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Prof. John Pollini working STUDENTS AT OSTIA ANTICA
John Pollini in my opinion is the number 1 authority on Julio Claudian Portrait study. I have had much correspondence with Prof. Pollini and he is passionate about Roman Art. Here is his curriculum Vitae:
Education
B.A. Classics, University of Washington, 1/1968
M.A. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, UC Berkeley, 1/1973
Ph.D. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, UC Berkeley, 1/1978
Academic Appointment, Affiliation, and Employment History
Professor, Department of Art History (Adjunct Professor for Department of Classics and Department of History), University of Southern California, 1991-
Dean of the School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, 1993-1996
Chairman of the Department of Art History, University of Southern California, 1990-1993
Associate Professor, Department of Art History and Department of Classics (adjunct appointment), University of Southern California, 1987-1991
Assistant Professor, Department of Classics, Johns Hopkins University, 1980-1987
Curator, Johns Hopkins University Archaeological Museum, 1980-1987
Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Classics, Johns Hopkins University, 1979-1980
Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Classics, Case Western Reserve University, 1978-1979
Description of Research
Summary Statement of Research Interests
Professor Pollini's research is concerned with methodologies of classical art and archaeology, ancient history, classical philology, epigraphy and numismatics. His other scholarly research interests include ancient religion, mythology, narratology, rhetoric and propaganda. Over the years Professor Pollini has excavated at the Greco-Roman site of Aphrodisias, Turkey, and the Etruscan site of Ghiaccio Forte, Italy, and participated in the underwater survey of the port of Tarquinia (Gravisca), Italy. Trained in the methodologies of classical art & archaeology, ancient history, classical philology, epigraphy, and numismatics, Professor Pollini is committed to interdisciplinary teaching and research. Professor Pollini has lectured widely both in the United States and abroad. He has published numerous articles and authored several books.
Research Specialties
Classical Art and Archaeology
Honors and Awards
Elected Life Member, German Archaeological Association, 2000-
American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship, awarded for second time, 2006-2007
Guggenheim Fellowship, deferred until 2007-2008, 2006-2007
Whitehead Professor at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (Honorific Appointment), 9/1/2006-6/1/2007
Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching 2002, 2002-2005
Mellon Foundation Award for Excellence in Mentoring, 2004-2005
Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching 1998, 1998-2001
National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, awarded for second time, 1995-1996
American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship, 1987-1988
National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, 1983-1984
Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1978-1979
Fulbright Award, Fellowship to Italy, 1975-1976
CURRICULUM VITAE
JOHN POLLINI
Department of Art History
Von Kleinsmid Center 351 University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA 90089-0047
Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, Department of Art History
Joint Professor, Department of History
Adjunct Professor, Department of Classics
President, Classical Archaeological Association of Southern California (CAASC)
DEGREES
Ph. D. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, University of California at
Berkeley (1978) (interdisciplinary program involving the Departments of Art History,
Classics, and History; major field: Etruscan and Roman Art and Archaeology; minor
fields: Greek Art and Archaeology and Roman History; Ph.D. equivalency exams in
ancient Greek and Latin) [Diss.: Studies in Augustan “Historical” Reliefs]
M.A. Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, University of California at
Berkeley (l973) [MA Thesis: Two Marble Portrait Statues of Pugilists from Carian
Aphrodisias: Iconography and Third Century A.D. Sculptural Traditions in the Roman
East]
B.A. magna cum laude, Classics, University of Washington (1968)
POSTDOCTORAL ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS
Dean of the School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, with administrative,
budgetary, and fund-raising responsibilities (1993-1996)
Chairman of the Department of Art History, University of Southern California
(1990-1993)
Full Professor, University of Southern California, Department of Art History
(1991-present), with joint appointment in the Department of History and adjunct
appointment in the Department of Classics
Associate Professor, University of Southern California, Department of Art History, with
adjunct appointment in the Department of Classics (1987-1991)
Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Classics (1980-1987) and
Curator of the Johns Hopkins University Archaeological Museum (1980-1987)
Visiting Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Classics
(1979-1980)
Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Classics
(1978-1979)
INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL FELLOWSHIPS, GRANTS,
AWARDS, HONORS
William E. Metcalf Lectureship (2008)
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship (2006-2007, deferred to
2007-2008)
Whitehead Professor of Archaeology, American School of Classical Studies at
Athens (2006-2007)
American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship (2006-2007)
Kress Foundation Travel Grant (Summer 2006)
Mellon Foundation Award for Excellence in Mentoring (2005)
Taggart Foundation Grant: Campus Martius Virtual Reality Project (2005)
Distinguished Lecturer, Biblical Archaeological Society and Center for Classical
Archaeology, University of Oklahoma, Norman (2005): Series of three lectures on
Roman and Christian Religion, Art, and Ideology
Kress Foundation Travel Grant (2003)
Senior Humboldt Research Prize (nominated) to Berlin, Germany, for 2000-2001
Elected Member (for life) of the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin) (2000)
National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for Independent Study and
Research (1995-1996)
Kress Foundation Travel Grant (Summer 1988)
American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship (1987-1988)
Kress Foundation Travel Grant (1987)
National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for Independent Study and
Research (1983-1984)
Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship, Case Western Reserve University (1978-1979)
Mabelle McLeod Lewis Memorial Fund Fellowship to Italy (1975-1976)
Fulbright Fellowship, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy (1975-1976)
UNIVERSITY FELLOWSHIPS, GRANTS, AWARDS, HONORS
Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching
(2002-2005)
College Faculty Research Development Award (consecutive years: 2000-2007)
University of Southern California Grant for Innovative Undergraduate Teaching
(with Lynn Swartz Dodd and Nicholas Cipolla) for a virtual reality project “Imaging
Antiquity: Creating Context through Virtual Reconstructions, Digital Resources, and
Traditional Media” (2003-2004)
Grant for the “College Initiative for the Study of Political Violence” (2002)
University of Southern California Grant for Innovative Undergraduate Teaching
(with Bruce Zuckermann and Lynn Swartz Dodd) to develop a new interdisciplinary and
interdepartmental course entitled “Accessing Antiquity: Actual Objects in Virtual Space”
(2000-2001)
University of Southern California Senior Nominee for National Endowment for the
Humanities Summer Stipend for Faculty Research (1998-1999)
Departmental Nominee for University Associates Award for Excellence in Teaching
(1998-2001)
College Awards and Grants for Research Excellence (consecutive years: 1997-2000)
Hewlett Foundation Award and Grant for General Education Course Development
(1997-1998)
Faculty Research and Innovation Fund Grant, University of Southern California (1988)
University of California Traveling Fellowship (1976-1977)
Dean’s Fellowship, U.C. Berkeley (1973-1975)
Phi Beta Kappa (1968), University of Washington
ADDITIONAL EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION
Field trips sponsored by the American Academy in Rome, German Archaeological
Institute, and Comune di Roma (1975-1978)
Research in Rome, Italy for dissertation (1975-1978), as well as further study of Greek
and Roman art and architecture in Italy and elsewhere in Europe during this period
Supervised study of Greek and Roman sculpture at the J. Paul Getty Museum, with
J. Frel (1973-1975)
Course in Greek art and archaeology at the Universität München, Munich, Germany
with E. Homann-Wedeking (1971)
Study of the German language at the Goethe Institute, Grafing (Munich), Germany (1971)
Course work in Roman, Etruscan, and Italic art and architecture, Università di Roma,
with G. Becatti, M. Pallottino, F. Castagnoli, and M. Squarciapino (1970-1971)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK
Underwater survey of port of Tarquinia (Gravisca), Italy (1977): Consultant
Excavation of Etruscan site of Ghiaccio Forte, Italy (1973)
Excavation of Greco-Roman site of Aphrodisias, Turkey (1970-1972)
Excavation of Spanish/Indian Mission, Guavave, Arizona (1965-1966)
LANGUAGES
Ancient: Latin and Greek
Modern: German, Italian, French, modern Greek, some Turkish
BOOKS
PUBLISHED:
I) The Portraiture of Gaius and Lucius Caesar (Fordham University Press, New York
1987) (with a book subvention from the National Endowment for the Humanities).
II) Roman Portraiture: Images of Character and Virtue, with graduate student
participation (Fisher Gallery, Los Angeles 1990).
III) Gallo-Roman Bronzes and the Process of Romanization:The Cobannus Hoard
(Monumenta Graeca et Romana IX) (Brill, Leiden 2002).
IV) The de Nion Head: A Masterpiece of Archaic Greek Sculpture (Philipp von
Zabern, Mainz 2003).
V) Terra Marique: Studies in Art History and Marine Archaeology in Honor of Anna
Marguerite McCann on the Receipt of the Gold Medal of the Archaeological Institute
of America (editor, designer, and contributor of introduction, publication list, and
one of 19 essays) (Oxbow Publications, Oxford 2005).
SUBMITTED:
VI) From Republic to Empire: Rhetoric, Religion, and Power in the Visual Culture of
Ancient Rome (University of Oklahoma Press), comprising eight chapters:
CHAPTER I: The Leader and the Divine: Diverse Modes of Representation in Roman Numismatics
CHAPTER II: The Cult Image of Julius Caesar: Conflicts in Religious Theology and Ideology in
Augustus’ Representational Program
CHAPTER III: From Warrior to Statesman in Augustan Art and Ideology: Augustus and the Image of
Alexander
CHAPTER IV: The Ideology of “Peace through Victory” and the Ara Pacis: Visual Rhetoric and the
Creation of a Dynastic Narrative [revised and updated essay originally published in
German]
CHAPTER V: The Acanthus of the Ara Pacis as an Apolline and Dionysiac Symbol of
Anamorphosis, Anakyklosis and Numen Mixtum [revised and updated publication].
CHAPTER VI: Divine Providence in Early Imperial Ideology: The Smaller Cancelleria Relief and
the Ara Providentiae Augustae
CHAPTER VII: The “Insanity” of Caligula or the “Insanity” of the Jews? Differences in Perception
and Religious Beliefs
CHAPTER VIII: “Star Power” in Imperial Rome: Astral Theology, Castorian Imagery, and the Dual
Heirs in the Transmission of the Leadership of the State
IN PROGRESS:
VII) Christian Destruction and Desecration of Images of Classical Antiquity: A Study
in Religious Intolerance in the Ancient World
VIII) Dynastic Narratives in Augustan Art and Thought: The Rhetoric and Poetry of
Visual Imagery [with DVD Virtual Reality Program of the Monuments]
IX) The Image of Augustus: Art, Ideology, and the Rhetoric of Leadership
X) Social, Sexual, and Religious Intercourse: Sacrificial Ministrants and Sex-Slaves
in Roman Art -- 3rd Century B.C. - 4th Century A.D.
ARTICLES
PUBLISHED:
1) “A Flavian Relief Portrait in the J. Paul Getty Museum,” in Getty Museum Journal
5 (1977) 63-66.
2) “Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and the Ravenna Relief,” in Römische Mitteilungen
88 (1981) 117-40.
3) “A Pre-Principate Portrait of Gaius (Caligula)?” in Journal of the Walters Art
Gallery 40 (1982) 1-12.
4) “Damnatio Memoriae in Stone: Two Portraits of Nero Recut to Vespasian in
American Museums,” in American Journal of Archaeology 88 (1984) 547-55.
5) “The Meaning and Date of the Reverse Type of Gaius Caesar on Horseback,” in
American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 30 (1985) 113-17.
6) “Response to E. Judge’s ‘On Judging the Merits of Augustus,’” in Center for
Hermeneutical Studies: Colloquy 49 (1985) 44-46.
7) “Ahenobarbi, Appuleii and Some Others on the Ara Pacis,” in American Journal of
Archaeology 90 (1986) 453-60.
8) “The Findspot of the Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta,” in Bullettino della
Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 92 (1987/88) 103-108.
9) “Two Acrolithic or Pseudo-Acrolithic Sculptures of the Mature Classical Period in
the Archaeological Museum of the Johns Hopkins University,” in Classical Marble:
Geochemistry,Technology, Trade (NATO ASI Series E vol. 153), edd. N. Herz and
M. Waelkens (Dordrecht 1988) 207-17.
10) “Man or God: Divine Assimilation and Imitation in the Late Republic and Early
Principate,” in Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His
Principate, edd. K.A. Raaflaub and M. Toher (Berkeley 1990) 333-63.
11) “The Marble Type of the Augustus from Prima Porta: An Isotopic Analysis,” in
Journal of Roman Archaeology 5 (1992) 203-208.
12) “The Tazza Farnese: Principe Augusto ‘Redeunt Saturnia Regna’!” in American
Journal of Archaeology 96 (1992) 249-55, 283-300.
13) “The Cartoceto Bronzes: Portraits of a Roman Aristocratic Family of the Late First
Century B.C.,” in American Journal of Archaeology 97 (1993) 423-46.
14) “The Gemma Augustea: Ideology, Rhetorical Imagery, and the Construction of a
Dynastic Narrative,” in Narrative and Event in Ancient Art, ed. P. Holliday
(Cambridge 1993) 258-98.
15) “The Acanthus of the Ara Pacis as an Apolline and Dionysiac Symbol of
Anamorphosis, Anakyklosis and Numen Mixtum,” in Von der Bauforschung zur
Denkmalpflege, Festschrift für Alois Machatschek (Vienna 1993) 181-217.
16) “The ‘Trojan Column’ at USC: Reality or Myth?” in Trojan Family (May, 1994)
30-31.
17) “The Augustus from Prima Porta and the Transformation of the Polykleitan Heroic
Ideal,” in Polykleitos, the Doryphoros, and Tradition, ed. W. Moon (Madison 1995)
262-82.
18) “The ‘Dart Aphrodite’: A New Replica of the ‘Arles Aphrodite Type,’ the Cult Image
of Venus Victrix in Pompey’s Theater at Rome, and Venusian Ideology and Politics
in the Late Republic - Early Principate,” in Latomus 55 (1997) 757-85.
19) “Parian Lychnites and the Prima Porta Statue: New Scientific Tests and the Symbolic
Value of the Marble” (with N. Herz, K. Polikreti, and Y. Maniatis), in Journal of
Roman Archaeology 11 (1998) 275-84.
20) “The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver,” in The Art
Bulletin 81 (1999) 21-52.
21) “Ein mit Inschriften versehener Legionärshelm von der pannonisch-dakischen Grenze
des römischen Reiches: Besitzverhältnisse an Waffen in der römischen Armee,” in
M. Junkelmann, Römische Helme VIII Sammlung Axel Guttmann, ed. H. Born
(Mainz 2000) 169-88.
22) “The Marble Type of the Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta: Facts and Fallacies,
Lithic Power and Ideology, and Color Symbolism in Roman Art,” in Paria Lithos:
Parian Quarries, Marble and Workshops of Sculpture (Proceedings of the First
International Conference on the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades, Paros, 2-5
October 1997), edd. D.U. Schilardi and D. Katsonopoulou (Athens 2000) 237-52.
23) “The Riace Bronzes: New Observations,” in Acten des 14. Internationalen
Kongresses für Antike Bronzen, Kölner Jahrbuch 33 (2000) 37-56.
24) “Two Bronze Portrait Busts of Slave-Boys from a Shrine of Cobannus in Roman
Gaul,” in Studia Varia II: Occasional Papers on Antiquities of The J. Paul Getty
Museum 10 (2001) 115-52.
25) “A New Portrait of Octavian/Augustus Caesar,” in Roman Sculpture in the
Art Museum, Princeton University (Princeton 2001) 6-11.
26) “Two Gallo-Roman Bronze Portraits of Sacrificial Ministrants in the J. Paul Getty
Museum,” in From the Parts to the Whole 2: Acta of the 13th International Bronze
Congress, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 28 - June 1, 1996, edd. C.C.
Mattusch, A. Brauer, and S.E. Knudsen (Portsmouth, Rhode Island 2002) 89-91.
27) “‘Frieden-durch-Sieg’ Ideologie und die Ara Pacis Augustae: Bildrhetorik und
die Schöpfung einer dynastischen Erzählweise,” in Krieg und Sieg: Narrative
Wanddarstellungen von Altägypten bis ins Mittelalter (Internationales
Kolloquium 23. - 30. Juli 1997 im Schloss Heindorf, Langenlois; Österreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften XXIV), edd. M. Bietak und M. Schwarz (Vienna
2002) 137-59.
28) “A New Portrait of Octavia and the Iconography of Octavia Minor and Julia Maior,”
Römische Mitteilungen 109 (2002) 11-42.
29) “Slave-Boys for Sexual and Religious Service: Images of Pleasure and Devotion,” in
Flavian Rome: Culture, Image, Text, edd. A.J. Boyle and W.J. Dominik (Leiden
2003) 149-66.
30) “The Caelian Hill Sacrificial Minister: A Marble Head of an Imperial Slave-Boy from
the Antiquarium Comunale on the Caelian Hill in Rome,” in Römische Mitteilungen
111 (2004) 1-28.
31) “A New Head of Augustus from Herculaneum: A Marble Survivor of a Pyroclastic
Surge,” in Römische Mitteilungen 111 (2004) 283-98.
32) “The Armstrong and Nuffler Heads and the Portraiture of Julius Caesar, Livia, and
Antonia Minor in Terra Marique: Studies in Honor of Anna Marguerite McCann
on the Receipt of the Gold Medal of the Archaeological Institute of America, ed.
J. Pollini (Oxbow Publications, Oxford 2005) 89-122.
33) “A New Marble Portrait of Tiberius: Portrait Typology and Ideology,” in Antike Kunst
48 (2005) 57-72.
34) “A North African Portrait of Caracalla from the Mellerio Collection and the
Iconography of Caracalla and Geta,” in Revue Archéologique (2005) 55-77.
35) “A Bronze Gorgon Handle Ornament of the Ripe Archaic Greek Period,” in Annuario
della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene e delle Missioni Italiani in Oriente 83
(2005) 235-47.
36) “Ritualizing Death in Republican Rome: Memory, Religion, Class Struggle, and the
Wax Ancestral Mask Tradition’s Origin and Influence on Veristic Portraiture” in
Performing Death: Social Analyses of Funerary Ritual in the Ancient Near East
and Mediterranean (Oriental Institute Seminars 3, University of
Chicago), ed. N. Laneri (Chicago 2007) 237-85.
37) “A New Bronze Portrait Bust of Augustus,” in Latomus 66 (2007) 270-73.
FORTHCOMING:
38) “Gods and Emperors in the East: Images of Power and the Power of Intolerance,”
in the proceedings of an international conference on “‘Sculptural Environment’ of the
Roman Near East: Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power” (University of
Michigan), in Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion,
edd. E.A. Friedland, S.C. Herbert, and Y.Z. Eliav (Peeters Publ.: Leuven).
39) “A New Portrait Bust of Tiberius in the Collection of Michael Bianco,” in Bulletin
Antieke Beschaving 83 (2008) 133-38.
40) “The Desecration and Mutilation of the Parthenon Frieze by Christians and Others,” in
Athenische Mitteilungen 122 (2007).
41) “Problematics of Making Ambiguity Explicit in Virtual Reconstructions:
A Case Study of the Mausoleum of Augustus,” for the proceedings of an international
conference, “Computer Technology and the Arts: Theory and Practice,” sponsored by
the British Academy and the University of London.
42) “A Winged Goat Table Leg Support from the House of Numerius Popidius Priscus at
Pompeii,” in Pompei, Regio VII, Insula 2, pars occidentalis. Indagini, Studi,
Materiali (la Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei), ed. L. Pedroni.
43) “Augustus: Portraits of Augustus,” in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and
Rome (2008).
44) “A New Bronze Lar and the Role of the Lares in the Domestic and Civic Religion of the Romans,” in Latomus (2008).
IN PROGRESS:
45) “The ‘Colville Athena’ Head and Its Typology.”
46) “Idealplastik and Idealtheorie: Paradeigmatic Systems, Homosexual Desire, and the
Rhetoric of Identity in Polykleitos’ Doryphoros and Diadoumenos.”
REVIEW ARTICLES
PUBLISHED:
D. Boschung, Die Bildnisse des Augustus (Das römische Herrscherbild I.2) (Berlin 1993),
in Art Bulletin 81 (1999) 723-35.
E. Varner, Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial
Portraiture (Monumenta Graeca et Romana 10) (Leiden 2004), in Art Bulletin 88
(2006) 591-98.
BOOK REVIEWS
PUBLISHED:
M. Torelli, Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs, in American Journal of
Archaeology 87 (1983) 572-73.
J. Ganzert, Das Kenotaph für Gaius Caesar in Limyra, in American Journal of
Archaeology 90 (1986) 134-36.
R. Brilliant, Visual Narratives. Storytelling in Etruscan and Roman Art in American
Journal of Philology 107 (1986) 523-27.
PUBLISHED IN CHOICE:
E. Bartman, Portraits of Livia: Imaging the Imperial Woman in Augustan Rome, in
vol. 37 (1999) 126.
B.S. Ridgway, Prayers in Stone: Greek Architectural Sculpture (Ca. 600 - 100 B.C.),
in vol. 37 (2000) 1095.
W.E. Mierse, Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural
Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs from the Third Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D.
in vol. 37 (2000) 1458.
V. Karageorgis, Ancient Art from Cyprus: The Cesnola Collection in The Metropolitan
Museum of Art (New York 2000)in vol. 38 (2000) 1953.
Z. Hawass, Valley of the Golden Mummies (New York 2000) in vol. 38 (2001)
4036.
M.W. Jones, Principles of Roman Architecture (New Haven 2000) in vol. 38 (2001)
5409.
F. Salmon, Building on Ruins: The Rediscovery of Rome and English Architecture
(Ashgate 2000) in vol. 39 (2001) 106.
J. Boardman, The History of Greek Vases: Potters, Painters and Pictures (New York
2001) in vol. 39 (2002) 3755.
Roman Sculpture in the Art Museum, Princeton University, ed. J. M. Padgett (Princeton
2001) in vol. 39 (2002) 6218.
G. Hedreen, Capturing Troy: The Narrative Function of Landscape in Archaic and Early
Classical Greek Art (Ann Arbor, 2001) in vol. 40 (2002) 73.
A. J. Clark, M. Elston, and M.L. Hart, Understanding Greek Vases: A Guide to Terms,
Styles, and Techniques (Los Angeles 2002) in vol. 40 (2003) 3185.
S. Woodford, Images of Myths in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge 2003) in vol. 41
(2003) 89.
J. Aruz with R. Wallenfels (edd.), Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from
the Mediterranean to the Indus (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) (New
Haven 2003) in vol. 41 (2004) 2584.
G. Curtis, Disarmed: The Story of the Venus de Milo (New York 2003) in vol. 41 (2004)
5083.
Games for the Gods: The Greek Athlete and the Olympic Spirit, edd. J.J. Herrmann and C.
Kondoleon (Boston Museum of Fine Arts) in vol. 42 (2004) 646.
E.W. Leach, The Social Life of Painting in Ancient Rome and on the Bay of Naples
(Cambridge 2004) in vol. 42 (2004) 1215-16.
D. Mazzoleni, Domus: Wall Painting in the Roman House (Los Angeles 2004) in vol. 42
(2005) 1809.
S. Fine, Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman World: Toward a New Jewish Archaeology
(Cambridge 2005) in vol. 43 (2006) 1586-87.
C.H. Hallett, The Roman Nude: Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 B.C. -- A.D. 300 (Oxford
2005) in vol. 44 (2006).
Constantine the Great: York’s Roman Emperor, edd. E. Hartley, J. Hawkes, M. Henig, and
F. Mee (York 2006) in vol. 44 (2006).
M.D. Stansbury-O’Donnell, Vase Painting, Gender, and Social Identity in Archaic Athens
(Cambridge 2006) in vol. 44 (2006).
PRINCIPAL INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS (Hard Copy and Online):
Greek Art and Archaeology: Course Manual (113 pages, 23 plates) and online version of
this Course Manual with digitized images
Roman Art and Archaeology: Course Manual (158 pages, 58 plates) and online version
of this Course Manual with digitized images
Digging into the Past: Material Culture and the Civilizations of the Ancient
Mediterranean: Course Manual (43 pages)
Proseminar Guide to General and Specific Works on Greek and Roman Art and
Archaeology and Related Disciplines (50 pages) and online version
Website for AHIS 425, “Introduction to Interdisciplinary Research and Methodology
in Classical Art and Archaeology and Related Disciplines” with links to other important
websites in the fields of Art, Archaeology, Classics, and Ancient History
Website for AHIS 201g: “Digging into the Past: Material Culture and the
Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean” (with digitized images)
PAPERS GIVEN AT INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
On Judging the Merits of Augustus: Center for Hermeneutical Studies: Colloquy,
Berkeley (April, 1985)
Investigating Hellenistic Sculpture: Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts,
National Gallery of Art (October, 1986)
Augustus: Monuments, Arts, and Religion: Brown University (March, 1987)
Aspects of Ancient Religion: University of California at Berkeley (April, 1987)
Marble and Ancient Greece and Rome: International conference sponsored by
NATO at Il Ciocco (Tuscany), Italy (May, 1988)
Polykleitos, the Doryphoros and Its Influence: University of Wisconsin, Madison
(October, 1989)
UCLA-USC Seminar in Roman Studies: UCLA, Los Angeles (December, 1992)
XIIIth International Bronze Congress: Harvard University (May 28 - June 1, 1996)
UCLA-USC Seminar in Roman Studies: Roman Representations: Subjectivity, Power
and Space: USC, Los Angeles (March, 1997)
International Symposium at Cuma (Naples): Flavian Poets, Artists, Architects and
Engineers in the Campi Flegrei (July, 1997)
International Symposium at the University of Vienna: Interdisziplinäres Kolloquium
Historische Architekturreliefs vom Alten Ägypten bis zum Mittelalter (July, 1997)
First International Conference on the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades: Paros,
Greece (October, 1997)
Getty Research Institute Colloquium: Work in Progress (November, 1997)
Annual Meetings of the Art Historians of Southern California at California State
University, Northridge, California (November, 1998)
XIV. Internationaler Kongress für Antike Bronzen: Werkstattkreise, Figuren und Geräte
(Sponsored by Das Römisch-Germanisches Museum der Stadt Köln und das
Archäologisches Institut der Universität zu Köln [September 1999]): Besides giving paper,
chaired the session “Bronzestatuen und -statuetten: Fundkomplexen, Fundgruppen,
Einzelstücke, und Typen”
First International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and
Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- keynote speaker and chaired
session on “Ideology, Historiography, and the Imperial Family” (May, 2000)
International Symposium at Emory University, Atlanta: Tyranny and Transformation
(October, 2000)
Annual Meeting of the Art Historians of Southern California at the Getty Center,
Los Angeles, California (November, 2000)
Getty Research Institute Colloquium: Work in Progress (December, 2000)
Second International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and
Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- chaired session on “The Image of
the Princeps and the Ruler Cult” (May, 2001)
UCLA-USC Seminar in Roman Studies: UCLA, Los Angeles (April, 2002)
Third International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and
Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- chaired session on “Roman History
and Ideology” (May, 2002)
Symposium on the Age of Augustus at UCLA -- (Feb., 2003)
Fourth International Symposium on Roman Imperial Ideology: Politics, Art, and
Numismatics at the Villa Vergiliana, Cuma (Naples) -- keynote speaker and
chaired session (May, 2003)
International Archaeological Congress, Harvard University (Aug. 2003): Besides giving a
paper, chaired session on “Ancient Society”
VIIth International ASMOSIA Conference, Thasos, Greece (Sept. 2003)
International Conference in the Arts and the Humanities, Honolulu, Hawaii (Jan. 2004)
Symposium on Roman Sculpture, Minneapolis Museum of Art (organized by Richard
Brilliant) (April, 2004)
International Symposium on Interaction of Indigenous and Foreign Cults in Italy at Cuma
(Naples) (May, 2004): Besides giving a paper, chaired session
International Conference at University of Michigan: “‘Sculptural Environment’ of the
Roman Near East: Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power (November 2004)
International Conference at Stanford University: “Seeing the Past” (February 2005)
International Conference at the University of London: “Computer Technology and the Arts:
Theory and Practice” (November 2005)
International Conference at the University of Chicago: “Performing Death: Social Analyses
of Funerary Ritual in the Mediterranean” (February 2006)
VIIIth International ASMOSIA Conference, Aix-en-Provence, France (June 2006)
Symposium “Art of Warfare”: Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University (January
2007)
PAPERS PRESENTED AT ANNUAL CONVENTIONS OF THE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE
COLLEGE ART ASSOCIATION
Boston (AIA, December, 1979)
New Orleans (AIA, December, 1980)
San Francisco (AIA, December, 1981)
Philadelphia (AIA, December, 1982)
Cincinnati (AIA, December, 1983)
Toronto (AIA, December, 1984)
Washington, D.C. (AIA, December, 1985) -- invited paper, “The Promulgation of the
Image of the Leader in Roman Art,” in a special AIA plenary session on Politics and
Art
San Antonio (AIA, December, 1986) -- invited paper, “Time, Narrativity, and Dynastic
Constructs in Augustan Art and Thought,” at a joint AIA-APA session on topics
illustrating connections between Roman art and philology
Houston (CAA, February, 1988) -- invited paper, “The Gemma Augustea and the
Construction of a Dynastic Narrative,” for a CAA session on Narrative and Event in
Greek and Roman Art
Atlanta (AIA, December, 1994) -- discussant for a joint AIA-APA session on “Rethinking
Nero’s Legacy: New Perspectives on Neronian Art, Literature, and History”
New York (AIA, December, 1996) -- special poster session: “The Marble Type of the
Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta: New Scientific Tests” (prepared in collaboration
with Norman Herz, Director of Programs, Center for Archaeological Sciences, University
of Georgia)
Chicago (AIA, December, 1997)
Washington, D.C. (AIA, December, 1998) -- invited paper, “A Portrait of a Sex-Slave
‘Stud’ (?) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York,” for a special colloquium in
honor of Anna Marguerite McCann on the receipt of the “Gold Medal” of the
Archaeological Institute of America
San Francisco (AIA, January, 2004) -- joint paper with N.Cipolla and L. Swartz Dodd
OTHER ACADEMIC AND PUBLIC LECTURES/TALKS
American Academy, Rome, Italy (March, 1976)
Cleveland Society AIA, Cleveland, Ohio (April, 1979)
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. (September, 1980)
Institute of Fine Arts, New York, N.Y. (October, 1980)
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y. (January, 1983)
New York Society AIA, New York, N.Y. (January, 1983)
Baltimore Society AIA, Baltimore, Md. (February, 1983)
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (March, 1987)
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Ca. (March, 1987)
Columbia University, New York, N.Y. (April, 1987)
Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, UCLA, Ca. (November 1989)
Tulane University, New Orleans, La. (February, 1990)
Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, USC, Ca. (February 1990)
Los Angeles Society AIA, Los Angeles, Ca. (March, 1990)
Fisher Gallery and School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
Ca. (March, 1990)
Institute of Fine Arts, New York, N.Y. (April, 1990)
American Academy, Rome, Italy (May, 1990)
University of Vienna and Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (June, 1990)
San Diego Society AIA, San Diego, Ca. (September, 1990)
Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, Getty Museum, Malibu, Ca.
