID AS A DEPENDABLE MATTERS AS IF THEY WERE GOING TO BE DOING AS THEY PROJECTED TO ALL AT ALL TIMES SINCE TWENTY YEARS PAST AS A LIFE AS A ACTIVE OF THE TWO PARENT OF THE CHILD COMING UP AS THE GOD TILL A STUDENT ACTUAL MADE BY THEM TO THE BEST OF THEIR ABILITY AS A EXTENSION OF THEY THEMSELVES AS WAS SUGGESTED BY THEIR PARENTS AS A EXTENSIONS OF WHO THEY HAD COME UP AS A PEOPLE OF PROMINENCE.IN RECORD OF ROME.ENGLAND TOO,COMMUNISTS TOO.INDIA ERASING THEY MEANS ONLY IT IS A ANIMAL..WHICH YET HAS NO BENT TO RECORD THE MATTER AS IT IS.AS A VERY DEGRADED AS A SOCIETY.IN THE THEIR AS A NO SYSTEM IN THE THOUGHT TILL OF THE HINDUS EVEN AFTER TWENTY YEARS AS A IN THE STATE AS A EXPOSURES AS A SAID AS A ASSERS AS A CONGRESS AS A SYSTEM AS A ASS AS A SPARE PART OF THE WORLD.IN THE EFFORTS TO MAKE THIS WORLD A USELESSESTS AS A DEVICES ALONGWITH IT'S BRANCHES AS A BJP AND ALL OTHER PARTIES HERE.SEE THEIR REACTION TO MAMTA BANERJI IN THE HER COMING TO ATTEND AS A CALLED AS A STATE AS A NOT BEING ALLOWED TO ENTER THE PLANNING COMMISSION SO WE DID EFFORT TO SEE THEY ALL OUT AND CANCELLED AS A PLOTTERS AS A OF THE SYSTEM TO NON-SENSE GIVING AS A WAY TILL BY THEY AND ALL OTHER PARTIES IN WHICH WE ARE STEP BY STEP PROGRESSING TO DECIMATE THEY.NO MAN WHO WERE A STUDENT OF LAW AS A LLB OR NOT ROSE ON THE SCREEN AS A VISIBLE ALTHOUGH TWO DID WERE CANCELLED BY THE POLICE--- WE ASK OF THE POLICE AS A EXPLAIN TO WE THE WHO AND HOW TEACHES THEM LAW.IS IT THE BOOKS OF LAW OR A THEY AS A DEROGATION COMPLETE OF THE LAW AS A WAY AS WE SAW IN THE DELHI BY WE THE GODS AS A WE AS A PUT TOO IN THE REPORTS WE AS A POLICE TOO TO BUT NO ONE YET AS A WE AS A SEE AS A WERE.WE STOPPED OUR CARS THERE AND THEN BY A ORDER OF THE PUNJAB POLICE NOT BUT TOO IN THE TIME A.S. BRAR SPECIALLY GOT ELECTED BY THE PARTY TO CANCEL WE AS A THOUGHT AS------AS A ASSERS AS A FEW NOT TWELVE THOUSAND AS A SPECIAL PLUCK. ALL UNDERSTANDING I GOD THE MOTHER NATURE TOTAL OWNER OF THE COSMOS PERVADING THE COSMOS WAS GOING TO BE BUSY FOR A FEW MONTHS IN THE BRINGING UP OF THE ALTERNATE TO THE GOD U.N. FORCED ON THEM THE ANIMALS.UNWORTHIES AS BEHAVING THROUGH PERIODS NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TO SIXTY SEVEN.AS A WORLD LAW BREAKERS AS SO BROKEN DOWN INTO BITS AS A SEVEN AS A TIMES AS A STATE AS A ALLOW STARTING THE THEIR TAKEP. TAKEP IS THE TOTAL DIVEST OF THE ECONOMY. A BROKERAGES TILL NOT PAID AS A EXISTING. A DOWNGRADE AS A EXISTANCE. THIS AS A WE AS A GUARANTEES AS A IS AS A WE AS A SEENS AS A SEWS AS.RECORDED IN THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE WORLD IN THE YEAR AS A SEVEN OF THE FIFTY AS A SPECIAL SESSEIONS.BY THE DAV COMMITTEE TOO IN THE THAT.PLACED WE AS A WE.KNOWN TO WE.WE AS A MEMORY GIVER TAKE IT TOO TO BE KEEPING IT IN RECORDS AS A SEVEN TOO IN THE NEED WE NOT BUT TO PUBLISH THEY THE THESE AS A SEWS AS A WE AS A TO ACCUSES AS A SEWS AS A ALONE MAKE DO DID IN THE PAST AS EVER.
CORRECT WHAT IS TO FIND A MAN WERE THERE WE AS A STRIVE IN THE WE TO GUIDE HE WE.WE=ONE LOST IN GOD THE SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE WHEN WRITTEN BY WE THE GOD OF ALL SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE AS A WE AS.
HE WE SAW DID SEARCH FOR AN ANSWERS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS A SADR AS A EARTH TO BE DECLARED FIVE SEVENTY TIMES AS A COST PAID AS A MERE BACHE AS A SKILLED KILLED AS A MEMORY AS A ORDER SIR AS A NOTHING AS A POLICER INCOMPETENT MISTER SEN CALLING SELF A FOOL AS A MIND AS.
WATER IN INVENTIONS AS A SEVEN SEVENTY AS A CHIEF INVENTOR OF THE WATER AS A TAKER AS A CALLED AS A VERY POOR DESCRIPTION AS A OF THE VERY FOOL SHRI S.C. KAUSHAL.WE SAW WE AS A SEA AS ASSE.HE ASSING HE MISTER M.S. WHO CHIEF OF WORLD GOT HE A JOB THREE DIFFERENT PLACES IN ON HIS REQUESTS..AS A SEA AS A SERVANT HIS AS AVOW TAKEN IN ADVANCE AS A WORLD ATMOSPHERE BUILDING IN THE HE WILL ASSIST TO EXTENT HE CAN AS TO BRING UP EQUALITY,FRATERNITY,PEACE AS WERE BUT HE MADE FOOL IN VERY VERY TILL BECAME THERE WE SAY TILL ILLING WE HE AS SO WE SENT HE TO HELL IN THE HELL.HEAVEN WE GAVE HE A A WE AS BUT HE HIS OTHERS AS A BROTHERS AS A ALL IN THE OBLIGE WE AS A SHRI M.S.KOHLII SHE WE WERE THERE IN THE OUTSOURCING WE BUT OUR RETURN IN THE THEY FROM IS NOT THERE ANY WAY TILL EIGHT PERCENT BY S.C. KAUSHAL A MAN WHO UNLIKE MANY OTHER FORGOT NOT TO REPAY BUT COULD NOT .AS A WAS AS A TWENTY FIVE PERCENT OF THE THIS PLANET..TO THE EXTENT FIFTY THOUSAND PERCENT AS A MATTER RECEIVED AS A WE AS A SEEN .REST AS A SEVEN THOUSAND PERCENT ARE IN DEBT COMPLETE.
S.C.KAUSHAL'S DONE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE WE WERE A MERE TWO PERCENT OF THE RECEIVED BY HE.RESULTS AS A WE AS A FURTHER INPUTS AS A WE AS A READING HE HIS EXPRESSIONS FROM WERE AS A MISTER MIND READERS AS A SOUL AS A PURE AS A WE AS.
WE SAW A PLANET EARTH IN NO WATER AS A SYSTEM AS A INDIA..AS A WE NOT AS A GOD BUT AS A HUMAN M.S.KOHLII WE AS A SMALLEST CREATURE AS GOOD AS A FISH WHALE OF THE TYPE BLUE WHOM HE TAUGHT THE VOICE OF THE HUMAN IN THE SEA AS A SEAMEN IN THE A.S. BRAR USING THE RADIOPHONE AS A HIS INVENTION GIVEN BY HE M.S.KOHLII TO MICHIKO OF JAPAN AS A GIFT TO HAVE COME ON PHONE ON HIS BROTHER'S REQUEST NOT BUT HIS REQUEST.HE WE SAW A VERY VERY RESPECTFUL NON-SEX LEADER ESTABLISHING A REASONABLE SAY AS A WE AS A GOD AS.DEEP WITHIN WE TO CONNECTED AS A MINUTE AS A FIFTY THOUSAND TIMES IN HIS DIETY AS A LIFE LIVING CREATURES AS A MIAN BIWI.AS A WE AS A TALK AS A WE AS A KEPT NOT AS A BIVI=BIWI=WIFE AS WE ASS WE AS A BIWI-AS A BIVI IN LOVE NOT WE THE GOD AS A DO LIKE WE AS A PRESENTED TO HIM A WIFE BUT HUSBANDING THE HE THE HUSBAND WISER THAN HE SHE TILL FIVE TIMES IN HUNDRED THOUSANDS AS A WE AS A NOT ONLY YOU AS A WORLD BUT SEX IS A GREAT HEALER YOU WOULD SAY WE DON'T.WE SEE EXACT SO DID HE BUT AS A REALIST AS A IT SAW LIFE WE SAW AS IT IS..AS IT WILL BE...AS A LIVING....WITHOUT HER AND WITH HER----CHOOSING A LINE SHE WITH IT AFTER SHE REQUESTED HE TO DECIDE FOR ONCE SHE BE OR NOT BE IT AS A SHE CAUGHT NOT BECAUSE HE WANTED NOT CATCHING HER IN ACT OF SEX..AS A ONE IN WE THINKING WE SEE ALL IN THE WORLD AT ALL THE TIMES AND IT ALL HAPPENING IN THE WORLD IS THAT THAT GOD DESIRES AS A TOTALITY.SO JUST BE SEEING THINGS AS THEY ARE..AND LEARN..CAREFULLY ALL LIFE BRINGS BEFORE YOU IT MAY BE FOR YOUR GOOD IF YOU UNDERSTAND------AFTER ALL LIFE WERE GOING TO BE WHETHER YOU LIVE OR NOT AND HAS BEEN TOO WHEN YOU WERE YET TO COME.COMBINATIONS MIGHT HAVE BEEN ANY BUT THE ONES GOING TO COME BEFORE YOU TOO MIGHT HAVE COME EARLIER AND YOU MAY LEARN FROM IT THE REAL FACT------PROBABLY THIS THE GOD WANTS YOU TO BE DOING TO LEARN WHAT EXACTLY IS WHAT AND THEN CAREFULLY SEE IF THAT CAN BE APPLIED IN SOME SUCH WAY AS TO REACH TARGETERS AS WHERE YOU TARGET.YEAR AFTER YEAR AS A WE AS A HE WERE IN THE JOB AS A PROBABILITIES ADDRESSED. A SINGLE PERSON ON A PLANET ABSOLUTELY OPPOSED TILL COUNTRIES HUNDRED TWENTY TILL RISING EVER AS A DIRTY TRICKS DEPARTMENT CAME IN SEEING A GREAT AS A OPPORTUNITY IN THE PLUCK OF A HERO.HE WERE A WE TO CONNECTED HIGHEST AS A WORSHIPPER ALWAYS ACTING IN THE CORRECT DIRECTION.HE WE DUE AND HIS MIND SPEED DUE TO CONTINUOUSLY FIXING MIND ON TWO THINGS DUE WE AT THE SAME TIME BLESSED BY WE TO OUR LOVE AS A EXTENSION AS A CHILD OURS OR WE OURSELVES EXPRESSED AS A FROM BEGINING OF HIS LIFE AS A FATHER AS A TOO IT WERE ALL TROUGH HIS LIFE AS A RAM RAM AS A BASIC BHAJAN IN HIS HEART AS A WE AS A SEEN A WEARER OF A JANEU TILL SIKHS CALLING SELF AS A THREAT OF A KNIFING TILL DEATH IF DOES NOT TAKE OFF IT BECAUSE OF SERIOUS ATYACHARS AS A HINDUS AS A SIKH ON.ATYACHARS WERE AS A SEXES THREE TILL DAILY ON EACH AND EVERY KANYA BE IT TWO YEARS OF AGE OR A THIRTY FORTY TILL NOT ONLY BUT A SEVENTY TOO.IN DELHI......UNDER ENGLAND AS A SEMEN BUILDINGS AS A HINDUS AS A FRONT AS A WE AS A TILL TILLORED AS A WE AS A GREAT PREACHER OF HINDUS AS A WE AS A GRANTH CARRYING ALL IT ONLY SAID TOO TO BE AGAINST THEY.BY THEY THE ONES SAYING WE SIKHS WILL KILL YOU FOR WRITING THE GRANTH AS A HINDU.MISTER IKKI WAS THE CAUSER OF ALL THIS AS A DHAN OURS AS A WE AS A SHORT BE WITH A SINGLE AIM IT SO I ONCOMING SO ROTATED LIFE THEY BE IN DOING WHAT THEY HAD BEEN DOING YOU IN DOING WHAT YOU DID AS A WESTERNER OR CHINESE OR JAPANESE OR A BRAZILIAN OR AMERICAN OR ENGLISH TO POLATE YOU ENOUGH AND MAKE YOU RELAXED ENOUGH AS TO TAKE ON YOU ALL WHEN I FEEL I NO MORE WILL TOLERATE YOU..AND FIX YOU AS A NUT BOLT WE BY INVENTED AS A SARDAR SAHIB AS A OURS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE PRIME INVENTOR THAT GAVE YOU ELECTRICAL,GAS AND ALL OTHER WELDINGS TOO,SPARK PLUGS TOO BIGEON PINS TOO IN THE POLATION OF A ROTATES AS A THEY BE TO LUBRICATEDLY RUNNING LIFE SUBSTANCES AS A SOURCER RESOURCER AS A NATURE MOTHER EARTH OF A DISTILLED SUBSTANCES AS A OBSERVER OF HIGHEST MERIT AS TO BE GOD TO YOU ALL ESPECIALLY THE GIRLS ALL OF THE EARTH..WHOSE EVERY INCH OF LIFE IS FILLED BY HE THE MAKER OF YOUR BINDI TOO OF TEN TOUSAND AS A VARIABLES AS A CHARMS AS A ONE WIFE FOR TO BE CHARMIS TO HER HUSBAND SO IT THE BANGLES OF THE PLASDTICS,GLASSES,SILVER,GOLD,ROLLED GOLD --HIS INVENTION OF GOLD LIKE SUBSTANCE SHINING TOO TO BE A NOT ATTRACTIVE TO CHAIN SNATCHER BUT EQUALLY GOOD LOOKING TO ANY WITHIN A PURSE OF THE LOWEST EARNS AS A COMMON TILL....YOUR SOFAS OF ALL STEEL,WOOD,SO TOO BEDS,FROM CEMENTS TILL PLASTER OF PARIS THROUGH LIME AS A THIRTY THOUSAND NOT THREE NOT IT...BRICKS OF ALL SIZES HIS MADE AS A ARE WERE ALL THE TIME SINCE NINETEEN FIFTY THREE NOT FIFTY NOT TOO FORTY NINE NOT TOO EIGHT TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT TOO IN THE THEY SAYING TILL WHEN YOU ENGINEER WILL WE.WE SEE DID HE DOING IT FOR ALL THE MANUFACTURERS LIKE CHILDREN TOYS AS A SWIFT AS A IDEAS AS A WE AS A WERE TEN THOUSANDS.THE DELHI WE DEVELOPED AS A WE AS A ALL ALONE AS AWE AS A FROM THE DATE OF THE WE AS GIVING THE FREEDOM HOW BUT ERLIER AS THE WE AS A DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEAF SPRING AND A CARIERS FOR ALL.ON THE HUNDRED TWENTIETH DAY OF LIFE AS A TINY TODDLER SIX AS A INCH HIGH THOUGH BUT TALKING WALKING.WATER WE STARTED WE AS A DIVERTY AS GOING INTO WHY A SINGLE WERE IN FEELING LIFE ON EARTH AS A HUNGRY MOUTHS TO FEED.UNITED NATIONS WAS CORRECT IN NOT GIVING HIS INVENTIONS OF HIGHEST CAPITALISABILITY IN THIS WORLD TO ANY WITHOUT AN EVALUATION AND FIXING EXCHANGE PARAMETERS----THOUGH PUT THIRTY TIMES LOWER AS A WE AS A WERE.A SINGLE INVENTION IF WOULD HAVE BEEN SOLD AS A ROYAL AS A NOT BUT ON ROYALTY AS WERE AS A HUNDRED TWENTY AFTER WE IT WERE WE AS A DRY NOT SLAVER NOT.NOR IT'S TIME OR AGE WERE TO BE.WE TARE IS.TEN PERCENT IT ALLOWED TO THOSE AS A WE TO IN THE CATAGORY BRICK MAKING A MERE THREE AS A PERCENT TOO WERE NOT AS A OUR APPLICATIONS AS A GOT BY THE ENGLAND WERE.TWO PERCENT WERE GIVEN.SO WAS IN THE ROAD MAKING.HAD IT BEEN TEN PERCENT OUR SINGLE INVENTION AS A ELECTRIC GENERATOR USED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TILL TODAY WOULD HAVE GOT WE EXACTLY 67890 OCTILLION.........WE ACCUSE ENGLAND OF CORNERING WE AS IT WERE IN KNOW OF THE TOTAL BEHAVIOUR OF ALL IN THE BEING THE LEADER OF THE AGGRESSIVES ASA ALL IN THE THIS AGGRESSIVE WORLD OF DACOITS WHO SAW TO IT THAT HIS VALUABLE PRODUCE OF HUNDRED TWENTY LAKH TIMES THE FIGURE I PUT AS EXACT OUR ROYALTY FROM ONE ELECTRIC GENERATION IN WHICH WE AS A THIRTY FOUR AS A INVENTIONS ENTERED BY WE WERE OVER THE EDISONIAN AS A NON WORKING INVENTION. WE CITE SALE OF EDISON COMPANY OF THE ELECTRICITY IN USA AND OTHERS AS A POINT WE PUT HERE AS A WE AS A POINT--------IT WERE A TOTAL OF THIRTY THREE MILLION AS A TIMES AS A ALL.FROM NINETEEN TWELVE AS A SAID NOW FICTITIOUSLY BUT IT STARTED IN THE YEAR NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TILL HAD A SEEM AS A IN THE TOWN OF THE EDINBURGH IN TEN POUND AS A FIGURES AS A WE AS A QUEEN ELI ONE AS A SAY NOW WE SAW IT NOTHING-----IN ENGLAND STILL NONE IS IN THE COMPANY IN THE SUMP.
WATER FEEL WE GAVE TO HE WE AS A TOY.IN CITY OF DACOITS AS A WATER POISONED WERE THRICE ALWAYS REPORTED AS A HE BEING MOST TASTE.THREE MILLION TIMES AS A COMMON PALATE OF A COMMON WOMAN.HE WE SAY IS THE ALL THAT YOU EAT IN THE FIVE STAR TILL WE HAVE A HOLDING AS A FIFTY PERCENT IN ALL ON OUR LAND PER WE AS A CHARGE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER SO FIXED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AFTER A DISCISSIONS THIRTY.SO ALL FACTORIES COUNTRIES AS A TOO APPLICABLE WERE BUT NONE HAS PAID A PENNY TO OUR CHILD AS A JUSTIN AS A DOING HIS DUTY AS A GOD OF EARTH GIVING THE EARTH FEEL AS A OUTSOURCER OURS AS A MOTHER NATURE. WE ASK NOW OURS ALL.FROM ALL.ONLY USA AS A PAYMENT OF FORTEEN FORTY HEP WE FIXED UP SEEING IMMINENT TAKING OF IT BY MISTER AMIT SHAH AS A SISTERS AS A SHRI MODI.AS DID WE IN TWO DACOITY ON WE WE BY BROUGHT TOO IN THE WORDPRESS AS A WE AS A WRITINGS AS A CONFORM IN HERE WE CONFIRM SAME AS A REPORTS AS.
DESPITE WE AS A VERY MANY UPBRINGING EFFORTS WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO STOP ENTRY OF OUTSIDERS INTO THE U.N. BUILDINGS AS A VERY VERY UNPROTECTED AS A STRUCTURES INFILTRATED BY TWENTY THOUSAND MEN TWELVE THOUSAND WOMEN NEVER ALLOCATED A JOB IN A REGULAR SELECTION OR A JOB ADVERTISEMENT-------------AS A VERY VERY ALARMING AS A WE TO ACTIVITY IN WHICH WE FEEL YOU EARTH HAVE LOST THE UNITED NATIONS.
WE CITE HEREUNDER A CASE HUNDRED FORTY .OF THE PAIN IN THE RIB GIVEN SPECIFICALLY TOO TO THE WOMEN NOT MEN THAT HAD SOWN SEEDS AS AT ONE SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY THE ELEVENTH OF JUNE OF THE TWO THOUSAND EIGHTEEN.THEY ARE TWELVE THOUSAND.COMBED EXCUTIVELY BY OUR EXACTING OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENTS MADE BY WE THE COSMOS HANDLERS.THE GOD WE OF THE UNIVERSE AS.AS YOU AS A NONE.POLICE WE.OFFICERS WE.GENERALS WE.NATO IN TWELVE THOUSANDS.IN POLICE INDIA AS A SIX TWELVE AS A THOUSANDS IN THE THEY AS A SENT TO IT IS AS A WE AS A STRIVERS AS A TO BE OR OTHERWISE WE KEEP INCREASING THE PAINS AS A REMINDERS AS AS A WELL TESTED METHOD.IN THE RUSSIA PUTIN NOT BUT TOO IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CORRECT POSTURING.OTHER ALL.TILL GEORGIA IF THEY DO NOT GIVE WE OUR LYDMILA IN GOOD HEALTH TO BE SEEING HER AND ASKING HER WELFARE.WE REMIND SHE WERE HERE WE AS A MARRIAGE IN INTERTESTED AS A PROPOSER WE TO THE WE AS A SADR AS A INTRODUCED WHEN THE A.S. BRAR AS TO EXCITED BE IN SEXING HER THIRTY SIX THOUSANDS OF TIMES IF POSSIBLE AS BECOMES TO WOMEN IN POLICE CUSTODY TILL.THEY RAPED HER THIRTY MEN AS A TWELVE MONTHS WE SO IN GIVE HE WE AS A SERVANT SO A MILD NOT SEVERE PAINS AS A WE TO DECEIVERS AS AS A WE OF THE WHOLE WEALTH TAKER LEAVING WE IN THE LURCH NOT ONLY BUT IN THE LURE OF A JOB ENOUGH TO FEED OUR TWO AS A ASS AS A STRATEGY TO WREST AWAY ALL OF A VERY VERY TALENTED AND TELL HE HE EARNED NOTHING EVER IN LIFE WHILE TAKING HIS MULTIPLE BILLIONS AS A FUNDS AS A WE AS A WERE AS A OIL IN ALL DEVELOPMENTS OF EXCAVATION IN THE EARTH TOO AS THE FIFTY PERCENT SHARE SUGGESTED BY THE U.N. TO ALL OIL EXCAVATORS AS A OUR JUSTICE IN SHARE AS A ONE WHO PURCHASED THE RIGHTS AS A EARTH OWNERS AS FROM ALL THE DEFEATED OR SLAVE COUNTRIES TOO AND THE CONTROLLERS OF THE LAND OF THE PLANET CLEARLY IN EXCHANGES GIVING EXACT TWELVE BILLION TIMES THE CURRENT VALUE PEGGED BY WE ME THE SUPREME JUSTICE GIVER AS A NINE NEUNTILLIONS AS A VERY MANY MAGNATES AS A PROPERTY STEALERS AS A ARE IN THE IT AS A WE AS A RELATIVES COMING IN THE SAY WE REPRESENT HE WE DO NOT GIVE A DUCK.THE REAL VALUE WE GIVE ARE A TELLTALE AS A NONE.OVER ABOVE ALL MONEYS.NO RIGHT TO SELL ANY ANY.THE WE ANALYSE HERE WE AS A POINT THIS TOO IN THE WE AS A OUTSOURCING THE WE BOUGHT BY ANYS AS A GRAPHICALITY. : THE RUSSIA AS A USSR TOO SINCE OUR PURCHASE TOOK OUT MINERAL OIL AS A WE AS A OF THE SALE IT INSIDE AS A THIRTY FIVE THOUSAND BILLION AT A PRICE LOWER THAN INDIA AS A SEVEN THOUSAND FIFTY HUNDRED SEVENTY NINE.AS A WE ME ARRIVALS AS A DONE BY THE THEY THE JUSTICE .JUSTICE HOEING TO THE SKY AS.THROWING IT IN THE BIN.WE SO IN PUT THE WE SAY IN THE OTHER HOW. THE ACTUAL VALUE SOLD IS A TERMINOLOGY NOW AS A WE AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII BY RIGHTLY OPPOSED TO THE C.I.A. AS A NAMED INSTITUTE NOT BUT TO THE GENERAL MANAGER IT'S AS A SLIGHTLY CINNED NOT BUT TWENTY DROPS OF THIRTY PERCENT THROWN ON HE TEN MINUTES LATER HOW BUT WAS AS A SEPOY NOTED EXACTLY HIS STATEMENT SIGNED BY HE COLLAPSING..............FOR THE LEGALITIES AS A SOLE LANDOWNER THE OWNER OF THE THEIR LAND INDIA TOO IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM WEND.AS IS..AS A WE AS A SYSTEM AS SAID FALSE COMPLETE SO IN I GIVE THEY ALL THE STRAIN OF THE MILLION SUNS.ESPECIALLY TO THE OTHER NOT ALL THOSE WE SEE DOING A REPRESENT..IN THE WE TO A DECEIT. SO WE MOVE TO ALL IN THE PLANET IN THE THEY DOING EXACT.
A EXPLANATION OF THE ABOVE THREE THIRTY LINE WORK NOT BUT TOO IN THE MIND OF THE SCIENTIST WERE.BUT WERE RECORDED BY WE ONLY.YOUR EARTH AS A THANKS NOT WERE BUT THE BENEFITS WERE TAKEN WITHOUT A MUR.SO THIS EARTH TO WE GIVE A RANGE OF THE CHEMICALITY.CHARGING IT PENALITY.AT PLACES YOU WILL SEE IT.LEAVE IT OR TAKE IT CHOICE BE PER FATE.MANY ARE IN THE TOUCHING OR DAMAGING ME MY WRITTEN.I GIVE THEM NAUSEA.AT TWO SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY FROM TILL END AS A WAY OF THE OUR BLESSES.COUNTER YOU TRY WE INCREASE.YOU ENJOY AS YOU MAKE WE ENJOY.LET WE BE LIFE LIKE.
MALAWINDAR SINGH KOHLII WATCHED IN THE UNIVERSITY AND ELSEWHERE CAUSED BY HIM THE FOUNTAINS MADE BY HIM IN THE CUT CANISTERS TOO BUT IN THE GALVANISED IRON A INVENT OF HIS IN THE MEHRAULI IN THE DATE TERAH NOTED ON A PLAIN PAPER IN THE COURT OF THE UNJION AND REMOVED BY A VERY JEALOUS STUPID FOOL K.K.PAUL .
THE BEHAVIOUR WERE DIFERENT .IT THE EXACT AMOUNTS GIVEN FAR SUPERIOR. SO STARTED EXPERIMENTATION NEXT IN THE UNIVERSITY,HIS HOUSE, IN THE ROSE GARDEN CHANDIGARH UNDER HIS GAZE ,,AS A VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS SECRETIVELY NOT BUT TOO IN THE WE SEEN IS ASCRIBED TO A ANOTHER NOT HIM IN THE UNIVERSITY PWD DEPARTMENT IN THE REGISTER AS A NEW INVENT.THE EXPERIMENTS HE DID WERE TWO THOUSAND BEFORE GOING IN FOR THE NEXT VARIETY OF THE EXPERIMENTS FROM THE TWO OF THE TWELVE OF HIS AGE STARTING WERE IN THE DELHI TOO IN THE MEHRAULI TOO IN THE QUTUB IN ASSOCIATION NOT DUE SUGGESTIONS GIVEN AS A RECORDED BY THE INDIRA GANDHI SYNDICATE HOW.INDIA AS A CULTURED AS A POORESTS AS A COUNTRY WERE IS PROVED BY THE THIS BEHAVIOURS AS A NON RECORDING THE VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS OF A DOYAN AS A EXPERIMENTORS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE MAN WHO GOT THEM FREEDOM FROM FOREIGN RULE BY GIVING THEM FREEDOM TO BE DEMOCRATICALLY BEHAVING CALLING THE SHOT OVER AND ABOVE THE MAN WHO PURCHASED THE LAND OF THE WORLD TOO IN WHICH THE INDIA IS ONLY A THOUSANDTH PART BUT IT STOPPED HIS INVESTMENT GIVING FREEDOMS ON IT'S OWN EVEN AFTER THEY HAD KNOWN HIS CYANIDINGS WERE BY A TORCHERERS GANG OF THE WITCH DOCTOR THE YADWINDER
BABA PAL AS A MISTER JOGINDER KAUR AS A PRACTICING WOMEN WOMENHOOD AS A PRESCRIBED PROFESSION TO THEY PRESCRIBED BY THE POLICE AND THEY POISONED SHE HIS MOTHER WOMEN BEING MOST DESPICABLE IN THE JANUARY OF THE NINETEEN FORTY EIGHT UNDER ORDERS OF J.L. NEHRU A CRIMER WITH THE WE WEMEN. WE SAW HE SEX HER IN CUSTODY TWO THIRTY TIMES AS A STATEMENT OF THE GANG A.S. BRAR.
THEIR MEMORY AND SPREAD RELIGION BE STOPPED FOR EVER AS THERE TOO NO GURU GOBIND SING OR RAI EXISTED AS HINDUS ARE SAYING WERE THE RECORTS AS A PROVEN.THESE AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A TOO EXIST BUT A JEALOUS AS A FASTESTS AS A JAMES-BONDING TYPE SAY IN THAT HE FOUND A CRIMINAL REPLACED THE GODLY FAMILY TO TAKE AWAY THEIR PROPERTY WITH HIS MOTHER AS A WITCH DOCTORS AS A THREE AS A POTENT BUT WITH TWO MEN INCURSED BY THEY THE OBSERVANT OF THE GEEN/GANGS AS A TWELVE MADE MOVING AROUND WOMEN IN THE DAY TO SELECT A ANY TO ASK FOR A TEA TOGETHER IN THE THEIR DRUG AS A SPRAYED OR FLASHED WITH FLASHERS AS THEY DID WITHOUT NOTICE BY THESE WOMEN TOO NOT BUT TOO IN THE DESIRE .
In February 2007, to celebrate their 150th anniversary, the American Insitute of Architects (AIA) named their America's Favorite Architecture list. For details about the methodology, see the topic posting, Methodology. For more information, see the AIA 150 website
# 1: Empire State Building - New York City (William Lamb, Shreve, Lamb & Harmon)
# 2: The White House - Washington, D.C. (James Hoban)
# 3: Washington National Cathedral - Washington, D.C. (George F. Bodley and Henry Vaughan, FAIA)
# 4: Thomas Jefferson Memorial - Washington D.C. (John Russell Pope, FAIA)
# 5: Golden Gate Bridge - San Francisco (Irving F. Morrow and Gertrude C. Morrow)
# 6: U.S. Capitol - Washington, D.C. (William Thornton, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Charles Bulfinch, Thomas U. Walter FAIA, Montgomery C. Meigs)
# 7: Lincoln Memorial - Washington, D.C. (Henry Bacon, FAIA)
# 8: Biltmore Estate (Vanderbilt Residence) - Asheville, NC (Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA)
# 9: Chrysler Building - New York City (William Van Alen, FAIA)
# 10: Vietnam Veterans Memorial - Washington, D.C. (Maya Lin with Cooper-Lecky Partnership)
# 11: St. Patrick’s Cathedral - New York City (James Renwick, FAIA)
# 12: Washington Monument - Washington, D.C. (Robert Mills)
# 13: Grand Central Station - New York City (Reed and Stern; Warren and Wetmore)
# 14: The Gateway Arch - St. Louis (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
# 15: Supreme Court of the United States - Washington, D.C. (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
# 16: St. Regis Hotel - New York City (Trowbridge & Livingston)
# 17: Metropolitan Museum of Art - New York City (Calvert Vaux, FAIA; McKim, Mead & White; Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA; Kevin Roche, FAIA; John Dinkeloo, FAIA)
# 18: Hotel Del Coronado - San Diego (James Reid, FAIA)
# 19: World Trade Center - New York City (Minoru Yamasaki, FAIA; Antonio Brittiochi; Emery Roth & Sons)
# 20: Brooklyn Bridge - New York City (John Augustus Roebling)
# 21: Philadelphia City Hall - Philadelphia (John McArthur Jr., FAIA)
# 22: Bellagio Hotel and Casino - Las Vegas (Deruyter Butler; Atlandia Design)
# 23: Cathedral of St. John the Divine - New York City (Heins & La Farge; Ralph Adams Cram)
# 24: Philadelphia Museum of Art - Philadelphia (Horace Trumbauer, Zantzinger, Borie, and Medary)
# 25: Trinity Church - Boston (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 26: Ahwahnee Hotel - Yosemite Valley, CA (Gilbert Stanley Underwood)
# 27: Monticello - Charlottesville, VA (Thomas Jefferson)
# 28: Library of Congress - Washington, D.C. (John L. Smithmeyer, FAIA and Paul J. Pelz, FAIA)
# 29: Kaufmann Residence (Fallingwater) - Bear Run, PA (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 30: Taliesin - Spring Green, WI (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 31: Wrigley Field - Chicago (Zachary Taylor Davis)
# 32: Wanamaker’s Department Store - Philadelphia (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 33: Rose Center for Earth and Space - New York City (James Stewart Polshek, FAIA)
# 34: National Gallery of Art, West Building - Washington, D.C. (John Russell Pope, FAIA)
# 35: Allegheny County Courthouse - Pittsburgh (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 36: Old Faithful Inn - Yellowstone National Park, WY (Robert Reamer)
# 37: Union Station - Washington, D.C. (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 38: Tribune Tower - Chicago (Howells & Hood)
# 39: Delano Hotel - Miami Beach (Robert Swartburg; Philippe Starck (interior))
# 40: Union Station - St. Louis (Theodore C. Link, FAIA)
# 41: Hearst Residence (Hearst Castle) - San Simeon, CA (Julia Morgan)
# 42: Sears Tower - Chicago (Bruce Graham, FAIA, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 43: Crane Library - Quincy, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 44: Woolworth Building - New York City (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
# 45: Cincinnati Union Terminal - Cincinnati (Alfred Fellheimer, FAIA and Stewart Wagner, FAIA; Paul Philippe Cret,consulting architect)
# 46: Waldorf Astoria - New York City (Schultze & Weaver)
# 47: New York Public Library - New York City (Carrère & Hastings)
# 48: Carnegie Hall - New York City (William B. Tuthill, FAIA; Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA and Dankmar Adler, FAIA, consulting architects)
# 49: San Francisco City Hall - San Francisco (Arthur Brown Jr., FAIA)
# 50: Virginia State Capitol - Richmond, VA (Thomas Jefferson)
# 51: Cadet Chapel, Air Force Academy - Colorado Springs, CO (Walter Netsch, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 52: Field Museum of Natural History - Chicago (Charles B. Atwood, D. H. Burnham & Co.)
# 53: Apple Store Fifth Avenue - New York City (Bohlin Cywinski Jackson)
# 54: Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia (Frank Furness, FAIA)
# 55: Mauna Kea Beach Hotel - Kohala Coast, HI (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 56: Rockefeller Center - New York City (Raymond Hood et al., FAIA)
# 57: Denver International Airport - Denver (Fentress Bradburn Architects)
# 58: Ames Library - North Easton, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 59: Milwaukee Art Museum - Milwaukee (Santiago Calatrava, FAIA)
# 60: Thorncrown Chapel - Eureka Springs, AK (E. Fay Jones, FAIA)
# 61: TransAmerica Pyramid - San Francisco (William Pereira, FAIA)
# 62: 333 Wacker Drive - Chicago (William E. Pedersen, FAIA, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates)
# 63: National Museum of Air and Space - Washington, D.C. (Gyo Obata, FAIA, Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
# 64: Faneuil Hall Marketplace - Boston (Benjamin Thompson, FAIA)
# 65: Crystal Cathedral - Garden Grove, CA (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
# 66: Gamble House - Pasadena, CA (Greene and Greene)
# 67: Nebraska State Capital - Lincoln, NE (Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue)
# 68: New York Times Building - New York City (Renzo Piano, Hon. FAIA)
# 69: Salt Lake City Public Library - Salt Lake City (Moshe Safdie, FAIA; VCBO Architecture Associates)
# 70: Dolphin and Swan Hotels, Walt Disney World - Orlando, FL (Michael Graves, FAIA)
# 71: Hearst Tower - New York City (George P. Post & Sons; addition Foster + Partners)
# 72: Flatiron Building (Fuller Building) - New York City (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 73: Lake Point Tower - Chicago (Schipporeit-Heinrich; Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
# 74: Guggenheim Museum - New York City (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 75: Union Station - Los Angeles (John Parkinson and Donald B. Parkinson)
# 76: Willard Hotel - Washington, D.C. (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 77: Sever Hall, Harvard University - Cambridge, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 78: Broadmoor Hotel - Colorado Springs, CO (Warren & Wetmore)
# 79: Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center - Washington, D.C. (Pei Cobb Freed & Partners)
# 80: Phillips Exeter Academy Library - Exeter, NH (Louis I. Kahn, FAIA)
# 81: The Plaza Hotel - New York City (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 82: Sofitel Chicago Water Tower - Chicago (Jean-Paul Viguier, Hon. FAIA)
# 83: Glessner House - Chicago (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 84: Yankee Stadium - New York City (Osborn Architects & Engineers)
# 85: Harold Washington Library Center - Chicago (Hammond, Beeby & Babka)
# 86: Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts - New York City (Wallace K. Harrison, FAIA, director, board of architects)
# 87: The Dakota Apartments - New York City (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 88: Art Institute of Chicago - Chicago (Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge)
# 89: Fairmont Hotel - San Francisco (Reid & Reid; Julia Morgan)
# 90: Boston Public Library - Boston (McKim, Mead & White)
# 91: Hollywood Bowl - Hollywood (Lloyd Wright; Allied Architects; Frank Gehry; Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates with Gruen Associates)
# 92: Texas State Capitol - Austin (Elijah E. Myers)
# 93: Fontainebleau - Miami Beach (Morris Lapidus)
# 94: Legal Research Building, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI (York & Sawyer; Gunnar Birkerts (addition))
# 95: J. Paul Getty Center for the Arts - Los Angeles (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 96: High Museum - Atlanta (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 97: Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse - Islip, NY (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 98: Humana Building - Louisville, KY (Michael Graves, FAIA)
# 99: Walt Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles (Frank Gehry, FAIA)
#100: Radio City Music Hall - New York City (Edward Durell Stone, FAIA)
#101: Paul Brown Stadium - Cincinnati (NBBJ)
#102: United Airlines Terminal, O’Hare - Chicago (Helmut Jahn, FAIA, Murphy/Jahn)
#103: Hyatt Regency Atlanta - Atlanta (John Portman, FAIA)
#104: AT&T Park (San Francisco Giants Stadium) - San Francisco (Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
#105: Time Warner Center - New York City (David Childs, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
#106: Washington, D.C., Metro - Washington, D.C. (Harry Weese, FAIA)
#107: IDS Center - Minneapolis (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
#108: Seattle Public Library - Seattle (Rem Koolhaas, Office for Metropolitan Architecture)
#109: Museum of Modern Art - San Francisco (Mario Botta, Hon. FAIA)
#110: Union Station - Chicago (Daniel Burnham, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
#111: United Nations Headquarters - New York City (International Committee of Architects, Wallace K. Harrison, chairman; Oscar Niemeyer; Le Corbusier)
#112: National Building Museum (Pension Building) - Washington, D.C. (Montgomery C. Meigs)
#113: Fenway Park - Boston (Osborn Architects & Engineers)
#114: Dana Thomas House - Springfield, IL (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#115: TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport - New York City (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
#116: The Athenaeum - New Harmony, IN (Richard Meier, FAIA)
#117: Walker Art Center - Minneapolis (Herzog & de Meuron)
#118: American Airlines Center - Dallas (David M. Schwarz, FAIA; Architectural Services; HKS)
#119: Arizona Biltmore Resort and Spa - Phoenix (Albert Chase McArthur)
#120: Los Angeles Central Library - Los Angeles (Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue)
#121: San Francisco International Terminal - San Francisco (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; Del Campo & Maru Architects; Michael Willis Architects)
#122: Oriole Park at Camden Yards - Baltimore (Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
#123: Taliesin West - Scottsdale, AZ (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#124: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Washington, D.C. (James Ingo Freed, FAIA, Pei Cobb Freed & Partners)
#125: Citicorp Center - New York City (Hugh Stubbins & Associates; Emery Roth & Sons)
#126: V. C. Morris Gift Shop (Xanadu Gallery) - San Francisco (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#127: Union Station - Kansas City, MO (Jarvis Hunt)
#128: Rookery Building - Chicago (Burnham and Root)
#129: Weisman Art Museum - Minneapolis (Frank Gehry, FAIA)
#130: Douglas House - Harbor Springs, MI (Richard Meier, FAIA)
#131: Hollyhock House - Los Angeles (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#132: Pennzoil Place - Houston (Philip Johnson, FAIA; Johnson/Burgee)
#133: Royalton Hotel - New York City (Philippe Starck)
#134: Reliant Astrodome - Houston (Hermon Lloyd, FAIA & W. B. Morgan; Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson)
#135: Safeco Field - Seattle (NBBJ)
#136: Corning Museum of Glass - Corning, NY (Gunnar Birkerts, FAIA)
#137: 30th Street Station - Philadelphia (Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
#138: Robie House - Chicago (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#139: Williams Tower (Transco Tower) - Houston (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
#140: Stahl House (Case Study House #22) - Los Angeles (Pierre Koenig)
#141: Apple SoHo - New York City (Bohlin Cywinski Jackson)
#142: John Hancock Towers - Boston (Henry Cobb, FAIA, Pei Cobb Freed)
#143: Pennsylvania Station - New York City (McKim, Mead & White)
#144: Hyatt Regency San Francisco - San Francisco (John Portman, FAIA)
#145: Carson Pirie Scott - Chicago (Louis Sullivan, FAIA)
#146: Museum of Modern Art - New York City (Philip Goodwin, FAIA and Edward Durell Stone, FAIA)
#147: Auditorium Building - Chicago (Adler & Sullivan)
#148: Brown Palace Hotel - Denver, CO (Frank E. Edbrooke)
#149: Ingalls Ice Arena, Yale University - New Haven, CT (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
#150: Battle Hall, University of Texas - Austin (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
Junk Jet n°1 wants to capture and transfer junk’s ambiguities indicating non-function, or at least bad-function implied in the nature of technology, and various forms of mis-use for aesthetic purposes. What could be the aesthetic (non-) function of junk within clean computational aesthetics of electronic media?
Therefore, relevant fields are all sorts of re-use, of wrong-use and non-use, and of tinkering (bricoler, basteln) of forms and found objects, of theories and (small) narratives, of fashions and styles, and of course of computers and other electronic devices. Junk Jet n°1 wants to explore do-it-yourself works of computer culture, accidental outcomes, deviant and normal aesthetic forms that result from misused media, subverted customary tools, and jammed common practices.
For this reason it has collected works from theorists, artists, architects, and musicians who treated in various forms counter use of electronic devices, or who produced counter works (and counter counter works) of counter aesthetics, tunneling mainstream (above all architects’, designers’, and artists’ stream) practices. Processes of deformation and variation are more important than linear chains of formulation and fixation. This includes works and concepts on collage (Holger Lund), on chance, cut up, bootleg and sampling (Jan Jelinek, Rank Sinatra, Mowblind), and on hybrid techniques (Nicole Sudhoff), all of them turning electronic devices, and other forms of computation into machines of indeterminacy. Open experiments in which someone or something may fail are of great importance: Through the lens of failure Junk Jet watches authority falter, methodologies crumble, tests getting tested – until they crash. Failure is regarded a means for confronting the seemingly fixed hierarchies implemented in technologies, but above all in procedures.
Junk Jet n°1 claims itself political, not in that it handles political topics, but in that it goes after medial techniques that show alternatives to the tautological and exploitative practices of our mass culture. Junk Jet n°1 wants to cultivate its anti heart by “introducing noise to signal”: by distorting the digital hype and collapsing the technological seduction, by subverting the computer, and exploring the aesthetics of noise and the beauty of collapse and crash – perhaps the crash of the beauty.
With noisy contributions by:
Kim Cascone, The Breadboard Band, Asli Serbest & Mona Mahall, Marc Wright & Tim Kaiser (girl.tv), Gerd De Bruyn, Susigames, Hisham Almannai, Nicole Pruckermayr, Holger Lund, Burak Arikan, Nicole Sudhoff, Pascal Glissmann & Martina Höfflin, Amy Alexander, Jaromil, Sebastian Schöpsdau, Farmers Manual, Martin Woodtli, Claus Pias, Olia Lialina, Moritz von Pein, Christine Berrie, Rank Sinatra, Sven Koenig, Dieter Kovacic (dieb13) & Oliver Stolz, The Breadboard Band, 2-5bz, Nobukazo Takemuro , Alex Tsitsigias, Peter Plessas, Kid Fellow, Sinebag, Jan Jelinek, Mowblind
Release Date: November 2007
ISSN: 1865-9357
Number of pages: 69
Measurements: 25 x 20 x 0.5 cm
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
Net-net, I am very impressed with the 35 Distagon and very pleased with how well it works with the Panasonic S1R.
Each coloured post-it belongs to a different person in the family.
Column 1 - 'List' - items that is to be done (also called the backlog)
Column 2 - 'Doing' - items of things to do that are now being done, not yet complete
Column 3 - 'Done' - the items that are done/complete.
At the end of the week when we discuss our Kanban we remove these items and add new ones to the 'List' column for the following week.
'Rules':
1. Items cannot be moved in reverse
2. Items are stuck on the board in order of priority - most important near the top
3. Only the person owning the item can stick the post-it on the board
4. Only the person owning the item can move the item to the right and remove it from the Kanban
5. Where possible each member of the family meet at the board to discuss their items, how there're progressing and add/move any items around the board.
Oil and pencil on two canvases, under-drawn with compositional lines
Signed with his anthemion device lower left; Inscribed on a label on the reverse with the artist’s name and address, Moore, 1 Holland Lane, Kensington
Dimensions
152.00cm high
63.50cm wide
(25.00 inches wide)
Provenance
Thomas Maclean, Haymarket, W1
Miss Enid M Vale of Wolverhampton and 13 Vicarage Gate, London, W11
Fine Art Society, London, June 1970, number 1091
Literature
Alfred Lys Baldry, Albert Moore, George Bell & Sons, London 1893, page 103, 1878 / Birds / A Study – oil - Grosvenor Gallery
Robyn Asleson, Albert Moore, Phaidon, London 2000, finished oil illustrated page 143 and mentioned on pages 140, 144-5, preparatory drawings illustrated page 46
Exhibition History
(Possibly, London, Grosvenor Gallery, 1878)
Toronto, Art Gallery of Ontario, The Sacred and Profane in Symbolist Art, November 1969, number 37
Tokyo, Ishibashi Foundation, Victorian Dreamers, August 1989
Description / Expertise
With harmonious melodies of colour and symphonies of form, Albert Moore spun a dream of an ideal and universal beauty, liberated from any distraction of time or place. Moore believed an artist’s choice of subject was merely a means for placing beautiful people into beautiful situations and thus he became a pioneer of aestheticism in Britain. His work was seen by one contemporary critic as a timely protest against the vulgar naturalism, the common realism, which is applauded by the uneducated multitudes who throng our London exhibitions. Furthermore, Moore’s concerns with the sciences of colour and abstraction made him an artist before his time, anticipating the twentieth century’s fascination with abstract methodology. His most intimate friend, James McNeill Whistler, deemed him the only painter in England whom he considered great, and Oscar Wilde described his paintings as the ultimate expression of our artistic movement.
Birds was Albert Moore’s principal exhibit at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1878. Hung in close proximity to Burne-Jones’s Laus Veneris, it represented a high point in his career. After settling into a house in the fashionably artistic neighbourhood of Holland Park, he had discovered the artistic sanctuary of the Grosvenor Gallery. There his subjectless pictures were beautifully hung and entirely at home. From then on he reserved his most important works for the Grosvenor exhibitions, only sending his smaller paintings to the Academy. He had originally intended Birds for his most important patron, Frederic Leyland, who had expressed a desire to add to the three life-sized works that he already owned. Not having enough wall space, however, Leyland lost an exquisite painting and Birds was bought by the president of the Birmingham Society of Arts and mayor of Birmingham, Joseph Chamberlain.
The title, Birds, dissociates the painting from any historical context or narrative, inviting the mind to focus on the image in purely visual terms. Moore disliked assigning titles to his work and from 1865 onwards titled paintings according to objects within the composition. In the final version of Birds, harmony and beauty reign through a carefully considered, subtle and sophisticated colour composition. Albert Moore, as a disciple of Michel Eugène Chevreul, author of The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours (1839), considered each scheme of graduated tints within his paintings an experiment in the science of colour.
The spirit of ancient Classical sculpture is ever-present in Moore’s work. Colvin described Moore as nearer in spirit to the Greeks than any other artist among us, his power of arranging and combining the lines of the human form into a visible rhythm and symmetry not less delightful than the audible rhythm and symmetry of music. Robyn Asleson believes the ghostly outline of the body beneath the drapery to be further evidence of Moore’s emulation of fifth century Greek vase paintings and the lost art of Polygnotos, although it had been long a tradition to paint the nude and subsequently to apply glazes to overlay the costume.
Fluid cascades of drapery became an artistic language in their own right within Moore’s paintings; a means of achieving a harmonic balance within the composition. Moore would toil over his canvasses for months to perfect the mesmerising rhythms and ‘arbitrary’ patterns of cloth. In Birds, pleats of fabric sweep diagonally from the model’s shoulder, skimming her naked arm and the yellow undergarment in flowing swathes. Albert Moore became increasingly interested in textile design and designed his own fabrics, inspired by inherent patterns in nature and organic designs from India, China, Japan and the Middle East. Moore enriched his appreciation of Japanese iconography by closely studying Whistler’s collection of ceramics and prints.
Albert Moore developed the meticulously orchestrated composition and colour scheme of Birds through exhaustive life studies of draped and nude models, which Robyn Asleson praises as epitomising Moore’s mature preparatory techniques and executive skill. In his studio, Moore began by studying elegant arrangements of drapery and making extensive life drawings of carefully posed models. He established the proportions and placement of his models through a complex network of grids or intersecting circles, with which he would also determine the final positioning of the drapery, architectural elements and the proportions of the canvas. During the winter of 1880, the Grosvenor Gallery held an exhibition of Moore’s working sketches and cartoons, testimony to the importance in which he held his creative process.