(November, 1990).
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (December, 1990)
Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, Gamble House, Pasadena, Ca.
(March 1991)
Henry T. Rowell Lecturer: Baltimore Society AIA, Baltimore, Md. (November, 1991)
Villanova University, Villanova, Pa. (November, 1991)
Royal-Athena Galleries, Los Angeles, Ca. (October, 1992)
Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA), National Gallery of Art,
Washington D.C. (November, 1992)
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (November, 1992)
Duke University, Durham, N.C. (November, 1992)
University of California, Los Angeles: UCLA/USC Seminar in Roman Studies, Los
Angeles, Ca. (December, 1992)
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Ca. (January, 1993)
J. Paul Getty Museum and Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, Malibu,
Ca. (February, 1993)
Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, UCLA, Ca. (March 1993)
California State University, Long Beach, Ca. (March, 1993)
Stanford University, Palo Alto, Ca. (April, 1993)
University of California, Berkeley, Ca. (April, 1993)
California State University, Northridge, Ca. (April, 1993)
University of Arizona, Tucson, Az. (April, 1993)
American Academy, Rome, Italy (June, 1994)
Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities (Director’s Series) (Dec., 1994)
University of California, Irvine (May, 1997)
American Academy, Rome, Italy (July, 1997)
American School of Classical Studies, Athens (October, 1997)
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles (March, 1998)
British School at Rome (June, 1998)
University of California, Berkeley (November, 1998)
Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, University of California,
Santa Barbara (March, 1999)
Work in Progress: Getty Research Institute, Brentwood, California (December, 2000)
Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California, Getty Research Institute,
Brentwood, Ca. (April, 2001)
American Academy, Rome, Italy (May, 2001)
Loyola Marymount, Los Angeles (March, 2002)
Southern California Institute of Architecture (February, 2003)
Columbia University, New York (April, 2003)
University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (May, 2003)
University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands (May, 2003)
American School of Classical Studies, Athens (September, 2003)
University of Oklahoma, Norman (March, 2005)
Cambridge University, Cambridge, England (November, 2005)
American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece (March, 2007)
University of Athens, Greece (May, 2007)
Los Angeles Society of the AIA, Los Angeles (December, 2007)
College of William and Mary (January, 2008)
Duke University, Durham (February, 2008)
Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA (March, 2008)
University of Nebraska, Lincoln (April, 2008)
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS as Whitehead Professor of Archaeology (2006-2007)
Participated in all Fall trips of the School to various parts of Greece, giving
presentations on each of the trips.
Participated in the School’s Spring trip to Central Anatolia, giving several presentations.
Offered a seminar in the Winter Quarter: “Christian Destruction and Desecration of
Images and Shrines of Classical Antiquity.”
MISCELLANEOUS TALKS AND PRESENTATIONS
Lectures and talks on site regarding the architecture and topography of Rome, Ostia,
and Hadrian’s Villa for members of the Technische Universität für Architektur und
Denkmalpflege, Vienna, Austria; the Summer School of the American Academy in
Rome; St. Olaf College’s Junior Year Abroad Program; and M.A. students of
architecture in a joint summer program of the University of Southern California and the
University of Illinois; and the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome.
Talks on various aspects of Classical art and archaeology at meetings of the
Archaeological Society of the Mid-Atlantic States (1980-1987)
Gallery talks on the ancient collections of the Archaeological Museum of the Johns
Hopkins University (in capacity as curator) and of the Walters Art Gallery (1979-1987)
Gallery talks on the ancient collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Los Angeles
County Museum of Art (1987-present)
Talk for USC graduate students in the Dept. of Classics at the Ara Pacis and Mausoleum of
Augustus in Rome (May 26, 2006), organized by Prof. Claudia Moatti, Dept. of Classics
SPECIAL TALKS AND LECTURES AT USC
Seminar for Professor Claudia Moatti, Department of Classics: “Problems in Ancient Art”
(March, 2005)
Seminar for Dr. Daniela Bleichmar, Department of Art History: Rediscovering the
Classical Past: The Relationship of Art History, Archaeology, and Visual Culture (March,
2005)
University of Southern California’s 125th Celebration: For Symposium on “Trojan
Legends” presented paper: “USC's Trojan Column: An Ancient and Modern Myth”
(October, 2005)
MEDIA INTERVIEWS AND CONSULTATION
New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The New Yorker, The
History Channel, Arts and Entertainment Channel, KPCC Radio Los Angeles, NBC, Fox
Featured piece on my innovative work on the marble type of the statue of Augustus from
Prima Porta: A. Elders, “Tracing the Stones of Classical Brilliance,” in Hermes -- Greece
Today 35 (1999) 20-24.
ORGANIZER AND LEADER OF TOURS OF MUSEUMS AND SITES
Turkey (for Board of Councilors and donors of the School of Fine Arts, USC, 1995; for
university students and the general public, 1998)
Greece (Attica and the Peloponnese) (for university students and the general public, 1999)
Central Italy (for university students and the general public, 2000, 2002, 2003)
PARTICIPATION IN OTHER COLLOQUIA AND SYMPOSIA
Roman Sculpture and Architecture: German Archaeological Institute, Rome
(January, 1978)
Roman Architecture: Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery
of Art (January, 1981)
The Age of Augustus. The Rise of Imperial Ideology: Brown University (April, 1982)
Pictorial Narratives in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: The Johns Hopkins University and
the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (March, 1984)
Villa Gardens of the Roman Empire: Dumbarton Oaks (May, 1984)
Retaining the Original -- Multiple Originals, Copies, and Reproductions: Center for
Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (March, 1985)
Investigating Hellenistic Sculpture: Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts,
National Gallery of Art (October, 1986)
Marble -- Art Historical and Sculptural Perspectives on Ancient Sculpture: J. Paul Getty
Museum (April, 1988)
International Conference on Roman Archaeology and Latin Epigraphy: University of
Rome and the French School of Rome (May, 1988)
Roman Portraits in Context: Emory University (January, 1989)
Small Bronze Sculpture from the Ancient World: J. Paul Getty Museum (March, 1989)
Alexandria and Alexandrianism: J. Paul Getty Museum (April, 1993)
International Symposium: “Rome Reborn” Visual Reality Program at UCLA (December,
1996)
History of Restoration of Ancient Stone Sculptures, J. Paul Getty Museum (October, 2001)
Re-Restoring Ancient Stone Sculpture, J. Paul Getty Museum (March, 2003)
Marble Conference on Thasos, Liman, Thasos (Sept. 2003)
OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
Editorial Assistant (1968-1969) and Associate Editor (1969-1970), AGON: Journal of
Classical Studies
Editorial Board, American Journal of Philology (January, 1982-January, 1987)
Delegate from Baltimore Society AIA to National Convention (1984-1986)
Vice-President, Baltimore Society of the AIA (1985-1987)
Co-Director, Exhibition on Roman Portraiture, Fisher Gallery (1989)
Co-Founder (with Dr. Diana Buitron) of the Classical Archaeological Society of the Mid-
Atlantic States (1978-87)
Founder and President of the Classical Archaeological Society of Southern California
(1987-present)
Member of the Ancient Art Council of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (1987-
present)
Oversaw the publication and helped edit the newsletter “ARTFACTS” of the
School of Fine Arts (1993-1996) during my tenure as Dean of the School of Fine Arts
USC Representative to Advisory Council of the American Academy in Rome
(1993-present)
Comitato di Collaborazione Culturale to the Consul General of Italy at Los Angeles
(1995-1998)
Advisory Committee for the Virtual Reality Project for Ancient Rome (“Rome Reborn”)
(1996-1998)
Delegate from Los Angeles Society AIA to National Convention (Chicago, Dec., 1997)
Reviewer for the Getty Grant Program (1999)
Reviewer for the MacArthur Foundation Grant (2000, 2003)
Planning Committee for a Four-Year International Conference on “Roman Imperial
Ideology” at the Villa Vergiliana at Cuma (Naples), organized by J. Rufus Fears (2000-
2003)
Consultant for the Forum of Augustus Project: Sovrintendenza Archeologica Comunale,
Direzione al Foro di Augusto (2004-present)
Editor of the newsletter “Musings” for the Department of Art History, USC (2005)
Planning Committee for the Internation Bronze Congress in Athens, Greece (2006-2007)
Chaired two sessions -- “Roman Sculpture” and “Augustan Art” -- at the Annual Meeting
of the Archaeological Institute of America (San Diego 2007)
UNIVERSITY COMMITTEES AND OTHER SERVICE
Faculty Senate (1988-1991)
Advisory Committee to the Dean of the School of Fine Arts (1990-1991, 1992-1993)
Chairman, Personnel Committee of the School of Fine Arts (1988-1990)
Library Liaison Officer for Art and Architecture Library (1987-present)
Search Committee for Reference Librarian of the Art and Architecture Library
(1989-1990 and 2000)
University Library Committee (1989-1990, 1998-2001)
Recruitment Committee for the School of Fine Arts (1989-1995)
Space Allocation Committee, School of Fine Arts (1989-1990)
University Research Committee (1990-1991)
Promotion Committee, School of Fine Arts (1990-1995)
University Ad Hoc Committee on Revenue Center Management (1990-1995)
Committee for University Development, School of Fine Arts (1993-1995)
Development Task Force, the School of Fine Arts (1993-1995)
Consultative Committee to the Provost (Spring 1993-1995)
University Galleries Advisory Committee (1993-1995)
University Committee on Transnational and Multicultural Affairs (1993-1995)
Provost’s Council at USC (formerly Council of Deans) (1993-1995)
USC Representative to the Advisory Council of the American Academy in Rome
(1993-present)
Founder and Member of the Board of Councilors for the School of Fine Arts (1994-1995)
Consortium Council of Deans for Development at USC (1995)
Tenure and Promotion Committee, Department of Art History (1995-to present)
Recruitment Committee for Department of Art History in the College of
Letters, Arts, and Sciences (1996-2005)
Program Proposer for the Establishment of an Interdepartmental and Interdisciplinary
Ancient Mediterranean Studies Program (1997-1999)
Chinese Search Committee, Department of Art History (1998-1999)
Japanese Search Committee, Department of Art History (1998-1999)
Professor-In-Charge, USC-Getty Lecture Series, Seminar, and Faculty Dinner (honoring
Salvatore Settis) (1998-1999)
Curriculum Committee (Co-Chair) (1998-1999)
Chair, Committee for Selection of Departmental Chair (1999-2000)
Chair, Merit Review Committee (1999-2000)
Committee for the Establishment of an Undergraduate Major in Archaeology
(2002-present)
Greek Art Search Committee, Department of Art History and Classics (2001-2004)
Faculty Search Committee, Department of Art History: Senior Hiring Initiative (2003-
present)
Junior Faculty Review Committee, Department of Art History (2003)
USC’s Arts and Humanities Committee (2003-2004)
Chair of Oversight Committee for the Interdisciplinary Archaeology Major (Spring 2006)
MEMBERSHIPS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
NATIONAL:
Archaeological Institute of America
College Art Association
American Philological Association
Association of Ancient Historians
Vergilian Society
INTERNATIONAL:
Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
Associazione Internazionale di Archeologia Classica
Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity (AMOSIA)
Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies
If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:
Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/
The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at
portraitsofcaligula.com/
Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.
These were developed with the same methodology as Caffenol Test VI, and are from the second half of the same roll of film. However! I mixed a fresh batch of Caffenol for the purpose and though everything else was the same - ratios, temp, time - the new brew acted much more vigorously.
As such, these films had to be bleached with Tetenal C-41 Bleach-Fix for 60 seconds after salt fixing, to reduce density down to workable images. This has contributed to the extra grain, contrast and the other artefacts sneaking in on the images.
All things considered, they look pretty bloody good.
I was eager to get back into the swing of things after a two week holiday from the city. My break from the street allowed me to reflect on my methodology for this project. I decided to hang out at specific spots for longer periods of time, partially to allow me to observe the goings on and to look for interactions, but also to be better prepared for the folks walking by. Today was my first attempt with this new strategy. Finding a position on a bright street corner, I settled in to watch. A well-dressed woman walked by, but I failed to act quickly enough before she was gone. I barely had time to regret my inaction, however, when I noticed a well dressed man pause nearby.
This is Nick. I complimented him on his great sense of style, then asked if he would mind if I made a portrait of him. Nick and I had an interesting conversation during our brief meeting and photoshoot, discussing fashion and my project. I find that I often get quizzed about the nature of and reasons for the project and when they learn about my intent, people are usually quite supportive of the idea, and Nick was no different. We had a few moments to chat before he had to go and meet his buddy. I’m obviously not the only one to notice Nick’s good style: the friend he was meeting is getting married soon and wants Nick’s help picking out some “nice” clothes.
{EDIT I removed the cinema tone to this image}
*** Constructive Critiques Welcome***
_______________ _ _ _ _
Find out more about the project and see
pictures taken by other photographers
at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page.
_______________ _ _ _ _
CIFOR scientists Manuel Guariguata (right) and team in a Brazil nut concession, Madre de Dios, Peru.
The scientists are working on a study examining the impact of selective logging on Brazil nut production - for the full story see: Harvesting brazil nuts in Peru www.blog.cifor.org/16623/harvesting-both-timber-and-brazi...
Photo by Marco Simola/CIFOR
For more information on CIFOR's research on Brazil nuts in Peru, please contact Manuel Guariguata (mailto:m.guariguata@cgiar.org)
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
People always know how lush the west lake looks like in summer and seldom know the winter scene. A traditional Chinese boat looming on the lake under the fog weather. Withered lotus …Photographed @ The West Lake, Hangzhou China by Xifang Zhang, a postgrad from the department of Methodology.
"Muslim Creed" [Vol. 3 No. 2, February 1995] a free of charge Islamic Magazine meant for the dissemination of the Islamic creed, knowledge and Methodology of Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama`ah in the light of the Qur'an and the Authentic Sunnah as understood and practiced by the Salaf. It is published by "The Dear of Islamic Heritage".
My Dear Sister,
Know that you are man's sister and half of humanity. You are a mother, wife, daughter, sister, aunt, grand daughter or grand mother. The Prophet said, what translated means, Women are, indeed, men's partners. [Abu Dawood]. You are a member of the great nation of Islam, the best nation ever produced for mankind. No other nation on earth has more great men, leaders and conquerors than this nation. It is the nation of guidance and the straight religion, and it leads humanity to righteousness and truth. It transforms people from worshippers of slaves to worshippers of the Lord of slaves, from life's pressures to the pleasures of the Life after, and from the injustice of other religions to the justice of Islam.
Your ancestors, great women of Islam, were one of the main reasons for this great nation to take this great place among all nations. Allah, Who granted Islam to this nation, made a high place for Muslim women, and decreed that they share in the responsibilities of enjoining truth, forbidding evil and raising the flag of Islam. He said, what translated means, The believers, men and women, are loyalists of one another, they enjoin righteousness and forbid evil, they offer their prayers perfectly and give the Zakat, and obey Allah and His Messenger. Allah will leave His Mercy on them. Surely Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise. [9:71]
Allah has given Muslim women what they can bare of orders and duties. He is the God Who knows His creation, Should He not know what He created? And He is the Most Kind, All-Aware (of everything). [67:14].
My dear sister, you are called upon today to truly become an active member of the Muslim nation, strive to establish victory for Allah's Word, implement the Quran and help build the generation of Iman.
What Do Your Enemies Want From You?
There are those who want to distract you from doing your duty. They want to distract you from meeting your noble obligation, that is, to defend the religion of Allah and raise His Word high. Those enemies use many methods:
First: They distract you from what Allah created you to perform of worship, belief and Da'wah (propagating Islam). They use this worldly life as their bate: Jewelry stores, fashions that originate in non-Muslim countries, new models all the time, desires raised, hunger that can never be satisfied, pleasures and competition for them and endless ways for joy. Allah did not create us for this. Indulging in these matters is usually accompanied by wasting time and money and igniting enmity and competition between the rich and the poor.
Second: They ignite enmity between you and man. To those sinners, you are a daughter that is put down, a humiliated mother, an abused wife and an oppressed sister! Men are always unjust, hypocrites, dictators, freedom- preventers and suppressers, according to them. There is a fabricated war that those evil ones are starting for no reason other than to direct you to rebel against your father, be arrogant with your brother and disobedient to your husband. They do not call for justice, mercy and unity. They call for hatred, arrogance and destruction.
Third: They do not stop at their call for rebellion against parents, brothers and husbands, rather, they plot against Islam. They call upon you to rebel against the obligations of Islam and the decrees of the All-Knowing King. Islam, to them, is unjust and Islamic laws are imperfect and restrictive. They call upon you, day and night, to rebel and insist on the disobedience of this religion. They try to rid you of your religion. They try to rid you of comfort and safety under generous parenthood, happy marriage and good brotherly relations.
Those devils portray piety and honor as chains on freedom. To them, Hijab does not cover the head, but also covers the mind; prayer, fasting and Zakat are a waste of time and effort; and obedience to husbands is slavery and a retum to the stone age. They distorted all facts and changed all truths, all to serve their evil goals.
Dear Sister,
The goals that your enemies and the enemies of your religion are seeking to achieve are well known. They want you to be available for them to fulfill their evil desires whenever they wish. They want you to be a mistress that has no honor. They want you to be found everywhere, on roads and in places of sin, without honor, religion or manners. They seek for you only what they want you to do. The Western world has gone through this all. Women of the West are the part of society that is facing injustice and dishonor. They strive to please men who keep changing partners and seek pleasures but with no responsibility and no consideration of the evil consequences of their sinful actions.
O Muslim sister, read and know about those women who discarded shyness and honor and followed their desires, what was the result of their deeds? Was their end honorable and desirable, or was it a shameful and hated end?
Advice For My Sister In Islam
Be proud of your religion and the religion of your ancestors. Be a good example for your sons and daughters and sincere in your belonging to this mighty nation. Know that honor is an honor to all wise people, and that adultery is dishonorable to all nations, even if some called it freedom. Know that adultery is also done with the eyes by seeing, with the ears by listening, and with the mouth by kissing, as was mentioned in a Hadith related by Imam Muslim. Your happiness is in being an obedient and believing daughter, a loyal and generous wife and a pious and merciful mother. Know that prayer is the cornerstone of Islam. Fasting one day, for the sake of Allah, takes your face seventy years away from Hellfire, as the Hadith, related by Al-Bukhari and Muslim, states. Charity is a major cause for gaining forgiveness and for repentance to be accepted. Those women who are showing parts of their bodies to men, will not enter Paradise or smell its fragrance and are cursed, as in the Hadith related by Imam Muslim. Hijab is an honor and protection for you. Hijab must be modest in color and not exotic, wide and thick and not revealing, different from the dress of non-Muslim women and men.
My Dear Sister,
These are words from the heart. These are words of good and sincere advice. Beware of the loyalists of Satan who want to lead you astray. Be a slave of Allah, righteous and decendent of righteous women and know your role in building this great nation. Perform your duty and do not be a cause for destruction. Be a maker of righteous generation that will lead mankind, again, to what is right and proper, to the great religion of Islam.
SYMBOLIC MEANINGS OF CLASSICAL CHINESE GARDEN DESIGN ELEMENTS Prof. Suining Ding, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne Suining Ding is an Associate Professor at Indiana University-Purdue University, FortWayne. Her research
interests include Digital 3D modeling, cross-cultural comparison of architecture, design methodology and design process, cognitive perceptions of interior space, and relationships of human behavior and environment. American Society for Engineering Education, 2012
Culture Reflections Embodied in Modern Architecture: An Analysis Symbolic Meanings of Classical Chinese Garden Design Elements and Principles When people walk into a space or built environment, people should feel the design intention made manifest through visual cues. Amos Rapoport stated that the built environment holds meaning as part of a cultural system of symbols, and influences our actions and our determinations of social order . It also has been a consensus that designers must understand the effect of the physical manifestation of design on people in the body of knowledge of the interior design profession . Therefore, understanding the symbolic meanings conveyed by design elements become crucial for designers. This paper presents a case study of analysis of classical Chinese garden design elements including water, plants, architecture, rocks and tracery windows (borrowed views) in modern architecture designed by I.M. Pei. This case study has been used in teaching cross-cultural comparison of architecture course. The purpose of this case study is to reveal symbolic meanings that interpreted by classical Chinese garden design elements in modern architecture. Findings illustrate distinct design strategies of utilizing Chinese garden design philosophy and principles in modern architecture that embodies culture reflections. Findings also help students to further understand that the built environment conveys meaning as part of cultural system, which is one of the learning objectives of cross-cultural comparison of architecture course. Culture and Design: Cross-cultural Comparison of architecture is a course designed to expose students to culture varieties that reflected on architecture. In this course, the meaning and symbolism of the art of Chinese architecture and Chinese garden is examined, focusing on the cultural, philosophical, and religious influences. Both architecture and garden in eastern country
and western country are introduced and compared with given rubrics. One of the segments in this course is to introduce the concept of cultural reflections in modern built environment. The artistic characteristics of classical Chinese garden design include the harmonious relationship between the parts and the whole. This humanistic philosophy and approach of classical Chinese garden design can be an inspiration to modern architecture practice and a resource for the creation of a new architecture. In this course, the Chinese garden design principles are identified and the building adaptations to the modern world are explored.
This course has been taught during the past five years. With the continuing course
improvement, a new case study has been added to the course content in order to better introduce the concept of cultural reflections in modern architecture. Particularly, the case study not only reveals the meaning of Chinese garden design elements in modern architecture, but also it provides distinct design guidelines for future architectural design. This paper describes this new case study that has been added to the Culture and Design course. Review of Literature. There are five design elements in classical Chinese garden design. They are water, plants, architecture, rocks and tracery windows (borrowed views). An overview of images of design elements of classical Chinese garden can be found in Figure . All Chinese gardens contain architecture. In addition, gardens are enclosed by pavilions, verandahs, halls and walls. The spaces in the garden are formed by architecture. The main difference between Western and Eastern gardens and their basic elements lies in the use of architecture and not in vegetation . Another element in a Chinese garden is stone. A stone may serve as a central theme of a courtyard, where it is placed on a pedestal, in a pond, or cemented together to form caves or peaks. One kind of stone is made from lake rock, quarried from a small island in Taihu Lake near Suzhou. Water serves as another natural element in Chinese garden design in addition to landscaping. In the private garden, a large body of water is not possible but a pond is a must. A bridge usually is built across narrow channels, or causeways are used as stepping stones to connect several smaller ponds in order to enhance the depth of the garden . Reflections made from a pool can enlarge the dimension of a garden visually. Scenery and track is another characteristic of classical Chinese garden. Gardens are different in shape and size. The large garden is naturally divided into more courtyards, and each courtyard has its particular theme in order to create a particular feeling of place. Because of the courtyards are interconnected, they create a series of spaces that have special meanings. As one enters the small entry leading to a garden and walks into a particular space, although it is usually small in scale and wrapped around with winding verandahs, the feeling gained is always the same as repose, harmony, serenity and elegance. Pei employs a lot of traditional Chinese symbolism in his Suzhou Art Museum. The SuZhou Art Museum floor plan is shown in Figure 2 in Appendix. He built it on a symmetrical north-south axis, which is one of the design principles of Chinese architecture. It allows the building to take advantage of the sun’s warmth and reflections . The structure is built to surprise the visitor when walking down the winding interior corridors offering tracery windows with a view of the central courtyards and gardens. Traditional garden; elements are prominent. There is the main garden, with eight small gardens. Every angle has a garden view. From the outside, the buildings reflect the traditional Suzhou private garden style; it is in harmony with its surrounding atmosphere. The five garden design elements are used in the design of the garden, such as local Taihu stones and rocks, water, bamboo, and a walking bridge that zigzags across the pond. Stone is the skeletal structure and is used in SuZhou Art Museum as sculpture. Water is qi energy and is balanced with the rigidity of stone. The bamboo represents uprightness, and the flowers add colors and present the four seasons. In the main garden, there is special Chinese stonework “ink-wash painting” Pei uses the white wall as paper; stone as paint, creating a unique visual effect with granite replicate a miniature mountain of abstract sculpture. Purpose and Method The purpose of this case study is to analyze and interpret the classical Chinese garden design elements including stone, water, architecture, plants, literature and arts as well as borrowed view(tracery window), as a form of symbolic culture reflection in modern architecture. This analysis is based on the methods of historical inquiry and literature review. Findings illustrate distinct approaches in reflecting culture heritage in modern built environment through symbolic forms. This study proposes four major design strategies to interpret the symbolic meaning of culture heritage: nature, poetic and painterly concept, scenery and track, as well as mystery and wonder. Nature elements in design refer to landscaping, water, courtyard and stone. All these design elements are integral part of classical Chinese garden that create poetic and painterly feelings, creating a place of natural beauty with a serene and elegant atmosphere. . Through the use of this concept, a unique garden architecture was created. Poetry, prose, painting and music in China are interrelated and were used to express inner feeling through symbolism. Garden design, nevertheless, was different from poetry or prose. The media are not brush or paper, but rather a process, where there is never a final stroke of the pen or a last word, and which is in a continual state of change. It is the placement of the elements which make a garden, such as water, rocks, trees and flowers, architecture and space as well as the utilization of the effects of natural phenomena including the change of seasons, light, color, shadow and sound to achieve aesthetic feelings and evoke associations between objects and the observer . Architecture in a garden serves to “frame” or emphasize a good view. All these elements in the garden are connected by covered verandahs, which create mystery and wonder in the garden. The verandahs on both sides of the wall become what is called double verandah and the wall between them can be pierced with tracery windows to unite the two spaces visually . Sometimes a verandah is built over water on stilts, looking very much like a covered bridge. More mystery and wonder would be presented to observers when verandahs are in zigzag form, following the shape and slope of the site. Sometimes it will bend on the way up a hill, reach an edge of a pool, pass through flowerbeds and cross valleys, twisting and seemingly there is no end. Although the verandah was built for circulation, it is not intended to reach its destination in a hurry. One could stop and wonder, read at the table and watch scenery and turn to wonder another mystery and pose again. The main purpose was to stroll leisurely and wonder around for more attractions. Sometimes it appears that the walker reaches the end of a path, but with a sudden turn there is another path or another open space. There is always something unexpected to see which surprise the visitor. In Pei’ SuZhou Art Museum, the geometry thinking in the design made visitors feel to be in a world of pure lines and triangles, squares, and symmetry. Pei, the modernist seamlessly blends the modern and the culture in his SuZhou Art Museum. The geometry and spatial quality of his work satisfy the modern architecture by revealing culture meaning in modern built environment. Pei expressed his philosophy of using Chinese garden design elements in modern architectural design in Harvard Asia Pacific Review: “Chinese gardens are very unusual in the sense that you can create a microcosm of the world in such tiny space. And that has always been in my mind, so that I am never discouraged when I don’t have as much room to work with. I can always say, look at the SuZhou gardens and what wonders you can create with them. It is a sense of scale…” . It is obvious that Chinese garden design principles have inspired Pei’s modern architectural design. Chinese garden design elements have been the major components in his work in modern built environment.
The four design strategies set forth in this case study assist in understanding the symbolic
meaning of Chinese Garden design elements in modern built environment - SuZhou Art Museum designed by I.M.Pei. These four design strategies aid the students to understand the symbolic meaning interpret in the modern architecture through symbolic forms. The first strategy is to use natural elements, such as rocks, bamboo, water and landscaping. Bamboo presents uprightness. The flowers add color and present the four seasons. The second strategy is to present poetic and painterly concept in design. Poetry and painting express inner feeling through symbolism that is a process to achieve aesthetic feelings and evoke associations between objects and the observer. When poetic and painterly concept is integrated in a designed space, the aesthetic feelings and appreciations are achieved for observers. In SuZhou Art Museum, Pei used stone to form a scene as ink-wash painting according to painting in Song Dynasty. The third strategy is to create scenery and track. Architecture, pavilions, verandahs, halls and walls, tracery windows are design elements that can be used to create scenery and track in a space. In SuZhou Art Museum, Pei made west wing longer (seems more interesting), and had a water fall at the end of the hall way, so the sounds of water can be very attractive to visitors. So it leads people turn left and see west wing first . There are also many tracery windows along the hallways.The fourth strategy is to create mystery and wonder in a space. These can be achieved by using verandahs in zigzag form, following the shape or slop of the site and tracery windows on verandah walls. In SuZhou Art museum, zigzag walking bridge was designed across the pond. The analysis of these design strategies in Table -1 also assist and inform an examination of how future modern design could utilize classical Chinese garden design principles and philosophy. This approach may help designers to create a contemporary space with cultural reflections. In Harvard Asia Pacific Review, Pei indicated: “I remember the twists and turns of Chinese garden that you never see the end as you do at Versailles. In a Chinese garden, you make turn, and then you pause, you see something, and you turn again, and you see something different. This concept lingers with me, and I continue to draw from it.” It is a very comprehensive conclusion that drawing ideas and inspirations from Chinese garden design will be an enduring process in order to create modern architecture that embodies culture reflections. Design Elements in Classical Chinese Garden Symbolic Meaning
Interpreted in SuZhou Art Museum natural landscaping, water, courtyard, Taihu stones and rocks, walking bridge one main garden and eight small gardens - Taihu stones and rocks, water, bamboo presents uprightness, the flowers to add color and to present the four seasons poetic and painterly concept poetry and painting to express inner feeling through symbolism, a process to achieve aesthetic feelings and evoke associations between
objects and the observer Chinese stonework "ink-wash painting". Pei used stone to form a scene according to painting in Song Dynasty scenery and track buildings, pavilions, verandahs, hall and walls, tracery windows made west wing longer (seems more interesting), and had a water fall at the end of the hall way, so the sounds of water can be very attractive to visitors. So it leads people turn left and see west wing first. Many tracery windows mystery and wonder verandahs in zigzag form, following the shape or slop of the site, tracery windows on verandah walls zigzag walking bridge across the pond
References
Liu, L. (1989). Chinese Architecture. Academy Editions, London
Martin, C. & Guerin, D. (2005). The Interior Design Profession’s Body of Knowledge. Interior Design Educators Council. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from www.careersininteriordesign.com/idbok.pdf Pei. I.M. (Summer, 1997) Finding Roots. Harvard Asia Pacific Review. Retrieved on March 12, 2012 from www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hapr/summer97_culture/roots.html
[4] Rapoport, Amos, (1990). The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach. University of Arizona Press. Appendix Chinese Garden Design Elements Verandahs with tracery windows and Zigzag bridges over the pond lead to more mystery and wonder Water, Plants, Stones and Rocks Tracery Windows (Borrowed Views)
Figure 1: Classical Chinese Garden Design Elements SuZhou Art Museum – Designed by I.M.Pei Figure 2: SuZhou Art Museum Floor PlanSuZhou Art Museum – Designed by I.M.Pei,The west wing was designed longer (seems more interesting), and had a water fall at the end of the hall way, so the sounds of water can be very attractive to visitors. So it leads people turn left and see west wing first. There are many tracery windows in the hallway. A symmetrical north-south axis is designed to locate the building, which is one of the design principles of Chinese architecture. It allows the building to take advantage of the sun warmth and reflection. The colors of the building are gray, black and white, which are typical colors in classical private garden in SuZhou. Special Chinese stonework “ink-wash painting” - Pei uses the white wall as paper; stone as paint, creating a unique visual effect with granite replicate a miniature mountain of abstract sculpture.
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
For this shot, I realized later that I had the camera at an odd angle, and not quite square with the model. So her head is slightly skewed, but the goal with this was to see the corner sharpness.
This is very impressive! I don't think the designers of this lens ever had a chance to test it on a whopping 47 MP sensor! The most they would have tested it on would have been 24 MP. My guess is, the designers of this lens must have felt very pleased with themselves when they first saw 47MP images from this lens.
A BRIEF HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN’S TB CONTROL MECHANISMS
By
Dr Ghulam Nabi Kazi
As the world braces itself for the fallout of a serious pandemic of COVID-19, we must nevertheless not lose sight of another serious killer –Tuberculosis - that devours 4,500 people daily from around the world, nor the suffering TB patients who are at a much greater risk of contracting COVID-19.
Pakistan was initially slow in responding to the World Health Organization declaration of Tuberculosis as a global emergency in 1993. The Government of Sindh was the first to draw up a concrete 3-year plan from 2000-2003 based on the TB-Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) methodology. The Federal Government and other provinces followed suit in 2001 and on World TB Day on March 24, 2001 the Ministry of Health led by Minister H. E. Dr Abdul Malik Kasi and Secretary H. E. Mr. Ejaz Rahim declared TB as a national emergency and issued the Islamabad Declaration, in the context of Pakistan.
The Islamabad Declaration was initially met with a great response from governmental agencies and the health development partners including robust technical support from the Word Health Organization, social mobilization from the Stop TB Partnership and financing support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), British Department for International Development (DFID), Family Health International (FHI), German Leprosy and Relief Association (GLRA), German Development Bank (KfW), German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association/Research Institute for Tuberculosis (JATA/RIT), Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Royal Netherlands Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation) and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union). These agencies also took part in WHO-led reviews and their joint recommendations guided the follow-up action at the relevant operational level. The core elements of the National and Provincial Tuberculosis Control Programs were financed by the government. Subsequently, the major donors routed all their grants for Tuberculosis through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM).
By 2005, the diagnostic and treatment facilities were established in all eligible public sector health facilities and were offered free of cost along with a significant amount of social mobilization. In April 2004, the WHO Inter-Country meeting of National Tuberculosis Control Program Managers was held in Lahore, indicating that Pakistan had come a long way. That was the finest hour of TB Control in Pakistan. Things had fallen into place, the facilities were strengthened, enhanced and expanded through public-private mix along with a remarkable show of commitment, dedication and a camaraderie of all stakeholders working towards a common cause just like family members.
Thereafter the program developed with greater facilities including the rampant use of GeneXpert – a molecular test for TB reducing the reliance on sputum smear microscopy by a great deal. Mobile Cad4TB Vans equipped with software that can automatically analyze chest radiographs for signs of tuberculosis. The latest technology provided by the Stop TB Partnership is in the Fuji-Xair technology, a hand held device armed with artificial intelligence, will be used for active case finding in coal miners and their associated communities in several parts of Pakistan.
The National Tuberculosis Program of Pakistan being nearly 19-20 years old is quite mature now and remains one of the country’s best performing programs. It would, however, be wrong to assume that everything is hunky-dory.
Let us try and analyze the results:
1.First and foremost, out of the estimated 560,000 cases in Pakistan around 200,000 cases are missed annually and are not being notified in the national or provincial programs. What is happening to these ‘missing’ patients is purely a matter of conjecture. It is possible those cases may be visiting private practitioners and hopefully getting cured but there is also the possibility that they are not getting any treatment at all or approaching quacks, faith healers or erroneously prescribing doctors making them TB carriers for life and spreading the disease to their contacts.
2.The last National TB prevalence survey – a colossal undertaking – left us with an incidence of 265 per 100,000 population. While there is a clamour from the provinces for a fresh prevalence survey, it appears to be an exercise in futility, while incurring a lot of expenditure as no change may have occurred in the intervening period since the last survey.
3.The overwhelming fact is that with a case notification rate of 65-70%, Pakistan has failed to make a dent in the incidence or prevalence and with the same level of effort, no significant change is likely. Thus while we may consider this effort as ‘controlling’ TB, any talk of elimination is a far cry at the moment and will require increasing the pace of effort manifold if the international commitments are to be honored.
4.By paying for only 3% of the estimated costs of the National Strategic Plan and with 31% of the costs being borne by international donors (read the Global Fund), Pakistan has not only 66% of its NSP go unfunded but has also allowed the program to be controlled from abroad. The current situation is highly untenable because if Pakistan doesn’t assume control and authority over its TB control mechanism and delays funding some of its important elements, it can never to hope to achieve the targets either of the health system as a whole or its programmatic targets.
5.Our case detection data clearly depicts that while the program funding was largely indigenous, the case notification was improving at a great pace, however, as soon as the bulk of the funding came from the Global Fund, the growth has plateaued off and come to a halt or even reduced somewhat keeping in view the population growth rate despite massive investment. Although in the first case it can be argued that the program was expanding to all districts of the country and therefore the case detection was simultaneously growing as well, that argument doesn’t hold for the period from 2010 onwards when the whole of the country had TB diagnostic and treatment coverage including some opportunities for public-private mix.
6.The good news is that Universal Health Coverage (UHC) index of essential coverage including TB care has grown from 50% in 2000 to over 75% in 2017, lowering the proportion of the population that is yet uncovered, while social protection is also growing. However, the TB treatment coverage was estimated at 64% in 2018.
At the operational level, the program is not a major priority within the district health system. The district being the hub of all programmatic activity, it has to have a multi-sectoral accountability framework headed by the Deputy Commissioner to bring about the necessary coordination among the social sectors and economic line departments. However, the role of the communities in creating awareness and urging people with cough and other TB related symptoms to seek help is sub-optimal if not totally lacking at present. This warrants the need to enhance community participation at all levels for the smooth functioning of the program.
The World Health Organization has remained a trusted partner of the National and Provincial TB Control Programs ever since the year 2000 and they usually provide the much needed technical support from all tiers of the organization, namely headquarters, the Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Country Office for Pakistan that is functional since 1960. The current Special Assistant to the Prime Minister for Health Dr Zafar Mirza has remained a senior WHO staff member and has reiterated his commitment on several occasions to rid Pakistan of Tuberculosis as soon as practicable.
Here there is a need to make a mention of The Stop TB Partnership is a unique international body headed by its dynamic Executive Director Dr Lucica Ditiu has been aiming for a TB-free world. Founded in 2001, the Partnership has harnessed over 1700 partners in transforming the fight against TB in over 100 countries. A cornerstone of the Partnership's mission is to ensure that every TB patient has access to effective diagnosis, treatment and cure. This necessarily entails reducing the inequitable social and economic toll of TB, by placing the emphasis on the marginalized, deprived and hard-to-reach populations in all countries of the world. In addition to Pakistan, the Partnership has been working in high burden TB countries such as Angola, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Democratic Peoples’ Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand, Tanzania, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Congo, Lesotho, Liberia, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Sierra Leone, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Through its TB-REACH initiative several projects have been launched all over Pakistan with a view to provide TB care services to marginalized populations at their doorsteps through active case finding. The Dopasi Foundation is furthering the objectives of the Stop TB Partnership in Pakistan by creating enormous awareness in the general public, using celebrities as Stop TB Ambassadors, emphasizing on the need for providing TB Care as a basic human right and carrying out a prevalence survey of TB in coalminers and their associated communities all over the country and specifically in the targeted districts in each province by screening close to 400,000 persons.
To summarize, the way forward for TB Control and Elimination in Pakistan will comprise of activities to transform the political declarations into concrete End-TB Initiatives with costed work plans, the Federal and Provincial Governments will need to significantly increase their allocations to health and specifically for eliminating the funding gap in the TB response. A federal authority for TB, AIDS and Malaria will help in robustly pursuing the federal roles of laying down the policy guidelines, providing technical strength, carry out surveillance, and liaise with international donors and health partners. Such an authority will bring about better inter provincial harmony both at policy and implementation level and carry out intra-sectoral and multi-sectoral collaboration. Demand creation for TB services needs to be brought about by a structured community engagement. We also need to enhance the capacity of Provincial TB Control Programs so that they can spearhead the TB response across Pakistan. These steps are likely to increase the government ownership and reduce dependence on external financing.
As TB-Management Units (TB-MUs) may not be able to cater to the needs of peripheral or hard-to-reach populations, it is prudent to involve first level care facilities such as BHUs, Dispensaries and MNCH centers, and the Lady Health Workers (LHWs) linked to them, in the provision of TB services. This will also provide the pathway to universal health coverage. These facilities can help in identifying presumptive TB cases, arrange sample collection and transportation to TBMUs, carry out contact investigation, provide treatment to patients with active TB and preventive treatment to eligible persons identified with latent TB infection (LTBI). They can also help in tracing and retrieving TB patients who interrupt treatment.
At the district level, Deputy Commissioners should convene the district steering committee as ‘first amongst equals’, comprising of all economic and social sector line departments, civil society organizations, elected representatives, TB survivors, TB activists and media personalities. The District Health Officer may act as member/secretary of these steering committees and act as the secretariat by developing working papers. The Task Force should meet at least on a quarterly basis to review the program performance and the incremental benefit accruing from multi-sectoral collaboration.
Other priority tasks already on the government’s agenda include the formation of a Parliamentary Caucus on TB Control with a multi-mix of MNAs/Senators from all parties, genders and religions, headed by Dr Nausheen Hamid the parliamentary secretary for Health. The caucus will draft legislation on TB elimination issues such as mandatory notification of TB cases (already done in Sindh province) and restrict off-the-counter sale of TB medicines among other things.
The Government is also most anxious to avoid catastrophic health costs, particularly in TB patients to avoid their falling down the poverty line. Therefore, health insurance is being expanded to a greater proportion of persons in the low-income groups. Let’s hope all these measures prove enough to rid the country of this ancient disease, whose cause has been known since over a century, medication available since over 70 years and free services available throughout the country since almost two decades. We just need to cast the net more broadly to detect all the cases and provide user-friendly services to eliminate it once and for all times. It’s the least we can do for our children to provide them a safer and cleaner environment than we had. We simply cannot allow this deadly disease to devastate over 4,000 people and their families daily across the world and rob our coming generations of a TB-Free World. We are presently at the crossroads; what we do over the next ten years will determine how things shape by 2030. If missed, this chance will never come again and will have ghastly implications in terms of human and financial losses. IT’S TIME!
Copyright: Dr Ghulam Nabi Kazi
Hiking with dogs over the years in hot weather, I've noticed they each have their own style of cooling off in the water. Gracie would wade in to the depth that allowed efficient heat exchange between the cool water and the blood flowing through her long legs. Kaley just needed to get her belly wet and she was good to go. Skylar will wade in to the maximum water depth and stand for a long time, swimming if she can.
But Abby has the most unique method of all, plowing her face through the water and then shaking it off. If the water isn't deep enough to get her face in fully, she will use her front legs to splash water. It seems like she just wants to cool her muzzle. I love this goofy girl and I'm just glad it makes her happy.
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How To Teach Goal Setting News
Why the popular SMART goal–setting methodology is not as clever as you may think
Speed has become a virtue that trumps every other meaningful organisational goal. Textbooks teach the blind pursuit of "first mover advantage" despite irrefutable examples of its limits. When did Apple last launch a truly first-in-the-world product …Read more on The Australian Financial Review
1 I Got This
Just months removed from his teenage years, Towns is already setting goals for himself, including one to be mentioned in the same breath as KG in Timberwolves lore. But those goals are not unrealistic. As a rookie, KG averaged 10.4 points, 6.3 boards …Read more on SLAM Online
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How To Teach Goal Setting Video
How to teach goal setting to kids – Las Vegas Kung Fu Academy
Go Here: www.lvshaolin.com | How to teach kids goal setting
The ultimate purpose of martial arts training is to take the lessons of martial arts and apply them to life outside of the dojo or academy. Martial arts training should change you or your child in a positive way. I think as a parent your main hope for your child is that they reach their true potential as an adult because of their early martial arts training.
There is a way to teach goal setting to kids. Goal setting is a somewhat abstract concept for most kids, so we have found that combining the ideas and steps with a physical action gives children a really easy way to remember all of the parts to setting and achieving their goals.
Here is the black belt success cycle:
Step 1.
Know what you want. This could be graduating from high school or a college degree. Or perhaps it is to get a good paying job or even opening your own business.
Step 2.
Have a plan. Figure out what exact steps are need for you to get to your end goal. For example if it is to get a degree, the first part of your plan should be to get a schedule of classes from the colleges you are considering.
Step 3.
And a success coach. Without a mentor some part of your plan are going to be difficult. However, if you have someone who has been there and done that, they can guide you to have a much smoother experience.
Step 4.
Take consistent action. Without action, you are only daydreaming. The second part of step 4 is to be consistent. Many people start off strong but then fade out without having accomplished what they set out to do. If your goal really means something to you, don’t give up no matter what.
Step 5.
Review your progress. Take some time to review what is going on in your master plan. Sometime you have to adjust your plan along the way.
Step 6.
Renew your goals. After reviewing renew your commitment to what you want to accomplish. Stay motivated and focused on your target.
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Launched at the London Motor Show in 1958 and constructed using the sophisticated ‘Superleggera’ methodology devised by Touring of Milan, the Aston Martin DB4 is considered one of Aston Martin’s greatest achievements.
This highly specified Series 5 example, one of only 50 constructed, is believed one of just 5 built with the ‘open headlight’ configuration. Delivered new to Aston Martin agents, J Blake & Sons in Liverpool, 1034/R was primarily used by its then company chairman, former Monte Carlo Rally entrant and BRDC member Jack Reece, before being sold on and finding its way to the United States. It resided in the warm climes of California until its repatriation to the UK in 1988. The car was sold in 1993 via Paradise Garage of London to a committed DB4 owner who entrusted its maintenance to Aston Service Dorset and R.S. Williams Ltd, with the latter buying the car from him in late 2003.
Substantially restored between 2004-5, works carried out included chassis and body restoration, a full mechanical rebuild including the engine to 4.7 litres specification, gearbox and overdrive rebuilds as well as suitable upgrades to cooling, suspension and brake systems. R.S. Williams also commissioned a complete bare metal respray, re-chroming of brightwork and an interior re-trim with new hides and carpets, prior to a new owner taking delivery in 2005.
The substantial leather-bound history file included with the car gives details of the restoration works carried out, including an engine dyno sheet, showing true power 318 bhp and 330 ft/lbs of torque. It also contains a substantial number of maintenance and parts invoices, DVLA correspondence, all MoT certificates from 1988 onward and a copy of the original build records. Included also are charming and informative letters from previous owner's in the 1990s.
London Concours 2018
Honourable Artillery Company
London
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TO BE GIVEN
BY WE ALL THE AID DESERVING.
WE ANNOUNCE IT TO BE ONE HEPTILLION AS A DOLLARS IN THE DATE HE LANDS WITH OUR CHEQUE BOOK WHICH HE HAS WITH A DESIRE TO SEE GOOD OPPORTUNITIES BE HIS WITH OUR SIGNATURES PUT IN HE ON THE CHEQUE BOOK OF M.S.KOHLII .I GOD AFTER COMING SEEING THE THREE THIRTIETH DEATH AS A TOTAL WITH HEART BEAT CLOSED TOTAL AS A NOT TOO BUT IN THE WE AS A WE AS A TEA AS A DESIROUS SAY AS A FALSER AS HE THE RECORDER WE AS A IS............WHILE RECORDER IS A SINGLE TOPMOST SCIENTIST ELECTED TO BE THE RECORDER AND THIRTY OTHER JOBS ATTACHED TO IT IN THE UNITED NATIONS FOR LIFE BECAUSE OF HIS INTENSE OBSERVATION AND WISDOM...................A POSITION WHICH ONLY M.S.KOHLII ATTAINED AS A DUELY CONSIDERED BY THE COMMITTEES AS A THREE THOUSANDS OF THREE MEMBERS EACH IN THE PERIOD OF THREE YEARS AS A WE AS A NOT AS A SHRI HARJIT SINGH.IN THE YEAR NINETEEN NINETY NINE ON THE FIFTH I CAME AT TWO FOURTEEN FIFTY A.M. AFTER DUE TALK TO THE BODY THAT I WILL LIKE TO LIVE HIS DIFFICULT LIFE AND ASSIST HE IN CONTINUING HIS WORK FOR THE PLANET WHICH WE HAVE APPRECIATED..AS THE COSMOS.HE WE SAW AS A WE ASA NOT BUT THIRTEEN HUNDREDTH OF A COMMON MAN IN ENERGY.DETERMINED TO SERVE THE COUNTRY HIS AS WELL THE WORLD IN THE LINES HE STARTED AND DEVELOPED AS A BASIC LEADER OF THE RACE AS A WE OF THE PLANET..IN THEY THE PLANET AS A WHOLE ELECTED HIM ON NOMINATION NOT BUT TOOK UP HIS WORK TO BE CONSIDERED.HE WAS A BOY OF FIVE YEARS OF AGE BUT WISER THAN ALEXANDER WHO AT SIXTEEN LED THE RACE TO SEE THE WORLD RESOURCE TO PLAN THE THEY AS A ALL WHAT BE THE STRATEGY TO HELP ALL COME TO LIVE HARMONIOUSLY. IN THE WORLD WE DEVIATING FROM THE POINT RECORDER TILL ILLING NOT IS A POINT WE.ONLY M.S.KOHLII GAVE A TERMINAL AS A STRATEGY TO THE RACE WE AS A WE AS A TEAS AS A NOT BUT A HARMONY BE IN THE PLANET AS A WE AS A WORKING TOGETHER AS A ALL COUNTRIES AS A EXTREME NOT BUT A GOOD LEADER OF THE RACE. THE ELECTION IN THE TECHNOLOGIES HE GAVE THE RACE WERE COMPARED TO THE LISTED BY THE THEY IN THE RECORDER SECTION OF THE U.N. .THEY SAW HE GAVE SIX TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIRST YEAR OF HIS LIFE.ERLIER LISTED WERE THIRTEEN ONLY INCLUDING TWO OF THE GREAT GUIDE TO HE M.S.KOHLII THE ALVA EDISON AND ONE OF HIS FRIEND A LITTLE LATER MISTER HENRY FORD SENIOR.ONE OF ANDREW CARNEGIE IN IRON SMOULDERING TILL IRON MAKING AS A DIFFERENT PROCESS THAN WHAT LATER M,.S.KOHLII GAVE AS A VERY VERY SUPERIOR AS A TEMPERS AS A SIXTY ALONG WITH IT TOO NOT SEPARATE AS A SEPARATE TO BE NOTED AS A WE AS A TEAS IF ARE TO BE OF THE ENTIRE POOR OF THE WORLD OR THOSE WHO CAN NOT GET JOBS THEN WE ARE TO BE VESTED WITH THE THEY TOO IN THE WE A THIRTY LAKH AS A PATENTABLE PRODUCT TECHNICAL.RECORDER NO BODY ELSE CAN BE COULD BE.AS A WE AS A SEEN ALL OF M.S.,KOHLII AFTER A SARUP SINGH AS A MAN WAS TURNED OUT BY A HEFT A K.K.PAUL THE WE AS A TRUTH POSITION CAME TO BE TAKEN UP BY A HEFT AS A A.S. BRAR AS A OUR ENEMY NUMBER ONE FROM THE DATE OF OUR BIRTH AS A FORCER ON WE TO THE EXTENT OF TRYING TO PUT WE TO SLAVERY,SNATCHING OUR MONEY ENTIRELY TO RUN AWAY TO SPEND LAVISHLY IN THE BOOZE AND WINING OTHERS AS A SEXES AS A SERIES AS A ASSAULTS ON ALL.AS A NO ALEXANDER EVER DID AS A VERY SANE AS A INDIVIDUAL AS TO GET ASIDE FROM SUN AS A SHADOW IN THE CALL IN TO SO DO BY A DILAPIDATED AS A MAN SANEST SAID AS A OLD OF THE THIRTY NOT SEVENTY NOT HUNDRED ASKING HE HOW TO LIVE LIFE CORRECTLY..UNLIKE THESE DUFFERS AS A LOVERS AS A SAY IN MURDER AS A INITIATORS TO WE AS A ALL IN THE WORLD HAVING KILLED IN THIS TYPE OF ACTION A TWO THIRTY THOUSAND AS A GIRLS IN SEX ASSAULTS AS A SEVENTY HEFTY LAUGHING HAND IN HAND AS A WE IT A PURELY A MALE TO MALE SEX ACTIVITY.WHEN MALES MORE THAN ONE JOIN PUTTING CYANIDE OR MAKING UNCONSCIOUS A GIRL IT IS A SEX BETWEEN THEM AS A CO-ENJOYERS WHICH ALONE WE FEEL DESERVES DEATH AS A SENTENCE THAT THE THESE AS A A.S. AS A DEATHERS SAY IT BE TO THE ANY TWO WHO LIVE AS A BROTHERS TOO IN THE THEY TRY TO GET THEY AS A PROPERTY OF THE THEY TRYING TO LIVE SAFELY AS ARE TOO TO THE GIRLS LIVING THREE ACCUSES THEY PROSTITUTES ARE THEY AS A COMMON LIVING AS A PENYLESS MADE GIRLS IN THE THIS GROUP BY KILLING THE THEIR PARENTS AS A MOTHER TOO IN THE PROSTITUTION OTHERWISE FORCED BY THESE FORCER PROSTITUTIONER ASKING THEY A MONTHLY TEN THOUSAND AT LEAST BUT GENERALLY A MAN WITH A BUNGLOW TO BE RICH ON THE GIRLS SO CAUGHT IN THE WE AS A OBSERVES.THE MAN BROUGHT IS SEEN HIS CONTACTS AS A ANY TOO IS AND HE TOO IS KILLED TO TAKE PROPERTY EARNED THIRTY FORTY YEARS IN BY THE JOINER HEFTY IN A SECOND BY INSERTING A DROP OF THIRTY PERCENT CYANIDE WHICH KILLS INSTANTANEOUSLY.FASTER THAN NARCOTIC SELLING BY TWO FORTY TIMES HE WE AS A INVENTOR OF SHORT CUTS TO LIFE IS HE SAYS SUPERIOR AS WE CAN NOT DO ANYTHING SINCE OUR WIVES WERE TAKEN TOO TO THE LATRINE THEIRS AS A LAT ON WE. SILLY STUPID NEED KILLING AS MANY AS THEY ON THE PLANET AS A DISCOS AS A DANCING OR AS A PHYSICO THERAPY SAY IN THE THEY GIVING A GIRLS A SEX AS A DOPE AS ASK AS A IN THE THEY CAUSING A SEX ADDICTION REDUCING THEIR LIFE AND CHARM AT A SPACE NOT PACE OF THIRTY TWO THOUSAND TIMES TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE THIRTY AS A MEN MOUNTING THEY IN THE THESE ONCE IN IS WE AS A SEEN AND OPPOSED AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII RIGHT FROM THE START WHEN HE WAS PHONED FROM SAN FRANSISCO BY ONE HARJIT ASKING HE TOO TO JOIN.HE ASKED ALL AND TOLD HE TO STOP ANY SUCH IMPORT INTO THE COUNTRY BUT HE DID IT WITH THE OTHER THE THIS GANGS AS A SHRI A.S. AS A NAMED HE.IN THE USA FROM THEY MADE FOUR CALLS IN THE WE TO DEFAME WE THE JUSTICE AUTHORITY BY THEN AGED TWENTY AS A TOO NOT NINETEEN YEARS OF AGE RECOGNISED GOD OF EARTH.WE DID PUT ALL REQUIRED TO THE POLICE AS A WE AS A TEAS AS A DESERVE AS A THEY WE WE TO THEY AS A IT IN THE WE A FRIENDSHIP AS A WE AS A TEA DESERVERS OF THE ENTIRE WORLD.
WE NEVER SELL DID ANY OF OUR THING.THE TECHNOLOGIES OURS WERE SOLD BY THE UNITED NATIONS COURTS CORRECTLY.WE NEVER COULD GIVE A GIFT IN LIFE AS A WE LEFT WITHOUT A PENNY BY THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE THEY AS A DESIRE TO POSSESS OURS AS A MONEY SENT TO WE THOUGHT BY THE QUEEN TO BE SHARED BY ALL AS A SONS OF THE SAME GOD AS WE ARE A GOD AS A SO WE DO NOT REQUIRE TO EAT OR SLEEP OR LIVE UNDER A ROOF.WE WILL LOOK IN THE Same to the extent it as a initiation and a working in the they the those who we are with it in the life we as a teas as a d till.
we saw a cheque we as a of thirty one point four heptillion dollars came to be from the oman sultan in fifty percent of the oil being ours as a we to be as a we as a earth owners as a proof too in the they who oppose we as a say till illing it they be as a we as a teas as a d.