In this important final oil study for the exhibited painting, Moore reveals the contours of the naked body through the fabric. He may have used the practice, which he favoured, of transferring the outline of the figure to the canvas from a perfected, full-scale nude drawing using the pouncing technique. Moore then glazed the drapery over the figure with long, fluent strokes, before perfectly adjusting the profile of the head by adding a study from another canvas, the result being as beautiful and complete as any of his finished works.
Source: www.leicestergalleries.com/19th-20th-century-paintings/d/...
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
**************************************
The 28mm focal length is considered the true reportage lens, so it is popular for street photography. A 50mm lens is normal, longer focal lengths are telephoto, 35mm is wide angle, but not punchy enough, and 24mm and below are ultra wide angles.
So the 28mm is the perfect focal length to capture a lot of information, with just the right punch. So I was especially curious to see how the 28 lux did on the S1R. The short answer is, "great"!
The lighting was terrible and the in-camera JPEG rendering is mediocre. But the color and sharpness is all fine, and the RAW file can be easily optimized with a few basic tweaks. I am looking forward to the S1R RAW conversion to become available in Capture One.
Presentation / Q&A. Educating Youth for Tolerance – The Freedom Writer Methodology. 50-80 undergraduate students (pre-service English Language teachers from the Arab and Jewish sector) and faculty.
Interior design is the art or process of designing the interior, often including the exterior, of a room or building. An interior designer (or a team of designers) is someone who coordinates and manages such civil engineering projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual development, communicating with the stakeholders of a project and the management and execution of the design. Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the manipulation of special volume as well as surface treatment.
Although we now have help from technology in getting the best designs ready, for instance faux stone manufacturing system and other methodologies that can help in providing us with the best alternate of original highly expensive items, interior designing has a huge history behind.
Recent history
In the past, building interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of construction. The profession of interior design has been a consequence of the development of society and the complex architecture that has resulted from the development of industrial processes. The pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the development of the contemporary interior design. The profession of interior design is separate and distinct from the role of interior decorator, a term commonly used in the US. The term is less common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking, not yet officially a profession. In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers. This can be seen from the references of Vishwakarma, the architect – one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally, the sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century India. In ancient Egypt, “soul houses” or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for food offerings. From these, it is possible to discern details about the interior design of different residences throughout the different Egyptian dynasties such as changes in ventilation, porticoes, columns, loggias, windows, and doors. Throughout the 17th and 18th century, and into the early 19th Century, interior decoration was the concern of the homemaker, an employed upholsterer or craftsman who would advise on the artistic style for an interior space. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to complete interior design for their buildings.
Commercial interior design
From the middle-to- late 19th century, interior design services expanded in industrial economies of the West. As the middle-class in America and Europe grew in size and prosperity, they began to desire the domestic trappings of wealth to cement their new status. Large furniture firms began to branch out into general interior design and management, offering full house furnishings in a variety of styles. This business model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by independent, often amateur, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the professional interior design in the mid-20th century. In the 1850s and 1860s, upholsterers began to expand their business transactions. They framed their business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public. To meet the growing demand for contract interior work on projects such as offices, hotels, and public buildings, these enterprises (furniture stores, dealers) became large and complex. In order to service the growing clients, they began to employ builders, joiners, plasterers, textile designers, artists, and furniture designers, as well as engineers and technicians to fulfill the job requirements. Firms began to publish and circulate catalogues with prints for different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes in Europe and America.
Retail advertising
As department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set up model rooms at national and international exhibitions in showrooms for the public to see. Some of the pioneering firms in this regard were Waring & Gillow, James Shoolbred, Mintons and Holland & Sons. These traditional high-quality furniture making firms began to play an important role as advisers to middle class customers on taste and style. Gradually, the furniture stores began taking out contracts to design and furnish the interiors of many important buildings in Britain. This type of firm emerged in America after the Civil War. The Herter Brothers, founded by two German brothers, began as an upholstery warehouse and became one of the first firms of furniture makers and interior decorators. With their own design office, cabinet-making and upholstery workshops, Herter Brothers were prepared to accomplish every aspect of interior furnishing. Some of their contracts included decorative panelling and mantels, wall and ceiling decoration, patterned floors and carpets and draperies.
Owen Jones, father figure
A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the middle class was the architect Owen Jones. Jones was one of the most influential design theorists of the 19th century. His first project was his most important – in 1851 he was responsible for not only the decoration of Joseph Paxton’s gigantic Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition, but also for the arrangement of the exhibits within. He chose a controversial palette of red, yellow and blue for the interior ironwork and, despite initial negative publicity in the newspapers, was eventually unveiled by Queen Victoria to much critical acclaim. His most significant work was “The Grammar of Ornament” (1856) in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design and decoration. Jones was employed by some of the leading interior design firms of the day. In the 1860s he worked in collaboration with the London firm Jackson & Graham to produce furniture and other fittings for high-profile clients including art collector Alfred Morrison and the Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. In 1882 the London Directory of the Post Office listed 80 interior decorators.
Professional interior design
By the turn of the 20th century, amateur advisors and publications were increasingly challenging the monopoly that the large retail companies had on interior design. English feminist author Mary Haweis wrote a series of widely read essays in the 1880s in which she derided the eagerness with which aspiring middle-class people furnished their houses according to the rigid models offered to them by the retailers. She advocated the individual adoption of a particular style, tailor made to the individual needs and preferences of the customer. The move towards decoration as a separate artistic profession unrelated to the manufacturers and retailers got an impetus with the formation of the Institute of British Decorators in 1899. With John Dibblee Crace as its president, IBD represented almost 200 decorators around the country. By 1915, the London Directory listed 127 individuals trading as interior decorators, of which 10 were women. Rhoda and Agnes Garrett were the first women to train professionally as home decorators in 1874. The importance of their work on design was regarded at the time as on a par with that of William Morris. In 1876, their work – “Suggestions for House Decoration in Painting, Woodwork and Furniture” – spread their ideas on artistic interior design to a wide middle-class audience.
Anti-Victorian ideas
In America, Candace Wheeler was one of the first woman interior designers and helped encourage a new style of American design. She was instrumental in the development of art courses for women in a number of major American cities and was considered a national authority on home design. An important influence on the new profession was “The Decoration of Houses”, a manual of interior design written by Edith Wharton with architect Ogden Codman in 1897 in America. In the book, the authors denounced Victorian-style interior design especially those rooms that were decorated with heavy window curtains, Victorian bric-a-brac and overstuffed furniture. They argued that such rooms emphasized upholstery at the expense of proper space planning and architectural design and were, therefore, uncomfortable and rarely used. The book is considered a seminal work and its success led to the emergence of professional decorators working in the manner advocated by its authors, most notably Elsie de Wolfe.
American woman pioneer
Elsie De Wolfe was one of the first female interior designers. Rejecting the Victorian style she grew up with, she chose a more vibrant scheme, along with more comfortable furniture in the home. Her designs were light with fresh colours and delicate Chinoiserie furnishings, as opposed to the Victorian preference of heavy, red drapes and upholstery, dark wood and intensely patterned wallpapers. Her designs were also more practical. She eliminated the clutter that occupied the Victorian home, enabling people to entertain more guests comfortably. In 1905, de Wolfe was commissioned for the interior design of the Colony Club on Madison Avenue. The interiors of Colony Club garnered her recognition almost overnight. She compiled her ideas into her widely read 1913 book, “The House in Good Taste”. In England, Syrie Maugham became a legendary interior designer credited with designing the first all-white room. Starting her career in the early 1910s, her international reputation soon grew. She later expanded her business to New York and Chicago.
Post-war expansion
The interior design as an exclusive profession became more prominent after World War II. From the 1950s onwards spending on the home increased. Interior design courses were established, requiring the publication of textbooks and reference sources. The historical accounts of interior designers and firms distinct from the decorative arts specialists were made available. Moreover, the organisations to regulate education, qualifications, standards and practices, etc. were established for the nascent profession. Interior design was previously seen as playing a secondary role to architecture. It also has many connections to other design disciplines, involving the work of architects, industrial designers, engineers, builders and craftsmen. For these reasons the regulation of interior design standards and qualifications was often incorporated into other professional organisations that involved design. Organisations such as the Chartered Society of Designers set up in the UK in 1986 and the American Designers Institute founded in 1938 were established as organisations that governed various areas of design parameters.
Designers vs. decorators
Interior design is the art and science of understanding people’s behavior to create functional spaces within a building. Whereas decoration is the furnishing or adorning of a space with fashionable or beautiful things. In short, interior designers may decorate, but decorators do not design. Interior design implies that there is more of an emphasis on planning, functional design and the effective use of space, as compared to interior decoration. An interior designer can undertake projects that include arranging the basic layout of spaces within a building as well as projects that require an understanding of technical issues such as window and door positioning, acoustics and lighting. Although an interior designer may create the layout of a space, they may not alter load-bearing walls without having their designs stamped for approval by a structural engineer. Interior designers often work directly with architects, engineers and contractors.
Methodology: Today on a lark, I went out photographing taking only my old 6mp Nikon D100. Wanted to see if it could still make some good photographs. The experiment produced very mixed results. When you get to the point of relying on advanced AE and AF features, their absence makes a big difference.
This one turned out to be one of the better results.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nikon D100. Nikkor 105mm VR Micro lens. Kenko 2X Teleconverter. 1/500th @ f/11. ISO 200. WB = auto. EV = 0. 9 point AF. Photographed June 29, 2010 at the Alliant / Cedar Lake Lagoon.
Big Data is the science of managing data sets that become so large that they are difficult to manipulate with traditional software. New techniques were developed to organize, analyze, and retrieve excessive quantities of data. Big Photo refers to applying similar methodologies to equally large sets of images.
One “Flickr’s worth” of photos is uploaded to the social network by Facebook users monthly.
The portion of the indexed web estimated to be image files is estimated to be 30 percent.
However, the indexed web is far less than 1 percent of the the known web and doesn’t include the mobile web or social networks like Twitter and Facebook. Each hold massive datasets that aren't available to search engines like Google.
In 2001 researchers proposed that 17 percent of the web’s text was contained in image or video files and, therefore, was not indexed by search engines. OCR and visual search technologies have improved, greatly impacting this problem.
The creation of textual content is rapidly being dwarfed by images and video. Coupled with the fact that the lines between the mobile web and traditional web are blurring, the opportunity for new tools and products for indexing and manipulating visual data sets becomes apparent.
This report looks at three things: the relative size and growth of the largest photosharing social networks, the mobile messaging market and the year on year growth of mobile and internet.
To normalize the data, we reference only the latest market information from the previous year. So, this research is only as accurate as fourth quarter research from the previous year — in this case 2010.
Prints, large format files and more research available from metalayer.com.
You may also purchase this image as a 48"x32" Poster here.
Or as a raw 10800X7200 TIFF here.
More at - blog.metalayer.com/post/9662265140/the-growth-of-image-da...
1The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
*************************************************************************
Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
Fangruida (F.D Smith) est né à Shanghai le 16 mai 1949. (La date de sa naissance, il existe différentes versions. 16 avril 1950, 13 mai 1949, 13 mai 1949, plusieurs versions. Selon les informations pertinentes, cela devrait être en mai 1949, date anniversaire. Ce devrait être le 16 mai ou le 16 mai 1950. Par conséquent, cette dernière est généralement adoptée, c'est-à-dire le 16 mai 1949. Les autres versions sont inexactes ou basées sur des rumeurs, une fausse déclaration, etc. Lettre). Physicien, astronome, géologue, biologiste, cosmologiste, astronaute, scientifique en médecine, inventeur (roquette Fagruida, tunnel spatial Fangruida, etc.), philosophe, penseur, savant religieux, Économiste, sociologue, anthropologue, écrivain, éducateur. Lois Fang Ruida, Fang Ruidaism et de nombreux travaux de recherche importants.
Fangruida(F.D Smith)，1949年5月16日出生於上海。 （有關他的出生日期，有各種版本。1950年4月16日，1949年5月13日，1949年5月13日，等幾種版本。根據相關資料，應當是1949年5月，生日應當是5月16日，或者是1950年5月16日為準。所以，一般採用後者，即1949年5月16日。其他版本不准確，或是以訛傳訛，或是誤傳等，不足為信）。世界著名的物理學家，天文學家，地質學家，生物學家，宇宙學家，宇航學家，醫學家，發明家（Fagruida火箭，Fangruida太空隧道等），哲學家，思想家，宗教學家，經濟學家，社會學家，人類學家，文學家，教育家。方瑞達Laws，方瑞達主義，以及許多重要研究著作。
Fangruida (F.D Smith) est né à Shanghai le 16 mai 1949. (La date de sa naissance, il existe différentes versions. 16 avril 1950, 13 mai 1949, 13 mai 1949, plusieurs versions. Selon les informations pertinentes, cela devrait être en mai 1949, date anniversaire. Ce devrait être le 16 mai ou le 16 mai 1950. Par conséquent, cette dernière est généralement adoptée, c'est-à-dire le 16 mai 1949. Les autres versions sont inexactes ou basées sur des rumeurs, une fausse déclaration, etc. Lettre). Physicien, astronome, géologue, biologiste, cosmologiste, astronaute, scientifique en médecine, inventeur (roquette Fagruida, tunnel spatial Fangruida, etc.), philosophe, penseur, savant religieux, Économiste, sociologue, anthropologue, écrivain, éducateur. Lois Fang Ruida, Fang Ruidaism et de nombreux travaux de recherche importants.
You feel me ...? Maybe I should clean the mirror ;-)
"For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face"
week 6 of 52 in 2012 Theme: Morning
The leader of the cosmic revolution, the leader and mentor of the philosophical kingdom----Fangruida (Smirh)
Marco
1The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe(Fangruida)
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory(Fangruida)
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
*************************************************************************
Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
Panel 5: Ice Limitation Methodology: POLARIS Review. Moderator: Mr. Michael Kingston, IMO Consultant
I started a blog to better describe the features and methodology of my larger Technic creations.
Feel free to check it out at Thirdwigg.com, where you can read more about this truck.
Video is here, and make sure to subscribe to my channel.
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
The Zeiss 35mm f/1.4 Distagon ZM is one of the top 3-4 lenses for the M-mount, although it doesn't get the notoriety that a less capable lens like a Noctilux 50mm f/0.95 gets.
I got the silver edition of this lens years ago, but it is really mediocre on my Sony A7x cameras. I must have "decided" to sell this lens at least a half dozen times, and in fact, I had it listed on eBay some 3-4 times. Every time, I did not get the price I was seeking, and I did not have the heart to dump it for a low ball price.
After many YEARS, finally, today when I took some test shots with the Panasonic, it was like a light turning on. The image quality is really stunning, and I don't think anyone who shoots with this lens on a Leica M camera like an M10 or M 240 or even an SL really has any idea how amazing this lens is. I suspect the word will get around quickly once people start shooting with this lens on a Panasonic S1R or a future Sigma full-frame Foveon camera.
The shot above is the absolute lower left corner of the frame, at 100% magnification, shot at f/1.4. There is nothing more in the frame to the left or below what you see above. This is also SOOC JPEG, with no post processing.
This is nothing short of stunning.
The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
*************************************************************************
Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
Cuban amateur boxing system
Foreign influence contributed to the development of Cuban amateur boxing. Before Fidel Castro took power in 1959, Cuba’s achievements in amateur boxing were diminutive. Components of their boxing style were derived from American Professional Boxing. After the Revolution, Eastern European methodology replaced the American influences. Andrei Chervenko of the Soviet Union has trained Teofilo Stevenson and Europe’s Vasili Romanov has trained boxers as well.
The Cuban amateur boxing system along with other sports programs start in grammar schools. Sports are considered a high priority in the Cuban education system and its there a potential athlete can be recognized. From the age of 12, talented youths are sent to specialized schools where they can focus on enhancing their skills. From there the young boxers train throughout a very competitive youth program. The ones that graduate from the program are sent to the top school in Wajay, where they train advanced drills and exercises. The support that the state gives is crucial to the advancement of the highly technical boxing program.
Amateur boxer Teofilo Stevenson who had won three Olympic gold medals in (1972, 1976, and 1980) has made many contributions to Cuba and Cuban boxing. He is equally known for his sportsmanship, receiving the UNESCO Pierre de Coubertin Fair Play prize in 1989. After retiring in boxing in 1986 he has served both in the Cuban parliament and as a vice president of the Cuban Boxing Federation.
After a career of fighting for their country most Cubans continue to stay in the sport, many as administrators or trainers. Through this way the knowledge and experience is passed down to the next generation of athletes. Source: Wikipedia (Please note: given the dates on the footnotes, it is very possible that this information is out of date and needs to be updated.)
The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
*************************************************************************
Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
This was more from the center of the frame. This was of interest because I did a quick focusing, without zooming in with live view. The focus peaking works pretty well, although I have to test all the various settings.
Augustus receiving the surrender of barbarians.
If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:
Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/
The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at
Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.
Preferred Citation: Kuttner, Ann L. Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus: The Case of the Boscoreale Cups. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1995 1995. ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft309nb1mw/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusion: The Boscoreale Cups and Roman Art
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusion:
The Boscoreale Cups and Roman Art
I should like to do two things here. One is to sum up the major art-historical findings of this study, as the last chapter commented on its historical findings. The other is to speak directly about my own methodology as a Roman art historian; this might seem to be more appropriate in an introduction to a study of this kind, but I feel that only the reader who has absorbed at least some of this work will be critically equipped to judge the efficacy and clarity of my approach. Its first principle is simply to ask of any period, What works of art existed, and what did they look like? So much has been lost, and lost permanently beyond all hope of retrieval; thus all fragments, hints, and indications become, like the BR cups, extremely valuable. Although it is difficult to keep always in mind an imaginative construct to supplement the poor reality of the tangible remains, the rewards of such effort are considerable. For instance, Eck stresses how the arrangement of inscriptions, often all we have left of ancient dedications, can indicate the basic structure of the lost statuary above; his point seems simple, but he was the first to consider in this light inscriptions known for over fifty years and to reconstruct from its base an actual monument of the kind long postulated as prototype for the famous Puteoli base of Tiberius (figs. 47, 62)[1]
The reader will have noted throughout a concern with the relationship of spectator to object, in terms of the intent of the original designer(s) and patron(s) who engendered Roman images, with regard to the audiences whom they wished to comprehend these images' didactic content and to appreciate their esthetic structures. In visual, as in verbal, communication, true comprehension depends on a shared language of forms and symbols; an iconographer must, like a historian, strive to the best of her necessarily limited powers to reconstruct the relevant prior experience and assump-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
― 200 ―
tions of the persons whose perceptions she investigates. This truism is very seldom made explicit. I stand here behind T. Hölscher's unparalleled 1984 essay on the question of the Publikum for the state monuments we seek to interpret today, though I am more optimistic that one can know something of audiences besides those of the elite "senatorial" level. This optimism—though austere and limited—is founded on the principle of the lowest common denominator, the value of badly made and/or mass-produced, relatively cheap artifacts. I believe that the basic symbolic language available to classes other than the elite can be discerned in the often drastically simplified elements of "high" ideology and iconography that make it onto the crude glass pastes that crowd the back pages of gem catalogues, onto matrix-stamped military armament decoration, onto Arretine ware pottery molds, and so forth. Obviously, I also believe that numismatic designs were very often intended to disseminate legible imagery for political purposes, that the state coinage did indeed function as a vehicle for political propaganda directed toward the uneducated, as well as educated, classes; I also think these messages were usually obvious and simple.
I have been speaking of audiences and messages in the plural. A natural consequence of the multiple stratifications of society in the Roman Empire was a differentiation of culture and a variation in cultural sophistication among different classes, peoples, and regions in the Empire. It is also plain that the most capable Roman patrons were (like Greeks before them) interested in creating monuments and images that spoke to more than one segment of society and that had more than one symbolic message. To describe this quality in a work of art, multi- or polyvalency is a common image usefully borrowed from the vocabulary of atomic structure. I find useful the notion of resonance, transferred from the realm of musical effects to the world of artifacts. As the striking of a piano key produces a sound with multiple tones, so the impact of the Gemma Augustea (fig. 16) or Arch of Constantine on thoughtful vision sets off not a unitary impression but a series of related multiple impressions; the proximity and/or prior existence of related monuments known to the spectator weaves a kind of web of associations comparable to the resonant effects produced by the proximity of other strings to the piano key actually struck.
The danger in reconstructing the original resonances of an extant monument is that one will read into the work messages not intended for the original Roman audience. One can so easily become oversubtle, assert too much rather than too little. There are two brakes on exegetical speed-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
― 201 ―
ing; first, to be explicit and knowledgeable about the historical audience postulated for an artifact; second, always to look for parallels to show that the reading one proposes was at least possible in a given context. Truisms again, but not always appreciated or observed. Only multiple occurrences of a given symbol or form justify the assertion of a pattern of action, whether formal (style) or symbolic (iconography). One needs also a plausible hypothesis to account for such patterns: one must try to document the means by which an artist or his audience could have seen the images by which they are held to have been influenced, and this takes one back to the question of a given audience and the imagery accessible to it. To cite a classic instance, it is often asserted that the architectural form of the Ara Pacis deliberately echoes that of the Athenian Altar of Pity. If true, the quote can have been expected to be legible only to the elite, who would have traveled to Athens, not to the Roman plebs; on the other hand all segments of the urban population can be expected to have recognized the parallel with the Januum, one of the oldest, most prestigious, and most central of all sanctuaries in the capital.
I have acknowledged my debt to the investigative approach formulated by Hölscher. I have gained much from the implicit and explicit definitions developed by many others of what evidence is relevant to interpreting Roman political art. It should be clear by now that often I find myself in the company of the contemporary German art historians Zanker, Simon, Fittschen, et al., asking similar questions of similar material; asked to assign myself to a "school," I should name also the Italians, F. Coarelli and M. Torelli. My real debt to Coarelli's efforts to understand artistic production in terms of patronage and the politically charged architectural geography of Rome is obscured here by the fact that this work explores mainly imperial, rather than Republican, art. Even where I disagree with Torelli's conclusions, I have tried to keep in mind the imperative heading his essays on Roman historical relief: Roman narrative and commemorative art can be illuminated by Roman texts, but they must be texts with a cognate function. Finally, in all projects I have ever undertaken with regard to Roman art, I am in debt to Otto Brendel's Prolegomena to the Study of Roman Art (New Haven, 1979): his definitions of the essential questions asked (and not asked) of Roman art and his vision of multiple lines of development separated by medium and genre have irrevocably marked my own perceptions of Roman images.
The consequences of holding to these tenets are evident in my readings of the Boscoreale Cups and of many other monuments besides. The Boscoreale Cups, and the monument from which they were copied, have been
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
― 202 ―
demonstrated primarily on political grounds to be works of Augustus' reign, specifically of the period between Tiberius' triumph in 8/7 B.C. and his exile in 6 B.C. Now firmly dated, these panels are important to the stylistic history of Roman relief; they illuminate the early occurrence not only of stock figures common in the later canon but of experiments with complex figure groupings and the depiction of "space" that are not usually associated with Augustan art. No aspect of compositional structure in these panels is discordant with the date reached on iconographic grounds; the three-beat structure of the allegory BR I:1, for instance, is typical of classicizing Augustan work in many media. Indeed, if it were absolutely necessary, the pieces could be plausibly dated between the Ara Pacis (13-9 B.C.) and the Gemma Augustea (A.D. 10–14) purely by stylistic analysis. I have discussed at many points the formal congruence of the cups with the Ara Pacis; the Gemma Augustea's upper register has compositional structures very similar to the BR audience scenes and displays a different, but no less complex, exploration of the alignment of figures in space (fig. 16). The "dating" value of the Ara Pacis is as a public sculptural monument exemplifying the best work of the court ateliers; the Gemma Augustea indicates a familiarity on its artist's part with monuments on a similar scale, for radical stylistic (as opposed to iconographic) experimentation is not to be expected of any gem cutter's workshop.
This book has tried to explain, as completely as possible, the imagery of the Boscoreale Cups. The listing of parallels as a mode of scholarship is mere antiquarianism if it is seen as an end and not as a means; inevitably, some of my "lists" have remained at this level, but these investigations have always tried to ask the primary questions What does image X signify, why is it used, and what is it doing on the Boscoreale Cups? In the search for a compelling argument I have tried to cast my net as wide as possible, to bring forward all relevant available evidence from textual and visual sources; my lapses will, I hope, be corrected by others in the same benevolent spirit of argument in which I have critiqued the interpretations of the scholars whose work fed mine.
The effort to explain generated many tangents and thematic excursuses. The process of explanation works both ways: images adduced to explain the BR cups are themselves illuminated by the process of explanatory ordering. Thus the cups prove to be valuable points of comparison for understanding many other works, under two main headings: the modes of policy and propaganda that much Roman art was intended to serve, and the complex patterns of form, temporality, and causation with which Roman narrative and commemorative arts concerned themselves as pri-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
― 203 ―
mary objects of artistic endeavor. The purview of the book ranges from the earliest to the latest products of the Roman city-state, from terracotta pediments erected by nameless Republican nobiles to the monuments of the generals contesting and defending the late Empire; it takes in the Anaglypha Traiani and the Hadrianeum, the Ludovisi sarcophagus and the arches of Galerius and Constantine, the Beneventum Arch of Trajan, the Throne of Claudius and the Puteoli base, cuirass statues famous (Primaporta, Cherchel) and obscure (Castello d'Aglie, Amphipolis), famous and not-so-famous cameos, Arretine ware, military decoration, the imperial fora and the Aphrodisias Sebasteion, the cenotaph of Gaius at Limyra and of Drusus at Mainz . . .