THE DAY WE GOT THE CHEQUE A NEWS WAS GOT PUBLISHED BY A SMUGGLER BRIGADE THAT A BILLION IN THE THEY NOW BE WILL BE AS A THREE AS A ONE UP.IT WERE A WE AS A AMMOUNT AS A ONE TO NEXT STEP IN THE MILLION BILLION TRILLION TO BE THE SIX AS A FIGURES.WE'S AS A BROTHER D.I.S. ASKED WE TO ACCEPT WHAT COMES BUT HAD A SEVEN DAY ERLIER TAKEN TO A CHANNI AS A MOTOR MECHANIC FOR A AMRINDER PARNEET TO THE THEY TO BE HAPPY FOR THEY A A PURE DEATH AS A WERE TO HE BEFORE KILLING A HE AS A SEVEN TILL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD TO PUT HE INTO WE AS A THINKING WE WILL BE KILLED BY THEY AS A WE AS A CHEQUES AS A WE AS A WERE GOING TO BE LARGE SO WE WILL HAVE A REAL AS A PROBLEM KEEPING SECRETY AS ALL WILL BE IN THE WE AS A MONEYS AS A WE TO ASKING ONE OR OTHER WAY PLEASE GIVE SUCH AND SUCH FOR SUCH AND SUCH AS A VERY REAL LOOK IN THE EYE TO WE AS A DRAMATIC OF REAL LIFE BE IN THE WE TOO IN IT DID NOT THAT MUCH UNDERSTAND AS A HE APPLIER OF THE PURE POISON TO WE AS A LIFE OURS DAILY TOO IN THE THEY AS A SAYS AS A THEIR SPERM SON TILL ILLING HE WE AS A BROTHER BUT THEIRS AS A SIN AS A SON FORCED ON HIS MOTHER BY THEY THE SEX ASSAULTERS TO EVER AS A EVERY WOMAN AS A INSERTER OF THEIR PENIS AS A MEATER AS A SEVERESTS AS A DEATHS AS A DESERVY THING AS A WE TWO HERE WRITING TOO DESERVING TOO TO BE LISTENED AS THE GOD TOO WE TWO OF THE COSMOS TILL HE WE RECOGNISE IN THE IS AS A DANDITED AS.
AFTER WE CAME IN THE NINETEEN NINETY NINE THIRTY THREE YEARS AS A LATER THAN CHEQUE'S PRESENTATION WE FOUND BANK WANTED THE MONEY OURS.WE THE OWNER AS A NOT GIVEN RESPECT WERE IT IN THE WE FOR THEY THE FREE CITIZENS WERE THEREIN I CANCEL FREEDOM.TAKING IT ALL WITHIN ME IT.AS NONE IN THE VISIBLE.THE WE TOOK THE PLANET AS A TOTO AS A SIX PERCENT TOO IN THE WE IN THE DATE SIX OF THE JANUARY OF THE SIX OF TWO THOUSAND.NOW IT WE.FREEZING TILL NOT BUT RATIONALISINGLY TILL ILLING THE ILLERS.
THEN AFTER TESTING THE STATE BANK OF INDIA IN THE DELHI AS A ONCE CHAIRMAN APPOINTED FOR LIFE IN THE CHANDIGARH REGION AS A OF THE THEN A DERI.
WE'S THREE TRIL IN IT WERE THERE WE AS A IT IN THE ENTIRE IT AS A WE AS A SEVERE AS A WERE T.T IS THE WE FEED AS A WE TO NOT TO THE WE THE GIVER TO THE THEY THE GIVER TO THE OTHER TO EARN A PRICE TO WE NOT WE TO THEY AS A ON THE LEDGE.THEY WERE THEN READY NOW NOT IT EATEN YESTERDAY.NUMBER TWO THIRTY ONE AS A SECRET NOT IT TOO IN THE THEY IT IS THERE AS A MODI TO BE TRANSFERED FOR WHAT AND IN WHAT LAW OUR EARN BE HIS AS A WE AS A GOT COME.
THE OUR OMAN CHEQUE WE DEPOSITED NOT IT WAS LIFTED AND DEPOSITED BY A.S. GANG LIFTING IT FROM REGISTREE CLERK KILLING SHE IN THE SCUFFLE SHE WON'T GIVE WE MADE A COMPLAINT SO CAME TO KNOW OUR OWN CHEQUE WE CAME TO ENQUIRE WERE IT AS A REGISTREE SENT BY SOURCE NOT ARRIVED TO WE.
INJUST INDIA WAS A MADES AS A WE AS A SCREENING DONE BY THE WE AS A SIKHS AS A DURUST SAYING SELF THE SANSI DOGRAS AS A SAY IN THE NOT BEING THE DOGRAS EVEN IN THE WE AS A NOT BE AS A WE AS A SMEAR AS A WE AS A NONER WERE DONE THEY BY THE LUTCHE AS A WE TO FROM THE WE AS A DHEES AS
A WE AS A DIMMING AS A WE INTO INSERTING THE POISON POTASSIUM CYANIDE IN DOSES AS A ELEPHANTS TO THE WE AS A DOGS AS A TREATED AS-----------INVERTING THE WORD GOD.
I TAKE OATH TO DISSOLVE THIS VOLUN.WE SAY AS A WE AS A ESTIMATE WHO IS THE WORLD FIRST CLEAR CUT OVER THE HITLER A CRIMINAL.................MADE BOTH WERE BY THE ENGLAND INJECTING POISONOUS GAS PRODUCED GOT BY ORDER ON IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN THE YEAR NINETEEN THIRTY THREE FROM TILL DATE FOR WE THREE GIVEN TO HE THE THEIR THOUGHT THEY TO WE BY NOT HE BY WE TOO THEY TOO GIVEN DIRTY LINENS TOO AS A WE AS A DAUGHTERS AS A SEVENTY PERCENT SEXED TILL DEATH THOUGH REVIVED AS WERE MISS MAINO-----THE ME BY ASKED SO WE IN TRUST SHE WITHHELD WE GIVEN POWER WE BY GUIDED TO BE A TRUST TO THE MASSES IN THE INDIA OWNED BY WE THE SOLE LANDOWNER AND CHIEF OF A COUNTRY INDIA NOT ALONE AS A ELECTED CHIEF OF STAFF IN THE DATE WE AS A STREES AS A NOT BUT TOO IN THE IRESPONSIBLESTS AS A COUPLE IN THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE WE BY MADE WE AGAINST TURNED INSTEAD OF DEATH TAKING KILLING WE THE GOD..JOINING THE WE AS A NON-RELATIVE KILLING OUR RELATIVE TO IN THE WE AS A ASKING WE TO JOIN BE WE AS A REFRAIN INSTEAD CLEAR AS A NO WAS BUT THE SHAMELESSEST THOUGH ON TELEPHONE RECORD WORLD GOT IT ERASED FROM THE C.I.D. OFFICER HERE KILLING HIS WIFE BEFORE HIM LEAVING HIS SISTERS.THEY WE SEE CHANGE STATEMENT TO POLICE.BUT POLICE DOES NOT CATCH THEY.I ORDER THE KILLING BY BULLETING HE KILLER OF OUR BEST BETS.I LOOSEN IN IT THE OUR LUST IN THE LAD TO ZERO IN THE WE AS A STREES AS A DUUR IN THE WE AS A TEAS AS A TOO IN THE WE AS A TREES AS.
CORRECT IS A TERM OF THE DICTION WE .WE SEE WE AS A RISE NOT BUT A ERR.SO WE TREAT IT AS A WE AS A TWO NOT ONE AS A MATTER DEALT -------- AS IS ACTUAL. AS A WE AS A WE AS A TWO AS A REFERENCES WERE TO THE LIFE WE LIVED------- ENTERING A DEAD HUMAN FOUND TO BE RARE AS A LIFE AS A MOST EVOLVED ABOUT TWELVE BILLION TIMES HIGHER THAN A KRISHAN KANT PAUL AS HE WERE AS A DELHI DIRECTOR GENERAL POLICE AS A PUNNY NOTHING IN COMPARISON TO HE WHOM HE WAS KILLING GOING WITH HIS STOLEN CARDS TO JOIN IN THE UNITED NATIONS HIS POSITION AS A AMBITIOUS POLICE PERSONNEL NOT BUT A FRONT OF THE RAJAN GANG AS A SEX ADDICTION PROMOTER EVOLVER TOPMOST OF TIMES WHOM M.S.KOHLII ALONE HAD RISEN TO OPPOSE.THE DATE WE CITE WHEN HE IS ON RECORD IN FORTY THREE COUNTRIES TO TAKE PRESIDENTSHIP OF THE WORLD.THE CARD HE SHOWED WERE THE SIX SENT BY THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO THE MAN WE WRITE FROM.TEN OTHERS WERE THERE ERLIER SENT BY HE ON ARMTWIST NOT IN FEAR OF IT DIRECTLY TOLD POINT BLANK BY THE RAJAN A GANGSTER SINCE THE KILLING BY HE OF COMMANDER NANAVATI AND AHUJA HE GOT FIXED UP IN A FALSESTS AS A D.I.S. AS A ASSERS AS---- IN A DESIRE TO SNATCH A WAR-SHIP FROM THE INDIAN NAVY TO DACOIT IN THE SEA DACOITING TRADERS IN DEEP SEA TAKING THEIR LUGGAGE AND SHIP SELLING THE SHIP CLANDESTINELY AS A EFFORTS AS A FRONT WITH WE AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII AS A S.S.KOHLI AS A CALLED TO SHIP WITH WIFE AND DAUGHTER VERY VERY HONOURABLY----------WHILE ON SHIP TAKING OVER SHIP CLANDESTINELY----- SHUTTING THE CPA=CAPTAIN AS A POTENTIALS AS A ALL IN THE WE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER'S ORDER AS A SHOW AS A FAMILY HIS CAUGHT AS A DACOITY. SEX ASSAULTING BEFORE THEM IN PUBLIC ASKING THEM TO JOIN IN THIS GREAT FUN AS A POLATED EXERCISE THEIRS AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS.............FOILED AS A WE AS A SON M.S.KKOHLII CYANIDED WITH THIRTY DROP AND A INSTIL OF ONE BY WIFE TURNED BY THE FORCERS AS A THEY AS A SIR HAJIT CHOTA RAJAN AS A DELHI POLICERS AS.AS ASSERS AS A SIR THAT LOOKED A UNPROTECTED BY U.N.,INDIA,USA.NO ONE HAD THOUGHT TILL ENGLAND HE WILL BE DACOITED.ROME WERE IN INFORM AS WAS A USA IN THE TELEPHONE WHEN THEY CAME TO ASK THE SHIP.M.S.KOHLII SAID EH WHAT A WAY TO START A WAR OF NATIONS.AS A SHAITANS=SATAN ITSELF.WHY DID YOU GET ON THE INDIA AS A DACOITS LIVING IN INDIA ASKING THE NAVY OURS A SHIP IT IS TRYING TO BUILD UP AS A RECENTLY TAKEN FROM USA AS A FIRST SHIP WITH FIVE PLANES AS I HAD SUGGESTED THE PRIME MINISTER IN VIEW OF HER FEAR THAT WE LOOK WEAK SO THREATS WERE FROM PAKISTAN ON BEHALF USA----------- I HAD SUGGESTED A PURCHASE FROM USA TO BUILD TRUST.YOU SPOILER THINK I CAN CONSIDER MY SISTER MOTHER FATHER BROTHER AS A IMPORTANT AS A INDIVIDUALS TAKEN OVER BY YOUR GANG AS A SARDARS AS A SHIP-WRECKERS AS A ACQUIRING THE CONTROL OF THE SHIP AND TRYING TO FIRE GRANADES.ALL ON RECORD WE INTERNATIONAL ALL IS.BE SEEN WE ON TWO COMPACT DISCS AS A PAGES THREE WE CITE AS A THREE THOUSAND FIFTEEN TO SEVENTEEN AS A TRUE AS A DATA.THEY HE GOT CAUGHT AS A AIR CRAFT FLYERS AS A TOO IN THE MID AIR TILL OLIM.WORKING IMMEDIATELY ON PMO.TO GET THE DACOIT DUE WITHOUT A BIT ON THE FAMILY WE AS A AVTARS THREE NOT TWO THERE WE AS A WRITER OF THE GURU GRANTH OF THE SIKH WHICH WE SAY WERE NOT YET AWARDED BY THE UNO OR ANY OTHER AS A EVEN APPRECIATIONS BY A REVIEWS OPPOSED BY THESE KHALISTAN GANGSTERS WHO CAME FROM WHERE INTO WHAT TOO NOT RESEARCHED SO FAR BY POLICE AS WHY THEY DID WHAT THEY DID AS A POLATED AS A RELIGIOUS AS A PERSONS GOING AGAINST THE VERY RELIGION THAT WERE A STUDY OF THE HINDU AND A HINDU RELIGION CLASSED BY THE ENGLAND AS A HINDUS ACCORDED A PLACE IN THE HINDU AS A HINDU PANI EXACT OPPOSERS OF THE MUSLIMS THAT BREED WHICH PROTECTED BEING KILLED RELIGION THE HINDU.AS A IT IT TRANSCENDS AS A SOME STRATEGY OF THE THESE VULTURES.TO WHO LITTLE SON AS A ONE YEAR OLD NOT THE GOD AS A WE AS A SON RECOGNISED AS A WERE TAKEN TO DEATHS AS A ASSINGS AS AND HIS PROPERTY DEFOILED.NEEDS AN IMMEDIATE ATTENTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS AS A STOPPING THE CURRENCY AND TRADES AS A EMBASSIES AS A WE AS A SINNERS AS.WE FEEL NONE IN THEM IS A CORRECT.THEY WE SEE INCORRECTED AS A WE AS A SAY IN ALL THE WORLD AS A SERVANTS AS A WE AS A SIGNPOSTED AS A DECEIVER.
CORRECT AS A WORK WE SAW AS A TWO.
ONE WAS WALDO D. EMERSON THE ESSAYIST OF COMMONSENSE AS A ESSAY STILL VALID AS A IT AS A COMMONSENSE BUILDER HIGHER THAN OTHER SUN.
CORRECT WHAT IS.
AS A DESCRIBE WE SAW A MATTER AS CAME ONLY IN NINETEEN SIXTY TWO.IN THE RAMA KRISHNA ASHRAM IN A STOPPED THERE AND ASKED TOO TO GET OUT AS A LIFE AS AS A CRITIC AS A OF THE MATH THOUGHT ASSEDLY BY THE SECRETARY OF THE BRANCH CALLED MISSION AS A MISSIONARY AS A POLATED CUTTING THE GODHEAD IMPLANTED BY WE CANCELLING ITSELF AVIDLY BY WE AS IS.AS A STUDENT AS A CYANIDED BY THEY FORTY SEVEN TIMES AS A SELECTED ASS BASED ON NOTHING BUT A GUT REACTION AS A FACIAL EXPRESSION EXCITING A MAN TO GET INTO IT IN POLATION BY MOTHER NATURE OF A SUPERIOR ABOVE THE STARS TO BE BROKEN IF HE WERE TO BE HEARD TOO THERE AND THEN AS A CORRECT AS A NATURAL REACTION OF A ANIMAL LIKE A COW WHICH TOO IS CLASSED BY THE HINDUS AS THEIR MOTHER AS A WISE GUIDE TO THEY AS A ANIMALS.IF WE GO INTO THE DETAILS OF THEIR WORKING OR OBSERVATIONS SEEN BY M.S.KOHLII TOO OTHERS TOO SINCE HIS BIRTH TILL AGE NINE WHEN FIRST AS A SON ASA SSSKOHLI AS A WERE INTRODUCED TO HINDU CULTURE NOT BUT IT AS A WE AS A SEEN LEVEL THEN OF THE MEN LEFT HERE IN THE COUNTRY BY THE SLAVER FORCER OFF THE MINDS AS A ALL TACTICS AS A WARS AS A WAY TO SNATCH THE THEIR JEYDADS AS A DADIS AS A WE AS A NOT BUT THEY THE ANIMALS.HE WE THE WE SEEN AS A SECOND MAN IN FINDING WHAT IS RIGHT SO FAR WERE IN THE SLAVES AS A MENTALITY OR AS A SLAVERS AS A REFLEX TO SEE IF THAT THE ENGLANDERS REACTION WAS ALL RIGHT OR CORRECTESTS AS A POLATED AS A ONES A STRONGEST COUNTRY EMERGED ON EARTH AS A WE AS ASSAY AS A NOT THEY AS A FIND AS A ANIMALS AS A LIVES AS A TWO THINGS ONLY AS A CONCERNS AS A SEXES AS.WHICH THEY ISLANDERS AS A INDIANS AS A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GIVEN TO A NEHRU TOO TO CONTINUE AS A SIMPLE AS A LOOKING MEN FORCED BY ANIMALISTICS AS A TWO COUNTRIES AS A WE AS A ANALYSIS IS. FAR FAR SUPER AS A WE AS A TRY TOO TO BE STILL A SERVICE TO THE MOTHER NATURE EXPOSING THEY TOO TO IT THE CURRENT AS A OPPOSERS AS..AS A ASSER AS A ANIMALS SNATCHER TRUSTED BY THEIR OWN MISTAKE POLATING THEIR SAID AS A DEPENDABLE MATTERS AS IF THEY WERE GOING TO BE DOING AS THEY PROJECTED TO ALL AT ALL TIMES SINCE TWENTY YEARS PAST AS A LIFE AS A ACTIVE OF THE TWO PARENT OF THE CHILD COMING UP AS THE GOD TILL A STUDENT ACTUAL MADE BY THEM TO THE BEST OF THEIR ABILITY AS A EXTENSION OF THEY THEMSELVES AS WAS SUGGESTED BY THEIR PARENTS AS A EXTENSIONS OF WHO THEY HAD COME UP AS A PEOPLE OF PROMINENCE.IN RECORD OF ROME.ENGLAND TOO,COMMUNISTS TOO.INDIA ERASING THEY MEANS ONLY IT IS A ANIMAL..WHICH YET HAS NO BENT TO RECORD THE MATTER AS IT IS.AS A VERY DEGRADED AS A SOCIETY.IN THE THEIR AS A NO SYSTEM IN THE THOUGHT TILL OF THE HINDUS EVEN AFTER TWENTY YEARS AS A IN THE STATE AS A EXPOSURES AS A SAID AS A ASSERS AS A CONGRESS AS A SYSTEM AS A ASS AS A SPARE PART OF THE WORLD.IN THE EFFORTS TO MAKE THIS WORLD A USELESSESTS AS A DEVICES ALONGWITH IT'S BRANCHES AS A BJP AND ALL OTHER PARTIES HERE.SEE THEIR REACTION TO MAMTA BANERJI IN THE HER COMING TO ATTEND AS A CALLED AS A STATE AS A NOT BEING ALLOWED TO ENTER THE PLANNING COMMISSION SO WE DID EFFORT TO SEE THEY ALL OUT AND CANCELLED AS A PLOTTERS AS A OF THE SYSTEM TO NON-SENSE GIVING AS A WAY TILL BY THEY AND ALL OTHER PARTIES IN WHICH WE ARE STEP BY STEP PROGRESSING TO DECIMATE THEY.NO MAN WHO WERE A STUDENT OF LAW AS A LLB OR NOT ROSE ON THE SCREEN AS A VISIBLE ALTHOUGH TWO DID WERE CANCELLED BY THE POLICE--- WE ASK OF THE POLICE AS A EXPLAIN TO WE THE WHO AND HOW TEACHES THEM LAW.IS IT THE BOOKS OF LAW OR A THEY AS A DEROGATION COMPLETE OF THE LAW AS A WAY AS WE SAW IN THE DELHI BY WE THE GODS AS A WE AS A PUT TOO IN THE REPORTS WE AS A POLICE TOO TO BUT NO ONE YET AS A WE AS A SEE AS A WERE.WE STOPPED OUR CARS THERE AND THEN BY A ORDER OF THE PUNJAB POLICE NOT BUT TOO IN THE TIME A.S. BRAR SPECIALLY GOT ELECTED BY THE PARTY TO CANCEL WE AS A THOUGHT AS------AS A ASSERS AS A FEW NOT TWELVE THOUSAND AS A SPECIAL PLUCK. ALL UNDERSTANDING I GOD THE MOTHER NATURE TOTAL OWNER OF THE COSMOS PERVADING THE COSMOS WAS GOING TO BE BUSY FOR A FEW MONTHS IN THE BRINGING UP OF THE ALTERNATE TO THE GOD U.N. FORCED ON THEM THE ANIMALS.UNWORTHIES AS BEHAVING THROUGH PERIODS NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TO SIXTY SEVEN.AS A WORLD LAW BREAKERS AS SO BROKEN DOWN INTO BITS AS A SEVEN AS A TIMES AS A STATE AS A ALLOW STARTING THE THEIR TAKEP. TAKEP IS THE TOTAL DIVEST OF THE ECONOMY. A BROKERAGES TILL NOT PAID AS A EXISTING. A DOWNGRADE AS A EXISTANCE. THIS AS A WE AS A GUARANTEES AS A IS AS A WE AS A SEENS AS A SEWS AS.RECORDED IN THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE WORLD IN THE YEAR AS A SEVEN OF THE FIFTY AS A SPECIAL SESSEIONS.BY THE DAV COMMITTEE TOO IN THE THAT.PLACED WE AS A WE.KNOWN TO WE.WE AS A MEMORY GIVER TAKE IT TOO TO BE KEEPING IT IN RECORDS AS A SEVEN TOO IN THE NEED WE NOT BUT TO PUBLISH THEY THE THESE AS A SEWS AS A WE AS A TO ACCUSES AS A SEWS AS A ALONE MAKE DO DID IN THE PAST AS EVER.
CORRECT WHAT IS TO FIND A MAN WERE THERE WE AS A STRIVE IN THE WE TO GUIDE HE WE.WE=ONE LOST IN GOD THE SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE WHEN WRITTEN BY WE THE GOD OF ALL SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE AS A WE AS.
HE WE SAW DID SEARCH FOR AN ANSWERS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS A SADR AS A EARTH TO BE DECLARED FIVE SEVENTY TIMES AS A COST PAID AS A MERE BACHE AS A SKILLED KILLED AS A MEMORY AS A ORDER SIR AS A NOTHING AS A POLICER INCOMPETENT MISTER SEN CALLING SELF A FOOL AS A MIND AS.
WATER IN INVENTIONS AS A SEVEN SEVENTY AS A CHIEF INVENTOR OF THE WATER AS A TAKER AS A CALLED AS A VERY POOR DESCRIPTION AS A OF THE VERY FOOL SHRI S.C. KAUSHAL.WE SAW WE AS A SEA AS ASSE.HE ASSING HE MISTER M.S. WHO CHIEF OF WORLD GOT HE A JOB THREE DIFFERENT PLACES IN ON HIS REQUESTS..AS A SEA AS A SERVANT HIS AS AVOW TAKEN IN ADVANCE AS A WORLD ATMOSPHERE BUILDING IN THE HE WILL ASSIST TO EXTENT HE CAN AS TO BRING UP EQUALITY,FRATERNITY,PEACE AS WERE BUT HE MADE FOOL IN VERY VERY TILL BECAME THERE WE SAY TILL ILLING WE HE AS SO WE SENT HE TO HELL IN THE HELL.HEAVEN WE GAVE HE A A WE AS BUT HE HIS OTHERS AS A BROTHERS AS A ALL IN THE OBLIGE WE AS A SHRI M.S.KOHLII SHE WE WERE THERE IN THE OUTSOURCING WE BUT OUR RETURN IN THE THEY FROM IS NOT THERE ANY WAY TILL EIGHT PERCENT BY S.C. KAUSHAL A MAN WHO UNLIKE MANY OTHER FORGOT NOT TO REPAY BUT COULD NOT .AS A WAS AS A TWENTY FIVE PERCENT OF THE THIS PLANET..TO THE EXTENT FIFTY THOUSAND PERCENT AS A MATTER RECEIVED AS A WE AS A SEEN .REST AS A SEVEN THOUSAND PERCENT ARE IN DEBT COMPLETE.
S.C.KAUSHAL'S DONE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE WE WERE A MERE TWO PERCENT OF THE RECEIVED BY HE.RESULTS AS A WE AS A FURTHER INPUTS AS A WE AS A READING HE HIS EXPRESSIONS FROM WERE AS A MISTER MIND READERS AS A SOUL AS A PURE AS A WE AS.
WE SAW A PLANET EARTH IN NO WATER AS A SYSTEM AS A INDIA..AS A WE NOT AS A GOD BUT AS A HUMAN M.S.KOHLII WE AS A SMALLEST CREATURE AS GOOD AS A FISH WHALE OF THE TYPE BLUE WHOM HE TAUGHT THE VOICE OF THE HUMAN IN THE SEA AS A SEAMEN IN THE A.S. BRAR USING THE RADIOPHONE AS A HIS INVENTION GIVEN BY HE M.S.KOHLII TO MICHIKO OF JAPAN AS A GIFT TO HAVE COME ON PHONE ON HIS BROTHER'S REQUEST NOT BUT HIS REQUEST.HE WE SAW A VERY VERY RESPECTFUL NON-SEX LEADER ESTABLISHING A REASONABLE SAY AS A WE AS A GOD AS.DEEP WITHIN WE TO CONNECTED AS A MINUTE AS A FIFTY THOUSAND TIMES IN HIS DIETY AS A LIFE LIVING CREATURES AS A MIAN BIWI.AS A WE AS A TALK AS A WE AS A KEPT NOT AS A BIVI=BIWI=WIFE AS WE ASS WE AS A BIWI-AS A BIVI IN LOVE NOT WE THE GOD AS A DO LIKE WE AS A PRESENTED TO HIM A WIFE BUT HUSBANDING THE HE THE HUSBAND WISER THAN HE SHE TILL FIVE TIMES IN HUNDRED THOUSANDS AS A WE AS A NOT ONLY YOU AS A WORLD BUT SEX IS A GREAT HEALER YOU WOULD SAY WE DON'T.WE SEE EXACT SO DID HE BUT AS A REALIST AS A IT SAW LIFE WE SAW AS IT IS..AS IT WILL BE...AS A LIVING....WITHOUT HER AND WITH HER----CHOOSING A LINE SHE WITH IT AFTER SHE REQUESTED HE TO DECIDE FOR ONCE SHE BE OR NOT BE IT AS A SHE CAUGHT NOT BECAUSE HE WANTED NOT CATCHING HER IN ACT OF SEX..AS A ONE IN WE THINKING WE SEE ALL IN THE WORLD AT ALL THE TIMES AND IT ALL HAPPENING IN THE WORLD IS THAT THAT GOD DESIRES AS A TOTALITY.SO JUST BE SEEING THINGS AS THEY ARE..AND LEARN..CAREFULLY ALL LIFE BRINGS BEFORE YOU IT MAY BE FOR YOUR GOOD IF YOU UNDERSTAND------AFTER ALL LIFE WERE GOING TO BE WHETHER YOU LIVE OR NOT AND HAS BEEN TOO WHEN YOU WERE YET TO COME.COMBINATIONS MIGHT HAVE BEEN ANY BUT THE ONES GOING TO COME BEFORE YOU TOO MIGHT HAVE COME EARLIER AND YOU MAY LEARN FROM IT THE REAL FACT------PROBABLY THIS THE GOD WANTS YOU TO BE DOING TO LEARN WHAT EXACTLY IS WHAT AND THEN CAREFULLY SEE IF THAT CAN BE APPLIED IN SOME SUCH WAY AS TO REACH TARGETERS AS WHERE YOU TARGET.YEAR AFTER YEAR AS A WE AS A HE WERE IN THE JOB AS A PROBABILITIES ADDRESSED. A SINGLE PERSON ON A PLANET ABSOLUTELY OPPOSED TILL COUNTRIES HUNDRED TWENTY TILL RISING EVER AS A DIRTY TRICKS DEPARTMENT CAME IN SEEING A GREAT AS A OPPORTUNITY IN THE PLUCK OF A HERO.HE WERE A WE TO CONNECTED HIGHEST AS A WORSHIPPER ALWAYS ACTING IN THE CORRECT DIRECTION.HE WE DUE AND HIS MIND SPEED DUE TO CONTINUOUSLY FIXING MIND ON TWO THINGS DUE WE AT THE SAME TIME BLESSED BY WE TO OUR LOVE AS A EXTENSION AS A CHILD OURS OR WE OURSELVES EXPRESSED AS A FROM BEGINING OF HIS LIFE AS A FATHER AS A TOO IT WERE ALL TROUGH HIS LIFE AS A RAM RAM AS A BASIC BHAJAN IN HIS HEART AS A WE AS A SEEN A WEARER OF A JANEU TILL SIKHS CALLING SELF AS A THREAT OF A KNIFING TILL DEATH IF DOES NOT TAKE OFF IT BECAUSE OF SERIOUS ATYACHARS AS A HINDUS AS A SIKH ON.ATYACHARS WERE AS A SEXES THREE TILL DAILY ON EACH AND EVERY KANYA BE IT TWO YEARS OF AGE OR A THIRTY FORTY TILL NOT ONLY BUT A SEVENTY TOO.IN DELHI......UNDER ENGLAND AS A SEMEN BUILDINGS AS A HINDUS AS A FRONT AS A WE AS A TILL TILLORED AS A WE AS A GREAT PREACHER OF HINDUS AS A WE AS A GRANTH CARRYING ALL IT ONLY SAID TOO TO BE AGAINST THEY.BY THEY THE ONES SAYING WE SIKHS WILL KILL YOU FOR WRITING THE GRANTH AS A HINDU.MISTER IKKI WAS THE CAUSER OF ALL THIS AS A DHAN OURS AS A WE AS A SHORT BE WITH A SINGLE AIM IT SO I ONCOMING SO ROTATED LIFE THEY BE IN DOING WHAT THEY HAD BEEN DOING YOU IN DOING WHAT YOU DID AS A WESTERNER OR CHINESE OR JAPANESE OR A BRAZILIAN OR AMERICAN OR ENGLISH TO POLATE YOU ENOUGH AND MAKE YOU RELAXED ENOUGH AS TO TAKE ON YOU ALL WHEN I FEEL I NO MORE WILL TOLERATE YOU..AND FIX YOU AS A NUT BOLT WE BY INVENTED AS A SARDAR SAHIB AS A OURS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE PRIME INVENTOR THAT GAVE YOU ELECTRICAL,GAS AND ALL OTHER WELDINGS TOO,SPARK PLUGS TOO BIGEON PINS TOO IN THE POLATION OF A ROTATES AS A THEY BE TO LUBRICATEDLY RUNNING LIFE SUBSTANCES AS A SOURCER RESOURCER AS A NATURE MOTHER EARTH OF A DISTILLED SUBSTANCES AS A OBSERVER OF HIGHEST MERIT AS TO BE GOD TO YOU ALL ESPECIALLY THE GIRLS ALL OF THE EARTH..WHOSE EVERY INCH OF LIFE IS FILLED BY HE THE MAKER OF YOUR BINDI TOO OF TEN TOUSAND AS A VARIABLES AS A CHARMS AS A ONE WIFE FOR TO BE CHARMIS TO HER HUSBAND SO IT THE BANGLES OF THE PLASDTICS,GLASSES,SILVER,GOLD,ROLLED GOLD --HIS INVENTION OF GOLD LIKE SUBSTANCE SHINING TOO TO BE A NOT ATTRACTIVE TO CHAIN SNATCHER BUT EQUALLY GOOD LOOKING TO ANY WITHIN A PURSE OF THE LOWEST EARNS AS A COMMON TILL....YOUR SOFAS OF ALL STEEL,WOOD,SO TOO BEDS,FROM CEMENTS TILL PLASTER OF PARIS THROUGH LIME AS A THIRTY THOUSAND NOT THREE NOT IT...BRICKS OF ALL SIZES HIS MADE AS A ARE WERE ALL THE TIME SINCE NINETEEN FIFTY THREE NOT FIFTY NOT TOO FORTY NINE NOT TOO EIGHT TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT TOO IN THE THEY SAYING TILL WHEN YOU ENGINEER WILL WE.WE SEE DID HE DOING IT FOR ALL THE MANUFACTURERS LIKE CHILDREN TOYS AS A SWIFT AS A IDEAS AS A WE AS A WERE TEN THOUSANDS.THE DELHI WE DEVELOPED AS A WE AS A ALL ALONE AS AWE AS A FROM THE DATE OF THE WE AS GIVING THE FREEDOM HOW BUT ERLIER AS THE WE AS A DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEAF SPRING AND A CARIERS FOR ALL.ON THE HUNDRED TWENTIETH DAY OF LIFE AS A TINY TODDLER SIX AS A INCH HIGH THOUGH BUT TALKING WALKING.WATER WE STARTED WE AS A DIVERTY AS GOING INTO WHY A SINGLE WERE IN FEELING LIFE ON EARTH AS A HUNGRY MOUTHS TO FEED.UNITED NATIONS WAS CORRECT IN NOT GIVING HIS INVENTIONS OF HIGHEST CAPITALISABILITY IN THIS WORLD TO ANY WITHOUT AN EVALUATION AND FIXING EXCHANGE PARAMETERS----THOUGH PUT THIRTY TIMES LOWER AS A WE AS A WERE.A SINGLE INVENTION IF WOULD HAVE BEEN SOLD AS A ROYAL AS A NOT BUT ON ROYALTY AS WERE AS A HUNDRED TWENTY AFTER WE IT WERE WE AS A DRY NOT SLAVER NOT.NOR IT'S TIME OR AGE WERE TO BE.WE TARE IS.TEN PERCENT IT ALLOWED TO THOSE AS A WE TO IN THE CATAGORY BRICK MAKING A MERE THREE AS A PERCENT TOO WERE NOT AS A OUR APPLICATIONS AS A GOT BY THE ENGLAND WERE.TWO PERCENT WERE GIVEN.SO WAS IN THE ROAD MAKING.HAD IT BEEN TEN PERCENT OUR SINGLE INVENTION AS A ELECTRIC GENERATOR USED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TILL TODAY WOULD HAVE GOT WE EXACTLY 67890 OCTILLION.........WE ACCUSE ENGLAND OF CORNERING WE AS IT WERE IN KNOW OF THE TOTAL BEHAVIOUR OF ALL IN THE BEING THE LEADER OF THE AGGRESSIVES ASA ALL IN THE THIS AGGRESSIVE WORLD OF DACOITS WHO SAW TO IT THAT HIS VALUABLE PRODUCE OF HUNDRED TWENTY LAKH TIMES THE FIGURE I PUT AS EXACT OUR ROYALTY FROM ONE ELECTRIC GENERATION IN WHICH WE AS A THIRTY FOUR AS A INVENTIONS ENTERED BY WE WERE OVER THE EDISONIAN AS A NON WORKING INVENTION. WE CITE SALE OF EDISON COMPANY OF THE ELECTRICITY IN USA AND OTHERS AS A POINT WE PUT HERE AS A WE AS A POINT--------IT WERE A TOTAL OF THIRTY THREE MILLION AS A TIMES AS A ALL.FROM NINETEEN TWELVE AS A SAID NOW FICTITIOUSLY BUT IT STARTED IN THE YEAR NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TILL HAD A SEEM AS A IN THE TOWN OF THE EDINBURGH IN TEN POUND AS A FIGURES AS A WE AS A QUEEN ELI ONE AS A SAY NOW WE SAW IT NOTHING-----IN ENGLAND STILL NONE IS IN THE COMPANY IN THE SUMP.
WATER FEEL WE GAVE TO HE WE AS A TOY.IN CITY OF DACOITS AS A WATER POISONED WERE THRICE ALWAYS REPORTED AS A HE BEING MOST TASTE.THREE MILLION TIMES AS A COMMON PALATE OF A COMMON WOMAN.HE WE SAY IS THE ALL THAT YOU EAT IN THE FIVE STAR TILL WE HAVE A HOLDING AS A FIFTY PERCENT IN ALL ON OUR LAND PER WE AS A CHARGE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER SO FIXED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AFTER A DISCISSIONS THIRTY.SO ALL FACTORIES COUNTRIES AS A TOO APPLICABLE WERE BUT NONE HAS PAID A PENNY TO OUR CHILD AS A JUSTIN AS A DOING HIS DUTY AS A GOD OF EARTH GIVING THE EARTH FEEL AS A OUTSOURCER OURS AS A MOTHER NATURE. WE ASK NOW OURS ALL.FROM ALL.ONLY USA AS A PAYMENT OF FORTEEN FORTY HEP WE FIXED UP SEEING IMMINENT TAKING OF IT BY MISTER AMIT SHAH AS A SISTERS AS A SHRI MODI.AS DID WE IN TWO DACOITY ON WE WE BY BROUGHT TOO IN THE WORDPRESS AS A WE AS A WRITINGS AS A CONFORM IN HERE WE CONFIRM SAME AS A REPORTS AS.
DESPITE WE AS A VERY MANY UPBRINGING EFFORTS WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO STOP ENTRY OF OUTSIDERS INTO THE U.N. BUILDINGS AS A VERY VERY UNPROTECTED AS A STRUCTURES INFILTRATED BY TWENTY THOUSAND MEN TWELVE THOUSAND WOMEN NEVER ALLOCATED A JOB IN A REGULAR SELECTION OR A JOB ADVERTISEMENT-------------AS A VERY VERY ALARMING AS A WE TO ACTIVITY IN WHICH WE FEEL YOU EARTH HAVE LOST THE UNITED NATIONS.
WE CITE HEREUNDER A CASE HUNDRED FORTY .OF THE PAIN IN THE RIB GIVEN SPECIFICALLY TOO TO THE WOMEN NOT MEN THAT HAD SOWN SEEDS AS AT ONE SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY THE ELEVENTH OF JUNE OF THE TWO THOUSAND EIGHTEEN.THEY ARE TWELVE THOUSAND.COMBED EXCUTIVELY BY OUR EXACTING OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENTS MADE BY WE THE COSMOS HANDLERS.THE GOD WE OF THE UNIVERSE AS.AS YOU AS A NONE.POLICE WE.OFFICERS WE.GENERALS WE.NATO IN TWELVE THOUSANDS.IN POLICE INDIA AS A SIX TWELVE AS A THOUSANDS IN THE THEY AS A SENT TO IT IS AS A WE AS A STRIVERS AS A TO BE OR OTHERWISE WE KEEP INCREASING THE PAINS AS A REMINDERS AS AS A WELL TESTED METHOD.IN THE RUSSIA PUTIN NOT BUT TOO IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CORRECT POSTURING.OTHER ALL.TILL GEORGIA IF THEY DO NOT GIVE WE OUR LYDMILA IN GOOD HEALTH TO BE SEEING HER AND ASKING HER WELFARE.WE REMIND SHE WERE HERE WE AS A MARRIAGE IN INTERTESTED AS A PROPOSER WE TO THE WE AS A SADR AS A INTRODUCED WHEN THE A.S. BRAR AS TO EXCITED BE IN SEXING HER THIRTY SIX THOUSANDS OF TIMES IF POSSIBLE AS BECOMES TO WOMEN IN POLICE CUSTODY TILL.THEY RAPED HER THIRTY MEN AS A TWELVE MONTHS WE SO IN GIVE HE WE AS A SERVANT SO A MILD NOT SEVERE PAINS AS A WE TO DECEIVERS AS AS A WE OF THE WHOLE WEALTH TAKER LEAVING WE IN THE LURCH NOT ONLY BUT IN THE LURE OF A JOB ENOUGH TO FEED OUR TWO AS A ASS AS A STRATEGY TO WREST AWAY ALL OF A VERY VERY TALENTED AND TELL HE HE EARNED NOTHING EVER IN LIFE WHILE TAKING HIS MULTIPLE BILLIONS AS A FUNDS AS A WE AS A WERE AS A OIL IN ALL DEVELOPMENTS OF EXCAVATION IN THE EARTH TOO AS THE FIFTY PERCENT SHARE SUGGESTED BY THE U.N. TO ALL OIL EXCAVATORS AS A OUR JUSTICE IN SHARE AS A ONE WHO PURCHASED THE RIGHTS AS A EARTH OWNERS AS FROM ALL THE DEFEATED OR SLAVE COUNTRIES TOO AND THE CONTROLLERS OF THE LAND OF THE PLANET CLEARLY IN EXCHANGES GIVING EXACT TWELVE BILLION TIMES THE CURRENT VALUE PEGGED BY WE ME THE SUPREME JUSTICE GIVER AS A NINE NEUNTILLIONS AS A VERY MANY MAGNATES AS A PROPERTY STEALERS AS A ARE IN THE IT AS A WE AS A RELATIVES COMING IN THE SAY WE REPRESENT HE WE DO NOT GIVE A DUCK.THE REAL VALUE WE GIVE ARE A TELLTALE AS A NONE.OVER ABOVE ALL MONEYS.NO RIGHT TO SELL ANY ANY.THE WE ANALYSE HERE WE AS A POINT THIS TOO IN THE WE AS A OUTSOURCING THE WE BOUGHT BY ANYS AS A GRAPHICALITY. : THE RUSSIA AS A USSR TOO SINCE OUR PURCHASE TOOK OUT MINERAL OIL AS A WE AS A OF THE SALE IT INSIDE AS A THIRTY FIVE THOUSAND BILLION AT A PRICE LOWER THAN INDIA AS A SEVEN THOUSAND FIFTY HUNDRED SEVENTY NINE.AS A WE ME ARRIVALS AS A DONE BY THE THEY THE JUSTICE .JUSTICE HOEING TO THE SKY AS.THROWING IT IN THE BIN.WE SO IN PUT THE WE SAY IN THE OTHER HOW. THE ACTUAL VALUE SOLD IS A TERMINOLOGY NOW AS A WE AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII BY RIGHTLY OPPOSED TO THE C.I.A. AS A NAMED INSTITUTE NOT BUT TO THE GENERAL MANAGER IT'S AS A SLIGHTLY CINNED NOT BUT TWENTY DROPS OF THIRTY PERCENT THROWN ON HE TEN MINUTES LATER HOW BUT WAS AS A SEPOY NOTED EXACTLY HIS STATEMENT SIGNED BY HE COLLAPSING..............FOR THE LEGALITIES AS A SOLE LANDOWNER THE OWNER OF THE THEIR LAND INDIA TOO IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM WEND.AS IS..AS A WE AS A SYSTEM AS SAID FALSE COMPLETE SO IN I GIVE THEY ALL THE STRAIN OF THE MILLION SUNS.ESPECIALLY TO THE OTHER NOT ALL THOSE WE SEE DOING A REPRESENT..IN THE WE TO A DECEIT. SO WE MOVE TO ALL IN THE PLANET IN THE THEY DOING EXACT.
A EXPLANATION OF THE ABOVE THREE THIRTY LINE WORK NOT BUT TOO IN THE MIND OF THE SCIENTIST WERE.BUT WERE RECORDED BY WE ONLY.YOUR EARTH AS A THANKS NOT WERE BUT THE BENEFITS WERE TAKEN WITHOUT A MUR.SO THIS EARTH TO WE GIVE A RANGE OF THE CHEMICALITY.CHARGING IT PENALITY.AT PLACES YOU WILL SEE IT.LEAVE IT OR TAKE IT CHOICE BE PER FATE.MANY ARE IN THE TOUCHING OR DAMAGING ME MY WRITTEN.I GIVE THEM NAUSEA.AT TWO SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY FROM TILL END AS A WAY OF THE OUR BLESSES.COUNTER YOU TRY WE INCREASE.YOU ENJOY AS YOU MAKE WE ENJOY.LET WE BE LIFE LIKE.
MALAWINDAR SINGH KOHLII WATCHED IN THE UNIVERSITY AND ELSEWHERE CAUSED BY HIM THE FOUNTAINS MADE BY HIM IN THE CUT CANISTERS TOO BUT IN THE GALVANISED IRON A INVENT OF HIS IN THE MEHRAULI IN THE DATE TERAH NOTED ON A PLAIN PAPER IN THE COURT OF THE UNJION AND REMOVED BY A VERY JEALOUS STUPID FOOL K.K.PAUL .
THE BEHAVIOUR WERE DIFERENT .IT THE EXACT AMOUNTS GIVEN FAR SUPERIOR. SO STARTED EXPERIMENTATION NEXT IN THE UNIVERSITY,HIS HOUSE, IN THE ROSE GARDEN CHANDIGARH UNDER HIS GAZE ,,AS A VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS SECRETIVELY NOT BUT TOO IN THE WE SEEN IS ASCRIBED TO A ANOTHER NOT HIM IN THE UNIVERSITY PWD DEPARTMENT IN THE REGISTER AS A NEW INVENT.THE EXPERIMENTS HE DID WERE TWO THOUSAND BEFORE GOING IN FOR THE NEXT VARIETY OF THE EXPERIMENTS FROM THE TWO OF THE TWELVE OF HIS AGE STARTING WERE IN THE DELHI TOO IN THE MEHRAULI TOO IN THE QUTUB IN ASSOCIATION NOT DUE SUGGESTIONS GIVEN AS A RECORDED BY THE INDIRA GANDHI SYNDICATE HOW.INDIA AS A CULTURED AS A POORESTS AS A COUNTRY WERE IS PROVED BY THE THIS BEHAVIOURS AS A NON RECORDING THE VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS OF A DOYAN AS A EXPERIMENTORS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE MAN WHO GOT THEM FREEDOM FROM FOREIGN RULE BY GIVING THEM FREEDOM TO BE DEMOCRATICALLY BEHAVING CALLING THE SHOT OVER AND ABOVE THE MAN WHO PURCHASED THE LAND OF THE WORLD TOO IN WHICH THE INDIA IS ONLY A THOUSANDTH PART BUT IT STOPPED HIS INVESTMENT GIVING FREEDOMS ON IT'S OWN EVEN AFTER THEY HAD KNOWN HIS CYANIDINGS WERE BY A TORCHERERS GANG OF THE WITCH DOCTOR THE YADWINDER
BABA PAL AS A MISTER JOGINDER KAUR AS A PRACTICING WOMEN WOMENHOOD AS A PRESCRIBED PROFESSION TO THEY PRESCRIBED BY THE POLICE AND THEY POISONED SHE HIS MOTHER WOMEN BEING MOST DESPICABLE IN THE JANUARY OF THE NINETEEN FORTY EIGHT UNDER ORDERS OF J.L. NEHRU A CRIMER WITH THE WE WEMEN. WE SAW HE SEX HER IN CUSTODY TWO THIRTY TIMES AS A STATEMENT OF THE GANG A.S. BRAR.
THEIR MEMORY AND SPREAD RELIGION BE STOPPED FOR EVER AS THERE TOO NO GURU GOBIND SING OR RAI EXISTED AS HINDUS ARE SAYING WERE THE RECORTS AS A PROVEN.THESE AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A TOO EXIST BUT A JEALOUS AS A FASTESTS AS A JAMES-BONDING TYPE SAY IN THAT HE FOUND A CRIMINAL REPLACED THE GODLY FAMILY TO TAKE AWAY THEIR PROPERTY WITH HIS MOTHER AS A WITCH DOCTORS AS A THREE AS A POTENT BUT WITH TWO MEN INCURSED BY THEY THE OBSERVANT OF THE GEEN/GANGS AS A TWELVE MADE MOVING AROUND WOMEN IN THE DAY TO SELECT A ANY TO ASK FOR A TEA TOGETHER IN THE THEIR DRUG AS A SPRAYED OR FLASHED WITH FLASHERS AS THEY DID WITHOUT NOTICE BY THESE WOMEN TOO NOT BUT TOO IN THE DESIRE .
In February 2007, to celebrate their 150th anniversary, the American Insitute of Architects (AIA) named their America's Favorite Architecture list. For details about the methodology, see the topic posting, Methodology. For more information, see the AIA 150 website
# 1: Empire State Building - New York City (William Lamb, Shreve, Lamb & Harmon)
# 2: The White House - Washington, D.C. (James Hoban)
# 3: Washington National Cathedral - Washington, D.C. (George F. Bodley and Henry Vaughan, FAIA)
# 4: Thomas Jefferson Memorial - Washington D.C. (John Russell Pope, FAIA)
# 5: Golden Gate Bridge - San Francisco (Irving F. Morrow and Gertrude C. Morrow)
# 6: U.S. Capitol - Washington, D.C. (William Thornton, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Charles Bulfinch, Thomas U. Walter FAIA, Montgomery C. Meigs)
# 7: Lincoln Memorial - Washington, D.C. (Henry Bacon, FAIA)
# 8: Biltmore Estate (Vanderbilt Residence) - Asheville, NC (Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA)
# 9: Chrysler Building - New York City (William Van Alen, FAIA)
# 10: Vietnam Veterans Memorial - Washington, D.C. (Maya Lin with Cooper-Lecky Partnership)
# 11: St. Patrick’s Cathedral - New York City (James Renwick, FAIA)
# 12: Washington Monument - Washington, D.C. (Robert Mills)
# 13: Grand Central Station - New York City (Reed and Stern; Warren and Wetmore)
# 14: The Gateway Arch - St. Louis (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
# 15: Supreme Court of the United States - Washington, D.C. (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
# 16: St. Regis Hotel - New York City (Trowbridge & Livingston)
# 17: Metropolitan Museum of Art - New York City (Calvert Vaux, FAIA; McKim, Mead & White; Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA; Kevin Roche, FAIA; John Dinkeloo, FAIA)
# 18: Hotel Del Coronado - San Diego (James Reid, FAIA)
# 19: World Trade Center - New York City (Minoru Yamasaki, FAIA; Antonio Brittiochi; Emery Roth & Sons)
# 20: Brooklyn Bridge - New York City (John Augustus Roebling)
# 21: Philadelphia City Hall - Philadelphia (John McArthur Jr., FAIA)
# 22: Bellagio Hotel and Casino - Las Vegas (Deruyter Butler; Atlandia Design)
# 23: Cathedral of St. John the Divine - New York City (Heins & La Farge; Ralph Adams Cram)
# 24: Philadelphia Museum of Art - Philadelphia (Horace Trumbauer, Zantzinger, Borie, and Medary)
# 25: Trinity Church - Boston (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 26: Ahwahnee Hotel - Yosemite Valley, CA (Gilbert Stanley Underwood)
# 27: Monticello - Charlottesville, VA (Thomas Jefferson)
# 28: Library of Congress - Washington, D.C. (John L. Smithmeyer, FAIA and Paul J. Pelz, FAIA)
# 29: Kaufmann Residence (Fallingwater) - Bear Run, PA (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 30: Taliesin - Spring Green, WI (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 31: Wrigley Field - Chicago (Zachary Taylor Davis)
# 32: Wanamaker’s Department Store - Philadelphia (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 33: Rose Center for Earth and Space - New York City (James Stewart Polshek, FAIA)
# 34: National Gallery of Art, West Building - Washington, D.C. (John Russell Pope, FAIA)
# 35: Allegheny County Courthouse - Pittsburgh (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 36: Old Faithful Inn - Yellowstone National Park, WY (Robert Reamer)
# 37: Union Station - Washington, D.C. (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 38: Tribune Tower - Chicago (Howells & Hood)
# 39: Delano Hotel - Miami Beach (Robert Swartburg; Philippe Starck (interior))
# 40: Union Station - St. Louis (Theodore C. Link, FAIA)
# 41: Hearst Residence (Hearst Castle) - San Simeon, CA (Julia Morgan)
# 42: Sears Tower - Chicago (Bruce Graham, FAIA, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 43: Crane Library - Quincy, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 44: Woolworth Building - New York City (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
# 45: Cincinnati Union Terminal - Cincinnati (Alfred Fellheimer, FAIA and Stewart Wagner, FAIA; Paul Philippe Cret,consulting architect)
# 46: Waldorf Astoria - New York City (Schultze & Weaver)
# 47: New York Public Library - New York City (Carrère & Hastings)
# 48: Carnegie Hall - New York City (William B. Tuthill, FAIA; Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA and Dankmar Adler, FAIA, consulting architects)
# 49: San Francisco City Hall - San Francisco (Arthur Brown Jr., FAIA)
# 50: Virginia State Capitol - Richmond, VA (Thomas Jefferson)
# 51: Cadet Chapel, Air Force Academy - Colorado Springs, CO (Walter Netsch, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 52: Field Museum of Natural History - Chicago (Charles B. Atwood, D. H. Burnham & Co.)
# 53: Apple Store Fifth Avenue - New York City (Bohlin Cywinski Jackson)
# 54: Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia (Frank Furness, FAIA)
# 55: Mauna Kea Beach Hotel - Kohala Coast, HI (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 56: Rockefeller Center - New York City (Raymond Hood et al., FAIA)
# 57: Denver International Airport - Denver (Fentress Bradburn Architects)
# 58: Ames Library - North Easton, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 59: Milwaukee Art Museum - Milwaukee (Santiago Calatrava, FAIA)
# 60: Thorncrown Chapel - Eureka Springs, AK (E. Fay Jones, FAIA)
# 61: TransAmerica Pyramid - San Francisco (William Pereira, FAIA)
# 62: 333 Wacker Drive - Chicago (William E. Pedersen, FAIA, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates)
# 63: National Museum of Air and Space - Washington, D.C. (Gyo Obata, FAIA, Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
# 64: Faneuil Hall Marketplace - Boston (Benjamin Thompson, FAIA)
# 65: Crystal Cathedral - Garden Grove, CA (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
# 66: Gamble House - Pasadena, CA (Greene and Greene)
# 67: Nebraska State Capital - Lincoln, NE (Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue)
# 68: New York Times Building - New York City (Renzo Piano, Hon. FAIA)
# 69: Salt Lake City Public Library - Salt Lake City (Moshe Safdie, FAIA; VCBO Architecture Associates)
# 70: Dolphin and Swan Hotels, Walt Disney World - Orlando, FL (Michael Graves, FAIA)
# 71: Hearst Tower - New York City (George P. Post & Sons; addition Foster + Partners)
# 72: Flatiron Building (Fuller Building) - New York City (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 73: Lake Point Tower - Chicago (Schipporeit-Heinrich; Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
# 74: Guggenheim Museum - New York City (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 75: Union Station - Los Angeles (John Parkinson and Donald B. Parkinson)
# 76: Willard Hotel - Washington, D.C. (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 77: Sever Hall, Harvard University - Cambridge, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 78: Broadmoor Hotel - Colorado Springs, CO (Warren & Wetmore)
# 79: Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center - Washington, D.C. (Pei Cobb Freed & Partners)
# 80: Phillips Exeter Academy Library - Exeter, NH (Louis I. Kahn, FAIA)
# 81: The Plaza Hotel - New York City (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 82: Sofitel Chicago Water Tower - Chicago (Jean-Paul Viguier, Hon. FAIA)
# 83: Glessner House - Chicago (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 84: Yankee Stadium - New York City (Osborn Architects & Engineers)
# 85: Harold Washington Library Center - Chicago (Hammond, Beeby & Babka)
# 86: Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts - New York City (Wallace K. Harrison, FAIA, director, board of architects)
# 87: The Dakota Apartments - New York City (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 88: Art Institute of Chicago - Chicago (Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge)
# 89: Fairmont Hotel - San Francisco (Reid & Reid; Julia Morgan)
# 90: Boston Public Library - Boston (McKim, Mead & White)
# 91: Hollywood Bowl - Hollywood (Lloyd Wright; Allied Architects; Frank Gehry; Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates with Gruen Associates)
# 92: Texas State Capitol - Austin (Elijah E. Myers)
# 93: Fontainebleau - Miami Beach (Morris Lapidus)
# 94: Legal Research Building, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI (York & Sawyer; Gunnar Birkerts (addition))
# 95: J. Paul Getty Center for the Arts - Los Angeles (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 96: High Museum - Atlanta (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 97: Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse - Islip, NY (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 98: Humana Building - Louisville, KY (Michael Graves, FAIA)
# 99: Walt Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles (Frank Gehry, FAIA)
#100: Radio City Music Hall - New York City (Edward Durell Stone, FAIA)
#101: Paul Brown Stadium - Cincinnati (NBBJ)
#102: United Airlines Terminal, O’Hare - Chicago (Helmut Jahn, FAIA, Murphy/Jahn)
#103: Hyatt Regency Atlanta - Atlanta (John Portman, FAIA)
#104: AT&T Park (San Francisco Giants Stadium) - San Francisco (Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
#105: Time Warner Center - New York City (David Childs, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
#106: Washington, D.C., Metro - Washington, D.C. (Harry Weese, FAIA)
#107: IDS Center - Minneapolis (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
#108: Seattle Public Library - Seattle (Rem Koolhaas, Office for Metropolitan Architecture)
#109: Museum of Modern Art - San Francisco (Mario Botta, Hon. FAIA)
#110: Union Station - Chicago (Daniel Burnham, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
#111: United Nations Headquarters - New York City (International Committee of Architects, Wallace K. Harrison, chairman; Oscar Niemeyer; Le Corbusier)
#112: National Building Museum (Pension Building) - Washington, D.C. (Montgomery C. Meigs)
#113: Fenway Park - Boston (Osborn Architects & Engineers)
#114: Dana Thomas House - Springfield, IL (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#115: TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport - New York City (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
#116: The Athenaeum - New Harmony, IN (Richard Meier, FAIA)
#117: Walker Art Center - Minneapolis (Herzog & de Meuron)
#118: American Airlines Center - Dallas (David M. Schwarz, FAIA; Architectural Services; HKS)
#119: Arizona Biltmore Resort and Spa - Phoenix (Albert Chase McArthur)
#120: Los Angeles Central Library - Los Angeles (Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue)
#121: San Francisco International Terminal - San Francisco (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; Del Campo & Maru Architects; Michael Willis Architects)
#122: Oriole Park at Camden Yards - Baltimore (Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
#123: Taliesin West - Scottsdale, AZ (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#124: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Washington, D.C. (James Ingo Freed, FAIA, Pei Cobb Freed & Partners)
#125: Citicorp Center - New York City (Hugh Stubbins & Associates; Emery Roth & Sons)
#126: V. C. Morris Gift Shop (Xanadu Gallery) - San Francisco (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#127: Union Station - Kansas City, MO (Jarvis Hunt)
#128: Rookery Building - Chicago (Burnham and Root)
#129: Weisman Art Museum - Minneapolis (Frank Gehry, FAIA)
#130: Douglas House - Harbor Springs, MI (Richard Meier, FAIA)
#131: Hollyhock House - Los Angeles (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#132: Pennzoil Place - Houston (Philip Johnson, FAIA; Johnson/Burgee)
#133: Royalton Hotel - New York City (Philippe Starck)
#134: Reliant Astrodome - Houston (Hermon Lloyd, FAIA & W. B. Morgan; Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson)
#135: Safeco Field - Seattle (NBBJ)
#136: Corning Museum of Glass - Corning, NY (Gunnar Birkerts, FAIA)
#137: 30th Street Station - Philadelphia (Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
#138: Robie House - Chicago (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#139: Williams Tower (Transco Tower) - Houston (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
#140: Stahl House (Case Study House #22) - Los Angeles (Pierre Koenig)
#141: Apple SoHo - New York City (Bohlin Cywinski Jackson)
#142: John Hancock Towers - Boston (Henry Cobb, FAIA, Pei Cobb Freed)
#143: Pennsylvania Station - New York City (McKim, Mead & White)
#144: Hyatt Regency San Francisco - San Francisco (John Portman, FAIA)
#145: Carson Pirie Scott - Chicago (Louis Sullivan, FAIA)
#146: Museum of Modern Art - New York City (Philip Goodwin, FAIA and Edward Durell Stone, FAIA)
#147: Auditorium Building - Chicago (Adler & Sullivan)
#148: Brown Palace Hotel - Denver, CO (Frank E. Edbrooke)
#149: Ingalls Ice Arena, Yale University - New Haven, CT (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
#150: Battle Hall, University of Texas - Austin (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
Each coloured post-it belongs to a different person in the family.