The central contribution of this book to Roman art history is, I hope, a better understanding of Augustan artistic production, reached in the process of embedding the BR cup panels firmly in the high road of the Augustan monumental tradition. This enlarged understanding has two aspects. First, these investigations have radically enlarged and deepened our knowledge and comprehension of many individual works of art and coin images. The monument most significantly illuminated in this way is that marble microcosmos the Ara Pacis Augustae, especially in regard to its celebration of the worldwide Roman imperium and the imperial nature of Augustus' pax; for it is now clear beyond a shadow of a doubt that children of foreign rulers march in the processions of the Ara Pacis, and I have tried to stress the importance of others' findings that the peoples of empire were personified on the inner altar. Hardly another aspect of the Ara Pacis, whether of iconography, temporal or conceptual structure, landscape or relief style, cannot benefit from comparative analysis of the BR cups.[2]
Second, these investigations have significantly expanded our knowledge of specific Augustan artistic genres and themes. One can now be much more specific about that acknowledged phenomenon, the paradigmatic influence of Augustan monuments and imagery on later imperial artistic production. No longer will it be possible to contemplate Hadrianic ethnic personification groups in ignorance of the many Augustan examples, their Republican roots, and their Julio-Claudian "offspring"; the seated togate statue will not be a mysterious, ill-considered figure type; no longer will the great Flavian and second-century achievements in historical relief seem to have arisen from a near vacuum. At the same time, the book has tried to show how the Augustan production was itself grounded in Republican political and creative culture, even as Augustus' artists draw on all the resources of their Classical and Hellenistic heritage to put an Augustan stamp on this latest phase of Republican culture.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
― 204 ―
This widened perspective strengthens the appreciation of certain themes as peculiarly Augustan. For instance, the observable Augustan interest in images of children, especially very little children, is exemplified by BR I; this theme seems to be consciously evoked only and to a limited extent in Trajanic art, although the institution (alimenta ) with which it is there associated was important politically both under Trajan's predecessor Domitian and his successor Hadrian. Under both headings, individual monuments and genres, our understanding of the self-images that Augustus sought to promulgate has been enhanced. The parameters often ascribed to the terms of his self-glorification have been permanently broadened: the public Augustus must now include the Jupiter-consul of BR I:1, who joins the naked, heroized Augustus of (lost) commemorative statuary whom Zanker, Coarelli, and others have stubbornly brought to our attention in recent years.
Comprehensive stylistic comparison with the extant canon of Republican and Julio-Claudian art has not been my aim. Now that the BR cups are more firmly dated, such comparison becomes possible; one can hope to see them enter broader discussions of Roman relief style. In closing I would like to comment on an artistic aspect of BR I:1 not previously discussed that may illustrate the inherent possibilities of such comparative analysis for enlarging our appreciation of Augustan art in general.
On BR I:1 in the allegory of Augustus' world rule Venus is about to "make" the Curia Actium Victory group (cf. fig. 20). Mars too is about to "make" a sculpture group, of a type well documented in the Augustan and Julio-Claudian periods (see pp. 41f); a class of honorific monuments in Rome showed a Roman magistrate standing or seated in the midst of a group of personifications of peoples or communities whom he had benefited. In the implied narrative here, once Mars brings up his group and they range themselves before the emperor, such a grouping will come to pass. The viewer's full appreciation of the narrative is conditional upon his knowledge of such public monuments. It was by now commonplace in Greco-Roman art to show the performance of simple acts of construction such as the decking of a trophy or the inscribing of an honorific shield by a goddess. It seems, however, to be a mark of Augustan political art that narrative at all levels, physical and symbolic, should so often be structured by such visual puns.
This characteristic indicates a high level of sophistication on the part of the artist and the audience expected to appreciate and relish such an aspect; it also assumes a high degree of familiarity with prominent individual examples of official monuments. This kind of narrative-visual structure
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
― 205 ―
can be observed on the Augustan Arcus Novus panel (fig. 12), where Amor floats through the air toward Venus' shoulder, intending to land there, as on the Ravenna relief (fig. 8), where his legs still kick in the air. It is also evident on the Belvedere altar's main panel (fig. 11); between the two laurel trees of Augustus' Palatine abode Victory floats to earth to place Augustus' clipeus virtutis on its pillar, as it appeared in the Curia.[3] And it structures the literal narrative of the bottom half of the Gemma Augustea (fig. 16), as well as the symbolic narrative of the entire cameo. In the lower exergue a trophy group is being put together—soldiers haul up the central wooden post, a captive barbarian couple are already positioned at its foot on the left, as another pair of soldiers haul over a man and woman meant to flank the post on the right, to build a Roman trophy group of classic type known from countless representations in art and probably enacted in actual triumphal parades. The soldiers at left heave the main tree toward Augustus as Tiberius overhead moves down toward him in the upper panel along a converging path; the strong sense of two dynamic lines of motion converging simultaneously on Augustus, in the two fields/worlds on the cameo, is conceptually very like the BR panel, where the two surges of motion occur within a single panel. (The lower exergue as an isolated unit has a structure parallel to the cup panel: motion from the sides toward the center.) This parallelism already sets up a symbolic narrative that is given more definite shape in the implied "future" when the trophy will be exactly between Augustus (note the position of its foot) and Tiberius, who will be immediately before him—emperor and heir aligned on a "real" historical axis of victory.
Presented with such compositions, the viewer gets double for his money: he gets the composition as it exists, a glimpse of figures in action aligned in a meaningful pattern, and he is also given an evocation of an alignment that is about to evolve out of the one that he sees. This implicit second alignment not only extends the symbolic message he can read but also anchors the artistic construct he sees to other artistic constructs he already knows; because the mind is tugged toward the familiar composition just over the temporal horizon, these tableaux are given a real temporal dynamism.
Self-conscious artistic reference to other works of art is a well-known hallmark of Hellenistic and Roman literary art. In the visual arts it operates at a basic level in all iconographic correspondence, as in the individual figures and pairings of the BR allegory. It has not, however, been noted before as operating at the narrative level and in a temporal dimension, as here in these Augustan pieces.[4] The Boscoreale Cups testify that even if
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
― 206 ―
written discourse on art was mainly limited (as in Pliny) to "Old Masters," at least some Romans some of the time noticed and enjoyed the contemporary products of Augustus' sculptors. And the kind of visual game just outlined is further proof that we are not different from the Romans of 7 B.C. in giving serious attention to and finding pleasure in the world of Augustan art.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusion: The Boscoreale Cups and Roman Art
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preferred Citation: Kuttner, Ann L. Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus: The Case of the Boscoreale Cups. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1995 1995. ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft309nb1mw/
DEFINITION OF POVERTY
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $1.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
The different definitions and different underlying small sample surveys used to determine poverty in India, have resulted in widely different estimates of poverty from 1950s to 2010s. In 2013, the Indian government stated 21.9% of its population is below its official poverty limit. The World Bank, in 2010 based on 2005's PPPs International Comparison Program, estimated 32.7% of Indian population, or about 400 million people, lived below $1.25 per day on purchasing power parity basis. According to United Nations Development Programme, an estimated 29.8% of Indians lived below poverty line in 2009-2010.
Poverty in India is a historical reality. From late 19th century through early 20th century, under British colonial rule, poverty in India intensified, peaking in 1920s. Famines and diseases killed millions each time. After India gained its independence in 1947, mass deaths from famines were prevented, but poverty increased, peaking post-independence in 1960s. A variety of welfare and food security initiatives, along with rapid economic growth since 1991, has led to sharp reductions in extreme poverty in India. However, those above poverty line live a fragile economic life. Lack of basic essentials of life such as safe drinking water, sanitation, housing, health infrastructure as well as malnutrition impact the lives of hundreds of millions.
The World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions in May 2014, to its poverty calculation methodology and purchasing power parity basis for measuring poverty worldwide, including India. According to this revised methodology, the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line, of which 179.6 million people lived in India. In other words, India with 17.5% of total world's population, had 20.6% share of world's poorest in 2013.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
India determines household poverty line by summing up the individual per capita poverty lines of the household members. This practice is similar to many developing countries, but different from developed countries such as the United States that adjust poverty line on an incremental basis per additional household member. For example, in the United States, the poverty line for a household with just one member was set at $11,670 per year for 2014, while it was set at $23,850 per year for a 4-member household (or $5963 per person for the larger household). The rationale for the differences arise from the economic realities of each country. In India, households may include surviving grandparents, parents and children. They typically do not incur any or significant rent expenses every month particularly in rural India, unlike housing in mostly urban developed economies. The cost of food and other essentials are shared within the household by its members in both cases. However, a larger portion of a monthly expenditure goes to food in poor households in developing countries, while housing, conveyance and other essentials cost significantly more in developed economies.
For its current poverty rate measurements, India calculates two benchmarks. The first includes a basket of goods including food items but does not include the implied value of home, value of any means of conveyance or the economic value of other essentials created, grown or used without a financial transaction, by the members of a household. The second poverty line benchmark adds rent value of residence as well as the cost of conveyance, but nothing else, to the first benchmark. This practice is similar to those used in developed countries for non-cash income equivalents and poverty line basis.
2010s
The World Bank has reviewed its poverty definition and calculation methodologies several times over the last 25 years. In early 1990s, The World Bank anchored absolute poverty line as $1 per day. This was revised in 1993, and the absolute poverty line was set at $1.08 a day for all countries on a purchasing power parity (PPP)basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 U.S. dollar. In 2005, after extensive studies of cost of living across the world, The World Bank raised the measure for global poverty line to reflect the observed higher cost of living. Thereafter, the World Bank determined poverty rates from those living on less than US$1.25 per day on 2005 PPP basis, a measure that has been widely used in media and scholarly circles.
In May 2014, after revisiting its poverty definition, methodology and economic changes around the world, the World Bank proposed another major revision to PPP calculation methodology, international poverty line and indexing it to 2011 U.S. dollar. The new method proposes setting poverty line at $1.78 per day on 2011 PPP basis. According to this revised World Bank methodology, India had 179.6 million people below the new poverty line, China had 137.6 million, and the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line on an equivalent basis as of 2013. India, in other words, while having 17.5% of total world's population, had 20.6% share of world's poor.
Semi-economic measures of poverty
Other measures such as the semi-economic Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which places 33% weight on education and number of schooling years in its definition of poverty, and places 6.25% weight on income and assets owned, suggests there were 650 million people (53.7% of population) living in MPI-poverty in India. 421 million of MPI-defined poor are concentrated in eight North Indian and East Indian states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The table below presents this semi-economic poverty among the states of India based on the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index, using a small sample survey data for Indian states in 2005.
OTHER ESTIMATES
According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, with India's poverty rate projected to drop from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015. The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, only India is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date.
GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX
Global Hunger Index (GHI) is an index that places a third of weight on proportion of the population that is estimated to be undernourished, a third on the estimated prevalence of low body weight to height ratio in children younger than five, and remaining third weight on the proportion of children dying before the age of five for any reason. According to 2011 GHI report, India has improved its performance by 22% in 20 years, from 30.4 to 23.7 over 1990 to 2011 period. However, its performance from 2001 to 2011 has shown little progress, with just 3% improvement.
CAUSES
One cause is a high population growth rate, although demographers generally agree that this is a symptom rather than cause of poverty. While services and industry have grown at double-digit figures, agriculture growth rate has dropped from 4.8% to 2%. About 60% of the population is employed in agriculture whereas the contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%. The surplus of labour in agriculture has caused many people to not have jobs. Farmers are a large vote bank and use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-income industrial project.
REDUCTION OF POVERTY
Since the early 1950s, Indian government initiated various schemes to help the poor attain self-sufficiency in food production. These have included ration cards and price controls over the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at controlled prices, available throughout the country. These efforts prevented famines, but did little to eliminate or reduce poverty in rural or urban areas between 1950 and 1980.
One of the main reasons for record decline in Poverty is India's rapid economic growth rate since 1991. Another reason proposed is India's launch of social welfare programs such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and Midday Meal Scheme in Government Schools.[citation needed] Klonner and Oldiges, in a 2012 study, conclude that MGNREGA helps reduce rural poverty gap (intensity of rural poverty), seasonal poverty, but not overall poverty.
WIKIPEDIA
_MG_3422. Contrary to belief of some people, Monks inside a Buddhist Monastry are not only engaged in meditation and prayers , there they also get all the necessary education for them to be comfortable in outside world. Apart from maths and science they also learn languages ( three languages in Nepal ) including english. Here these two teacher Monks are discussing the timetables of classes and breaks so that the students are comfortable in receiving knowledge. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Thillai Natarajah Temple, Chidambaram or Chidambaram temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in the town of Chidambaram, East-Central Tamil Nadu, South India. The temple is known as the foremost of all temples (Kovil) to Saivites and has influenced worship, architecture, sculpture and performance art for over two millennium. The Sangam classics list chief architect Viduvelvidugu Perumthachchan as directing an early renovation of the shrine.
A major shrine of Lord Shiva worship since the classical period, there have been several renovations and offerings to Chidambaram by the Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara and Chera royals in the ancient and pre-medieval periods. The temple as it stands now is mainly of the 12th and 13th centuries, with later additions in similar style. Its bronze statues and stone sculptures depicting various deities and the famous Thillai trees (Excoecaria agallocha) of the surrounding forest reflect the highpoints of early Chola and Pallava art while its famed gold plated gopuram towers are medieval structural additions by the royals Aditya I, Parantaka Chola I, Kopperunchinga I, Krishnadevaraya and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan. King Kocengannan Chola was born following prayers his parents offered at the temple and later in his life he refined its structure. The shrine gave the town its name.
The deity that presides here is கூத்தன் - Thillai Koothan (Thillai Nataraja - Shiva, The Lord of Dance). Chidambaram is the birthplace of the sculpture and bronze image representation of Lord Shiva as the cosmic dancer, a Tamilian concept and motif in Chola art that has since become notable as a symbol of Hinduism. The shrine is the only Shiva temple to have its main deity represented in this anthropomorphic form, as the supreme being who performs all cosmic activities. The consort deity here is Sivakami Amman (form of Amman - mother goddess and female energy). Two other forms of Lord Shiva are represented close to this in the vimana (inner sanctum) of the temple - as a crystallised lingam - the most common representation of Lord Shiva in temples, and as the aether space classical element, represented with empty space and a garland of fifty one hanging golden bilvam leaves (Aegle marmelos). Lord Shiva is captured in pose as Nataraja performing the Ananda Tandava ("Dance of Delight") in the golden hall of the shrine Pon Ambalam (பொன் அம்பலம்). The sculptures of Chidambaram inspired the postures of Bharatha Natyam. The Chidambaram complex is admired for its five famous halls (ambalam or sabhai), several grand smaller shrines to the Hindu deities Ganesh, Murugan, Vishnu and Sivakami Amman which contain Pandyan and Nayak architectural styles, and for its endowment from many water tanks, one of which links it to the Thillai Kali temple.
Chidambaram is one of the five Pancha Bootha Sthalams, the holiest Shiva temples each representing one of the five classical elements; Chidambaram represents akasha (aether). Chidambaram is glorified in Tirumular's Tirumandhiram and was visited by Patañjali and VyagjrapadharPulikaal Munivar. It is the primary shrine of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams - Shiva Sthalams glorified in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanar saints Tirunavukkarasar, Thirugnana Sambandar and Sundarar. Hailed in the Tiruvacakam series by Manikkavacakar, these very volumes of the Tirumurai literature canon were themselves found in secret chambers of the temple. The Periya Puranam, a biography of these Nayanar saints by Sekkizhar commissioned by emperor Kulothunga Chola II, was written in the shrine's Thousand Pillared Hall. In Kanda Puranam, the epic authored by Kachiyappa Sivachariar of Kanchipuram, the Chidambaram shrine is venerated as one of the three foremost Shiva abodes in the world, alongside Koneswaram temple of Trincomalee and Mount Kailash.
ETYMOLOGY
The traditional name of the temple complex, Chidambaram Tillai Nataraja-koothan Kovil, alludes to the environment of its location and its origins and significance in Saivite worship. The mangrove of ancient Tillai (தில்லை) trees (Exocoeria agallocha) of the forest surrounding the shrine when it was first built inspired the shrine's name and early artistic inspiration; the Tillai trees of the nearby Pichavaram wetlands, the second largest mangrove in the world, extends to the temple area. The shrine is venerated as Tillai ambalam (தில்லை அம்பலம் ), literally meaning Tillai Open Stage, the open space surrounded by Tillai Vanam (தில்லை வனம்) (the Tillai forest) - the original name of this area.[9] The name of the town of this shrine, Chidambaram comes from the Tamil word Chitrambalam (சிற்றம்பலம்) - "small hall/stage"; also spelled Chithambalam (சிட்டம்பலம்), from citt/chitthu and ambalam - meaning "wisdom of this open stage/atmosphere". The shrine is where some devotees believe they will attain liberation, or chitaakasam - "wisdom/consciousness of the sky". "Nataraja" or "Koothan" mean "Lord of Dance".
LEGEND
The story of Chidambaram begins with Lord Shiva strolling into the Thillai Vanam (vanam meaning forest and thillai trees - botanical name Exocoeria agallocha, a species of mangrove trees - which currently grows in the Pichavaram wetlands near Chidambaram). In the Thillai forests resided a group of sages or 'rishis' who believed in the supremacy of magic and that God can be controlled by rituals and mantras or magical words. Lord Shiva strolled in the forest with resplendent beauty and brilliance, assuming the form of Bhikshatana, a simple mendicant seeking alms. He was followed by His consort, Vishnu as Mohini. The sages and their wives were enchanted by the brilliance and the beauty of The handsome mendicant and His consort. On seeing their womenfolk enchanted, the rishis got enraged and invoked scores of serpents (nāgas) by performing magical rituals. Lord Shiva lifted the serpents and donned them as ornaments on His matted locks, neck and waist. Further enraged, the sages invoked a fierce tiger, whose skins and dons were used by Lord Shiva as a shawl around His waist and then followed by a fierce elephant, which was devoured and ripped to death by Lord Shiva (Gajasamharamurthy).
The rishis gathered all their spiritual strength and invoked a powerful demon Muyalakan - a symbol of complete arrogance and ignorance. Lord Shiva wore a gentle smile, stepped on the demon's back, immobilized him and performed the Ánanda Tandava (the dance of eternal bliss) and disclosed his true form. The sages surrender, realizing that Lord Shiva is the truth and He is beyond magic and rituals.
PATRONAGE
To Saivites, primarily in Tamil Nadu, the very word koil refers primarily to Chidambaram Tillai Natarajar.
Chidambaram is a temple complex spread over 160,000 m2 in the heart of the city. The main complex to Lord Shiva Nataraja also contains shrines to deities such as Shivakami Amman, Ganesh, Murugan and Vishnu in the form Govindaraja Perumal. Chidambaram's earliest structures were designed and erected by ancient craftsmen called Perumtaccan. The golden tiled roof for the Chit Ambalam (the vimanam) was laid by the Chola King Parantaka I (907-950 CE) following which he was given the title - Thillaiyambalathhukku pon koorai veiyntha thevan (Tamil:தில்லையாம்பலதுக்கு பொன் கூரை வேய்ந்த தேவன், meaning the one who constructed the golden roof). In its floruit, kings Rajaraja Chola I (reign 985-1014 AD) and Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 AD) made significant donations to the temple. Gold and riches to the temple were donated by Rajaraja Chola's daughter Kundavai II while Chola king Vikrama Chola (1118-1135 AD) made donations for the conduct of the daily rituals.
Donations of gold and jewels have been made by various kings, rulers and patrons to the temple from 9th to 16th century - including the Maharaja of Pudukottai, Sethupathy (the emerald jewel still adorns the deity) and the British.
Naralokaviran, the general of king Kulothunga Chola I was responsible for building a shrine for child saint Thirugnana Sambanthar and installed a metal image inside it. He constructed a hall for recitation of Tevaram hymns and engraved the hymns in copper plates.
TEMPLE STRUCTURE
The temple is the only great temple complex to date mainly from the later Chola period, and contains the earliest examples of a number of features that are found in many later temples, including "the earliest known Devī or Amman shrine, nritta (dance) maṇḍapa, Sūrya shrine with chariot wheels, hundred-and-thousand pillared maṇḍapas, even the first giant Śiva Gangā tank".A classical Shiva temple as per Agama rules will have five prakarams (closed precincts of a temple) or circuits each separated by walls one within the other. The outer prakaram will be open to the sky except the innermost one. The innermost one will house the main deity as well as other deities. There will be a massive wooden or stone flag post exactly in line with the main deity. The innermost prakaram houses the sanctum sanctorum (தமிழ் = கருவரை).
Chidambaram is also referred to in various works such as Thillai (after the Thillai forest of yore in which the temple is now located), Perumpatrapuliyur or Vyagrapuram (in honour of Saint Vyagrapathar, Sanskrit: Vyaghrapada - "Tiger-Footed").
The temple is supposed to be located at the lotus heart of the Universe: Virat hridaya padma sthalam.
This gold-roofed stage is the sanctum sanctorum of the Chidambaram temple and houses the Lord in three forms:
- the "form" - the anthropomorphic form as an appearance of Nataraja, called the Sakala-thirumeni.
- the "semi-form" – the semi-anthropomorphic form as the Crystal linga of Chandramaulishvara, the Sakala-nishkala-thirumeni.
- the "formless" – as the space in Chidambara-rahasyam, an empty space within the sanctum sanctorum, the Nishkala-thirumeni.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEMPLE DESIGN
The layout and architecture of the temple is replete with philosophical meanings.
Three of the five Panchaboothasthala temples, those at Kalahasti, Kanchipuram and Chidambaram all stand on a straight line exactly at 79 degree 41 minutes East longitude - truly an engineering, astrological and geographical wonder. Of the other two temples, Tiruvanaikkaval is located at around 3 degrees to the south and exactly 1 degree to the west of the northern tip of this divine axis, while Tiruvannamalai is around midway (1.5 degree to the south and 0.5 degree to the west).
The 9 gateways signify the 9 orifices in the human body.
The Chitsabai or Ponnambalam, the sanctum sanctorum represents the heart which is reached by a flight of 5 stairs called the Panchaatchara padi - pancha meaning 5, achhara – indestructible syllables – "SI VA YA NA MA", from a raised anterior dias - the Kanakasabai. The access to the Sabhai is through the sides of the stage (and not from the front as in most temples). The Chit sabha roof is supported by four pillars symbolic of the four Vedas.
The Ponnambalam or the Sanctum sanctorum is held by 28 pillars – representing the 28 agamas or set methodologies for the worship of Lord Shiva. The roof is held by a set of 64 beams representing the 64 forms of art and is held by several cross-beams representing the innumerable blood vessels. The roof has been laid by 21,600 golden tiles with the word SIVAYANAMA inscribed on them representing 21600 breaths. The golden tiles are fixed using 72,000 golden nails which represents the no. of nadis exists in human body. The roof is topped by a set of 9 sacred pots or kalasas, representing the 9 forms of energy. The artha mandapa(sanctum) has six pillars denoting the six shastras (holy texts).
The hall next to the artha mantapa has eighteen pillars symbolizing the eighteen Puranas.
TOWERS
The temple has nine gateways, and four of these have gateway towers or gopurams each with 7 storeys facing the East, South, West and North. The South gopuram called the Sokkaseeyan Thirunilai Ezhugopuram was constructed by a Pandya king identified from the presence of the dynasty's fish emblem sculpted on the ceiling. The Pandyas sculpted two fishes facing each other when they completed gopurams (and left it with one fish, in case it was incomplete). The earliest and smallest of the four is West gopuram constructed around 1150 and there are no reliable evidence on the construction. The sculptures shows goddess fighting the buffalo-demon and warlike Skanda astride his peacock. The North Gopuram was initiated around 1300 AD with the brick portion constructed by the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya (1509-1530 AD) in the 16th century. The East Gopuram, was claimed to have been constructed by the Pallava King Koperunsingan II (1243-1279 AD) as per epigrahical records and was repaired by Subbammal, the mother-in-law of the famous philanthropist Pachaiyappa Mudaliar (1754-1794 AD). The idols of Pachaiappa Mudaliar and his wife Iyalammal have been sculpted on the eastern gopuram. The Pachaiappa Trust to date has been responsible for various functions in the temple and also maintain the temple car. The eastern gopuram is renowned for its complete enumeration of 108 poses of Indian classical dance – Bharathanatyam, detailed in small rectangular panels along the passage that leads to the gateway. Each gopuram has around fifty stone sculptures, with each repeating some portions from the other.
HALLS
There are 5 ambalams or sabhas (halls) inside the temple.
- Chit Ambalam or Chit Sabhai, which is the sanctum sanctorum housing Lord Nataraja and his consort Sivakami Sundari, and gave the temple town its name.
- Pon Ambalam or Kanaka Sabhai – the golden hall in front of the Chit Ambalam, from where the daily rituals are conducted.
- Nrithya sabhai or Natya sabhai, a 56-pillared hall lies to the south of the temple's flag mast (kodi maram or dwaja sthambam) where Nataraja outdanced Kali and established his supremacy
- Raja sabhai or the 1000-pillared hall which symbolizes the yogic chakra of thousand pillared lotus or Sahasraram (which in yoga is a chakra) at the crown of the head and is a seat where the soul unites with God. This chakra is represented as a 1000-petalled lotus. Meditating by concentrating at the Sahasrara Chakra is said to lead to a state of union with The Divine Force and is the pinnacle of yogic practice. The hall is open only on festive days.
- Deva Sabhai, which houses the Pancha moorthis (pancha - five, moorthis - deities, namely the deities of Ganesh, Somaskanda (seated posture of Lord Shiva with Pavarthi and Skanda), Sivananda Nayaki, Muruga and the image of Chandikeswarar.