Column 1 - 'List' - items that is to be done (also called the backlog)
Column 2 - 'Doing' - items of things to do that are now being done, not yet complete
Column 3 - 'Done' - the items that are done/complete.
At the end of the week when we discuss our Kanban we remove these items and add new ones to the 'List' column for the following week.
'Rules':
1. Items cannot be moved in reverse
2. Items are stuck on the board in order of priority - most important near the top
3. Only the person owning the item can stick the post-it on the board
4. Only the person owning the item can move the item to the right and remove it from the Kanban
5. Where possible each member of the family meet at the board to discuss their items, how there're progressing and add/move any items around the board.
Vindolanda was a Roman auxiliary fort (castrum) just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England, which it originally pre-dated. Archaeological excavations of the site show it was under Roman occupation from roughly 85 AD to 370 AD. Located near the modern village of Bardon Mill in Northumberland, it guarded the Stanegate, the Roman road from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth. It is noted for the Vindolanda tablets, a set of wooden leaf-tablets that were, at the time of their discovery, the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain.
The first post-Roman record of the ruins at Vindolanda was made by the antiquarian William Camden, in his Britannia (1586). Occasional travellers reached the site over the next two hundred years, and the accounts they left predate much of the stone-stealing that has damaged the site. The military Thermae (bath-house) was still partly roofed when Christopher Hunter visited the site in 1702. In about 1715 an excise officer named John Warburton found an altar there, which he removed. In 1814 the first real archaeological work was begun, by the Rev. Anthony Hedley.
Hedley died in 1835, before writing up his discoveries. Little more was done for a long time, although in 1914 a workman found another altar at the site, set up by the civilians living at the fort in honour of the Divine House and Vulcan. Several names for the site are used in the early records, including "Chesters on Caudley", "Little Chesters", "The Bower" and "Chesterholm"; the altar found in 1914 confirmed that the Roman name for the site was "Vindolanda", which had been in dispute as one early source referred to it as "Vindolana".
The garrison consisted of infantry or cavalry auxilia, not components of Roman legions. From the early third century, this was the Cohors IV Gallorum equitata also known as the Fourth Cohort of Gauls. It had been presumed that this title was, by this time, purely nominal, with auxiliary troops being recruited locally but an inscription found in a recent season of excavations suggests that native Gauls were still to be found in the regiment and that they liked to distinguish themselves from British soldiers. The inscription reads:
CIVES GALLI
DE GALLIAE
CONCORDES
QUE BRITANNI
A translation of this is "The troops from Gaul dedicate this statue to the goddess Gallia with the full support of the British-born troops".
Among the troops were Basque-speaking soldiers of the Varduli.
The earliest Roman forts at Vindolanda were built of wood and turf. The remains are now buried as much as 13 ft (4 m) deep in the anoxic waterlogged soil. There are five timber forts, built (and demolished) one after the other. The first, a small fort, was probably built by the 1st Cohort of Tungrians about 85 AD. By about 95 AD this was replaced by a larger wooden fort built by the 9th Cohort of Batavians, a mixed infantry-cavalry unit of about 1,000 men. That fort was repaired in about 100 AD under the command of the Roman prefect Flavius Cerialis. When the 9th Cohort of Batavians left in 105 AD, their fort was demolished. The 1st Cohort of Tungrians returned to Vindolanda, built a larger wooden fort and remained here until Hadrian's Wall was built around 122 AD, when they moved, most likely to Vercovicium (Housesteads Roman Fort) on the wall, about two miles to the north-east of Vindolanda.
Soon after Hadrian's Wall was built, most of its men were moved north to the Antonine Wall. A stone fort was built at Vindolanda, possibly for the 2nd Cohort of Nervians. From 208 to 211 AD, there was a major rebellion against Rome in Britain, and the Emperor Septimius Severus led an army to Britain to cope with it personally. The old stone fort was demolished, and replaced by an unconventional set of army buildings on the west, and an unusual array of many round stone huts where the old fort had been. Some of these circular huts are visible by the north and the southwest walls of the final stone fort. The Roman army may have built these to accommodate families of British farmers in this unsettled period. Septimius Severus died at York in 211 AD; his sons paid off the rebels and left for Rome. The stone buildings were demolished, and a large new stone fort was built where the huts had been, for the 4th Cohort of Gauls.
A vicus, a self-governing village, developed to the west of the fort. The vicus contains several rows of buildings, each containing several one-room chambers. Most are not connected to the existing drainage system. The one that does was perhaps a butchery where, for health reasons, an efficient drain would have been important. A stone altar found in 1914 (and exhibited in the museum) proves that the settlement was officially a vicus and that it was named Vindolanda. To the south of the fort is a thermae (a large imperial bath complex), that would have been used by many of the individuals on the site. The later stone fort, and the adjoining village, remained in use until about 285 AD, when it was largely abandoned for unknown reasons.
About 300 AD, the fort was again rebuilt, but the vicus was not reoccupied, so most likely the area remained too unsafe for life outside the defended walls of the fort. In about 370, the fort was roughly repaired, perhaps by irregular soldiers. There is no evidence for the traditional view that Roman occupation ended suddenly in 410; it may have declined slowly.
In the 1930s, the house at Chesterholm where the museum is now located was purchased by archaeologist Eric Birley, who was interested in excavating the site. The excavations have been continued by his sons, Robin and Anthony, and his grandson, Andrew Birley, into the present day. They are undertaken each summer, and some of the archaeological deposits reach depths of six metres. The anoxic conditions at these depths have preserved thousands of artefacts, such as 850 ink tablets and over 160 boxwood combs, that normally disintegrate in the ground, thus providing an opportunity to gain a fuller understanding of Roman life – military and otherwise – on the northern frontier. The study of these ink tablets shows a literacy among both the high born who there, as with the party invitation from one officer's wife to another and with soldiers and their families who send care packages with notes on the contents of the packages. A study of spindle whorls from the north-western quadrant has indicated the presence of spinners of low- and high- status in the fort in the 3rd and 4th century AD. Along with ongoing excavations (in season) and excavated remains, a full-size replica of a section of Hadrian's Wall in both stone and turf can be seen on the site. As of yet there is no reconstruction of the Vallum.
Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vindolanda Trust experts led by Dr Andrew Birley. According to the Guardian, being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, these two gloves found at Vindolanda look like leather bands and date back to 120 AD. It is suggested that, based on their difference from gladiator gloves, warriors using this type of gloves had no purpose to kill each other. These gloves were probably used in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum. According to Birley, they are not part of a matching pair:
The larger of the two gloves is cut from a single piece of leather and was folded into a pouch configuration, the extending leather at each side were slotted into one another forming a complete oval shape creating an inner hole into which a hand could still easily be inserted. The glove was packed with natural material acting as a shock absorber.
Recent excavations have been accompanied by new archaeological methodologies. 3-D imaging has been used to investigate the use of an ox cranium in target practice.
In 2021, a carved sandstone artifact was discovered a few inches below the floor of the fort. It depicts a nude warrior or deity before a horse or similar animal. Early interpretations point to the figure being of a Roman deity, perhaps of Mars or Mercury.
In 2023 February, a 2,000 year-old disembodied 6.3 inches long wooden phallus toy was revealed, according to the research published in the journal Antiquity.
In addition to the older initial findings of ink tablets, shoes and combs, several more artifacts and discoveries of note have been covered by the media. In 2017, the British newspaper The Guardian focused on a discovery of cavalry barracks that were uncovered during the excavation season that held a large number of artifacts including swords, ink tablets, textiles, arrowheads, and other military paraphernalia. Relative dating of the barracks had determined that they were built around 105 AD. The Guardian also publicized the discovery of a cache of 25 ink tablets found earlier in the 2017 season. The tablets were discovered in a trench in one of the earliest layers of the fort, dating to the 1st century AD. This discovery was considered to be the second-largest discovery of ink tablets in the world, with the first being a cache that was also discovered at Vindolanda in 1992.
In the 2014 excavation season, BBC ran a story about the discovery of one of the few surviving examples of a wooden toilet seat to be found in the Roman Empire. In the same year, they also recorded the discovery of the only (very old, very worn) gold coin ever to be found on the site with a mint date of 64 or 65 AD, lying in a site layer dating to the 4th century AD.
In 2010, the BBC announced the discovery of the remains of a child between the ages of 8 and 10 years, which was uncovered in a shallow pit in a barrack room in a position suggesting that its arms may have been bound. Further archaeological analysis indicated that it could be female. She is believed to have died about 1,800 years ago.
Another find publicised on the BBC website in 2006 was a bronze and silver fibula modelled with the figure of Mars, with the name Quintus Sollonius punched into its surface.
In 2020, archaeologists discovered a 5th-century chalice covered in religious iconography within a collapsed church structure. The images include crosses, angels, a smiling priestly figure holding a crook, fish, a whale, ships, the Greek letters chi-rho. In addition, the chalice bears scripts written in Latin, Greek, and possibly Ogham.
The Vindolanda site museum, also known as Chesterholm Museum, conserves and displays finds from the site. The museum is set in gardens, which include full-sized reconstructions of a Roman temple, a Roman shop, a Roman house and Northumbrian croft, all with audio presentations. Exhibits include Roman boots, shoes, armour, jewellery and coins, infrared photographs of the writing tablets and, from 2011, a small selection of the tablets themselves, on loan from the British Museum. 2011 saw the reopening of the museum at Vindolanda, and also the Roman Army Museum at Magnae Carvetiorum (Carvoran), refurbished with a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410.
Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by the Belgae during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. The Belgae were the only Celtic tribe to cross the sea into Britain, for to all other Celtic tribes this land was unknown. He received tribute, installed the friendly king Mandubracius over the Trinovantes, and returned to Gaul. Planned invasions under Augustus were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD, Caligula assembled 200,000 men at the Channel on the continent, only to have them gather seashells (musculi) according to Suetonius, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea. Three years later, Claudius directed four legions to invade Britain and restore the exiled king Verica over the Atrebates. The Romans defeated the Catuvellauni, and then organized their conquests as the province of Britain. By 47 AD, the Romans held the lands southeast of the Fosse Way. Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of Boudica's uprising, but the Romans expanded steadily northward.
The conquest of Britain continued under command of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (77–84), who expanded the Roman Empire as far as Caledonia. In mid-84 AD, Agricola faced the armies of the Caledonians, led by Calgacus, at the Battle of Mons Graupius. Battle casualties were estimated by Tacitus to be upwards of 10,000 on the Caledonian side and about 360 on the Roman side. The bloodbath at Mons Graupius concluded the forty-year conquest of Britain, a period that possibly saw between 100,000 and 250,000 Britons killed. In the context of pre-industrial warfare and of a total population of Britain of c. 2 million, these are very high figures.
Under the 2nd-century emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, two walls were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians, whose realms in the Scottish Highlands were never controlled. Around 197 AD, the Severan Reforms divided Britain into two provinces: Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. During the Diocletian Reforms, at the end of the 3rd century, Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a vicarius, who administered the Diocese of the Britains. A fifth province, Valentia, is attested in the later 4th century. For much of the later period of the Roman occupation, Britannia was subject to barbarian invasions and often came under the control of imperial usurpers and imperial pretenders. The final Roman withdrawal from Britain occurred around 410; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed Sub-Roman Britain after that.
Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive Romano-British culture emerged as the Romans introduced improved agriculture, urban planning, industrial production, and architecture. The Roman goddess Britannia became the female personification of Britain. After the initial invasions, Roman historians generally only mention Britain in passing. Thus, most present knowledge derives from archaeological investigations and occasional epigraphic evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an emperor. Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire.
History
Britain was known to the Classical world. The Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians traded for Cornish tin in the 4th century BC. The Greeks referred to the Cassiterides, or "tin islands", and placed them near the west coast of Europe. The Carthaginian sailor Himilco is said to have visited the island in the 6th or 5th century BC and the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it existed.
The first direct Roman contact was when Julius Caesar undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, as part of his conquest of Gaul, believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance. The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry. Despite the military failure, it was a political success, with the Roman Senate declaring a 20-day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating Belgic tribes on returning to the continent.
The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace. A friendly local king, Mandubracius, was installed, and his rival, Cassivellaunus, was brought to terms. Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul.
Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind, but he established clients and brought Britain into Rome's sphere of influence. Augustus planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable, and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain. Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus, and Augustus's own Res Gestae refers to two British kings he received as refugees. When some of Tiberius's ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in Germany in 16 AD, they came back with tales of monsters.
Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the Catuvellauni, ruled by the descendants of Tasciovanus, and the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Commius. This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD, when Caligula received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul. When Claudius successfully invaded in 43 AD, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler, Verica of the Atrebates.
Roman invasion
The invasion force in 43 AD was led by Aulus Plautius,[26] but it is unclear how many legions were sent. The Legio II Augusta, commanded by future emperor Vespasian, was the only one directly attested to have taken part. The Legio IX Hispana, the XIV Gemina (later styled Martia Victrix) and the XX (later styled Valeria Victrix) are known to have served during the Boudican Revolt of 60/61, and were probably there since the initial invasion. This is not certain because the Roman army was flexible, with units being moved around whenever necessary. The IX Hispana may have been permanently stationed, with records showing it at Eboracum (York) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108, before being destroyed in the east of the Empire, possibly during the Bar Kokhba revolt.
The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial freedman persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the Ocean and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world. They sailed in three divisions, and probably landed at Richborough in Kent; at least part of the force may have landed near Fishbourne, West Sussex.
The Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles: the first, assuming a Richborough landing, on the river Medway, the second on the river Thames. One of their leaders, Togodumnus, was killed, but his brother Caratacus survived to continue resistance elsewhere. Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius, who arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants, for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). Vespasian subdued the southwest, Cogidubnus was set up as a friendly king of several territories, and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control.
Establishment of Roman rule
After capturing the south of the island, the Romans turned their attention to what is now Wales. The Silures, Ordovices and Deceangli remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention, despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the Brigantes and the Iceni. The Silures were led by Caratacus, and he carried out an effective guerrilla campaign against Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula. Finally, in 51, Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set-piece battle and defeated him. The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes, but their queen, Cartimandua, proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans. He was brought as a captive to Rome, where a dignified speech he made during Claudius's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life. The Silures were still not pacified, and Cartimandua's ex-husband Venutius replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance.
On Nero's accession, Roman Britain extended as far north as Lindum. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, the conqueror of Mauretania (modern day Algeria and Morocco), then became governor of Britain, and in 60 and 61 he moved against Mona (Anglesey) to settle accounts with Druidism once and for all. Paulinus led his army across the Menai Strait and massacred the Druids and burnt their sacred groves.
While Paulinus was campaigning in Mona, the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of Boudica. She was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni, Prasutagus. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched. He was wrong. When his will was enforced, Rome[clarification needed] responded by violently seizing the tribe's lands in full. Boudica protested. In consequence, Rome[clarification needed] punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape. In response, the Iceni, joined by the Trinovantes, destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum (Colchester) and routed the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it. Paulinus rode to London (then called Londinium), the rebels' next target, but concluded it could not be defended. Abandoned, it was destroyed, as was Verulamium (St. Albans). Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities. But Paulinus regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him, chose a battlefield, and, despite being outnumbered by more than twenty to one, defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness. During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether.
There was further turmoil in 69, the "Year of the Four Emperors". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country. After Vespasian secured the empire, his first two appointments as governor, Quintus Petillius Cerialis and Sextus Julius Frontinus, took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively.[38] Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of South Wales, and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources, such as the gold mines at Dolaucothi.
In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, father-in-law to the historian Tacitus, conquered the Ordovices in 78. With the XX Valeria Victrix legion, Agricola defeated the Caledonians in 84 at the Battle of Mons Graupius, in north-east Scotland. This was the high-water mark of Roman territory in Britain: shortly after his victory, Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome, and the Romans initially retired to a more defensible line along the Forth–Clyde isthmus, freeing soldiers badly needed along other frontiers.
For much of the history of Roman Britain, a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island. This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province. As a result, many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province, including Vespasian, Pertinax, and Gordian I.
Roman military organisation in the north
In 84 AD
In 84 AD
In 155 AD
In 155 AD
Hadrian's Wall, and Antonine Wall
There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archaeology has shown that some Roman forts south of the Forth–Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged; others appear to have been abandoned. By 87 the frontier had been consolidated on the Stanegate. Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the Scottish Lowlands in the years before 100, indicating growing Romanisation. Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at Vindolanda in Northumberland, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire, where officers' wives maintained polite society while merchants, hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied.
Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium (at modern Newstead, in SE Scotland) indicating hostilities at least at that site.[citation needed] There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany, and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a tribune of Cyrene. Trajan's Dacian Wars may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat. The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal, in order to deny resources to an enemy. In either case, the frontier probably moved south to the line of the Stanegate at the Solway–Tyne isthmus around this time.
A new crisis occurred at the beginning of Hadrian's reign): a rising in the north which was suppressed by Quintus Pompeius Falco. When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120, he directed an extensive defensive wall, known to posterity as Hadrian's Wall, to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier. Hadrian appointed Aulus Platorius Nepos as governor to undertake this work who brought the Legio VI Victrix legion with him from Germania Inferior. This replaced the famous Legio IX Hispana, whose disappearance has been much discussed. Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century, and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context.
In the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth–Clyde isthmus, where the Antonine Wall was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor, Quintus Lollius Urbicus.
The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155–157, when the Brigantes revolted. With limited options to despatch reinforcements, the Romans moved their troops south, and this rising was suppressed by Governor Gnaeus Julius Verus. Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured, but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned. The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus's undertakings to protect the Votadini or his pride in enlarging the empire, since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made. The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time: the large fort at Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180.
During the twenty-year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall in 163/4, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily problems in the Danubian provinces. Increasing numbers of hoards of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved. Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade, and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies, the Picts.
In 175, a large force of Sarmatian cavalry, consisting of 5,500 men, arrived in Britannia, probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings. In 180, Hadrian's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what Cassius Dio described as the most serious war of the reign of Commodus. Ulpius Marcellus was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace, only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops. Unhappy with Marcellus's strictness, they tried to elect a legate named Priscus as usurper governor; he refused, but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive. The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination: they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of Tigidius Perennis, a Praetorian prefect who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly equites to legate ranks in Britannia. Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed, but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny.
The future emperor Pertinax (lived 126–193) was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control, but a riot broke out among the troops. Pertinax was attacked and left for dead, and asked to be recalled to Rome, where he briefly succeeded Commodus as emperor in 192.
3rd century
The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. The latter was the new governor of Britannia, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus's support against Pescennius Niger in the east. Once Niger was neutralised, Severus turned on his ally in Britannia; it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war.
Albinus crossed to Gaul in 195, where the provinces were also sympathetic to him, and set up at Lugdunum. Severus arrived in February 196, and the ensuing battle was decisive. Albinus came close to victory, but Severus's reinforcements won the day, and the British governor committed suicide. Severus soon purged Albinus's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment. Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain. In order to maintain security, the province required the presence of three legions, but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals. Deploying those legions elsewhere would strip the island of its garrison, leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the Picts and Scots.
The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus's absence. Cassius Dio records that the new Governor, Virius Lupus, was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the Maeatae. The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge, and Lucius Alfenus Senecio's report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians "rebelling, over-running the land, taking loot and creating destruction". In order to rebel, of course, one must be a subject – the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such. Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition, and Severus chose the latter, despite being 62 years old. Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian's Wall and the forts beyond it, and Severus's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately. The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory, and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons Caracalla and Geta with first-hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land.
Northern campaigns, 208–211
An invasion of Caledonia led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209, crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola. Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain, Severus was unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield. The emperor's forces pushed north as far as the River Tay, but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion, as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians. By 210 Severus had returned to York, and the frontier had once again become Hadrian's Wall. He assumed the title Britannicus but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north, which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire. Almost immediately, another northern tribe, the Maeatae, went to war. Caracalla left with a punitive expedition, but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne.
As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century. Historical sources provide little information on the following decades, a period known as the Long Peace. Even so, the number of buried hoards found from this period rises, suggesting continuing unrest. A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy; and over the following hundred years they increased in number, becoming the Saxon Shore Forts.
During the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions, rebellions and new imperial pretenders. Britannia apparently avoided these troubles, but increasing inflation had its economic effect. In 259 a so-called Gallic Empire was established when Postumus rebelled against Gallienus. Britannia was part of this until 274 when Aurelian reunited the empire.
Around the year 280, a half-British officer named Bonosus was in command of the Roman's Rhenish fleet when the Germans managed to burn it at anchor. To avoid punishment, he proclaimed himself emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) but was crushed by Marcus Aurelius Probus. Soon afterwards, an unnamed governor of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising. Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of Vandals and Burgundians across the Channel.
The Carausian Revolt led to a short-lived Britannic Empire from 286 to 296. Carausius was a Menapian naval commander of the Britannic fleet; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor Maximian on charges of having abetted Frankish and Saxon pirates and having embezzled recovered treasure. He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings. An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued, with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition. In 293, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, Allectus. Julius Asclepiodotus landed an invasion fleet near Southampton and defeated Allectus in a land battle.
Diocletian's reforms
As part of Diocletian's reforms, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a diocese governed by a vicarius under a praetorian prefect who, from 318 to 331, was Junius Bassus who was based at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).
The vicarius was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese. Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals and the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency.
Civilian and military authority of a province was no longer exercised by one official and the governor was stripped of military command which was handed over to the Dux Britanniarum by 314. The governor of a province assumed more financial duties (the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century). The Dux was commander of the troops of the Northern Region, primarily along Hadrian's Wall and his responsibilities included protection of the frontier. He had significant autonomy due in part to the distance from his superiors.
The tasks of the vicarius were to control and coordinate the activities of governors; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates, which had their own administrative infrastructure; and act as the regional quartermaster-general of the armed forces. In short, as the sole civilian official with superior authority, he had general oversight of the administration, as well as direct control, while not absolute, over governors who were part of the prefecture; the other two fiscal departments were not.
The early-4th-century Verona List, the late-4th-century work of Sextus Rufus, and the early-5th-century List of Offices and work of Polemius Silvius all list four provinces by some variation of the names Britannia I, Britannia II, Maxima Caesariensis, and Flavia Caesariensis; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a governor (praeses) of equestrian rank. The 5th-century sources list a fifth province named Valentia and give its governor and Maxima's a consular rank. Ammianus mentions Valentia as well, describing its creation by Count Theodosius in 369 after the quelling of the Great Conspiracy. Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province, leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name (may be the enigmatic "Vespasiana"), and leading others to place Valentia beyond Hadrian's Wall, in the territory abandoned south of the Antonine Wall.
Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on ecclesiastical records. On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy, scholars use the list of bishops for the 314 Council of Arles. The list is patently corrupt: the British delegation is given as including a Bishop "Eborius" of Eboracum and two bishops "from Londinium" (one de civitate Londinensi and the other de civitate colonia Londinensium). The error is variously emended: Bishop Ussher proposed Colonia, Selden Col. or Colon. Camalodun., and Spelman Colonia Cameloduni (all various names of Colchester); Gale and Bingham offered colonia Lindi and Henry Colonia Lindum (both Lincoln); and Bishop Stillingfleet and Francis Thackeray read it as a scribal error of Civ. Col. Londin. for an original Civ. Col. Leg. II (Caerleon). On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province.
In the 12th century, Gerald of Wales described the supposedly metropolitan sees of the early British church established by the legendary SS Fagan and "Duvian". He placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western England with its capital at "Urbs Legionum" (Caerleon); Britannia Secunda in Kent and southern England with its capital at "Dorobernia" (Canterbury); Flavia in Mercia and central England with its capital at "Lundonia" (London); "Maximia" in northern England with its capital at Eboracum (York); and Valentia in "Albania which is now Scotland" with its capital at St Andrews. Modern scholars generally dispute the last: some place Valentia at or beyond Hadrian's Wall but St Andrews is beyond even the Antonine Wall and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons.
A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium, on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan vicarius; places Prima in the west according to Gerald's traditional account but moves its capital to Corinium of the Dobunni (Cirencester) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius, a provincial rector; places Flavia north of Maxima, with its capital placed at Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles;[d] and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum (York). Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around Deva (Chester); beside Hadrian's Wall around Luguvalium (Carlisle); and between the walls along Dere Street.
4th century
Emperor Constantius returned to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later Constantine the Great) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn. Constantius died in York in July 306 with his son at his side. Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne, unlike the earlier usurper, Albinus.
In the middle of the century, the province was loyal for a few years to the usurper Magnentius, who succeeded Constans following the latter's death. After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the Battle of Mons Seleucus in 353, Constantius II dispatched his chief imperial notary Paulus Catena to Britain to hunt down Magnentius's supporters. The investigation deteriorated into a witch-hunt, which forced the vicarius Flavius Martinus to intervene. When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason, the vicarius attacked Paulus with a sword, with the aim of assassinating him, but in the end he committed suicide.
As the 4th century progressed, there were increasing attacks from the Saxons in the east and the Scoti (Irish) in the west. A series of forts had been built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when, in 367, a general assault of Saxons, Picts, Scoti and Attacotti, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate. The invaders overwhelmed the entire western and northern regions of Britannia and the cities were sacked. This crisis, sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the Great Conspiracy, was settled by Count Theodosius from 368 with a string of military and civil reforms. Theodosius crossed from Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and marched on Londinium where he began to deal with the invaders and made his base.[ An amnesty was promised to deserters which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. By the end of the year Hadrian's Wall was retaken and order returned. Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province named Valentia, probably to better address the state of the far north. A new Dux Britanniarum was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis to head a new civilian administration.
Another imperial usurper, Magnus Maximus, raised the standard of revolt at Segontium (Caernarfon) in north Wales in 383, and crossed the English Channel. Maximus held much of the western empire, and fought a successful campaign against the Picts and Scots around 384. His continental exploits required troops from Britain, and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period, triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish. His rule was ended in 388, but not all the British troops may have returned: the Empire's military resources were stretched to the limit along the Rhine and Danube. Around 396 there were more barbarian incursions into Britain. Stilicho led a punitive expedition. It seems peace was restored by 399, and it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered; by 401 more troops were withdrawn, to assist in the war against Alaric I.
End of Roman rule
The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff, was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century. Consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. Some features are agreed: more opulent but fewer urban houses, an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones, with the exception of defensive structures, and the widespread formation of "dark earth" deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts. Turning over the basilica at Silchester to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain.
The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had been thought. Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed. There was a growing number of barbarian attacks, but these targeted vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns. Some villas such as Chedworth, Great Casterton in Rutland and Hucclecote in Gloucestershire had new mosaic floors laid around this time, suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy. Many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century; the story of Saint Patrick indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430. Exceptionally, new buildings were still going up in this period in Verulamium and Cirencester. Some urban centres, for example Canterbury, Cirencester, Wroxeter, Winchester and Gloucester, remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries, surrounded by large farming estates.
Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century, and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare, indicating a likely combination of economic decline, diminishing numbers of troops, problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383–87. Coinage circulation increased during the 390s, but never attained the levels of earlier decades. Copper coins are very rare after 402, though minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent. By 407 there were very few new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned. Mass-produced wheel thrown pottery ended at approximately the same time; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels, while the poor made do with humble "grey ware" or resorted to leather or wooden containers.
Sub-Roman Britain
Towards the end of the 4th century Roman rule in Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attacks. Apparently, there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing usurpers, the army chose a soldier, Constantine III, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by Honorius; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how, in the aftermath of the revolt, all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai. A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help, but it may have been addressed to Bruttium or Bologna. With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still utilizing Romano-British ideals and conventions. Historian Stuart Laycock has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms.
In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts, Scoti, and Déisi. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic auxiliaries supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. Around this time, many Britons fled to Brittany (hence its name), Galicia and probably Ireland. A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the Groans of the Britons, an unanswered appeal to Aetius, leading general of the western Empire, for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446. Another is the Battle of Deorham in 577, after which the significant cities of Bath, Cirencester and Gloucester fell and the Saxons reached the western sea.
Historians generally reject the historicity of King Arthur, who is supposed to have resisted the Anglo-Saxon conquest according to later medieval legends.
Trade
During the Roman period Britain's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern North Sea and Eastern Channel, focusing on the narrow Strait of Dover, with more limited links via the Atlantic seaways. The most important British ports were London and Richborough, whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were Boulogne and the sites of Domburg and Colijnsplaat at the mouth of the river Scheldt. During the Late Roman period it is likely that the shore forts played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions.
Exports to Britain included: coin; pottery, particularly red-gloss terra sigillata (samian ware) from southern, central and eastern Gaul, as well as various other wares from Gaul and the Rhine provinces; olive oil from southern Spain in amphorae; wine from Gaul in amphorae and barrels; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and Brittany in barrels and amphorae; preserved olives from southern Spain in amphorae; lava quern-stones from Mayen on the middle Rhine; glass; and some agricultural products. Britain's exports are harder to detect archaeologically, but will have included metals, such as silver and gold and some lead, iron and copper. Other exports probably included agricultural products, oysters and salt, whilst large quantities of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well.
These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island, as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources. Up until the mid-3rd century, the Roman state's payments appear to have been unbalanced, with far more products sent to Britain, to support its large military force (which had reached c. 53,000 by the mid-2nd century), than were extracted from the island.
It has been argued that Roman Britain's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state's desire to save money by shifting away from expensive long-distance imports. Evidence has been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from c. 165 AD onwards. This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire-wide crises: the Antonine Plague and the Marcomannic Wars.
From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period; vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century. During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products, paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers, clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire. This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards (thus freeing up more goods for export), and because of 'Germanic' incursions across the Rhine, which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul.
Economy
Mineral extraction sites such as the Dolaucothi gold mine were probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators. The mine developed as a series of opencast workings, mainly by the use of hydraulic mining methods. They are described by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History in great detail. Essentially, water supplied by aqueducts was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the bedrock. If veins were present, they were attacked using fire-setting and the ore removed for comminution. The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and gold nuggets collected in riffles. The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from c. 75 through to the 1st century. When opencast work was no longer feasible, tunnels were driven to follow the veins. The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers.
The Wealden ironworking zone, the lead and silver mines of the Mendip Hills and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee. Mining had long been practised in Britain (see Grimes Graves), but the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry. It included hydraulic mining to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits. The water needed for such large-scale operations was supplied by one or more aqueducts, those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive. Many prospecting areas were in dangerous, upland country, and, although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion, it had to wait until these areas were subdued.
By the 3rd and 4th centuries, small towns could often be found near villas. In these towns, villa owners and small-scale farmers could obtain specialist tools. Lowland Britain in the 4th century was agriculturally prosperous enough to export grain to the continent. This prosperity lay behind the blossoming of villa building and decoration that occurred between AD 300 and 350.
Britain's cities also consumed Roman-style pottery and other goods, and were centres through which goods could be distributed elsewhere. At Wroxeter in Shropshire, stock smashed into a gutter during a 2nd-century fire reveals that Gaulish samian ware was being sold alongside mixing bowls from the Mancetter-Hartshill industry of the West Midlands. Roman designs were most popular, but rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the Iron Age La Tène artistic traditions. Britain was home to much gold, which attracted Roman invaders. By the 3rd century, Britain's economy was diverse and well established, with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north.
Government
Further information: Governors of Roman Britain, Roman client kingdoms in Britain, and Roman auxiliaries in Britain
Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons, were placed under the Emperor's control. In practice imperial provinces were run by resident governors who were members of the Senate and had held the consulship. These men were carefully selected, often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a governor's role was primarily military, but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility, such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the civitates and acting as a judge in important legal cases. When not campaigning, he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops.
To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the legatus juridicus, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a procurator with junior posts for each tax-raising power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and, in time of war, probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services.
Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain, but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as civitas (which were subdivided, amongst other forms, into colonies such as York, Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln and municipalities such as Verulamium), and were each governed by a senate of local landowners, whether Brythonic or Roman, who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs. The various civitates sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state, to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need, and to worship the imperial cult.
Demographics
Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents.[80] The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, from Britannia and other Roman territories, including continental Europe, Roman Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. In a study conducted in 2012, around 45 percent of sites investigated dating from the Roman period had at least one individual of North African origin.
Town and country
During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private uses. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According to S.T. Loseby, the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury, and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century.
Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories. Civitates, "public towns" were formally laid out on a grid plan, and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings. The much more numerous category of vici, "small towns" grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance.
Cities and towns which have Roman origins, or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets; civitates are marked C
Alcester (Alauna)
Alchester
Aldborough, North Yorkshire (Isurium Brigantum) C
Bath (Aquae Sulis) C
Brough (Petuaria) C
Buxton (Aquae Arnemetiae)
Caerleon (Isca Augusta) C
Caernarfon (Segontium) C
Caerwent (Venta Silurum) C
Caister-on-Sea C
Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) C
Carlisle (Luguvalium) C
Carmarthen (Moridunum) C
Chelmsford (Caesaromagus)
Chester (Deva Victrix) C
Chester-le-Street (Concangis)
Chichester (Noviomagus Reginorum) C
Cirencester (Corinium) C
Colchester (Camulodunum) C
Corbridge (Coria) C
Dorchester (Durnovaria) C
Dover (Portus Dubris)
Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) C
Gloucester (Glevum) C
Great Chesterford (the name of this vicus is unknown)
Ilchester (Lindinis) C
Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum) C
Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) C
London (Londinium) C
Manchester (Mamucium) C
Newcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius)
Northwich (Condate)
St Albans (Verulamium) C
Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) C
Towcester (Lactodurum)
Whitchurch (Mediolanum) C
Winchester (Venta Belgarum) C
Wroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum) C
York (Eboracum) C
Religion
The druids, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain, were outlawed by Claudius, and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (Anglesey). Under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham.
The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the votive offerings made at the baths at Bath, Somerset, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the Roman emperor is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a Roman temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica. By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.
Pagan religious practices were supported by priests, represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from West Stow and Willingham Fen.
Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The London Mithraeum is one example of the popularity of mystery religions among the soldiery. Temples to Mithras also exist in military contexts at Vindobala on Hadrian's Wall (the Rudchester Mithraeum) and at Segontium in Roman Wales (the Caernarfon Mithraeum).
Christianity
It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century "word square" has been discovered in Mamucium, the Roman settlement of Manchester. It consists of an anagram of PATER NOSTER carved on a piece of amphora. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square" is a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of early Christianity in Britain. The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian, c. 200 AD, in which he described "all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ". Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th-century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at Poundbury with its east–west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period.
The Church in Britain seems to have developed the cust
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
Net-net, I am very impressed with the 35 Distagon and very pleased with how well it works with the Panasonic S1R.
That's right! I have not included an apostrophe. Stick around. You'll get it.
I've answered the call to join a walk in the park on Mother's Day. I wouldn't have been unhappy with Mothers' Day. There is no cogent argument for us to not honour all mothers.
One of my companions, sharp-eyed and yet to be burdened by years, spotted this little thing… The tip is obscured so you can't see that it looks like a chrome-plated, industrial strength, military grade hypodermic. At a pinch, I'd say a dart, and using the giveaway comment on the label, one aimed at a kangaroo.
Before today we have discussed both the Eastern Grey Kangaroo population problem, and how a fenced enclosure works to amplify the issue.
Those of a sensitive disposition, and others inclined towards mischief have taken certain steps to frustrate the rational management of these sensitive grassy woodlands. Consequently the practical, cost effective and efficient lethal culling of Eastern Grey Kangaroos to return the population to a sustainable level has driven land managers down alternate pathways.
Just relocate them, they said, without describing how, or to where. Anyone tried herding cats? To herd a kangaroo, catch it and relocate it is traumatic and terrifying. I've seen the movie — like "Keystone Cops versus Skippy". Righto, we could have thought that through a little better — FAIL!
What about birth control? Kangaroo reproductive biology has evolved to be like a conveyor belt with four generations in various stages, all in play or on the way. They are built for boom and bust. Take away the predators, like here, and what you are left with, even without further recruitment to the population is a long lived unsustainable grazing pressure.
This thing is, in fact, a dart used in research on the effectiveness of an immunocontraceptive vaccine. I should have a chat to them about experimental design! All preceding research of which I am aware notes that the technology of vaccine delivery and vaccine effectiveness is inefficient; it doesn't hit 100 per cent of its targets, doesn't work in all instances and doesn't work forever. On top of that, it only reduces future population growth. The problem requiring a solution is existing overpopulation! A more effective methodology requires the land manager to perform a population reduction, then work to delay population growth. That hasn't happened here. The latest cull in this reserve was some time in the past — they are always done in Winter for reasons of prevention of cruelty to abandoned joeys when adult females are removed from the population. But this dart is dated in April meaning at best, it precedes the next cull. Potentially, the research subject could be removed when a planned cull takes place in this Winter…
Here's some numbers from the public record. One hundred and twenty females were removed here over the previous three years and forty eight were given the sometimes effective immunocontraceptive vaccine. Yes, thanks for asking, both red-necked and swamp wallabies have also had their populations reduced.
On we go, enjoying our walk, although now it seems to have been relabeled as Anti-mothers Day if you are an Eastern Grey Kangaroo with a bruised and wounded rump.
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
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The 28mm focal length is considered the true reportage lens, so it is popular for street photography. A 50mm lens is normal, longer focal lengths are telephoto, 35mm is wide angle, but not punchy enough, and 24mm and below are ultra wide angles.
So the 28mm is the perfect focal length to capture a lot of information, with just the right punch. So I was especially curious to see how the 28 lux did on the S1R. The short answer is, "great"!
The lighting was terrible and the in-camera JPEG rendering is mediocre. But the color and sharpness is all fine, and the RAW file can be easily optimized with a few basic tweaks. I am looking forward to the S1R RAW conversion to become available in Capture One.
Cuban amateur boxing system
Foreign influence contributed to the development of Cuban amateur boxing. Before Fidel Castro took power in 1959, Cuba’s achievements in amateur boxing were diminutive. Components of their boxing style were derived from American Professional Boxing. After the Revolution, Eastern European methodology replaced the American influences. Andrei Chervenko of the Soviet Union has trained Teofilo Stevenson and Europe’s Vasili Romanov has trained boxers as well.
The Cuban amateur boxing system along with other sports programs start in grammar schools. Sports are considered a high priority in the Cuban education system and its there a potential athlete can be recognized. From the age of 12, talented youths are sent to specialized schools where they can focus on enhancing their skills. From there the young boxers train throughout a very competitive youth program. The ones that graduate from the program are sent to the top school in Wajay, where they train advanced drills and exercises. The support that the state gives is crucial to the advancement of the highly technical boxing program.
Amateur boxer Teofilo Stevenson who had won three Olympic gold medals in (1972, 1976, and 1980) has made many contributions to Cuba and Cuban boxing. He is equally known for his sportsmanship, receiving the UNESCO Pierre de Coubertin Fair Play prize in 1989. After retiring in boxing in 1986 he has served both in the Cuban parliament and as a vice president of the Cuban Boxing Federation.
After a career of fighting for their country most Cubans continue to stay in the sport, many as administrators or trainers. Through this way the knowledge and experience is passed down to the next generation of athletes. Source: Wikipedia (Please note: given the dates on the footnotes, it is very possible that this information is out of date and needs to be updated.)
Methodology: Today on a lark, I went out photographing taking only my old 6mp Nikon D100. Wanted to see if it could still make some good photographs. The experiment produced very mixed results. When you get to the point of relying on advanced AE and AF features, their absence makes a big difference.
This one turned out to be one of the better results.
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Nikon D100. Nikkor 105mm VR Micro lens. Kenko 2X Teleconverter. 1/500th @ f/11. ISO 200. WB = auto. EV = 0. 9 point AF. Photographed June 29, 2010 at the Alliant / Cedar Lake Lagoon.
Big Data is the science of managing data sets that become so large that they are difficult to manipulate with traditional software. New techniques were developed to organize, analyze, and retrieve excessive quantities of data. Big Photo refers to applying similar methodologies to equally large sets of images.
One “Flickr’s worth” of photos is uploaded to the social network by Facebook users monthly.
The portion of the indexed web estimated to be image files is estimated to be 30 percent.
However, the indexed web is far less than 1 percent of the the known web and doesn’t include the mobile web or social networks like Twitter and Facebook. Each hold massive datasets that aren't available to search engines like Google.
In 2001 researchers proposed that 17 percent of the web’s text was contained in image or video files and, therefore, was not indexed by search engines. OCR and visual search technologies have improved, greatly impacting this problem.
The creation of textual content is rapidly being dwarfed by images and video. Coupled with the fact that the lines between the mobile web and traditional web are blurring, the opportunity for new tools and products for indexing and manipulating visual data sets becomes apparent.
This report looks at three things: the relative size and growth of the largest photosharing social networks, the mobile messaging market and the year on year growth of mobile and internet.
To normalize the data, we reference only the latest market information from the previous year. So, this research is only as accurate as fourth quarter research from the previous year — in this case 2010.
Prints, large format files and more research available from metalayer.com.
You may also purchase this image as a 48"x32" Poster here.
Or as a raw 10800X7200 TIFF here.
More at - blog.metalayer.com/post/9662265140/the-growth-of-image-da...
Interior design is the art or process of designing the interior, often including the exterior, of a room or building. An interior designer (or a team of designers) is someone who coordinates and manages such civil engineering projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual development, communicating with the stakeholders of a project and the management and execution of the design. Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the manipulation of special volume as well as surface treatment.
Although we now have help from technology in getting the best designs ready, for instance faux stone manufacturing system and other methodologies that can help in providing us with the best alternate of original highly expensive items, interior designing has a huge history behind.
Recent history
In the past, building interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of construction. The profession of interior design has been a consequence of the development of society and the complex architecture that has resulted from the development of industrial processes. The pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the development of the contemporary interior design. The profession of interior design is separate and distinct from the role of interior decorator, a term commonly used in the US. The term is less common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking, not yet officially a profession. In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers. This can be seen from the references of Vishwakarma, the architect – one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally, the sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century India. In ancient Egypt, “soul houses” or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for food offerings. From these, it is possible to discern details about the interior design of different residences throughout the different Egyptian dynasties such as changes in ventilation, porticoes, columns, loggias, windows, and doors. Throughout the 17th and 18th century, and into the early 19th Century, interior decoration was the concern of the homemaker, an employed upholsterer or craftsman who would advise on the artistic style for an interior space. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to complete interior design for their buildings.
Commercial interior design
From the middle-to- late 19th century, interior design services expanded in industrial economies of the West. As the middle-class in America and Europe grew in size and prosperity, they began to desire the domestic trappings of wealth to cement their new status. Large furniture firms began to branch out into general interior design and management, offering full house furnishings in a variety of styles. This business model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by independent, often amateur, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the professional interior design in the mid-20th century. In the 1850s and 1860s, upholsterers began to expand their business transactions. They framed their business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public. To meet the growing demand for contract interior work on projects such as offices, hotels, and public buildings, these enterprises (furniture stores, dealers) became large and complex. In order to service the growing clients, they began to employ builders, joiners, plasterers, textile designers, artists, and furniture designers, as well as engineers and technicians to fulfill the job requirements. Firms began to publish and circulate catalogues with prints for different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes in Europe and America.
Retail advertising
As department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set up model rooms at national and international exhibitions in showrooms for the public to see. Some of the pioneering firms in this regard were Waring & Gillow, James Shoolbred, Mintons and Holland & Sons. These traditional high-quality furniture making firms began to play an important role as advisers to middle class customers on taste and style. Gradually, the furniture stores began taking out contracts to design and furnish the interiors of many important buildings in Britain. This type of firm emerged in America after the Civil War. The Herter Brothers, founded by two German brothers, began as an upholstery warehouse and became one of the first firms of furniture makers and interior decorators. With their own design office, cabinet-making and upholstery workshops, Herter Brothers were prepared to accomplish every aspect of interior furnishing. Some of their contracts included decorative panelling and mantels, wall and ceiling decoration, patterned floors and carpets and draperies.
Owen Jones, father figure
A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the middle class was the architect Owen Jones. Jones was one of the most influential design theorists of the 19th century. His first project was his most important – in 1851 he was responsible for not only the decoration of Joseph Paxton’s gigantic Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition, but also for the arrangement of the exhibits within. He chose a controversial palette of red, yellow and blue for the interior ironwork and, despite initial negative publicity in the newspapers, was eventually unveiled by Queen Victoria to much critical acclaim. His most significant work was “The Grammar of Ornament” (1856) in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design and decoration. Jones was employed by some of the leading interior design firms of the day. In the 1860s he worked in collaboration with the London firm Jackson & Graham to produce furniture and other fittings for high-profile clients including art collector Alfred Morrison and the Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. In 1882 the London Directory of the Post Office listed 80 interior decorators.
Professional interior design
By the turn of the 20th century, amateur advisors and publications were increasingly challenging the monopoly that the large retail companies had on interior design. English feminist author Mary Haweis wrote a series of widely read essays in the 1880s in which she derided the eagerness with which aspiring middle-class people furnished their houses according to the rigid models offered to them by the retailers. She advocated the individual adoption of a particular style, tailor made to the individual needs and preferences of the customer. The move towards decoration as a separate artistic profession unrelated to the manufacturers and retailers got an impetus with the formation of the Institute of British Decorators in 1899. With John Dibblee Crace as its president, IBD represented almost 200 decorators around the country. By 1915, the London Directory listed 127 individuals trading as interior decorators, of which 10 were women. Rhoda and Agnes Garrett were the first women to train professionally as home decorators in 1874. The importance of their work on design was regarded at the time as on a par with that of William Morris. In 1876, their work – “Suggestions for House Decoration in Painting, Woodwork and Furniture” – spread their ideas on artistic interior design to a wide middle-class audience.
Anti-Victorian ideas
In America, Candace Wheeler was one of the first woman interior designers and helped encourage a new style of American design. She was instrumental in the development of art courses for women in a number of major American cities and was considered a national authority on home design. An important influence on the new profession was “The Decoration of Houses”, a manual of interior design written by Edith Wharton with architect Ogden Codman in 1897 in America. In the book, the authors denounced Victorian-style interior design especially those rooms that were decorated with heavy window curtains, Victorian bric-a-brac and overstuffed furniture. They argued that such rooms emphasized upholstery at the expense of proper space planning and architectural design and were, therefore, uncomfortable and rarely used. The book is considered a seminal work and its success led to the emergence of professional decorators working in the manner advocated by its authors, most notably Elsie de Wolfe.
American woman pioneer
Elsie De Wolfe was one of the first female interior designers. Rejecting the Victorian style she grew up with, she chose a more vibrant scheme, along with more comfortable furniture in the home. Her designs were light with fresh colours and delicate Chinoiserie furnishings, as opposed to the Victorian preference of heavy, red drapes and upholstery, dark wood and intensely patterned wallpapers. Her designs were also more practical. She eliminated the clutter that occupied the Victorian home, enabling people to entertain more guests comfortably. In 1905, de Wolfe was commissioned for the interior design of the Colony Club on Madison Avenue. The interiors of Colony Club garnered her recognition almost overnight. She compiled her ideas into her widely read 1913 book, “The House in Good Taste”. In England, Syrie Maugham became a legendary interior designer credited with designing the first all-white room. Starting her career in the early 1910s, her international reputation soon grew. She later expanded her business to New York and Chicago.
Post-war expansion
The interior design as an exclusive profession became more prominent after World War II. From the 1950s onwards spending on the home increased. Interior design courses were established, requiring the publication of textbooks and reference sources. The historical accounts of interior designers and firms distinct from the decorative arts specialists were made available. Moreover, the organisations to regulate education, qualifications, standards and practices, etc. were established for the nascent profession. Interior design was previously seen as playing a secondary role to architecture. It also has many connections to other design disciplines, involving the work of architects, industrial designers, engineers, builders and craftsmen. For these reasons the regulation of interior design standards and qualifications was often incorporated into other professional organisations that involved design. Organisations such as the Chartered Society of Designers set up in the UK in 1986 and the American Designers Institute founded in 1938 were established as organisations that governed various areas of design parameters.
Designers vs. decorators
Interior design is the art and science of understanding people’s behavior to create functional spaces within a building. Whereas decoration is the furnishing or adorning of a space with fashionable or beautiful things. In short, interior designers may decorate, but decorators do not design. Interior design implies that there is more of an emphasis on planning, functional design and the effective use of space, as compared to interior decoration. An interior designer can undertake projects that include arranging the basic layout of spaces within a building as well as projects that require an understanding of technical issues such as window and door positioning, acoustics and lighting. Although an interior designer may create the layout of a space, they may not alter load-bearing walls without having their designs stamped for approval by a structural engineer. Interior designers often work directly with architects, engineers and contractors.
1The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
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Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
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Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
Fangruida (F.D Smith) est né à Shanghai le 16 mai 1949. (La date de sa naissance, il existe différentes versions. 16 avril 1950, 13 mai 1949, 13 mai 1949, plusieurs versions. Selon les informations pertinentes, cela devrait être en mai 1949, date anniversaire. Ce devrait être le 16 mai ou le 16 mai 1950. Par conséquent, cette dernière est généralement adoptée, c'est-à-dire le 16 mai 1949. Les autres versions sont inexactes ou basées sur des rumeurs, une fausse déclaration, etc. Lettre). Physicien, astronome, géologue, biologiste, cosmologiste, astronaute, scientifique en médecine, inventeur (roquette Fagruida, tunnel spatial Fangruida, etc.), philosophe, penseur, savant religieux, Économiste, sociologue, anthropologue, écrivain, éducateur. Lois Fang Ruida, Fang Ruidaism et de nombreux travaux de recherche importants.
Fangruida(F.D Smith)，1949年5月16日出生於上海。 （有關他的出生日期，有各種版本。1950年4月16日，1949年5月13日，1949年5月13日，等幾種版本。根據相關資料，應當是1949年5月，生日應當是5月16日，或者是1950年5月16日為準。所以，一般採用後者，即1949年5月16日。其他版本不准確，或是以訛傳訛，或是誤傳等，不足為信）。世界著名的物理學家，天文學家，地質學家，生物學家，宇宙學家，宇航學家，醫學家，發明家（Fagruida火箭，Fangruida太空隧道等），哲學家，思想家，宗教學家，經濟學家，社會學家，人類學家，文學家，教育家。方瑞達Laws，方瑞達主義，以及許多重要研究著作。
Fangruida (F.D Smith) est né à Shanghai le 16 mai 1949. (La date de sa naissance, il existe différentes versions. 16 avril 1950, 13 mai 1949, 13 mai 1949, plusieurs versions. Selon les informations pertinentes, cela devrait être en mai 1949, date anniversaire. Ce devrait être le 16 mai ou le 16 mai 1950. Par conséquent, cette dernière est généralement adoptée, c'est-à-dire le 16 mai 1949. Les autres versions sont inexactes ou basées sur des rumeurs, une fausse déclaration, etc. Lettre). Physicien, astronome, géologue, biologiste, cosmologiste, astronaute, scientifique en médecine, inventeur (roquette Fagruida, tunnel spatial Fangruida, etc.), philosophe, penseur, savant religieux, Économiste, sociologue, anthropologue, écrivain, éducateur. Lois Fang Ruida, Fang Ruidaism et de nombreux travaux de recherche importants.
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
This was more from the center of the frame. This was of interest because I did a quick focusing, without zooming in with live view. The focus peaking works pretty well, although I have to test all the various settings.
The leader of the cosmic revolution, the leader and mentor of the philosophical kingdom----Fangruida (Smirh)
Marco
1The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe(Fangruida)
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory(Fangruida)
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
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Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
You feel me ...? Maybe I should clean the mirror ;-)
"For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face"
week 6 of 52 in 2012 Theme: Morning
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
The Zeiss 35mm f/1.4 Distagon ZM is one of the top 3-4 lenses for the M-mount, although it doesn't get the notoriety that a less capable lens like a Noctilux 50mm f/0.95 gets.
I got the silver edition of this lens years ago, but it is really mediocre on my Sony A7x cameras. I must have "decided" to sell this lens at least a half dozen times, and in fact, I had it listed on eBay some 3-4 times. Every time, I did not get the price I was seeking, and I did not have the heart to dump it for a low ball price.
After many YEARS, finally, today when I took some test shots with the Panasonic, it was like a light turning on. The image quality is really stunning, and I don't think anyone who shoots with this lens on a Leica M camera like an M10 or M 240 or even an SL really has any idea how amazing this lens is. I suspect the word will get around quickly once people start shooting with this lens on a Panasonic S1R or a future Sigma full-frame Foveon camera.
The shot above is the absolute lower left corner of the frame, at 100% magnification, shot at f/1.4. There is nothing more in the frame to the left or below what you see above. This is also SOOC JPEG, with no post processing.
This is nothing short of stunning.
Panel 5: Ice Limitation Methodology: POLARIS Review. Moderator: Mr. Michael Kingston, IMO Consultant
I started a blog to better describe the features and methodology of my larger Technic creations.
Feel free to check it out at Thirdwigg.com, where you can read more about this truck.
Video is here, and make sure to subscribe to my channel.
The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
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Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
DEFINITION OF POVERTY
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $1.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
The different definitions and different underlying small sample surveys used to determine poverty in India, have resulted in widely different estimates of poverty from 1950s to 2010s. In 2013, the Indian government stated 21.9% of its population is below its official poverty limit. The World Bank, in 2010 based on 2005's PPPs International Comparison Program, estimated 32.7% of Indian population, or about 400 million people, lived below $1.25 per day on purchasing power parity basis. According to United Nations Development Programme, an estimated 29.8% of Indians lived below poverty line in 2009-2010.
Poverty in India is a historical reality. From late 19th century through early 20th century, under British colonial rule, poverty in India intensified, peaking in 1920s. Famines and diseases killed millions each time. After India gained its independence in 1947, mass deaths from famines were prevented, but poverty increased, peaking post-independence in 1960s. A variety of welfare and food security initiatives, along with rapid economic growth since 1991, has led to sharp reductions in extreme poverty in India. However, those above poverty line live a fragile economic life. Lack of basic essentials of life such as safe drinking water, sanitation, housing, health infrastructure as well as malnutrition impact the lives of hundreds of millions.
The World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions in May 2014, to its poverty calculation methodology and purchasing power parity basis for measuring poverty worldwide, including India. According to this revised methodology, the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line, of which 179.6 million people lived in India. In other words, India with 17.5% of total world's population, had 20.6% share of world's poorest in 2013.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
India determines household poverty line by summing up the individual per capita poverty lines of the household members. This practice is similar to many developing countries, but different from developed countries such as the United States that adjust poverty line on an incremental basis per additional household member. For example, in the United States, the poverty line for a household with just one member was set at $11,670 per year for 2014, while it was set at $23,850 per year for a 4-member household (or $5963 per person for the larger household). The rationale for the differences arise from the economic realities of each country. In India, households may include surviving grandparents, parents and children. They typically do not incur any or significant rent expenses every month particularly in rural India, unlike housing in mostly urban developed economies. The cost of food and other essentials are shared within the household by its members in both cases. However, a larger portion of a monthly expenditure goes to food in poor households in developing countries, while housing, conveyance and other essentials cost significantly more in developed economies.
For its current poverty rate measurements, India calculates two benchmarks. The first includes a basket of goods including food items but does not include the implied value of home, value of any means of conveyance or the economic value of other essentials created, grown or used without a financial transaction, by the members of a household. The second poverty line benchmark adds rent value of residence as well as the cost of conveyance, but nothing else, to the first benchmark. This practice is similar to those used in developed countries for non-cash income equivalents and poverty line basis.
2010s
The World Bank has reviewed its poverty definition and calculation methodologies several times over the last 25 years. In early 1990s, The World Bank anchored absolute poverty line as $1 per day. This was revised in 1993, and the absolute poverty line was set at $1.08 a day for all countries on a purchasing power parity (PPP)basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 U.S. dollar. In 2005, after extensive studies of cost of living across the world, The World Bank raised the measure for global poverty line to reflect the observed higher cost of living. Thereafter, the World Bank determined poverty rates from those living on less than US$1.25 per day on 2005 PPP basis, a measure that has been widely used in media and scholarly circles.