SHRINES
- The shrines for the original Shivalingam worshipped by the saints Patanjali and Vyagrapathar – called the Thiru Aadhimoolanathar and his consort Umaiyammai
- The shrine of the 63 nayanars of Lord Shiva – called the Arubaththu moovar.
- Shrine of Sivagami.
- Ganesha shrine
- Shrine of Muruga or Pandiya nayakan
There are also several smaller shrines in the temple complex.
GOVINDARAJA SWAMY SHRINE
The Govindaraja shrine is dedicated to Vishnu and is one of the 108 holy temples of Lord Vishnu called divyadesam, revered by the 7th-9th-century saint poets of vaishnava (those worshipping Lord Vishnu) tradition, alwars. Kulashekara alwar mentions this temple as Tillai Chitrakutam and equates Chitrakuta of Ramayana fame with this shrine. King Kulothunga Chola II is believed to have uprooted the presiding Govindraja image from the shrine. The shrine has close connections with the Govindaraja temple in Tirupati dating back to saint Ramanuja of the 11-12th century. Ramanujar fled to Tirupati with the utsava (festival image) of the temple to escape punishment. Down the centuries, king Krishnappa Nayak (1564-1572 AD) was instrumental in installing the image of Govindaraja back in the temple. There was lot of resistance from the shaivites (those worshipping Shiva) against placing the Vishnu image in a revered Shiva temple, but the king was unmoved and the image was installed in the present form. There is no satisfactory evidence of co-existence of the Shiva and Vishnu shrines within the same temple built during the same time - there was a dispute even in last century during 1849 AD regarding the rights on the Govindaraja idol and Alwar Sannidhi(sanctum of azhwars) between Vaishnavas and Dikshitars and the position of Vaishnavas was upheld by the district court.
TEMPLE TANKS
The Chidambaram temple is well endowed with several water bodies within and around the temple complex.
- Sivaganga (சிவகங்கை) tank is in the third corridor of the temple opposite to the shrine of Shivagami. It is accessed by flights of stone steps leading from the shrine.
- Paramanandha koobham is the well on the eastern side of the Chitsabhai hall from which water is drawn for sacred purposes.
- Kuyya theertham is situated to the north-east of Chidambaram in Killai near the Bay of Bengal and has the shore called Pasamaruthanthurai.
- Pulimadu is situated around a kilometer and a half to the south of Chidambaram.
- Vyagrapatha Theertham is situated on to the west of the temple opposite to the temple of Ilamai Akkinaar.
- Anantha Theertham is situated to the west of the temple in front of the Anantheswarar temple.
- Nagaseri tank is situated to the west of the Anantha thirtham.
- Brahma Theertham is situated to the north-west of the temple at Thirukalaanjeri.
- Underground channels at the shrine drain excess water in a northeasterly direction to the Shivapiyai temple tank (சிவப்பியை குளம்) of the Thillai Kali Temple, Chidambaram. Due to poor maintenance, it has not been in use.
- Thiruparkadal is the tank to the south-east of the Shivapiyai tank.
TEMPLE CAR
The Chidambaram temple car is, perhaps, the most beautiful example of a temple car in all of Tamil Nadu. This car, on which Lord Nataraja descends twice a year, is drawn by several thousand devotees during the festivals.
ANANDA TANDAVA
The legend of the temple is same as the legend of Ānanda-tāṇḍava. Adhisesha, the serpent who serves as a bed of Lord Vishnu, hears about the Änanda thaandava and yearns to see and enjoy it. Lord Shiva beckons him to assume the saintly form of sage Patanjali and sends him to the Thillai forest, informing him that he will display the dance in due course. Patanjali who meditated in the Himalayas during krita age joins another saint, Vyaghrapada or Pulikaalmuni (Vyagra / Puli meaning "Tiger" and patha / kaal meaning "feet" – referring to the story of how he sought and got the feet and eyesight of a tiger to help climb trees well before dawn to pick flowers for The Lord before the bees visit them). The story of sage Patanjali as well as his great student sage Upamanyu is narrated in both Vishnu Purana as well as Shiva Purana. They move into the Thillai forest and worship Lord Shiva in the form of lingam, a deity worshipped today as Thirumoolataneswarar (Thiru - sri, Moolatanam - primordial or in the nature of a foundation, Eswarar- the Lord). Legends say that Lord Shiva displayed his dance of bliss (the Aananda Thaandavam) - as Nataraja to these two saints on the day of the poosam star in the Tamil month of Thai (January-February).
THE ANANDA TANDAVA POSTURE
The Ānanda-tāṇḍava posture of Nataraja represents pancikritya functions of the godhead believed to have created the dynamic force to create the world.
- The demon under Lord Nataraja's feet signifies that ignorance is under His feet.
- The fire in His hand (power of destruction) means He is the destroyer of evil.
- The raised hand (Abhaya or Pataka mudra) signifies that He is the savior of all life forms.
- The arc of fire called Thiruvashi or Prabhavati signifies the cosmos and the perpetual motion of the earth.
- The drum in His hand signifies the origin of life forms.
- The lotus pedestal signifies Om, the sound of the universe.
- His right eye, left eye and third eye signify the sun, moon and fire/knowledge, respectively.
- His right earring (makara kundalam) and left earring (sthri kundalam) signify the union of man and woman (right is man, left is woman).
- The crescent moon in His hair signifies benevolence and beauty.
- The flowing of river Ganges through His matted hair signifies eternity of life.
- The dreading of His hair and drape signify the force of His dance.
Another notable point of this posture is that it is based on the six point star. Nataraja's head forms the topmost point of the star, while His spreading hair and right hand form the upper side points. His drape and raised left leg form the lower points, and His right leg that rests on the demon Myalagga forms the lowest point. Surrounding this is the arc of fire.
RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEMPLE
Pancha Bhoota Stalam (Sanskrit: पन्च भूत स्थल) refers to the five Shiva temples, each representing the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature - land, water, air, sky, fire. Pancha indicates five, Bhoota means elements and Stala means place. All these temples are located in South India with four of these temples at Tamil Nadu and one at Andhra Pradesh. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five lingams and each of the lingams representing Lord Shiva in the temple have five different names based on the elements they represent. In the temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of sky. The other four manifestations are Prithivi Lingam (representing land) at Ekambareswarar Temple, Appu Lingam (representing Water) at Thiruvanaikaval, Agni Lingam (representing fire) at Annamalaiyar Temple and Vayu Lingam (representing air) at Srikalahasti Temple.
Aathara Stala indicates the Shiva temples which are considered to be divine impersonification of Tantric chakras associated with human anatomy. Nataraja temple is called the Anthaga stalam associated with Anthagam - the third eye.
Pancha Sabhai refers to the five places where Lord Shiva is said to have displayed His cosmic dance and all these places have stages or ambalams, also known as Sabhai. Apart from Chidambaram which has the Ponna Ambalam - the Golden Hall, the others are the I-Ratthina Ambalam - the Jeweled Hall at Thiruvaalangadu (rathinam – ruby / red jewelled), the Chitra Ambalam - the Painted Hall at Thirukutralam (chitra – painting), the Velli Ambalam - the Silver Hall at Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple (velli – silver) and the Thaamira Ambalam - the Copper Hall at Nellaiappar Temple, Tirunelveli (Thaamiram – copper).
RELIGIOUS WORK AND SAINTS
There is no reference to the temple in Sangam literature of the 1st to 5th centuries and the earliest mention is found in 6th century Tamil literature. The temple and the deity were immortalized in Tamil poetry in the works of Thevaram by three poet saints belonging to the 7th century - Thirugnana Sambanthar, Thirunavukkarasar and Sundaramoorthy Nayanar. Thirugnana Sambanthar has composed 2 songs in praise of the temple, Thirunavukkarasar aka Appar 8 Tevarams in praise of Nataraja and Sundarar 1 song in praise of Nataraja. Sundarar commences his Thiruthondar thogai (the sacred list of Lord Shiva's 63 devotees) paying his respects to the priests of the Thillai temple - "To the devotees of the priests at Thillai, I am a devotee". The works of the first three saints, Thirumurai were stored in palm leaf manuscripts in the temple and were recovered by the Chola King Rajaraja Chola under the guidance of Nambiandarnambi. Manikkavasagar, the 10th century saivite poet has written two works, the first called Tiruvasakam (The sacred utterances) which largely has been sung in Chidambaram and the Thiruchitrambalakkovaiyar (aka Thirukovaiyar), which has been sung entirely in the temple. Manikkavasagar is said to have attained spiritual bliss at Chidambaram. The Chidambaram Mahatmiyam composed during the 12th century explain the subsequent evolution and de-sanskritization.
THE CHIDAMBARA RAHASIYAM
During the daily rituals, the Chief priest, of the day, himself in a state of Godliness - Shivohambhava (Shiva - the Lord, in His Sandhi form - Shivo-, aham – me / us, bhava - state of mind), parts the curtain, indicating the withdrawal of ignorance and reveals the space, and The Lord’s presence.
The Chidambara Rahasya, is hence representative of that time when one, in total surrender, allows God to intervene and remove our ignorance, even as we get to 'see and experience' His presence and hence - bliss.
Temple administration and daily rituals
WORSHIP FORMS
A unique feature of this temple is the bejeweled image of Lord Nataraja as the main deity. It depicts Lord Shiva as the master of Koothu-Bharata Natyam and is one of the few temples where Lord Shiva is represented by an anthropomorphic murthi rather than the classic, anionic Lingam.
At Chidambaram, the dancer dominates, not the linga as in other Shiva shrines. The Chitsabha houses a small sphatika(crystal) linga (Chandramoulisvara), believed to be a piece that fell from the crescent adorning Lord Shiva's head and installed by Adi Shankara. The linga is associated with the intangible fifth element, akasha (ether or space), the eternal infinite expanse where the dance of Lord Shiva takes place daily puja is offered to the linga and also to a small gem-carved figure of Ratnasabhapati.
Chidambaram offers a combination of the three apects of Shaiva worship - of the form Lord(Nataraja), of the form and the formlessness (linga) and of the formless omnipresence. The last is suggested by a "Chidambara rahasya", a chakra inscribed on a wall and blackened by applying "punugu" (civet) and over which hangs a string of golden bilva (bael) leaves. This can be viewed through the square chinks when the priest draws aside the dark "curtain of ignorance".
WORSHIP
The temple is managed and administered hereditarily by the Chidambaram Dikshitar – a class of Vaidika Brahmins whom, legends say, were brought here from Mt. Kailas, by Patanjali, specifically for the performance of the daily rituals and maintenance of the Chidambaram temple.
DIKSHITARS
The Dikshithars were supposed to be 3000 were called Tillai Muvayiram. Today they number around 360. These Dikshithars follow the Vedic rituals, unlike the Sivachariyars or Adhisaivars who follow the agamic rituals for the worship of Shiva and they sport a specific lopsided-to-the-left half shaved head. The rituals for the temple were collated from the Vedas and set by Patanjali, who is said to have inducted the Dikshithars into the worship of Lord Shiva as Nataraja. Every married male member of the Dikshithar family gets a turn to perform the rituals at the temple and can serve as the chief priest for the day. Married Dikshithars are also entitled a share of the temple's revenue. Though the temple is said to have been given endowments of almost 20 km2 of fertile land – having been patronized by various rulers for several centuries, it is managed almost entirely by privately run endowments.
DAILY RITUALS
The day begins with the chief priest of the day, performing required rituals to purify himself and assume the Shivoham bhava (Shiva-hood), after which he enters the temple to do the daily rituals. The day begins with Lord Shiva's footwear (padukas) brought at 7:00 am from the palliyarai (bedroom) to the sanctum sanctorum in a palanquin accompanied by devotees with cymbals, chimes and drums. The priest then performs the daily rituals with a yajna and a 'Gopujai' (worship of a cow and her calf). Worship (Puja) is done 6 times in a day. Before each puja, the spadika linga (crystal linga) or the semi form state of Lord Shiva is anointed with ghee, milk, curds, rice, sandal paste and holy ash. This is followed by presenting the naivedhyam or offering of freshly prepared food and sweets to the deity and the diparaadhana, a ritual of showing varied and decoratively set lamps, the reciting of Vedas in Sanskrit and the Panchapuranam (a set of 5 poems from a set of 12 works in Tamil – called the panniru thirumurai). The puja ends with the priest parting the curtains of the sanctum sanctorum to reveal the Chidambara Rahasyam (sanctum).
Before the 2nd puja, apart from the regular anointing of the crystal linga, a ruby Nataraja deity (the Rathinasabhapathy) is also anointed. The 3rd puja is at around 12.00 noon, after which the temple closes until around 4:30 pm. The 4th puja is performed at 6.00 pm, the 5th at 8:00 pm and the last puja of the day is performed at 10:00 pm, after which Lord Shiva’s footwear is taken in a procession for Him to ‘retire’ for the night. Before the 5th puja at night, the priest performs special rituals at the Chidambara Rahasya, where he anointed the yantra with aromatic substances and offers naivedyam. The last puja, called the arthajaama puja is performed with special fervor. It is believed that the entire divine force of the universe retires into the deity, when he retires for the night.
TEMPLE ADMINISTRATION
The Diskshithars one and fully responsible for the administration and pooja. Simply they mentioned their surname as the Sri Natarajar Temple Trustee and Pooja forever. Dikshithars life and temple tied as the nail and flesh relationship.
FESTIVALS
A whole year for men is said to be a single day for the gods. Just as six poojas are performed in a day at the sanctum sanctorum, six anointing ceremonies are performed for the principal deity - Nataraja in a year. They are the Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai (in December-January) indicating the first puja, the fourteenth day after the new moon (chaturdasi) of the month of Masi (February-March) indicating the second pooja, the Chittirai Thiruvonam (in April-May), indicating the third pooja or uchikalam, the Uthiram of Aani (June-July) also called the Aani Thirumanjanam indicating the evening or the fourth puja, the chaturdasi of Aavani (August-September) indicating the fifth puja and the chaturdasi of the month of Puratasi (October-November) indicating the sixth pooja or Arthajama. Of these the Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai (in December-January) and the Aani Thirumanjanam (in June-July ) are the most important. These are conducted as the key festivals with the main deity being brought outside the sanctum sanctorum in a procession that included a temple car procession followed by a long anointing ceremony. Several hundreds of thousands of people flock the temple to see the anointing ceremony and the ritualistic dance of Shiva when he is taken back to the sanctum sanctorum. Lord Shiva, in his incarnation of Nataraja, is believed to have born on full moon day in the constellation of Ardra, the sixth lunar mansion. Lord Shiva is bathed only 6 times a year, and on the previous night of Ardra, the bath rituals are performed on a grand scale. Pots full of milk, pomegranate juices, coconut water, ghee, oil, sandal paste, curds, holy ashes, and other liquids and solids, considered as sacred offering to the deity are used for the sacred ablution.
There are references in Umapathy Sivam's
Kunchithaangristhavam that the Maasi festival also had the Lord being carried out in procession, however this is not in vogue these days.
Natyanjali is a prominent festival celebrated during February every year when Bharatnatyam dancers from all over the country converge to present dance offering to Nataraja.
HISTORY
Constructed to signify where Tamil Shaivites identify the centre loci of the universe to be, the shrine, dedicated to Lord Shiva, has witnessed several significant events in the history of Tamil Nadu. A powerful legacy of Dravidian art, its structures and sculptures have attracted pilgrims to Chidambaram for over two millennium. The birthplace of Nataraja when Shaivite worship was highly popular during the Sangam period, Chidambaram had gained a reputation for holiness across the continent by the third century CE and the admiration of the Tamilakkam royals of the early Cholas, Chera dynasty and the early Pandyan Kingdom. Built by the early Cholas to one of their family deities - Nataraja-Koothan - it served as the king and queen's state temple and seat of their monarchs' coronations. The Chola royals underlined their non-partisan approach to religious iconography and faith by also patronizing the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple dedicated to Vishnu - their other Kuladheivam or "abode of family deity". Chola King Kocengannan who reigned in the first half of the 2nd century CE was born after his parents King Subhadevan and Kamaladevi worshipped in the Thillai Golden Hall (Pon Ambalam). He expanded the shrine in his later life and added to unfinished decorations. Saints Patañjali Tirumular and Vyaghrapada famously worshipped Nataraja at the shrine. The travelling Pallava-Chola king Simhavarman (II or III) who reigned in the 5th-6th century CE was cured of leprosy by bathing in the Shivagangai tank and in gratitude made extensive repairs and additions to the temple. He changed his name to Hiranyavarman or "golden bodied."
The Puranas, Sangam literature and the Tirumurai canon join several epigraphs and murals in highlighting the brilliance of the temple site and the devotion of Patañjali, Vyaghrapada-Pulikaalmunivar and patanjali to Nataraja at Thillai. The sthala puranam as well as umapathi sivacharya's koyil puranam give an account of how an ancient chola prince of kritayugam or first of epochal ages. Worshipped The Lord's feet at Chidambaram and being blessed with a vision of His was further helped by saint Vyaghrapada to consecrate a place of worship therewith. The temple murals and some cholan and pandyan literature refer to this sthala puranam. The chidambaram mahatyam as well as koyil puranam by the same author discuss as to how this prince who was presented with dhataki or atti garland and tiger flag in which Lord Indra would take abode to make him ever victorious was blessed with vision of lord and further attained mukti at this spot. This is very credible because all ancient literature and documents report that tiger flag and atti or dhataki (grislea tomentosa) garland as being emblematic with cholas. Some sangam period works also passingly refer to the krita age king's war with demons and his victory against them. The king also went by name Vyaghraketu after being gifted with the tiger flag.
Later during the 4th or 5th century CE, a pallava king called Simha Varman who was also a nayanmar saint by name Aiyatikal Kaadavarkon made some compositions and bathed in the tank and attained mukthi at tiru-perum-ppatra-puliyur or chidambaram. Aragalur Udaya Iraratevan Ponparappinan had refurbished most of the parts and rebuilt some parts of the temple around 1213 AD.
At periodical intervals (12 years in general), major repairs and renovation works are carried out, new facilities added and consecrated. Most old temples have also 'grown' over periods of time with additional facilities, more outer corridors and new gopurams (pagodas) were added by the rulers who patronized the temple. While this process has helped to keep the temples 'alive' as places of worship, from a purely archeological or historical perspective these renovations have unintentionally lead to destruction of the original works - which were not in sync with the latter and usually grander temple plans.
To this general trend, Chidambaram temple is no exception. The origins and developments of the temple are hence largely deduced from allied references in works of literature and poetry, the verbal information passed over generations by the Dikshithar community and from what little, of inscriptions and manuscripts that are available today.
The temple site is very ancient one is known to have been crafted time and again by the ancient craftsmen guild known as Perumthachchans. The reference to the same is available in sangam literature as well as other documents. The tevaram trio in particular have held this site to be of great sanctity with some like Tirugnanasambandar and Sundarar out of devotion being reluctant to set their foot in the place "because it would be an insult to the lord to put one's foot on his abode". The sangam works refer to the temple being favoured by all the three ancient crowns of south, the Neriyan (cholas), chezhiyan (pandyas) and uthiyan (cheras), even if the temple was in what was traditionally chola country.
INSCRIPTIONS
There are several inscriptions available in the temple and referring to the Chidambaram temple in neighbouring areas. Most inscriptions available pertain to the periods of Cholas - Rajaraja Chola I (985-1014 CE), Rajendra Chola I (1012-1044 CE), Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 CE), Vikrama Chola (1118-1135 CE), Rajadhiraja Chola II (1163 -1178 CE), Kulothunga Chola III (1178-1218 CE) and Rajaraja Chola III (1216-1256 CE). Pandya inscriptions date from Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerapandiyan, Jataavarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Sundarapaandiyan (1251-1268 CE) and Maaravarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerakeralanaagiya Kulashekara Pandiyan (1268-1308 CE). Pallava inscriptions are available for king Avani Aala Pirandhaan Ko-pperum-Singha (1216-1242 CE). Vijayanagara Kings mentioned in inscriptions are Veeraprathaapa Kiruttina Theva Mahaaraayar (1509-1529 CE), Veeraprathaapa Venkata Deva Mahaaraayar, Sri Ranga Theva Mahaaraayar, Atchyutha Deva Mahaaraayar (1529-1542 CE) and Veera Bhooopathiraayar. One of the inscriptions from the descendant of Cheramaan Perumal nayanar, Ramavarma Maharaja has been found.
KUMBHABISHEKAM 2015
The sacred Chidambaram Sri Sabanayagar Temple, which is also described as Boologa Kailaasam and Chithakasam
Sri Sivagamasundari Samaedha Sriman Anandha Nataraja Moorthy's Chitsabha Samprokshana Chithvilasa Maha Kumbhabishekam is about to happen in a great way On the auspicious day of Manmadha (Tamil) year Chithirai month 18th day (01-May-2015) Friday morning between 7:00 am and 8:30 am Hastha Nakshthra, Thrayodhasi Thithi, Amirtha yoga, Rishabha Lagna.
INVASIONS
The temple was severely vandalised during Malik Kafur's invasions of South India between 1311 and 1325. A garrison was set up within the temple precincts and the walls were fortified during the Carnatic Wars between the East India Company and the French and the Anglo-Mysore Wars that the British fought with Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.
WIKIPEDIA
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2022. Aggiornamento, Maggio 2022. “Roma, gli scavi Danesi nel Foro di Cesare: 3000 anni di nuove testimonianze archeologiche alla luce.” Testo in Danese e Inglese; in: The Past / London (17/05/2022) & The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark [with additional Facebook & You-Tube links] (18/05/2022). Anche Foto di: “Roma, Il Foro di Cesare” in: and.lezzi / Instagram (18/05/2022).
Foto: Roma - Il Foro di Cesare, I Fori Imperiali & Via dei Fori Imperiali; in: and.lezzi / Instagram (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084141678
1). ROMA - Scavare il Foro di Cesare: tremila anni di vita quotidiana a Roma.
The Past / London (17/05/2022).
Riassunto - Fresche tracce di vita urbana di quasi tre millenni stanno venendo alla luce nel centro di Roma. Nuovi scavi italo-danesi hanno portato alla luce molto di più del progetto monumentale del forum di Cesare. Scavando attraverso strati archeologici, viaggiando indietro nel tempo dalle costruzioni di Mussolini degli anni '30, Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Eva Mortensen, Claudio Parisi Presicce e Rubina Raja districano la complessa stratigrafia urbana della Città Eterna.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084363139
ROME - Digging Caesar’s Forum: three thousand years of daily life in Rome. The Past / London (17/05/2022).
Abstract - Fresh traces of urban life spanning almost three millennia are coming to light in central Rome. New Danish-Italian excavations have uncovered far more than Caesar’s monumental forum project. Delving through archaeological layers, while travelling back in time from Mussolini’s 1930s constructions, Jan Kindberg Jacobsen, Eva Mortensen, Claudio Parisi Presicce, and Rubina Raja disentangle the complex urban stratigraphy of the Eternal City.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142673
For some years, the buzzing sound of mechanical digging has been emanating from a green-screen enclosure standing beside Rome’s monumental avenue, the Via dei Fori Imperiali. This is because an excavation site lies entrenched between the broad avenue and the adjacent portion of Caesar’s Forum, which is open to the public as part of an archaeological park. There, in the south-eastern section of the complex, heavy mechanical excavators and trucks operate alongside archaeologists, conservators, geologists, and radiocarbon specialists, who are committed to figuring out what was going on here in the past. Inside the enclosure, two trenches are cordoned off with plastic fences that proclaim there are ‘lavori in corso’: works in progress. Sure enough, our team has reached deep into the archaeological layers, revealing an incredible amount of new knowledge about the long history of Rome.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084119366
This work is taking place in the heart of the city. The Roman Forum lies close at hand, while the remains of the imperial fora established by the emperors Augustus (reigned 27 BC to AD 14), Nerva (reigned 96-98), and Trajan (reigned 98-117) are visible on the far side of the Via dei Fori Imperiali. Over the recent winter months, trowels and buckets were stowed away, and the Bobcat excavator rested, surrendering the site to restoration specialists and architects. Meanwhile, the archaeologists, finds specialists, and soil scientists headed indoors to study the excavated material and process a wealth of samples. Together, their findings can lead us from the 20th century AD back to the 6th century BC.
Clean up first, then demolish
Our journey starts on 28 October 1932, when the Via dei Fori Imperiali, which today leads people from Piazza Venezia to the Colosseum, was inaugurated by Benito Mussolini. Back then it was called the Via dell’Impero, a parade street that simultaneously celebrated the ideology of the fascist regime and physically connected it to Rome’s ancient and glorious past.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142693
The street cut through the late Republican Forum of Caesar and all of the imperial fora. When this new thoroughfare was first planned, though, most of the Roman-era remains were obscured beneath a densely inhabited residential area known as the Alessandrino Quarter. Its housing blocks were razed together with five churches, causing about a thousand families to be evicted and rehomed in newly built neighbourhoods on the outskirts of Rome. Once exposed, most of Caesar’s Forum was excavated, alongside portions of the other fora. Speed was the defining quality of this work, though. After just a year and a half of demolition and excavation, the centre of Rome lay transformed. Afterwards, its appearance before this intervention by the fascist regime was soon largely forgotten, with most modern visitors never realising that the ruins looked radically different less than a century ago. Fortunately for us, the area currently being excavated in Caesar’s Forum was not dug out at that time. Neither was it overbuilt by the parade street, because Mussolini needed a turning space for his grandiloquent parades.
Foto: Our excavations revealed remains of a residential unit that was once home to the Alessandrino Quarter’s last inhabitants.
The Past / London (17/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142723
The Alessandrino Quarter had a long pedigree. It was first established in the second half of the 16th century, meaning that its three- to four-storey high housing blocks had accommodated part of Rome’s fast-growing population for over three centuries. While it has always been possible to get a sense of the Alessandrino Quarter from photographs, historic maps, and written sources, prior to our excavations very little was known about the material culture of daily life. Indeed, even then it has not always been easy to bring its former inhabitants into sharp focus. Not only did they take their possessions with them when they vacated their homes, but they also scrupulously swept the floors – even though the buildings were about to be torn down. This compulsion for cleanliness was not just a matter of pride. Instead, it can be explained by a pending inspection from the state architects, who were brought in to make precise measurements of the apartments. This was important for the families, in order for them to receive the correct compensation from the state, after being forced to leave their homes.
Foto: Various different types of floors were found in the Alessandrino Quarter building complex. Here we see pebble flooring (right), hexagonal cementine tiles (centre bottom), and rectangular tiles with a geometric decoration (centre top). A toilet once occupied the hole in the upper left-hand corner. The Past / London (17/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084618495
Naturally, such sprucing up did not extend to hidden spaces like underground sewers and channels, allowing traces of the last inhabitants to survive there. Systematic excavation and recording of these spaces is granting an insight into the residents’ domestic activities, social standing, and even their diet. Pieces of jewellery and shirt buttons made of bone probably entered the sewers accidentally when washing clothes, whereas plates, forks, and glasses must have come from one or more kitchens above. Animal bones, mostly from pigs, alongside the many mussel shells and chicken eggs found, tell us about the dietary habits of the inhabitants. In addition, the excavations allow us to understand the practical manner in which the buildings were demolished and the rubble discarded – often packed into sewers or used to level off cellars. We even found tools and personal belongings of the workmen who carried out the demolition.
Foto: Furthest down in the large trench, the granite columns from the eastern portico of Caesar’s Forum were uncovered together with architectural elements and statue bases in marble. Below them are the openings of the draining channels that directed the water away from the central square of the forum. The Past / London (17/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084363259
The remains of some rooms in the housing blocks were also preserved. Here, the floors are of interest, as, far from being uniform, different materials were employed and different patterns created. These allow us to chart shifts in architectural fashions and the impact of modernisation over the course of three centuries. From these floors emerges a narrative whereby Renaissance houses were rebuilt during the second half of the 19th century to install modern commodities, including electricity and flushable toilets. While we lack small finds from the rooms, the floors are still a great help when it comes to deducing what these spaces were used for. After all, the different demands of domestic living quarters, kitchens, and laundries often result in distinctive flooring.
Contagion
Though the thorough clean-up makes it difficult to peek into the daily lives of those living on top of Caesar’s Forum in the first three decades of the 20th century, finds from the Alessandrino Quarter do bring us closer to some earlier residents. One such discovery was made in 2021. Objects recovered from a short stretch of sewer testify to one or more infectious diseases spreading through the area in the second half of the 16th century – that is at just the time housing blocks were first sprouting in what was then Rome’s newest neighbourhood.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142743
The sewer contained numerous intact and broken vessels, including fragments of around 30 uroscopy flasks. Such receptacles were used by medics from the medieval period through to the 18th century in order to study the colour, smell, consistency, and even taste of human urine when diagnosing a range of diseases. Today, we view uroscopy as essentially a pseudoscience, but in the 16th century it was a cornerstone of many medical practices. Small, intact terracotta containers found in the sewer also offer an insight into healing, as they were used to hold various types of medicine during the Renaissance. At first sight, the numerous broken plates also recovered from the conduit seem a less obvious fit with healthcare. When we examined the plates more closely, though, it became apparent that they had been discarded intact. Why? During this period, it was well understood that some diseases could be caught by touching objects handled by the infected. One solution was simply to throw away patients’ possessions when they died. Sure enough, traces of this approach have been found associated with hospitals in Italy.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142753
It is interesting to ponder how material suited to a hospital-style setting ended up in a residential sewer. If a hospital had existed in the excavation area we would know about it from the written sources, but they are silent on the matter. However, it is possible that the objects had been transported some distance from a hospital in central Rome, before being chucked into the sewer. An overview of the material should give a sense of the number of patients concerned. If we allow for one plate per patient, then the belongings of 23 deceased individuals were dumped in the sewer. An additional, poignant, detail is provided by the presence of at least two terracotta figure toys, indicating that one or more of the victims were children.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142758
Farming central Rome
Moving further back through time brings us to the era before the Alessandrino Quarter developed. Archaeologically, this period was marked by a thick mud layer, which fits neatly with the contemporary name for the area: i Pantani or ‘the swamp’. The origins of this expanse of boggy ground can be traced to the breakdown of earlier drainage systems. Back in the Roman period, water from the entire forum area drained directly into the River Tiber via the large Cloaca Maxima sewer. By the 10th century AD, though, this sewer was no longer being properly maintained. Eventually it became blocked, leaving the area at the mercy of the elements. It would not have taken long for living conditions to suffer. Our mud deposit accumulated between the 11th and 15th centuries, and may well contain valuable information about how the people of medieval Rome interacted with their changing environment. Micromorphological analyses and radiocarbon dating hold the promise of further clarifying this story, as well as the speed with which the area silted up in the centuries leading up to the construction of the Alessandrino Quarter in the 16th century.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52083088117
Below this thick, informative mud lay a very different version of central Rome: an area of vegetable gardens, orchards, vineyards, and small farm houses. Excavations conducted in the southern part of Caesar’s Forum between 1998 and 2000 had already revealed that a peasant society developed in the heart of the ancient city. Badly preserved and poorly built farmhouse walls and floors were also detected in the new excavations. These medieval farms are called domus terrinee, with each house consisting of a single room. Reused architectural elements from earlier periods are a common feature of these humble dwellings, leaving column parts and marble blocks, so-called spolia, randomly jutting from the walls.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142778
Another layer of muddy soil emerged below the medieval farmhouses. Here, too, there was evidence for the reuse of fine architecture from the Roman Imperial period: heaps of marble had been chopped up into football-size pieces, most likely in preparation for burning in lime-kilns. The quicklime this produced could be slaked with water and used as building material, allowing the marble of the imperial fora to live on in a very different guise among the constructions of Late Antique Rome. Fortunately, the fragments we found avoided this fate, telling us not only about an important episode of recycling, but also providing an example of the sumptuous marble decorations that once graced the fora.
Splendours of Caesar
Before the end of the 2021 season, our excavations in the main trench along the Via dei Fori Imperiali reached Caesar’s Forum. In Antiquity, this was known as the Forum Julium, and Gaius Julius Caesar took care to site it next to the Roman Forum – the great public space at the heart of civic life, where speakers’ platforms, stores, markets, administrative buildings, and temples could be found. To put it another way, by initiating his grand forum project, Caesar radically reimagined the fabric of urban life in Rome.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084618515
He pleased as well as vexed with his investment, which according to the ancient authors was the most expensive land-acquisition and building project of its time. One reason why the plot commanded such a high price was that it contained the residences of socialite Romans. Their homes were duly demolished, and the ground levelled as part of the forum project. This created a space covering approximately 100m by 50m, which was paved with slabs of travertine stone. It was enclosed by three porticoes, formed of granite columns rising from marble steps. A bronze equestrian statue of Caesar took pride of place in the centre of the forum, while the northern end of the square was dominated by a temple of Venus Genetrix, which stood on a 6m-high podium. This choice of deity allowed Caesar to advertise his divine ancestry: Venus was the mother of the Trojan hero Aeneas, whose son Julus (also known as Ascanius) was claimed as an ancestor by the Julian family.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084363244
Construction work on the forum began in 52 BC, with Caesar inaugurating it in 46 BC, even though the complex was still unfinished. As it transpired, Caesar did not live long enough to see the full splendour of his building project. Instead, his adoptive son Octavian – later Emperor Augustus – brought the building project to fruition and also made a few tweaks to the original architectural plans. These amendments were geared towards making the forum even more grandiose than Caesar had originally conceived. The end result was a new meeting place for the people of Rome. Here was a public space where business could be conducted, love affairs could unfold, friends could meet, and the Romans could gaze in awe at the magnificence of their hometown. Above all, it rammed home the message that Caesar was in charge as sole ruler of the vast Roman Empire.
So far, our excavations have unearthed tumbled granite columns from the forum’s eastern portico, as well as statue bases. Drainage channels have also come to light, with one dating to Caesar’s time, while another was installed during Trajan’s reign, providing a sense of how the forum was maintained over a century after its inauguration. Such measures ensured that heavy rain could drain towards the Cloaca Maxima, some 100m to the south.
Our spring campaign will reveal more about this late-Republican tour de force and its restoration under Trajan. We are also hoping these investigations might answer a long-standing mystery concerning the complex: how it connected to the famous Forum of Augustus. These two fora shared an adjoining wall, but to this day it remains unclear whether this contained a passage permitting movement between the two. Caesar’s Forum itself could be entered on either side of the Temple of Venus Genetrix, while there was also a connecting passage to the Roman Forum. So, were the ancient Romans able to walk dry-shod all the way from the Roman Forum to the Forum of Augustus? With the new excavations, the entire width of Caesar’s Forum will be exposed for the first time, shedding more light on movement in the heart of ancient Rome.
Rearranging the landscape
In 2021, we also opened a smaller trench closer to the paved forum square. In this part of the excavation, the stratigraphy ‘jumps’ from the Middle Ages directly back to the archaic period, long before the heyday of Republican and Imperial Rome. The archaeological layers belonging to the centuries in between, including the era of Caesar’s Forum, are gone. This loss can be traced back to the inhabitants of the medieval domus terrinee, who exposed the area to rough treatment by digging down to reach the fertile soil below. One side effect of their handiwork is that this modest – but crucial – trench has allowed us to reach far deeper into the past of ancient Rome.
Whereas the Middle Ages’ peasant society really let this part of the site have it, the architects and workers that built Caesar’s Forum adopted a softer touch. When the complex was built, the ground had to be levelled, and this meant that in places, especially the north-eastern part of the forum, 3-4m of ground needed removing. Where our trench lay in the south-eastern part of the site, though, the remains of the archaic period were left largely untouched by Caesar’s grand development.
Thanks to this, the floor level and some walls of a 6th-century BC building still survived in the archaic levels. The area was once again residential in nature at this point in time, with earlier excavations in the vicinity revealing more houses, as well as wells and a street. It is clear from the quality of the material that people from the upper echelons of society resided here during the archaic period. Even so, the most striking finds from our new excavations belong to the funerary rather than to the domestic sphere. This is due to the discovery of four children buried in the first half of the 6th century BC.
Foto: The Past / London (17/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084363274
Three of the children were entombed in storage jars known as ollae. Their graves were fashioned by pushing together two of these squat, belly-rounded jars, with the body of the child placed inside. Another grave was found under one of the olla graves. It contained an inhumed child, who had died at the age of three or four. On top of each olla grave was a little pile of material that included, among other things, tile fragments. Rather than being grave markers, these miniature mounds were probably placed there to provide protection – perhaps so that animals could not dig through the earth to reach the graves.
Although the dead were usually destined for cemeteries established outside towns, it is not uncommon to find infants buried in houses. Even so, it is unique for so many to be bunched together from the same period. Inevitably, it raises the question of whether we are dealing with victims of a disease or some other catastrophic event. We expect the upcoming analyses of the graves and the bodies in 2022, together with further excavations in the area, to shed more light on this.
Rise of Rome
We have now delved through cultural layers reaching back roughly 2,600 years in time. But Rome’s story does not stop there. Earlier excavations in Caesar’s Forum have found traces of even more ancient activity: in the 11th and 10th centuries BC, a necropolis occupied the site, while before that, from the 13th to the 11th centuries BC, handmade impasto pottery, postholes (probably from a hut), wheel tracks, and evidence for the area being carefully levelled speak of settlement activity.
As we reach the spring of 2022, the buzzing sound of excavations is once again to be heard behind the green-screen enclosure. It brings the promise that this year our dig might reach the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age layers, thus shedding light on the origins of Rome. Whatever the results, we can be confident that a longue durée narrative about daily life in the heart of Rome will continue to be revealed through the excavation of a small patch of land hidden away beneath Mussolini’s parade-street turning space for almost a century.
FURTHER INFORMATION
The excavations at Caesar’s Forum are undertaken as a collaboration between Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali, the Danish Institute in Rome, and the Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (Aarhus University). The project is funded by the Carlsberg Foundation and Aarhus University Research Foundation. Further support comes from the Danish National Research Foundation under the grant DNRF119 – Centre for Urban Network Evolutions. Project publications include, among others:
T A Hass & R Raja (eds.) (2021) Caesar’s Past and Posterity’s Caesar, Rome Studies 1. Turnhout: Brepols.
J K Jacobsen, G Murro, C P Presicce, R Raja & S G Saxkjær (2020) ‘Practicing Urban Archaeology in a Modern City: the Alessandrino Quarter of Rome’, Journal of Field Archaeology 46.1: 36–51.
J K Jacobsen, G Murro, C P Presicce, R Raja, S G Saxkjær & M Vitti (2021) ‘High-Definition Urban Narratives from Central Rome: virtual reconstructions of the past and the new Caesar’s Forum excavations’, Journal of Urban Archaeology 3, 65–86.
Project webpage: cas.au.dk/en/cfp
UrbNet webpage: urbnet.au.dk
ALL IMAGES: Sovrintendenza Capitolina and The Caesar’s Forum Project, unless otherwise stated.
Fonte / source, foto:
--- The Past / London (17/05/2022)
the-past.com/feature/digging-caesars-forum-three-thousand...
Fonte / source, foto:
--- Roma - Il Foro di Cesare, I Fori Imperiali & Via dei Fori Imperiali; in: and.lezzi / Instagram (18/05/2022).
www.instagram.com/p/CdtiUcWsmNX/
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52083086827
2). ROME - Børnegrave, luksusglas og kloaker gravet frem af jorden under Cæsars Forum i Rom. (18/05/2022). The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark (18/05/2022).
En lang række enestående genstande gravet frem af jorden under Cæsars Forum kaster nyt lys over Roms fortid fra Antikken og helt op i 1900-tallet. Foreløbig er der fundet alt fra tallerkener, lysekroner, legetøj og medicinflasker til granitsøjler og dræningskanaler. De kommende måneder vil flere nye områder blive genstand for omfattende undersøgelser, der vil kaste yderligere lys over liv og skikke i Roms fortid.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52083086877
2.1). ROMA - Tombe di bambini, vetri di lusso e fogne scavate nel terreno durante il Foro di Cesare a Roma
. The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark (18/05/2022).
** Nota: Di seguito è riportato un estratto dell'articolo in lingua danese originale tradotto in italiano e inglese. **
Un gran numero di oggetti unici scavati nel terreno durante il Foro di Cesare gettano nuova luce sul passato di Roma dall'antichità e fino al XX secolo. Finora è stato trovato di tutto, da piatti, lampadari, giocattoli e bottiglie di medicinali a colonne di granito e canali di drenaggio. Nei prossimi mesi alcune nuove aree saranno oggetto di approfonditi studi che faranno luce sulla vita e sui costumi del passato di Roma.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084119251
2.2). ROME - Children's tombs, luxury glass and sewers dug out of the ground during Caesar's Forum in Rome
. The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark (18/05/2022).
** Note: Below is an extract of the original Danish language article translated in Italiano and English. **
A large number of unique objects excavated from the ground during Caesar's Forum shed new light on Rome's past from antiquity and all the way up to the 20th century. So far, everything from plates, chandeliers, toys and medicine bottles to granite columns and drainage channels have been found. In the coming months, several new areas will be the subject of extensive studies that will shed further light on the life and customs of Rome's past.
A large number of unique objects excavated from the ground during Caesar's Forum shed new light on Rome's past from antiquity and all the way up to the 20th century. So far, everything from plates, chandeliers, toys and medicine bottles to granite columns and drainage channels have been found. In the coming months, several new areas will be the subject of extensive studies that will shed further light on the lives and customs of Rome's past.
Since 2019, Danish and Italian archaeologists, with support from the Carlsberg Foundation and the Aarhus University Research Foundation, have carried out an extensive archaeological excavation of one of Rome's five representative forums from Antiquity, Caesar's Forum. From the Danish side, the excavation is led by Ph.D. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen affiliated with the Danish Institute in Rome and professor and center manager Rubina Raja from the Center for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet) at Aarhus University.
One of the areas that archaeologists have been investigating is the so-called Alessandrino neighborhood, which was laid out in the second half of the 16th century and existed until the early 1930s, when it was demolished on order from? Benito Mussolini (Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943).
Excavation with a high degree of detail
The excavation of Caesar's Forum has also resulted in new finds from the Middle Ages in the 9th and 10th centuries, possibly during this period Rome had been in disrepair for several centuries. Caesar's Forum no longer functioned as a 'forum', and agriculture was instead moved within the city walls. At the Caesar's Forum itself, farms had been built and fields laid out.
“In the period April to July 2021, we excavated the remains of one of these farms. The excavation has given an insight into the architectural expressions of the farms, the material culture associated with the farms, the agricultural system and the farmers' changes of the landscape ”.
Jan Kindberg Jacobsen summarizes that the excavation of Caesar's Forum is generally the most scientifically advanced excavation carried out so far in central Rome:
“The finely detailed excavation technique, new registration methods and a large number of scientific methods, which we have used in the work at Cæsars Forum, have made it possible to get right down to the last detail. With this, we have been able to describe the long cultural development as a unified history, where the earliest and most recent finds are treated within the same methodological and interpretive framework. This task has been undertaken by UrbNet at Aarhus University, which has leading specialists in the field of science - partly under the auspices of the center and partly through UrbNet's enormous international research network ”.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084361974
Until July 1, archaeologists continue the excavation in the area where the children's graves were found.
“We have expanded the excavation area and are now on our way down. However, we are still two meters above the level where we found the graves, so more than 1000 years of cultural layers still need to be excavated and recorded. We anticipate that the archaeological excavations will be completed in the summer of 2023, ”concludes Jan Kindberg Jacobsen.
Fonte / source:
--- The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark (18/05/2022).
www.carlsbergfondet.dk/da/Nyheder/Nyt-fra-fondet/Nyheder/...
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022)
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084617270
3). ROM - Dr. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Opsigtsvækkende fund: Tre børnegrave i et beboelsesområde er dukket op under udgravningen af Cæsars Forum. The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / Facebook (18/05/2022).
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084142663
ROME - Three children's graves in a residential area have emerged during the excavation of Caesar's Forum.
During excavations in Rome, archaeologists have come across three vases that were close to each other. It turned out to be coffins, as each vase contained the skeleton of a child aged 1-2. The tombs date from the Archaic period between 700 and 600 BC, and the find is very unusual. Usually, the dead were not buried in the areas where the Romans themselves lived.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084361984
Fonte / source:
--- The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / Facebook (18/05/2022).
3.1). ROM - Dr. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen & Tre børnegrave i et beboelsesområde er dukket op under udgravningen af Cæsars Forum = ROME - Three children's graves in a residential area have emerged during the excavation of Caesar's Forum. The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022) [3:01].
Video: Three children’s graves in a residential area have emerged during the excavation of Caesar’s Forum. The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.youtube.com/watch?v=P93VZdLyzeU
During the excavation in Rome, archaeologists came across three vases that lay close together. It turned out to be coffins, as each vase contained the skeleton of a child aged 1-2 years. The tombs are from archaic times between 700 and 600 BCE, and the find is very unusual.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084141628
For usually the dead were not buried in the areas where the Romans themselves lived. "When they have nevertheless been located within the settlement, it is probably due to the fact that children at that time were not considered to be 'real' people until they reached a certain age.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084361989
This is because at that time there was a very high infant mortality rate, and they therefore waited to be considered members of society until they had reached a certain age, ”says excavation leader Jan Kindberg.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52083086842
Archaeologists are now studying the tombs in more detail. to become wiser, why the three tombs are located in a residential area. Here the archaeologists work with 2-3 theories, which you can hear more about in the video.
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084362014
Fonte / source, foto & video:
--- The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022) [3:01].
Foto: The Carlsbergfondet, Denmark / You-Tube (18/05/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52084118186
S.v.,
Foto: Il Foro di Cesare e gli scavi; in: ROMA | THREAD STORICO ARCHEOLOGICO / Skyscraper City # 944 (12/03/2022).
www.flickr.com/photos/imperial_fora_of_rome/52020804396
--- ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2022. #NatalediRoma Update: Rome, the Forum of Caesar Excavations, April 2022; and Dr. Rubina Raja, “Excavating the Untouched History of Rome;” in: Arrhus, University of Denmark (28 Feb. 2022). And New On-Site Excavation Photographs (12 March & 16 April, 2022); in: Rome: Skyscraper City (21/04/2022). S.v., Roma, Scavo e Valorizzazione nel Foro di Cesare (04/2022); in: Foto di Francesco Campanini / Facebook (15/04/2022). wp.me/pbMWvy-2CR
Start-ups are continuously looking for faster, scalable development & agile methodology is best & one-stop solution for your start-up
The above graph appeared on Reddit in early 2021.
The source quoted was MediaCloud.org/Alan Austin - Source Media Cloud, Australian Office of Financial Management.
The above graph was prepared by Media Cloud, an international independent media research organization. It graphically depicts the partisan impact of main stream media in influencing public perceptions, therefore the course of political debate in Australia. It would be most interesting to see similar research done calling out the partisan role of MSM in manipulating public opinion on other issues within our society. Media Cloud does have methodology which can make this happen.
The graph prompted me to record my own perceptions of where Australia has come from since the vested interests of the mainstream media colluded with the Abbott LNP opposition from 2007 to 2013 to bring down the Rudd Gillard Rudd Labor governments.
Australia subsequently, under 3 LNP Prime Ministers, has suffered enormously, environmentally, socially and financially, following 9 years of what many experts believe is the most ideologically driven, inept, self-serving and corrupt governance Australians have endured since federation in 1901.
When Tony Abbott was elected in 2013 he rode into government on a wave of media hype styled to present the LNP as stronger on borders and as superior economic managers.
The overwhelming evidence now is that, that campaign, mainly perpetrated by the Murdoch Media and other vested interest right wing aligned media organisations, unrelentingly and very effectively focussed on government debt between 2007 and 2013, particularly during the period Labor was tasked with dealing with the Global financial crisis.
With the aid of a compliant media the Abbott opposition used attack, distraction and misinformation to deflect from critically assessing the record of the preceding Howard Government who had squandered the huge profits of the mining boom and who failed to invest heavily in Australian infrastructure when the opportunity presented.
The Rudd/Gillard Labor Governments from 2007 to 2013 were viciously pilloried at every post by the mainstream media, particularly the Murdoch newspapers and particularly about the level of national debt. This was despite Labor successfully negotiating the GFC with one of the best performing economies in the world.
Politics in Australia sank to new lows during the Abbott years, steadied under Turnbull and has gone rogue under Morrison.
Nine years of LNP government has accomplished very little for average Australians. Our health system has been progressively white anted, the NBN was made a political football and is now costing much more to bring it up to speed than would have been the case under the former FTTH model. Climate Change and renewables policy has been the bane of several prime ministers, mainly because big polluters have bought government policy, in some cases they even wrote it for the government.
Successive LNP governments since 2013 have been in turmoil with one scandal after another while at the same time the extreme right of the LNP began to gain control at every step of the implementation of the government's agenda.
Despite the best efforts of the MSM to conceal the reality, debt has run out of control, with Australian debt passing the trillion dollar mark in 2020. The myth of LNP financial superiority, which the media has tried desperately to keep alive, has now been glaringly exposed, as Australia debt levels hurtled north, way beyond the debt levels of any previous National government. The other myth that's been exposed is that LNP Governments tax less than Labor Governments. The Morrison Government in 2020 became the highest taxing government in Australia's history but its who they tax and who they don't tax that causes the most pain for average Australians.
Australia's Debt Clock It's well worth scrolling down and taking some time to digest this information.
Openly hostile electoral tactics backed by MSM were successful in seeing the LNP's Tony Abbott elected in 2013 and even Labor power brokers conceded that Abbott, as an opposition leader, was indeed very effective.
Once in government many of the promises made by Abbott before the election were jettisoned and the LNP machine took over. Abbott's penchant for lying set him well apart from any previous Prime Minister although Morrison has taken it to another level during his tenure.
Since Abbott we have seen the impacts of the governments ideological belief in small government beginning with the removal of significant levels of regulation which had formerly protected Australians from corrupt processes. Privatisation of financially viable government authorities, selling them off to mates of the government who would return the favour by donating to the LNP. Attacking any government organisation that called the government to account or threatened their ideology. Stacking the judiciary with compliant judges, sacking bureaucrats and staff with long experience in the public service. Severely defunding the ABC and even calling into question the important role of science in leading Australia into the future. The ABC and the CSIRO and other environmental government organisations were threatened with change or be defunded and funding redirected to bodies ideologically in sinque with the government.
Tony Abbott was hell bent on maliciously reversing every part of the previous Labor governments legacy and ticking off the very public list of 100 objectives handed to the government by the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA), a right wing think tank.
Since the election of the LNP in 2013 the government and its successors have become increasingly electorally pragmatic and secretive, some say fascist in its tendencies. Attacking whistle blowers who expose corrupt ministerial behaviours. Bringing defamation cases against private citizens who dare criticise a minister. Protecting ministers alleged to have committed crimes. One could write a long list.
At the same time the government is restricting access to freedom of information processes and more and more power is being put in the hands of ministers to make decisions, or to over-ride legislated ones.
The government at the same time is becoming more targeted in attacking its critics, fine tuning legislation to allow these attacks to be effective. As they gradually organise themselves to deal with dissent the government is becoming more recognisably arrogant. No Morrison Government minister has been called to account despite numerous crises, crises that in any other government would see the minister stood down or replaced.
Pork barreling (corruption) has been taken to a whole new level by the Morrison Government and when challenged the government has dismissed the issue as just the accepted norm of governance. Former NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian called it that way saying it's how politics works before she voluntarily resigned in late 2020 following allegations of having a secret affair with a former government minister who had been convicted of corrupt behavior.
After Abbott was unceremoniously dumped as Prime Minister his replacement, Malcolm Turnbull, a moderate, stood no chance of survival as big coal and oil poured millions into destabilizing any action on climate change.
Turnbull was thrown out in a coup led by Peter Dutton but the perverse politics of the LNP saw Scott Morrison somehow able to sneak in under him and, to Australia's great detriment, emerge as leader.
By 2018 the Australian public had become more educated about the divisive direction that the LNP and Scott Morrison were taking Australia but the vested interests of the main stream media stood up and united to ensure Labor leader Bill Shorten never got a look in in his campaign to become the first Labor leader since Kevin Rudd.
Of course, the intervention of Clive Palmer played a massive part in the re-election of Scott Morrison. It has been variously reported that coal mining magnate Clive Palmer and his backers contributed up to $87 million to the Palmer United Party in an effort to ensure that the LNP were re-elected. Palmer United, although they stood candidates in most seats, failed to win a single seat but their preferences, particularly in Queensland, swayed the result in favour of conservative parties. The fact that Palmer has a huge mine right alongside the much-maligned Adani Mine ready to go in Queensland of course had nothing to do with his massive spend. (sarcasm)
Morrison was narrowly returned as Prime Minister after the 2018 election and a chance for a more honest, egalitarian, compassionate and environmentally sustainable government slipped away.
Scandal after scandal, unbelievable levels of mounting government and household debt and glaring failures all along the way to deal effectively with climate change and with Australia's Covid 19 response mean the LNP's Scott Morrison will go to the polls again in early May 2022 as a likely underdog.
With more than 16 billion set aside by the LNP government to be handed out as inducements/bribes before the 2022 election the campaign is already shaping up to be one of the nastiest since the Abbott years, Morrison, a Trumpist, backed by big business, big polluters and the religious right arrogantly believes the country will support his re-election because 'God is on his side' as he proudly proclaimed after his 'miracle' win in the 2018 election.
His record on every front has been abysmal, pragmatic yes, but lazy nevertheless, inept, if not incompetent, and as many believe, brazenly corrupt.
It's to be hoped Australians finally see there is no future in retaining such scoundrels in Australia's parliament but given the partisan power of MSM it will be tough for Labor and change focused independents to win as the main stream media seeks to control the narrative. Clive Palmer, who still does not have approval for his Queensland mega coal mine, has promised that he will invest even more money in seeking to retain the Morrison Government. The $87 million spent in the 2018 election will pale into insignificance compared to what he and his backers will spend in 2022.
It's hard to imagine any mainstream newspaper not going along with Palmer's plan as the advertising revenue bonanza they will receive from him will be huge and will almost assuredly buy their political affiliations, and their editorials.
More than ever before Australian's need to educate and assert themselves and send a clear message that incompetent, if not corrupt governance will no longer be tolerated.
Lies, distraction and misinformation perpetrated by politicians and compliant main stream media journalists needs to be called out and while social media has played an increasingly effective role in doing that, one wonders how long it can continue to call the government to account. The governments tactics of threatening journalists and even private citizens with defamation and other legal sanctions are increasingly desperate as investigative journalists uncover much that the government seeks to keep under wraps. We've seen by its recent actions that the government is on the attack against social media as the effectiveness of its role in holding the government to account grows but this action is as much about protecting the governments media partners (News Limited) from commercial impacts as seen by the recent legislation aimed at reeling in Google, Facebook and Twitter.
Morrison went to the 2018 election promising a Royal Commission into the Banks but vigorously resisted it until it became impossible to defend their behaviour. He also promised a Corruption Royal Commission however its now clear he had no intention of doing so let alone making it retrospective and certainly not one that he cannot write the terms of reference for.
If politics in Australia is not to slide further into the abyss the 2022 federal election must bring about a change of government, either by a Labor win or, by a parliament where independents hold the balance of power.
Rex Patrick - Australian Independent Senator posted the following summation of Scott Morrison and the LNP on Twitter - 31.1.2022.
"If you spin, rort, cover-up, disrespect, don't enforce team standards, persecute whistleblowers, lack transparency, cause waste and ignore science, you will lose the trust of the electorate and you will lose the election."
PS. Rex Patrick, an excellent independent, lost his seat at the 2022 election. Go figure?
[From www.hekkiboen.com]
Title:
Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun System and HKB Training Methodology
Content:
Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun ®©
[Fukien Wing Chun / Hok Kian Eng Chun]
HKB Training Methodology©
Written by: Kenneth Lin© Copyright by Kenneth Lin, all rights are reserved. Distribution permission requires stating original source link.
First released: 12/20/13.on www.hekkiboen.com/black-flag-wing-chun-training-methodology/
TRAINING SUCCESS TIPS
HKB Skills
=
Result of the Hard Work (Traditional Progressive Training) OF
HKB Foundation Hall
+
HKB Efficiency Hall
+
HKB Maximum Efficiency
FOREWORD.The Hek Ki Boen system is the International curriculum format of my training methodology, based on my teaching experience and 29 years of training experience in Hok Kian Eng Chun Kok Sut Jia [Fukien Wing Chun Kungfu System] as taught by my main Sifu, Grand Master The Kang Hay, the only appointed successor of Late GM Kwee King Yang who is a direct disciple of Late GM Cia Fun Tjiao, the last chief instructor of the Black Flag Lodge from Hong Men [Secret Society] era late 1800.
MY JOURNEY – FINDING THE ESSENCE OF KUNG FUAfter I began learning Hok Kian Eng Chun In 1985 from GM The Kang Hay, and several of his kungfu brothers under Late GM Kwee King Yang and also a grand student of Kwee King Yang, GM Thio Tek Kwie who learn under GM The Sik Yen(Student of GM Ban Bi Sun, GM Ban Bi Sun is the same lineage generation with GM The Kang Hay), during my teenage years, and with encouragement from my Sifu, GM The Kang Hay, I began exploring other kung fu systems to widen my knowledge as well as gain a better understanding the Hok Kian Eng Chun system that I had learnt. In addition, I was also on a personal mission to research the source of Kwee King Yang’s teaching methodology, the Late Grand Master of our Hok Kian Eng Chun Kok Sut system. I had a personal interest to discover and research specifically on the follow styles; Tai Zu Kun [Grand Ancestor], Pek Hok Kun [Southern White Crane], He Hu Quan [Black Tiger], because prior to learn from Cia Fun Jiao, Late GM Kwee had learned those styles from 9 masters.
Last but not the least, I also researched Southern Thay Kek [Tai Chi] aka Heng I Kun [Xing Yi Quan] which is the style that is taught by GM Kwee’s close friend; GM Li Jing Yan.
Afterward, I concluded my research; In General, there are always some similarity of techniques and concept within southern style. But what makes our system to be unique is the engine of Detachment, which came from the Holy Grail of Shaolin temple; Yi Jing Jing [Muscle Tendon Change] and Si Sui Jing [Bone Marrow Washing] contained within our core form; Sam Chian Po.
Furthermore, I have also encountered meetings with the Yip Man Style of Wing Chun, both the original and modified [VIKOGA Wing Chun]. There are some similarities in the technical movement, BUT The Engine is clearly opposite. Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun is based on the Detachment concept from Chan Buddhism. Out of my curiosity of the similar name between Eng Chun and Wing Chun, I asked one of my Sifu’s what the difference is; he informed that the Yip Man Style of Wing Chun came from the female version of Eng Chun. And our Hok Kian Eng Chun is the male version.
Growing up in my young age, my blood was completely filled with so much curiosity and passion to research and investigate more about the Eng Chun/Wing Chun connection, Southern Shaolin system, Southern Styles and other internal arts, and to better myself understanding the essence of Chinese Martial Arts.
MY RESEARCH.
After spending countless years of learning, researching many Chinese Martial Arts system such as Pek Ho Kun {White Crane], Tai Zu Kun [Grand Ancestor], Ng Cho Kun [5 Ancestor Fist], Ba Gua Chang [Fist of 8 Changes], Southern Tai Chi [Thay Kek / Heng Yi Kun], Northern Tai Chi, Northern Xing Yi Quan, Chu Gar [Southern Mantis], Hong Quan, and many others, here is my conclusion:
COMMON MISCONCEPTION
In Jiang Hu [Martial Arts World], there is a saying of “Nan Quan Bei Tui”, means Southern Fist and Northern Kick. Generally most of Southern Styles are recognized to put more emphasizes on the hand, because most southerners are farmers and fisherman that have strong hands and Northern styles put more emphasizes on the leg because they mostly live in the mountain and have strong legs.
I find this saying of “Nan Quan Bei Tui” to be a MYTH. It is not correct. The fact is:
There are many southern style that emphasize on leg use, such as Gou Kun [Dog Style Boxing]
There are many northern style that emphasize on hand use, such as the FAMOUS Taichi, Bagua and Xing Yi. All these 3 styles focus so much on hand techniques.
There are many mountain too in the southern part of China
There are many fisherman and farmer too in the northern part of China.
ORIGIN OF CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS
Chinese Martial Arts has long history, pre-date the Establishment of Shaolin Temple and Bodhidharma coming to China. The Concept of Yin Yang Tai Chi and Wu Xing [5 Elements] already existed during Guang Zheng Zhi times in Gong Dong Shan [Mount Gong Dong] 12000 BCE, as verified within Xiao Yao Guan temple’s representative based on their manuscript in Mount Gong Dong.
Chinese Martial Arts was first used as personal self-defense to deal with animal attacks during the primitive stage in China. When a clan/tribe was established, it was used to protect the clan/tribe. When China was united, it was used to protect the country from the invasion of Northern barbarians.
During the Tang Dynasty, which was the most successful dynasty, the Country was stable in economy, politics and border security. The famous Admiral Zhen Ho was first to discover America one hundred years before Columbus.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARTIAL ARTS IN NORTHERN CHINA
The Main capital city of the country/kingdom was always in the north side of China such as Peking [Today knows as BeiJing]. So the North side of China was far more developed in their literature, education, political system etc. The Northern Side of China was always choice for most politician/ bureaucrat, government official of palace, wealthy class people, etc.
So in the North, the function of learning Martial Arts was started to change. It was because of prestige and elite status, influence by literature scholar as only rich people can learn. Similar to today Golf Country Club Sport. Slowly but surely, it did change the training methodology of Martial Arts in the North.
Each School and Master began to compete to create or come up with better name of style, better names of each techniques, more beautiful movement [Jumping, flying beautiful kicks, etc.].
Some of the main characteristics of these influences that we can see in today’s traditional Northern Styles are:
Beautiful Poetic name of techniques. Ie: “Open The Heaven Gate, Point to the moon”, “Golden Cicada Shredded its skin”, “White Tiger Come down from the mountain”, etc.
Many beautiful Big circular movements of hands
Many beautiful high kicks and even flying kicks.
These was a result of competition, high-level Literature scholar influence and even Ego-driven to prove their art was the best.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARTIAL ARTS IN SOUTHERN CHINA
The development of Chinese Martial Arts in the South was quite the opposite. Since most of them are un-educated farmers, merchant or fisherman, the master would not want to teach such complicated poetic technique name. This is why most of the Southern System technical names would represent the “action”, such as Tan Sau / Tun Jiu means Dispersing Hand, Goan Jiu/Hyun Sau is circling hand. People on the south would not understand such term of “Opening heaven gate, pointing at the moon”, instead, they prefer to learn the martial arts that is based on simplicity. (ie: if someone attack you like this, you do this).
Furthermore, the function of the Martial Arts in the south did not change. It was really meant for Survival. Most those merchants, farmer and fisherman DID NOT CARE who has the best/most famous martial arts. All they care is How can they protect themselves when it’s time to sell their HARVEST and be able to defend it against being robbed.
Therefore, The characteristic of Southern Style:
No Beautiful Poetic Name, Instead, Straight to the point. Circling Hand means Circling Hand.
Short Movement, shorter distance for economy of motion and efficiency
Low Kick for efficiency. It takes longer time for leg to reach for the head.
END OF MING DYNASTY ERA (1644)
Somehow, most southern systems always trace their history to come from around 1600-1700. If this is true, this must be a bright year for all Masters in the south to create a new style during that time.
The truth is that most southern system originated and connected direct or non-directly from revolution during secret society times to overthrow the Manchurian (Qing) and restore the Han (Ming). Some may have direct connection; some styles came from when it was made available to public [personal/family teaching].
This includes Wing Chun, where the name of Yim Wing Chun means “Discreet talking about spring time [Rebirth of Ming]” which was a code name used by secret society. Yim Wing Chun was the character whom she learned from her Sifu, Nun Ng Mui after the burning of Shaolin in Fujian [Around 1650] and taught it to her husband who is a real person in the history from the Red Boat Opera around 1850, which of course not true as there is 200 years gap.
Furthermore, I have also discovered that most southern arts like Southern Mantis, Hung Gar, White Crane, etc are very well connected with the Secret Society revolution. Interestingly, I have also found out that during the revolution time, the name of the martial arts styles of Wing Chun and Hung Gar was even interchangeable.
In Conclusion, because the chaotic time during the revolution of Anti Qing Secret Society, there are so many myth and legends that is not verifiable. When you talk about history of southern martial arts, there are no other evidence except oral history. This can be fixed only if a time machine is invented.
HISTORY ALWAYS REPEATS
Unfortunately, in today’s times, driven by profit and competition, there are also some people, driven by their ego and agenda, they use a dirty marketing campaign to slander other styles and worst, hide behind a keyboard.
This is actually not something new. The martial arts purpose to understand and revise ourselves has changed like it was in the past, as I mentioned above. Only a few masters and grand masters really walk the talk and focus on developing their disciple characters and Kung Fu skills.
In Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun system, we focus on developing 3 things;
It Ta [Mandarin: Yi Da]: First is courage [Warrior Character]
Ji Kang [Mandarin: Er Gong]: Second is skills over Hard Work [Gong Fu]
Sam Cheng Sin [Mandarin: San Qing Xin]: Third is clarity & purity of Mind & Heart [Detachment]
HKB TEACHING METHODOLOGY
I classify Martial Arts teaching methodology into 3 types:
Traditional Conservative System.
Traditional Progressive System.
Modern System.
Our HKB Teaching Methodology is based on Traditional Progressive System.
(C) Copyright of the three(3) illustrations, by Suhu John Hackmeyer
COMMON QUESTION
The Big Question:
Is it a good idea to learn HKB Eng Chun while / before / after learning other Martial Arts styles including other Wing Chun lineage?
Before I answer this question, let’s try to find some of the pros of doing this.
Here is some common answer;
To be well rounded in all ranges of combat and be able to use every part of the body efficiently in all ranges of attack; Long range, Middle range, Short (Grappling) range.
To be detached from any particular style.
To use no ‘style’/’way’ as the ‘style’/’way’
Thinking by doing this will make a person free from illusion of style.
To get the most complete puzzle or pieces of Wing Chun from Shaolin, sometimes also refer as Shaolin Wing Chun.
THE BIG ANSWER:
If you are learning HKB Eng Chun while learning other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages, although this may be done, but only at the cost of not getting / achieving HKB Body’s identity/skill/expression. Meaning you will not get the result of having the HKB Skills.
If you learn HKB before you learn other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, by the time you learn the next style, it will destroy your HKB body’s Pala (Opposite of Karma)
If you learn HKB after you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages. Your previous other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages will be destroyed.
REASONS:
Different body engine
Training Time Issue
Inability of mixing because of lacking of complete knowledge
Lack of in Depth
Impossible to get all the puzzle/pieces of supposedly “Shaolin Wing Chun”
I. Different body engine
A certain engine is built for certain car. If you try to swap that engine, even if it works, it will not perform at its best.
Let’s take an example on Power Generation Methods;
HKB, through its unique focus on the principle of Detachment from Chan Buddhism as its unique DNA. In HKB, power is just a byproduct of detachment of the body. On the contrary, many other Martial Art style including other Wing Chun lineages, speak of using the body unity and structure to create / generate power.
When you train other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages other than just HKB Eng Chun, your body will not be able to adapt to both or all since it’s contradicting in principles.
Your goal could be learning 3 different styles, in which each may be efficient on its own range of combat, however, your body will not be able to express the HKB skill.
II. Training-time Issue
Learning and Mastering HKB takes a lifetime. One of the living HKB grandmasters, GM The Kang hay even stated that you still cannot complete the system through 7 re-incarnations. When you learn and dedicate 3-4 hours daily to train, your body will still need time to ‘understand’. Experience is the key in HKB learning journey and this only comes with time. Your first 10 years of learning is just to get to begin your real journey of learning HKB.
Even if you make it possible to train HKB and other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, the question is at what cost? 9 hours per day, 3 for HKB and 6 hours for others?
Even if it’s possible with only a few people, in which it still will not give the result they want in HKB, what about the normal ordinary people who has job, personal and family life?
Training a total of 1-2 hours daily in HKB and other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages means each system is only being trained for less than 15-40 minutes, which is not enough for HKB training.
III. Inability of mixing because of lacking of complete knowledge
It is impossible to mix HKB with other styles, especially before you master each of the system.
The main problem is that while you learn HKB and in the same time you learn other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, you will never be able to even master any of those system, especially HKB.
Even if you have already mastered HKB, and then you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages then your HKB body Pala (opposite of karma) will be destroyed.
If you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages to master it, then learning HKB afterwards, your previous styles will be destroyed.
Then there’s nothing left to be combined.
IV. Lack of in-Depth skill
Let’s say you don’t want to master the whole system, but just to get a portion of HKB that you like to be combined with other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages.
Many have claimed to learn multiple systems as a way to be well rounded against all range of combat. Some even claimed that by doing this, it’s like using no ‘style’/’way’ as a ‘style’/’way’ which means to get away from being attached to illusion of style.
First thing first, let me clarify this. Learning HKB Eng chun and other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages does not mean using no style as the style, instead, it’s using ALL Styles as the style. This is not going the same way of being attached to illusion of style, instead, you are attached to every style you learn and plan to use in each range of combat.
When you learn HKB Eng Chun, Western Boxing, Fencing, Tae Kwondo, Grappling[Submission] and BJJ in the same time, here is the result you will get:
Your boxing skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in boxing.
Your Tae Kwon Do skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Tae Kwon Do.
Your Fencing skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Fencing.
Your Grabbling [Submission] skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Grabbling.
Your BJJ skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in BJJ.
And for definite guarantee,
Your HKB Eng Chun skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in HKB Eng Chun. Meaning you will not get the result of HKB skill set.
If HKB is not something important to you, then it’s ok.
But if HKB is the skill you want to attain, you need to understand and pay attention at this.
When you train HKB Eng Chun and other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages, you may become well rounded in each MA discipline within a short amount of time. But you will suffer the lack of in-depth skill for all of those styles.
HKB is a complete system. It is designed to deal with any possible type of attack ranging from long to short range.
Think HKB as WHOLE SWORD;
The Handle would be The HKB Foundation Hall
The Body of The Sword would be the HKB Efficiency Hall
The Tip of the Sword would be the HKB Maximum Efficiency Hall
V. Impossible to get all the puzzle/pieces of supposedly “Shaolin Wing Chun”
HKB Wing Chun is not Shaolin Wing Chun and there’s no such thing as Shaolin Wing Chun anymore.
Although every Wing Chun lineage can be traced back to Shaolin temple, inside the hall called Eng Chun Tim, but there is no such thing as Shaolin Wing Chun anymore. The Shaolin temple in Fujian has gone it was burned down between the 16th-17th centuries.
When the concept and principle of “Maximum Efficiency” from Everlasting Springtime/ Eng Chun Tim (Weng Chun Dim) was taught outside the Shaolin temple (After it got burned) into the hand of secret society, it was modified when it was passed down, based on the need of the role of each of the 5 flags/lodges within the secret society.
The flag/lodge that deals with infantry attack would learn what’s needed for infantry-military/troop attack. They received a different portion of ‘Eng Chun Tim” system.
The Black Flag portion of “Eng Chun Tim” was passed down based on the need of killing, including traitors within other flag/lodge inside the secret society. Aside from their skills must surpass other members from different flag/lodge who supposedly also learn/familiar with a portion of the “Eng Chun Tim”, HKB Eng Chun possessed additional in-depth unique key concept that doesn’t exist in other lodge/flag.
I. As one of the current successor of HKB Eng Chun, I want to make it clear that HKB stands on its own. HKB is not Shaolin Wing Chun. Our mission is to spread, preserve and advance the HKB Eng Chun system internationally.
As preservation and to safeguard the HKB system, for every HKB Eng Chun branch/location that I certify, I make a strict policy of:
1. Having HKB Eng Chun as the main identity of the Official Licensed HKB school.
2. Having HKB syllabus to be taught from day one. [Not after Black Belt, or the end of the tunnel/hall]
3. Having HKB Eng Chun label as standalone art. It’s not multiple/mixed wing chun/MMA Wing Chun, and it must not be called Shaolin Wing Chun or any other label. It is just a Black Flag Wing Chun / HKB Eng Chun.
After all, it is your decision to make. If acquiring HKB Eng Chun skill is something important to you, then you should focus on your HKB training first.
In conclusion;
For each hour that a HKB practitioner puts into training HKB, that is one more hour, one more step closer toward understanding the essence and acquiring HKB skill.
For each hour that a HKB practitioner puts into training other systems (from long range, grappling, other lineage of wing chun, including other secret society wing chun), what it really means is that you are taking one hour from your HKB training, which makes your skill 1 hour less, one more step behind and further away from understand the essence and acquiring the HKB Skill.
If learning, understanding and acquiring the HKB skill is very important to you, then focus on learning it. Learning other stuff, will only mean you’re damaging to your HKB skill.
See you next time in our HKB Blog!
Best Regards
Kenneth Lin
© Copyright by Kenneth Lin, all rights are reserved. Distribution permission requires stating original source link.
The post Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun System and HKB Training Methodology appeared first on Hek Ki Boen Wing Chun Online University.
Regards,
HKB Eng Chun AdminBlack Flag Wing Chun ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Go to this link to get FREE 7 Days HKB Introduction Seminars in your own country;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Get your 6 Weeks UNLIMITED Black Flag Wing Chun Training for ONLY $39 in any of our Black Flag Wing Chun School. Get it NOW at www.blackflagwingchun.com #BlackFlagWingChun
This image is excerpted from a U.S. GAO report:
www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-594
MEDICARE PART B: CMS Should Take Additional Steps to Verify Accuracy of Data Used to Set Payment Rates for Drugs
Note: In 2014, Medicare spent about $24 billion on approximately 74 million administrations of 814 Part B drugs. These estimates include spending by the Medicare fee-for-service program, its beneficiaries, and other payers in cases where Medicare is not the primary payer or where beneficiaries receive assistance with their cost sharing. These estimates do not include spending for or administrations of drugs for which Medicare's payment is bundled with that of a related service—approximately 88 million administrations in 2014—or spending for the administration or dispensing of the drugs.
Journalists compete in more than 50 different categories; AGAHI Awards encourages best content in print, television, radio and online journalism.
Pakistan’s most prestigious journalism “Agahi Awards 2013” celebrated today at PNCA Islamabad. The Awards have been organized in collaboration with leading press clubs, local and international media development institutions, regulatory authorities, civil society organizations, private sector and other stakeholders. Puruesh Chaudhary Founder & President, AGAHI and Amir Jahangir Chief Executive Officer, Mishal Pakistan founded these awards in 2012.
The Agahi Awards are an annual series of awards for journalism in Pakistan, developed under the umbrella of the Credibility Lab at Mishal for creating an appreciation methodology for ethical and quality content. The evaluation methodology and criteria of the awards have been designed on the pillars of Media Development Indicators of UNESCO, in collaboratiosn with the Center for International Media Ethics (CIME) and UNESCO headquarters in Paris. The Awards were inaugurated in March 2012 and have become the most prestigious awards for the journalism in Pakistan.
The Awards have created appreciation for journalism in fifty different categories including business and economy, conflict, corruption, crime, education, infotainment, the nexus between water, energy and food security, gender and governance, health, extremism and terrorism, peace, interfaith, dignity; thus creating media diversity across print, television, radio and the online media.
Among the winners for this year’s “Agahi Awards 2013, the Journalist of the Year Award” were deigned in 50 categories. The award for business and economy was won by Naveen Mangi (Bloomberg), Maliha Naz Rana from Herald in Health and Primary Education, Shakeel Ahmad (DAWN News) Higher Education and Training, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Infrastructure, Abdur Rauf (Express Tribune) for Institutions, Maimoona Saeed (GEO News) forLabor Market Efficiency, Ghulam Mohiuddin (AAJ TV) for Environment,Shabina Faraz (Jang) in Climate Change, Zahid Gishkori (Express Tribune) in Flood and Disaster Reporting, Sehrish Wasif (Express Tribune) in Disaster and Catastrophe, Xari Jalil (DAWN) in Governance, A.B. Arisar (DAWN) in Corruption, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) forLaw &Order, Hanif Samoon (DAWN.com) in Health,Din Muhammad Watanpal (Daily Qudrat, Quetta) forChild Survival, Sarwar Baloch (VSH News) in Health&Nutrition, Ali Usman (Express Tribune) forNon Communicable Diseases, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Polio Immunization, Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) forEnergy, Water &Food Security, Sarah Munir (Express Tribune) on Media Ethics,Syed Ali Shah (DAWN News) forMedia Safety, Ashraf Javed (The Nation)for Crime Reporting, Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) forCorporate Social Responsibility, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Democratic Values and Dignity, Bina Shah (Blogger) in Education, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Extremism and Terrorism,Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) in Gender,A.B. Arrisar (DAWN) in Gender – Economic Opportunity, Abdul Shakoor (APP) in Gender – Health and Survival, Zia Ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Gender – Political Empowerment, Aamir Saeed (Pique Magazine) forHuman Rights,Fazal Khaliq (Express Tribune) in Child Protection, Kiran Nazish (DAWN.com) forChild Rights, A.B. Arisar in Gender – Domestic Violence, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Minorities &Marginalized Communities, Mehtab Haider (The News) in Political &Regularity Environment, Jawwad Rizvi (The News) in Market Environment, Faseeh Mangi (Bloomberg) in Infotainment,Mubashar Zaidi (DAWN.com) in Journalism for Peace,Muhammad Irfan Haider (Dawn) forConflict Reporting, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) in Judiciary,Zeeshan Anwar (Daily Express) in Court Reporting, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN.com) in Photo Journalism,Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) in sports.
The awards ceremony was presented by Osama Bin Javaid, a Pakistani journalist based in the Middle East and Razeshta Sethna, par of the editorial team at a leading English language publication in Pakistan. The Awards also have special categories including“Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” and “News Channel of the Year” in Pakistan. These categories are on the basis of people’s choice, which includes voting for these two categories by reaching out to more than 6 million Pakistanis through social media engagement and 1.5 million via SMS campaign and direct feedback.
GEO NEWS won the Peoples’ Choice Award for the “Most Favourite News Channel” second year around.
The “Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” Award was for two emerging anchors; won by Iqrar ul Hassan (ARY News) and Alia Nazki (BBC Urdu), as “the Emerging Current Affair Anchor of the Year” in the male and female categories. “Investigative Journalist of the Year” award was won by Asad Kharal (Express Tribune).
Ejaz Haider from Capital TV awarded the “Most Credible Anchor” based on the Media Credibility Index developed in collaboration with more than 10 journalism schools in Pakistan.
To ensure diversity in content and more social issues to be highlighted in media, Mishal Pakistan in collaboration with Save the Childrencreated the health category further dividing them into six sub-categories. This has not only increased the quantum of health content in media, but has also encouraged journalists to write more on the socio-economic challenges in Pakistan.
This year AGAHI Awards received an overwhelming response by the journalist community, where more than 1500 nominations were received from all over the country across more than 50 different categories in print, television, radio and online content.
Academic partners for Agahi Awards 2013 from the disciplines of journalism and mass communication included;Fatima Jinnah Women University (Rawalpindi), AllamaIqbal Open University (Islamabad), BahauddinZakariya University (Multan), International Islamic University (Islamabad), Islamia University (Bahawalpur), University of Gujrat, National University of Science and Technology (Islamabad), Roskilde University (Denmark), Center for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom atEuropean University (Italy).
Press Clubs in Lahore, Peshawar, Karachi, Multan, and the National Press Club along with the Kashmir Press Club (Mirpur) and the Tribal Union of Journalists, Center for International Media Ethics, Ethical Journalism Network, Media Helping Media, Save the Children, Devex, International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Press Council of Pakistan, Internews Network, Center for Investigative Journalism (Bosina-Sarajevo), Transnational Crisis Project, Hayward Black Media, MediaShift, P@sha have partnered to ensure making the journalism awards at par with international standard of journalism.
Mishal Pakistan is the country partner Institute of the Center for Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Networks at the World Economic Forum. Established in 2003, Mishal has been engaged with key stakeholders in Pakistan to improve the state of media through good governance initiatives.
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
This is the last set of test shots with the S1R, taken with a Leica 50mm f/1.4 Summilux-M lens. This is a classic Leica lens that will probably never go out of style. Compared to the Leica 50mm f/2 Summicron-M, and later, the Leica 50mm f/2 APO Summicron-M, the 50 lux has always been considered a little soft, but rendering a very smooth and pleasing bokeh, and really good for portraits.
But then the Leica 50mm f/0.95 Noctilux lenses became the bokeh king, the the 50 lux took a back seat. At one point, I used to have all the three fast 50mm Leica M lenses, the 50 lux, the 50 APO and 50 Noctilux. Eventually, I got tired of the soft images of the Noctilux and sold it, especially after I could tell no big difference between the Leica and the $700 Mitakon Zhongyi Speedmaster 50mm f/0.95.
But I always kept the 50 lux, along with the 50 APO. On my Leica M9 and M240 bodies, it was fine, but on the 36+ MP Sony bodies (A7R, A7R II, A7R III), the lens was always a bit soft, not as sharp as the 50 APO. There was a faster fall off towards the edges and corners.
I had read somewhere that although for this lens was never given the "APO" designation, it was nevertheless an apochromatic design. At the low resolution fo the Leica M cameras, that could never be really seen, and on the Sony A7x cameras, even with the 50mm focal length, there was a definite acute ray angle issue that made the lens soft at the corners and edges until f/8. In comparison, the 50 APO looked pretty decent by f/5.6 on my A7R III, in comparison.
So all these years, I had simply assumed the 50 lux as a softer version of the 50 APO, and the 50 APO as the razor sharp lens.
So I was amazed to see how the 50 lux performed on the Panasonic S1R. Here is a look at actual pixels at a 100% magnification from the bottom right corner of the frame. The long cardboard boxes were propped against the wall at an angle, and I did not have my camera perfectly parallel to the surface of the boxes or the lake in the corner.
So there is a bit of a fade right towards the edge of the frame that is more owing to the sensor not being square with the plane of the subject, than due to any fall out. The text at the top of the label, where it starts saying WIDETONE is very sharp and the contrast is excellent.
At f/1.4 right at the extreme corner of a 47 MP image file, this is very impressive, far better than I had ever imagined possible with the 50 lux. I never saw such high IQ at the extreme corners from any of the Leica rangefinder cameras, like the M9, M240 or M10.
I am really excited at the prospect of this lens + camera combination.
This is probably going to get flagged for obscenity but it's totally not.
Methodology
Systematically search Google for queries like "penispenispenis" or "vaginavaginavaginavagina". Collect data on how many results are found for each. Plot data.
Discussion
People on the web do penis repetitions more than vagina repetitions. Also, have a striking fondness for repeating vagina 7 times and penis 15 times. For some reason, penispenispenis is eight times more popular (7900 results) than penispenis or penispenispenispenis. While there are fewer vagina repeaters, they basically go just as long as the penis repeaters. Vaginas and penises are wonderful.
See Also
My study of variations on snowedin.net/blog/index.php/2004/08/18/fck/.
The most elevated models of care are given to each patient, each mother, each infant and each kid. Also, the realities represent themselves – the hospital's five year wellbeing record is model no doubt.
Settled in the center of Koramangala, Apollo Cradle Koramangala is our second office in Bangalore. Meticulously attempted to suit every woman, mother-to-be and baby's physical and energetic needs, this sprawling office is planned to ensure constant joy. The 31 bed office is a middle purpose of front line rigging and advancement to ensure positive clinical outcomes.
The significantly current level III NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) gives most irregular measure of care to new-borns. Supporting youngsters weighing as pitiful as 550 grams, babies imagined with fundamental infection and newborn children requiring ventilator reinforce. We ensure your baby is constantly in safe hands
Apollo Cradle Koramangala has 2 operations theater with laminar stream and HEPA channels, best in industry standard for gynecological methodologies.
Boasting about a specialist leading body of more than 50 of Bangalore's best guides, Apollo Cradle Koramangala is an inside purpose of brightness in women and adolescent social protection.
Settled in the focal point of Koramangala, Apollo Cradle, Koramangala is our second office in Bangalore. Deliberately endeavored to suit each lady, mother-to-be and infant's physical and excited needs, this sprawling office is proposed to guarantee tolerant fulfillment. The 31-bed office is a center motivation behind forefront hardware and Nestled in the focal point of Koramangala, Apollo Cradle, Koramangala is our second office in Bangalore. Carefully endeavored to suit each lady, mother-to-be and tyke's physical and enthusiastic needs, this sprawling office is wanted to guarantee persisting enjoyment. The 31-bed office is a center reason for front line gear and improvement to guarantee positive clinical outcomes.The amazingly current level III NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) gives the most irregular measure of control to babies. Supporting youngsters weighing as little as 550 grams, babies envisioned with fundamental ailment and infant kids requiring ventilator fortify. We guarantee your infant kid is dependably in safe hands.Apollo Cradle Koramangala has 2 operations theater with laminar stream and HEPA channels, best in the business standard for gynecological procedures.Boasting of a pro driving group of more than 50 of Bangalore's best bosses, Apollo Cradle Koramangala is an inside motivation behind wonderfulness in ladies and tyke social assurance.
Apollo Cradle Hospital Koramangala Maternity Hospitals with Address, Contact Number, Photos, Maps. View Apollo Cradle, Bangalore on www.elawoman.com
This healing facility is also arranged at Near Raghavendra Mutt - Jayanagar fifth Block, Opposite To Kalyani Motors - Brookefield. A gathering of especially arranged restorative staff, non-remedial staff and experienced clinical experts work round-the-clock to offer distinctive organizations . Their master organizations make them a searched for after Maternity Hospitals in Bangalore. A gathering of authorities on board, consolidating experts are outfitted with the data and inclination for dealing with various types of therapeutic cases.
In Bangalore, Apollo Cradle is an apparent name in tireless care. It was incepted in the year 2012. They are one of the remarkable Maternity Hospitals in Koramangala. Upheld with a fantasy to offer the best in calm care and equipped with mechanically pushed human administrations workplaces, they are one of the best in class names in the social protection industry. Arranged in , this healing facility is easily open by various strategies for transport.
Long Term Care Plans
Our Partnership Programs sustain enduring connections by maintaining the poise of those accepting consideration and additionally supporting the individuals who give mind. We give master medicinal supervision merciful care over a broadened timeframe at home and our plans incorporate customized social insurance administrations, including attendant and doctor visits.
Mother & Baby Care
Our Nest Care Plan is especially made to address the necessities of the mother and the kid post-transport.
Studies have demonstrated that effective home take care of mother and kid can upgrade their holding and decrease postnatal depression perplexities.
Our ventures are revamped for a traverse of 3, 5 or 7 days.
Our plan for Mother Care includes
Making a superior bond amongst mother and child
Teaching mother about post-natal care
Consciousness of lactation strategies and cleanliness
Encouraging locally established restoration and early assembly of post-natal moms
Decreasing the rate of inconveniences by giving interdisciplinary cooperation
Guidance on sound and nutritious eating routine in the baby blues period
Our plan for Baby Care includes
Giving warmth and observing crucial signs
Distinguishing and addressing the child's needs
Distinguishing and treating minor afflictions
Upgrading appropriate sustaining and nutritious admission
Encouraging immunization and other restorative help for the infant
Apollo HomeCare
The changing social protection circumstance in India has provoked the presence of HomeCare – Health mind benefits at home for the settlement of patients and their families.
Apollo has renamed the social protection scene in India over the span of the latest couple of decades with its focal objective of passing on quality restorative administrations to an enormous number of Indians. Concerning this mission, Apollo HomeCare with its excellent treatment decisions passes on clinical flawlessness with sensitivity and care to the comfort of your home.
Apollo HomeCare has been expertly proposed to give trusted in, stunning, modified and capable human administrations benefits at home.
We at Apollo HomeCare secure clinical inclination maintained by overall standards, all around arranged, approve specialists at all levels including specialists, therapeutic orderlies, and masters.
Vaccinations
We trust counteractive action is constantly superior to cure. Essential inoculations for children and grown-ups, and complete immunizations can be directed by HomeCare experts in the solace of your home. Inoculations at home guarantee bring down disease rates and can be taken whenever it might suit you.
Dr. Mamatha Reddy Y.V - Service Provider of essential care, psychological wellness administrations and claim to fame referrals in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Dr. Vijaya Manohar is an Obstetrician, Gynecologist and Infertility Specialist in Koramangala 3 Block, Bangalore and has a difficulty of 32 years in these fields. Dr. Vijaya Manohar sharpens at Sharada Woman, Child and Skin Care Center in Koramangala 3 Block, Bangalore, The Apollo Clinic in Koramangala 5 Block, Bangalore and Apollo Cradle in Koramangala 6 Block, Bangalore. She completed MBBS from Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore in 1981 and MD - Obstetrics and Gynecology from Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore in 1985.
apollo support koramangala pros is a middle purpose of flawlessness in women and child therapeutic administrations. For mothers who require emergency mind, they have Maternal ICU. Boasting of a guide leading group of more than 50 of Delhi's best specialists, Apollo Cradle Royale is a middle purpose of splendor in Maternity, Gynecology, Pediatrics, Pediatric surgery, Neonatology.
Dr. Mamatha Reddy is an IUI master and is at give continuing preparing at Marvel Speciality Hospital And Fertility Center in Koramangala, Bengaluru. Her particular themes are In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI), Hysterectomy (Abdominal/Vaginal), Laparoscopic Surgery, Tubectomy/Tubal Ligation and Normal Vaginal Delivery (NVD). You can get the contact purposes of enthusiasm of Dr. Mamatha Reddy Y V at elawoman.com.
Dr. Mamatha Reddy, MD is an inward drug specialist who hones in Evanston, IL. She is 44 years of age and has been honing for a long time.
Dr. Reddy's experience
In light of aggregate number of patients treated throughout the most recent a year
Works in Internal Medicine
Board affirmed in Internal Medicine
Dr. Mamatha Reddy Gynecologist an IUI ace and is as of now proceeding with getting ready at Marvel Speciality Hospital And Fertility Center in Koramangala, Bengaluru. You can get the contact unassuming parts of Dr. Mamatha Reddy Y V at elawoman.com. Dr. Mamatha Reddy finished her MBBS from Mysore University in 1997, MS - Obstetrics and Gynecology from Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences in 2002 and acquired a Fellowship In Minimally Invasive Surgery at A V Hospital in 2009.
ponder clinic concentrating on the preparation treatment has made a critical endorsement through its Gynaec surgeries performed laparoscopically with doctor's facility remain under 12 hours in this way patients can get released around a comparable time, without influencing their ordinary work. Ponder Hospital and Fertility Center is passed by Dr. Mamatha Reddy Y V. Dr. Mamatha Reddy Y V is a Gynecologist, Obstetrician and Infertility Specialist in Koramangala 1 Block, Bangalore. Sagar Hospitals is one of the striking IVF treatment in Bangalore. Dr. Mamatha Reddy Y V hones at Marvel Hospital and Fertility Center at Koramangala 1 Block, Bangalore. Dr. Mamatha Reddy Y V is known for strength benefits In Vitro Fertilization (Ivf), Intrauterine Insemination (Iui) and Hysterectomy.
200 Hour yoga teacher training course in Rishikesh India is taught by an experienced and best-certified yoga teachers team from Rishikesh, who provide personalized attention to each student. The curriculum includes in-depth knowledge of traditional Hatha yoga and Ashtanga vinyasa yoga, asana body alignment and adjustment techniques, yogic anatomy and physiology, yoga philosophy, teaching methodology, mantra, pranayama, and ethics for yoga teachers.
In addition, the course offers training in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, which helps students understand the relationship between yoga and Ayurveda, and how to use Ayurvedic principles to create personalized yoga practices for their students.
The course duration of 200-hour yoga teacher training at Yoga Om Shanti Om Yoga Ashram is typically 25 days. Upon completion of the course, students will receive a 200-hour Yoga Alliance certification, which enables the glorious opportunity to register as registered themself to become RYT-200 and be able to teach yoga worldwide.
The course has multiple aims and objectives, which include:
» Develop a daily practice of kriyas, asanas, pranayama, bandha, mudras, and dhyana.
» Delve deeper into Yoga Anatomy and Physiology.
» Introduction to Structural Yoga Therapy.
» Study philosophy from the classical treatises of Yoga (Bhagavad Gita, Patanjali Yoga Sutras, Hathayoga Pradipika, Gheranda Samhita, and the Upanishads).
» Introduction to Ayurveda and Marma Points.
» Design and teach a 90-minute asana class to your peers which incorporates these components.
» Plan and teach a 30-minute presentation to your peers regarding yoga-related topics (i.e., Yoga Nidra, Ayurveda, yogic diet, anatomy, physiology, chakras, philosophy, mudras, Mantra Chanting & Keertan, etc.)
»To provide a comprehensive understanding of yoga philosophy, including the history, theory, and concepts of yoga.
To teach students the techniques and principles of Hatha and Ashtanga yoga, including asanas, pranayama, meditation, and relaxation techniques.
»To provide knowledge of human anatomy and physiology as it pertains to yoga practice, including common injuries and how to avoid them.
»To teach students the principles of alignment and adjustment, including how to modify yoga poses to meet the individual needs of students.
»To provide training in teaching methodology, including sequencing, class planning, and teaching techniques.
»To teach students the importance of ethical behavior and professionalism in the field of yoga teaching.
»To provide training in Ayurveda, including the principles of Ayurvedic medicine and how it relates to yoga practice.
»To provide a safe and supportive learning environment for students to deepen their own yoga practice and gain confidence in teaching others.
»To prepare students to become certified yoga teachers through the Yoga Alliance, enabling them to teach yoga worldwide.
»To make you a proficient and confident yoga teacher, under the guidelines of Yoga Alliance, USA.
WHAT DO THE COURSE FEES INCLUDE?
» Daily nutritious vegetarian meals, detox juices, and teas
» Weekend excursions
» yoga material ( books, yoga t-shirts, ayurvedic body massage, etc)
» One the Himalayas sightseeing trip
» Private accommodation
Quick Link
Yoga Teacher Traning Course in Rishikesh,India, 100 Hours Yoga Teacher Traning in Rishikesh,India, 200 Hours Yoga Teacher Traning in Rishikesh,India, 300 Hours Yoga Teacher Traning in Rishikesh,India,, 500 Hours Yoga Teacher Traning in Rishikesh,India,
3 Days Yoga Retreats in Rishikesh, India, 5 Days Yoga Retreats in Rishikesh, India, 7 Days Yoga Retreats in Rishikesh, India, 10 Days Yoga Retreats in Rishikesh, India
Journalists compete in more than 50 different categories; AGAHI Awards encourages best content in print, television, radio and online journalism.
Pakistan’s most prestigious journalism “Agahi Awards 2013” celebrated today at PNCA Islamabad. The Awards have been organized in collaboration with leading press clubs, local and international media development institutions, regulatory authorities, civil society organizations, private sector and other stakeholders. Puruesh Chaudhary Founder & President, AGAHI and Amir Jahangir Chief Executive Officer, Mishal Pakistan founded these awards in 2012.
The Agahi Awards are an annual series of awards for journalism in Pakistan, developed under the umbrella of the Credibility Lab at Mishal for creating an appreciation methodology for ethical and quality content. The evaluation methodology and criteria of the awards have been designed on the pillars of Media Development Indicators of UNESCO, in collaboratiosn with the Center for International Media Ethics (CIME) and UNESCO headquarters in Paris. The Awards were inaugurated in March 2012 and have become the most prestigious awards for the journalism in Pakistan.
The Awards have created appreciation for journalism in fifty different categories including business and economy, conflict, corruption, crime, education, infotainment, the nexus between water, energy and food security, gender and governance, health, extremism and terrorism, peace, interfaith, dignity; thus creating media diversity across print, television, radio and the online media.
Among the winners for this year’s “Agahi Awards 2013, the Journalist of the Year Award” were deigned in 50 categories. The award for business and economy was won by Naveen Mangi (Bloomberg), Maliha Naz Rana from Herald in Health and Primary Education, Shakeel Ahmad (DAWN News) Higher Education and Training, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Infrastructure, Abdur Rauf (Express Tribune) for Institutions, Maimoona Saeed (GEO News) forLabor Market Efficiency, Ghulam Mohiuddin (AAJ TV) for Environment,Shabina Faraz (Jang) in Climate Change, Zahid Gishkori (Express Tribune) in Flood and Disaster Reporting, Sehrish Wasif (Express Tribune) in Disaster and Catastrophe, Xari Jalil (DAWN) in Governance, A.B. Arisar (DAWN) in Corruption, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) forLaw &Order, Hanif Samoon (DAWN.com) in Health,Din Muhammad Watanpal (Daily Qudrat, Quetta) forChild Survival, Sarwar Baloch (VSH News) in Health&Nutrition, Ali Usman (Express Tribune) forNon Communicable Diseases, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Polio Immunization, Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) forEnergy, Water &Food Security, Sarah Munir (Express Tribune) on Media Ethics,Syed Ali Shah (DAWN News) forMedia Safety, Ashraf Javed (The Nation)for Crime Reporting, Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) forCorporate Social Responsibility, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Democratic Values and Dignity, Bina Shah (Blogger) in Education, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Extremism and Terrorism,Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) in Gender,A.B. Arrisar (DAWN) in Gender – Economic Opportunity, Abdul Shakoor (APP) in Gender – Health and Survival, Zia Ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Gender – Political Empowerment, Aamir Saeed (Pique Magazine) forHuman Rights,Fazal Khaliq (Express Tribune) in Child Protection, Kiran Nazish (DAWN.com) forChild Rights, A.B. Arisar in Gender – Domestic Violence, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Minorities &Marginalized Communities, Mehtab Haider (The News) in Political &Regularity Environment, Jawwad Rizvi (The News) in Market Environment, Faseeh Mangi (Bloomberg) in Infotainment,Mubashar Zaidi (DAWN.com) in Journalism for Peace,Muhammad Irfan Haider (Dawn) forConflict Reporting, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) in Judiciary,Zeeshan Anwar (Daily Express) in Court Reporting, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN.com) in Photo Journalism,Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) in sports.
The awards ceremony was presented by Osama Bin Javaid, a Pakistani journalist based in the Middle East and Razeshta Sethna, par of the editorial team at a leading English language publication in Pakistan. The Awards also have special categories including“Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” and “News Channel of the Year” in Pakistan. These categories are on the basis of people’s choice, which includes voting for these two categories by reaching out to more than 6 million Pakistanis through social media engagement and 1.5 million via SMS campaign and direct feedback.
GEO NEWS won the Peoples’ Choice Award for the “Most Favourite News Channel” second year around.
The “Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” Award was for two emerging anchors; won by Iqrar ul Hassan (ARY News) and Alia Nazki (BBC Urdu), as “the Emerging Current Affair Anchor of the Year” in the male and female categories. “Investigative Journalist of the Year” award was won by Asad Kharal (Express Tribune).
Ejaz Haider from Capital TV awarded the “Most Credible Anchor” based on the Media Credibility Index developed in collaboration with more than 10 journalism schools in Pakistan.
To ensure diversity in content and more social issues to be highlighted in media, Mishal Pakistan in collaboration with Save the Childrencreated the health category further dividing them into six sub-categories. This has not only increased the quantum of health content in media, but has also encouraged journalists to write more on the socio-economic challenges in Pakistan.
This year AGAHI Awards received an overwhelming response by the journalist community, where more than 1500 nominations were received from all over the country across more than 50 different categories in print, television, radio and online content.
Academic partners for Agahi Awards 2013 from the disciplines of journalism and mass communication included;Fatima Jinnah Women University (Rawalpindi), AllamaIqbal Open University (Islamabad), BahauddinZakariya University (Multan), International Islamic University (Islamabad), Islamia University (Bahawalpur), University of Gujrat, National University of Science and Technology (Islamabad), Roskilde University (Denmark), Center for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom atEuropean University (Italy).
Press Clubs in Lahore, Peshawar, Karachi, Multan, and the National Press Club along with the Kashmir Press Club (Mirpur) and the Tribal Union of Journalists, Center for International Media Ethics, Ethical Journalism Network, Media Helping Media, Save the Children, Devex, International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Press Council of Pakistan, Internews Network, Center for Investigative Journalism (Bosina-Sarajevo), Transnational Crisis Project, Hayward Black Media, MediaShift, P@sha have partnered to ensure making the journalism awards at par with international standard of journalism.
Mishal Pakistan is the country partner Institute of the Center for Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Networks at the World Economic Forum. Established in 2003, Mishal has been engaged with key stakeholders in Pakistan to improve the state of media through good governance initiatives.
Entre 29 de agosto e 1 de setembro de 2022, na sede do NIC.br em São Paulo, o Cetic.br|NIC.br|CGI.br promoveu evento coorganizado pela Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas (ENCE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O evento contou com uma série de webinars com palestrantes renomados que expuseram práticas inovadoras para produção e uso de dados.
(Fotos:Ricardo Matsukawa/Divulgação NIC.br)
Panel for Technical Session # 7: Neural Network and Brain Modeling
Simon Levy , Ben Goertzel , Hugo de Garis, Tsvi Achler
Session Chair: Randal Koene , Laboratory of Computational Neurophysiology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University at the The First Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-08)
This room is The Zone, at the FedEx Institute of Technology, University of Memphis. It was a very good venue for this conference.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research focuses on the original and ultimate goal of AI -- to create intelligence as a whole, by exploring all available paths, including theoretical and experimental computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, and innovative interdisciplinary methodologies. AGI is also called Strong AI in the AI community.
Another good reference is Artificial General Intelligence : A Gentle Introduction Pei Wang
I030308 056
Entre 29 de agosto e 1 de setembro de 2022, na sede do NIC.br em São Paulo, o Cetic.br|NIC.br|CGI.br promoveu evento coorganizado pela Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas (ENCE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O evento contou com uma série de webinars com palestrantes renomados que expuseram práticas inovadoras para produção e uso de dados.
(Fotos:Ricardo Matsukawa/Divulgação NIC.br)