In May 2014, after revisiting its poverty definition, methodology and economic changes around the world, the World Bank proposed another major revision to PPP calculation methodology, international poverty line and indexing it to 2011 U.S. dollar. The new method proposes setting poverty line at $1.78 per day on 2011 PPP basis. According to this revised World Bank methodology, India had 179.6 million people below the new poverty line, China had 137.6 million, and the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line on an equivalent basis as of 2013. India, in other words, while having 17.5% of total world's population, had 20.6% share of world's poor.
Semi-economic measures of poverty
Other measures such as the semi-economic Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which places 33% weight on education and number of schooling years in its definition of poverty, and places 6.25% weight on income and assets owned, suggests there were 650 million people (53.7% of population) living in MPI-poverty in India. 421 million of MPI-defined poor are concentrated in eight North Indian and East Indian states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The table below presents this semi-economic poverty among the states of India based on the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index, using a small sample survey data for Indian states in 2005.
OTHER ESTIMATES
According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, with India's poverty rate projected to drop from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015. The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, only India is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date.
GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX
Global Hunger Index (GHI) is an index that places a third of weight on proportion of the population that is estimated to be undernourished, a third on the estimated prevalence of low body weight to height ratio in children younger than five, and remaining third weight on the proportion of children dying before the age of five for any reason. According to 2011 GHI report, India has improved its performance by 22% in 20 years, from 30.4 to 23.7 over 1990 to 2011 period. However, its performance from 2001 to 2011 has shown little progress, with just 3% improvement.
CAUSES
One cause is a high population growth rate, although demographers generally agree that this is a symptom rather than cause of poverty. While services and industry have grown at double-digit figures, agriculture growth rate has dropped from 4.8% to 2%. About 60% of the population is employed in agriculture whereas the contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%. The surplus of labour in agriculture has caused many people to not have jobs. Farmers are a large vote bank and use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-income industrial project.
REDUCTION OF POVERTY
Since the early 1950s, Indian government initiated various schemes to help the poor attain self-sufficiency in food production. These have included ration cards and price controls over the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at controlled prices, available throughout the country. These efforts prevented famines, but did little to eliminate or reduce poverty in rural or urban areas between 1950 and 1980.
One of the main reasons for record decline in Poverty is India's rapid economic growth rate since 1991. Another reason proposed is India's launch of social welfare programs such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and Midday Meal Scheme in Government Schools.[citation needed] Klonner and Oldiges, in a 2012 study, conclude that MGNREGA helps reduce rural poverty gap (intensity of rural poverty), seasonal poverty, but not overall poverty.
WIKIPEDIA
_MG_3422. Contrary to belief of some people, Monks inside a Buddhist Monastry are not only engaged in meditation and prayers , there they also get all the necessary education for them to be comfortable in outside world. Apart from maths and science they also learn languages ( three languages in Nepal ) including english. Here these two teacher Monks are discussing the timetables of classes and breaks so that the students are comfortable in receiving knowledge. Kathmandu, Nepal.
The above graph appeared on Reddit in early 2021.
The source quoted was MediaCloud.org/Alan Austin - Source Media Cloud, Australian Office of Financial Management.
The above graph was prepared by Media Cloud, an international independent media research organization. It graphically depicts the partisan impact of main stream media in influencing public perceptions, therefore the course of political debate in Australia. It would be most interesting to see similar research done calling out the partisan role of MSM in manipulating public opinion on other issues within our society. Media Cloud does have methodology which can make this happen.
The graph prompted me to record my own perceptions of where Australia has come from since the vested interests of the mainstream media colluded with the Abbott LNP opposition from 2007 to 2013 to bring down the Rudd Gillard Rudd Labor governments.
Australia subsequently, under 3 LNP Prime Ministers, has suffered enormously, environmentally, socially and financially, following 9 years of what many experts believe is the most ideologically driven, inept, self-serving and corrupt governance Australians have endured since federation in 1901.
When Tony Abbott was elected in 2013 he rode into government on a wave of media hype styled to present the LNP as stronger on borders and as superior economic managers.
The overwhelming evidence now is that, that campaign, mainly perpetrated by the Murdoch Media and other vested interest right wing aligned media organisations, unrelentingly and very effectively focussed on government debt between 2007 and 2013, particularly during the period Labor was tasked with dealing with the Global financial crisis.
With the aid of a compliant media the Abbott opposition used attack, distraction and misinformation to deflect from critically assessing the record of the preceding Howard Government who had squandered the huge profits of the mining boom and who failed to invest heavily in Australian infrastructure when the opportunity presented.
The Rudd/Gillard Labor Governments from 2007 to 2013 were viciously pilloried at every post by the mainstream media, particularly the Murdoch newspapers and particularly about the level of national debt. This was despite Labor successfully negotiating the GFC with one of the best performing economies in the world.
Politics in Australia sank to new lows during the Abbott years, steadied under Turnbull and has gone rogue under Morrison.
Nine years of LNP government has accomplished very little for average Australians. Our health system has been progressively white anted, the NBN was made a political football and is now costing much more to bring it up to speed than would have been the case under the former FTTH model. Climate Change and renewables policy has been the bane of several prime ministers, mainly because big polluters have bought government policy, in some cases they even wrote it for the government.
Successive LNP governments since 2013 have been in turmoil with one scandal after another while at the same time the extreme right of the LNP began to gain control at every step of the implementation of the government's agenda.
Despite the best efforts of the MSM to conceal the reality, debt has run out of control, with Australian debt passing the trillion dollar mark in 2020. The myth of LNP financial superiority, which the media has tried desperately to keep alive, has now been glaringly exposed, as Australia debt levels hurtled north, way beyond the debt levels of any previous National government. The other myth that's been exposed is that LNP Governments tax less than Labor Governments. The Morrison Government in 2020 became the highest taxing government in Australia's history but its who they tax and who they don't tax that causes the most pain for average Australians.
Australia's Debt Clock It's well worth scrolling down and taking some time to digest this information.
Openly hostile electoral tactics backed by MSM were successful in seeing the LNP's Tony Abbott elected in 2013 and even Labor power brokers conceded that Abbott, as an opposition leader, was indeed very effective.
Once in government many of the promises made by Abbott before the election were jettisoned and the LNP machine took over. Abbott's penchant for lying set him well apart from any previous Prime Minister although Morrison has taken it to another level during his tenure.
Since Abbott we have seen the impacts of the governments ideological belief in small government beginning with the removal of significant levels of regulation which had formerly protected Australians from corrupt processes. Privatisation of financially viable government authorities, selling them off to mates of the government who would return the favour by donating to the LNP. Attacking any government organisation that called the government to account or threatened their ideology. Stacking the judiciary with compliant judges, sacking bureaucrats and staff with long experience in the public service. Severely defunding the ABC and even calling into question the important role of science in leading Australia into the future. The ABC and the CSIRO and other environmental government organisations were threatened with change or be defunded and funding redirected to bodies ideologically in sinque with the government.
Tony Abbott was hell bent on maliciously reversing every part of the previous Labor governments legacy and ticking off the very public list of 100 objectives handed to the government by the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA), a right wing think tank.
Since the election of the LNP in 2013 the government and its successors have become increasingly electorally pragmatic and secretive, some say fascist in its tendencies. Attacking whistle blowers who expose corrupt ministerial behaviours. Bringing defamation cases against private citizens who dare criticise a minister. Protecting ministers alleged to have committed crimes. One could write a long list.
At the same time the government is restricting access to freedom of information processes and more and more power is being put in the hands of ministers to make decisions, or to over-ride legislated ones.
The government at the same time is becoming more targeted in attacking its critics, fine tuning legislation to allow these attacks to be effective. As they gradually organise themselves to deal with dissent the government is becoming more recognisably arrogant. No Morrison Government minister has been called to account despite numerous crises, crises that in any other government would see the minister stood down or replaced.
Pork barreling (corruption) has been taken to a whole new level by the Morrison Government and when challenged the government has dismissed the issue as just the accepted norm of governance. Former NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian called it that way saying it's how politics works before she voluntarily resigned in late 2020 following allegations of having a secret affair with a former government minister who had been convicted of corrupt behavior.
After Abbott was unceremoniously dumped as Prime Minister his replacement, Malcolm Turnbull, a moderate, stood no chance of survival as big coal and oil poured millions into destabilizing any action on climate change.
Turnbull was thrown out in a coup led by Peter Dutton but the perverse politics of the LNP saw Scott Morrison somehow able to sneak in under him and, to Australia's great detriment, emerge as leader.
By 2018 the Australian public had become more educated about the divisive direction that the LNP and Scott Morrison were taking Australia but the vested interests of the main stream media stood up and united to ensure Labor leader Bill Shorten never got a look in in his campaign to become the first Labor leader since Kevin Rudd.
Of course, the intervention of Clive Palmer played a massive part in the re-election of Scott Morrison. It has been variously reported that coal mining magnate Clive Palmer and his backers contributed up to $87 million to the Palmer United Party in an effort to ensure that the LNP were re-elected. Palmer United, although they stood candidates in most seats, failed to win a single seat but their preferences, particularly in Queensland, swayed the result in favour of conservative parties. The fact that Palmer has a huge mine right alongside the much-maligned Adani Mine ready to go in Queensland of course had nothing to do with his massive spend. (sarcasm)
Morrison was narrowly returned as Prime Minister after the 2018 election and a chance for a more honest, egalitarian, compassionate and environmentally sustainable government slipped away.
Scandal after scandal, unbelievable levels of mounting government and household debt and glaring failures all along the way to deal effectively with climate change and with Australia's Covid 19 response mean the LNP's Scott Morrison will go to the polls again in early May 2022 as a likely underdog.
With more than 16 billion set aside by the LNP government to be handed out as inducements/bribes before the 2022 election the campaign is already shaping up to be one of the nastiest since the Abbott years, Morrison, a Trumpist, backed by big business, big polluters and the religious right arrogantly believes the country will support his re-election because 'God is on his side' as he proudly proclaimed after his 'miracle' win in the 2018 election.
His record on every front has been abysmal, pragmatic yes, but lazy nevertheless, inept, if not incompetent, and as many believe, brazenly corrupt.
It's to be hoped Australians finally see there is no future in retaining such scoundrels in Australia's parliament but given the partisan power of MSM it will be tough for Labor and change focused independents to win as the main stream media seeks to control the narrative. Clive Palmer, who still does not have approval for his Queensland mega coal mine, has promised that he will invest even more money in seeking to retain the Morrison Government. The $87 million spent in the 2018 election will pale into insignificance compared to what he and his backers will spend in 2022.
It's hard to imagine any mainstream newspaper not going along with Palmer's plan as the advertising revenue bonanza they will receive from him will be huge and will almost assuredly buy their political affiliations, and their editorials.
More than ever before Australian's need to educate and assert themselves and send a clear message that incompetent, if not corrupt governance will no longer be tolerated.
Lies, distraction and misinformation perpetrated by politicians and compliant main stream media journalists needs to be called out and while social media has played an increasingly effective role in doing that, one wonders how long it can continue to call the government to account. The governments tactics of threatening journalists and even private citizens with defamation and other legal sanctions are increasingly desperate as investigative journalists uncover much that the government seeks to keep under wraps. We've seen by its recent actions that the government is on the attack against social media as the effectiveness of its role in holding the government to account grows but this action is as much about protecting the governments media partners (News Limited) from commercial impacts as seen by the recent legislation aimed at reeling in Google, Facebook and Twitter.
Morrison went to the 2018 election promising a Royal Commission into the Banks but vigorously resisted it until it became impossible to defend their behaviour. He also promised a Corruption Royal Commission however its now clear he had no intention of doing so let alone making it retrospective and certainly not one that he cannot write the terms of reference for.
If politics in Australia is not to slide further into the abyss the 2022 federal election must bring about a change of government, either by a Labor win or, by a parliament where independents hold the balance of power.
Rex Patrick - Australian Independent Senator posted the following summation of Scott Morrison and the LNP on Twitter - 31.1.2022.
"If you spin, rort, cover-up, disrespect, don't enforce team standards, persecute whistleblowers, lack transparency, cause waste and ignore science, you will lose the trust of the electorate and you will lose the election."
PS. Rex Patrick, an excellent independent, lost his seat at the 2022 election. Go figure?
Start-ups are continuously looking for faster, scalable development & agile methodology is best & one-stop solution for your start-up
[From www.hekkiboen.com]
Title:
Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun System and HKB Training Methodology
Content:
Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun ®©
[Fukien Wing Chun / Hok Kian Eng Chun]
HKB Training Methodology©
Written by: Kenneth Lin© Copyright by Kenneth Lin, all rights are reserved. Distribution permission requires stating original source link.
First released: 12/20/13.on www.hekkiboen.com/black-flag-wing-chun-training-methodology/
TRAINING SUCCESS TIPS
HKB Skills
=
Result of the Hard Work (Traditional Progressive Training) OF
HKB Foundation Hall
+
HKB Efficiency Hall
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HKB Maximum Efficiency
FOREWORD.The Hek Ki Boen system is the International curriculum format of my training methodology, based on my teaching experience and 29 years of training experience in Hok Kian Eng Chun Kok Sut Jia [Fukien Wing Chun Kungfu System] as taught by my main Sifu, Grand Master The Kang Hay, the only appointed successor of Late GM Kwee King Yang who is a direct disciple of Late GM Cia Fun Tjiao, the last chief instructor of the Black Flag Lodge from Hong Men [Secret Society] era late 1800.
MY JOURNEY – FINDING THE ESSENCE OF KUNG FUAfter I began learning Hok Kian Eng Chun In 1985 from GM The Kang Hay, and several of his kungfu brothers under Late GM Kwee King Yang and also a grand student of Kwee King Yang, GM Thio Tek Kwie who learn under GM The Sik Yen(Student of GM Ban Bi Sun, GM Ban Bi Sun is the same lineage generation with GM The Kang Hay), during my teenage years, and with encouragement from my Sifu, GM The Kang Hay, I began exploring other kung fu systems to widen my knowledge as well as gain a better understanding the Hok Kian Eng Chun system that I had learnt. In addition, I was also on a personal mission to research the source of Kwee King Yang’s teaching methodology, the Late Grand Master of our Hok Kian Eng Chun Kok Sut system. I had a personal interest to discover and research specifically on the follow styles; Tai Zu Kun [Grand Ancestor], Pek Hok Kun [Southern White Crane], He Hu Quan [Black Tiger], because prior to learn from Cia Fun Jiao, Late GM Kwee had learned those styles from 9 masters.
Last but not the least, I also researched Southern Thay Kek [Tai Chi] aka Heng I Kun [Xing Yi Quan] which is the style that is taught by GM Kwee’s close friend; GM Li Jing Yan.
Afterward, I concluded my research; In General, there are always some similarity of techniques and concept within southern style. But what makes our system to be unique is the engine of Detachment, which came from the Holy Grail of Shaolin temple; Yi Jing Jing [Muscle Tendon Change] and Si Sui Jing [Bone Marrow Washing] contained within our core form; Sam Chian Po.
Furthermore, I have also encountered meetings with the Yip Man Style of Wing Chun, both the original and modified [VIKOGA Wing Chun]. There are some similarities in the technical movement, BUT The Engine is clearly opposite. Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun is based on the Detachment concept from Chan Buddhism. Out of my curiosity of the similar name between Eng Chun and Wing Chun, I asked one of my Sifu’s what the difference is; he informed that the Yip Man Style of Wing Chun came from the female version of Eng Chun. And our Hok Kian Eng Chun is the male version.
Growing up in my young age, my blood was completely filled with so much curiosity and passion to research and investigate more about the Eng Chun/Wing Chun connection, Southern Shaolin system, Southern Styles and other internal arts, and to better myself understanding the essence of Chinese Martial Arts.
MY RESEARCH.
After spending countless years of learning, researching many Chinese Martial Arts system such as Pek Ho Kun {White Crane], Tai Zu Kun [Grand Ancestor], Ng Cho Kun [5 Ancestor Fist], Ba Gua Chang [Fist of 8 Changes], Southern Tai Chi [Thay Kek / Heng Yi Kun], Northern Tai Chi, Northern Xing Yi Quan, Chu Gar [Southern Mantis], Hong Quan, and many others, here is my conclusion:
COMMON MISCONCEPTION
In Jiang Hu [Martial Arts World], there is a saying of “Nan Quan Bei Tui”, means Southern Fist and Northern Kick. Generally most of Southern Styles are recognized to put more emphasizes on the hand, because most southerners are farmers and fisherman that have strong hands and Northern styles put more emphasizes on the leg because they mostly live in the mountain and have strong legs.
I find this saying of “Nan Quan Bei Tui” to be a MYTH. It is not correct. The fact is:
There are many southern style that emphasize on leg use, such as Gou Kun [Dog Style Boxing]
There are many northern style that emphasize on hand use, such as the FAMOUS Taichi, Bagua and Xing Yi. All these 3 styles focus so much on hand techniques.
There are many mountain too in the southern part of China
There are many fisherman and farmer too in the northern part of China.
ORIGIN OF CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS
Chinese Martial Arts has long history, pre-date the Establishment of Shaolin Temple and Bodhidharma coming to China. The Concept of Yin Yang Tai Chi and Wu Xing [5 Elements] already existed during Guang Zheng Zhi times in Gong Dong Shan [Mount Gong Dong] 12000 BCE, as verified within Xiao Yao Guan temple’s representative based on their manuscript in Mount Gong Dong.
Chinese Martial Arts was first used as personal self-defense to deal with animal attacks during the primitive stage in China. When a clan/tribe was established, it was used to protect the clan/tribe. When China was united, it was used to protect the country from the invasion of Northern barbarians.
During the Tang Dynasty, which was the most successful dynasty, the Country was stable in economy, politics and border security. The famous Admiral Zhen Ho was first to discover America one hundred years before Columbus.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARTIAL ARTS IN NORTHERN CHINA
The Main capital city of the country/kingdom was always in the north side of China such as Peking [Today knows as BeiJing]. So the North side of China was far more developed in their literature, education, political system etc. The Northern Side of China was always choice for most politician/ bureaucrat, government official of palace, wealthy class people, etc.
So in the North, the function of learning Martial Arts was started to change. It was because of prestige and elite status, influence by literature scholar as only rich people can learn. Similar to today Golf Country Club Sport. Slowly but surely, it did change the training methodology of Martial Arts in the North.
Each School and Master began to compete to create or come up with better name of style, better names of each techniques, more beautiful movement [Jumping, flying beautiful kicks, etc.].
Some of the main characteristics of these influences that we can see in today’s traditional Northern Styles are:
Beautiful Poetic name of techniques. Ie: “Open The Heaven Gate, Point to the moon”, “Golden Cicada Shredded its skin”, “White Tiger Come down from the mountain”, etc.
Many beautiful Big circular movements of hands
Many beautiful high kicks and even flying kicks.
These was a result of competition, high-level Literature scholar influence and even Ego-driven to prove their art was the best.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARTIAL ARTS IN SOUTHERN CHINA
The development of Chinese Martial Arts in the South was quite the opposite. Since most of them are un-educated farmers, merchant or fisherman, the master would not want to teach such complicated poetic technique name. This is why most of the Southern System technical names would represent the “action”, such as Tan Sau / Tun Jiu means Dispersing Hand, Goan Jiu/Hyun Sau is circling hand. People on the south would not understand such term of “Opening heaven gate, pointing at the moon”, instead, they prefer to learn the martial arts that is based on simplicity. (ie: if someone attack you like this, you do this).
Furthermore, the function of the Martial Arts in the south did not change. It was really meant for Survival. Most those merchants, farmer and fisherman DID NOT CARE who has the best/most famous martial arts. All they care is How can they protect themselves when it’s time to sell their HARVEST and be able to defend it against being robbed.
Therefore, The characteristic of Southern Style:
No Beautiful Poetic Name, Instead, Straight to the point. Circling Hand means Circling Hand.
Short Movement, shorter distance for economy of motion and efficiency
Low Kick for efficiency. It takes longer time for leg to reach for the head.
END OF MING DYNASTY ERA (1644)
Somehow, most southern systems always trace their history to come from around 1600-1700. If this is true, this must be a bright year for all Masters in the south to create a new style during that time.
The truth is that most southern system originated and connected direct or non-directly from revolution during secret society times to overthrow the Manchurian (Qing) and restore the Han (Ming). Some may have direct connection; some styles came from when it was made available to public [personal/family teaching].
This includes Wing Chun, where the name of Yim Wing Chun means “Discreet talking about spring time [Rebirth of Ming]” which was a code name used by secret society. Yim Wing Chun was the character whom she learned from her Sifu, Nun Ng Mui after the burning of Shaolin in Fujian [Around 1650] and taught it to her husband who is a real person in the history from the Red Boat Opera around 1850, which of course not true as there is 200 years gap.
Furthermore, I have also discovered that most southern arts like Southern Mantis, Hung Gar, White Crane, etc are very well connected with the Secret Society revolution. Interestingly, I have also found out that during the revolution time, the name of the martial arts styles of Wing Chun and Hung Gar was even interchangeable.
In Conclusion, because the chaotic time during the revolution of Anti Qing Secret Society, there are so many myth and legends that is not verifiable. When you talk about history of southern martial arts, there are no other evidence except oral history. This can be fixed only if a time machine is invented.
HISTORY ALWAYS REPEATS
Unfortunately, in today’s times, driven by profit and competition, there are also some people, driven by their ego and agenda, they use a dirty marketing campaign to slander other styles and worst, hide behind a keyboard.
This is actually not something new. The martial arts purpose to understand and revise ourselves has changed like it was in the past, as I mentioned above. Only a few masters and grand masters really walk the talk and focus on developing their disciple characters and Kung Fu skills.
In Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun system, we focus on developing 3 things;
It Ta [Mandarin: Yi Da]: First is courage [Warrior Character]
Ji Kang [Mandarin: Er Gong]: Second is skills over Hard Work [Gong Fu]
Sam Cheng Sin [Mandarin: San Qing Xin]: Third is clarity & purity of Mind & Heart [Detachment]
HKB TEACHING METHODOLOGY
I classify Martial Arts teaching methodology into 3 types:
Traditional Conservative System.
Traditional Progressive System.
Modern System.
Our HKB Teaching Methodology is based on Traditional Progressive System.
(C) Copyright of the three(3) illustrations, by Suhu John Hackmeyer
COMMON QUESTION
The Big Question:
Is it a good idea to learn HKB Eng Chun while / before / after learning other Martial Arts styles including other Wing Chun lineage?
Before I answer this question, let’s try to find some of the pros of doing this.
Here is some common answer;
To be well rounded in all ranges of combat and be able to use every part of the body efficiently in all ranges of attack; Long range, Middle range, Short (Grappling) range.
To be detached from any particular style.
To use no ‘style’/’way’ as the ‘style’/’way’
Thinking by doing this will make a person free from illusion of style.
To get the most complete puzzle or pieces of Wing Chun from Shaolin, sometimes also refer as Shaolin Wing Chun.
THE BIG ANSWER:
If you are learning HKB Eng Chun while learning other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages, although this may be done, but only at the cost of not getting / achieving HKB Body’s identity/skill/expression. Meaning you will not get the result of having the HKB Skills.
If you learn HKB before you learn other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, by the time you learn the next style, it will destroy your HKB body’s Pala (Opposite of Karma)
If you learn HKB after you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages. Your previous other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages will be destroyed.
REASONS:
Different body engine
Training Time Issue
Inability of mixing because of lacking of complete knowledge
Lack of in Depth
Impossible to get all the puzzle/pieces of supposedly “Shaolin Wing Chun”
I. Different body engine
A certain engine is built for certain car. If you try to swap that engine, even if it works, it will not perform at its best.
Let’s take an example on Power Generation Methods;
HKB, through its unique focus on the principle of Detachment from Chan Buddhism as its unique DNA. In HKB, power is just a byproduct of detachment of the body. On the contrary, many other Martial Art style including other Wing Chun lineages, speak of using the body unity and structure to create / generate power.
When you train other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages other than just HKB Eng Chun, your body will not be able to adapt to both or all since it’s contradicting in principles.
Your goal could be learning 3 different styles, in which each may be efficient on its own range of combat, however, your body will not be able to express the HKB skill.
II. Training-time Issue
Learning and Mastering HKB takes a lifetime. One of the living HKB grandmasters, GM The Kang hay even stated that you still cannot complete the system through 7 re-incarnations. When you learn and dedicate 3-4 hours daily to train, your body will still need time to ‘understand’. Experience is the key in HKB learning journey and this only comes with time. Your first 10 years of learning is just to get to begin your real journey of learning HKB.
Even if you make it possible to train HKB and other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, the question is at what cost? 9 hours per day, 3 for HKB and 6 hours for others?
Even if it’s possible with only a few people, in which it still will not give the result they want in HKB, what about the normal ordinary people who has job, personal and family life?
Training a total of 1-2 hours daily in HKB and other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages means each system is only being trained for less than 15-40 minutes, which is not enough for HKB training.
III. Inability of mixing because of lacking of complete knowledge
It is impossible to mix HKB with other styles, especially before you master each of the system.
The main problem is that while you learn HKB and in the same time you learn other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, you will never be able to even master any of those system, especially HKB.
Even if you have already mastered HKB, and then you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages then your HKB body Pala (opposite of karma) will be destroyed.
If you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages to master it, then learning HKB afterwards, your previous styles will be destroyed.
Then there’s nothing left to be combined.
IV. Lack of in-Depth skill
Let’s say you don’t want to master the whole system, but just to get a portion of HKB that you like to be combined with other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages.
Many have claimed to learn multiple systems as a way to be well rounded against all range of combat. Some even claimed that by doing this, it’s like using no ‘style’/’way’ as a ‘style’/’way’ which means to get away from being attached to illusion of style.
First thing first, let me clarify this. Learning HKB Eng chun and other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages does not mean using no style as the style, instead, it’s using ALL Styles as the style. This is not going the same way of being attached to illusion of style, instead, you are attached to every style you learn and plan to use in each range of combat.
When you learn HKB Eng Chun, Western Boxing, Fencing, Tae Kwondo, Grappling[Submission] and BJJ in the same time, here is the result you will get:
Your boxing skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in boxing.
Your Tae Kwon Do skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Tae Kwon Do.
Your Fencing skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Fencing.
Your Grabbling [Submission] skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Grabbling.
Your BJJ skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in BJJ.
And for definite guarantee,
Your HKB Eng Chun skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in HKB Eng Chun. Meaning you will not get the result of HKB skill set.
If HKB is not something important to you, then it’s ok.
But if HKB is the skill you want to attain, you need to understand and pay attention at this.
When you train HKB Eng Chun and other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages, you may become well rounded in each MA discipline within a short amount of time. But you will suffer the lack of in-depth skill for all of those styles.
HKB is a complete system. It is designed to deal with any possible type of attack ranging from long to short range.
Think HKB as WHOLE SWORD;
The Handle would be The HKB Foundation Hall
The Body of The Sword would be the HKB Efficiency Hall
The Tip of the Sword would be the HKB Maximum Efficiency Hall
V. Impossible to get all the puzzle/pieces of supposedly “Shaolin Wing Chun”
HKB Wing Chun is not Shaolin Wing Chun and there’s no such thing as Shaolin Wing Chun anymore.
Although every Wing Chun lineage can be traced back to Shaolin temple, inside the hall called Eng Chun Tim, but there is no such thing as Shaolin Wing Chun anymore. The Shaolin temple in Fujian has gone it was burned down between the 16th-17th centuries.
When the concept and principle of “Maximum Efficiency” from Everlasting Springtime/ Eng Chun Tim (Weng Chun Dim) was taught outside the Shaolin temple (After it got burned) into the hand of secret society, it was modified when it was passed down, based on the need of the role of each of the 5 flags/lodges within the secret society.
The flag/lodge that deals with infantry attack would learn what’s needed for infantry-military/troop attack. They received a different portion of ‘Eng Chun Tim” system.
The Black Flag portion of “Eng Chun Tim” was passed down based on the need of killing, including traitors within other flag/lodge inside the secret society. Aside from their skills must surpass other members from different flag/lodge who supposedly also learn/familiar with a portion of the “Eng Chun Tim”, HKB Eng Chun possessed additional in-depth unique key concept that doesn’t exist in other lodge/flag.
I. As one of the current successor of HKB Eng Chun, I want to make it clear that HKB stands on its own. HKB is not Shaolin Wing Chun. Our mission is to spread, preserve and advance the HKB Eng Chun system internationally.
As preservation and to safeguard the HKB system, for every HKB Eng Chun branch/location that I certify, I make a strict policy of:
1. Having HKB Eng Chun as the main identity of the Official Licensed HKB school.
2. Having HKB syllabus to be taught from day one. [Not after Black Belt, or the end of the tunnel/hall]
3. Having HKB Eng Chun label as standalone art. It’s not multiple/mixed wing chun/MMA Wing Chun, and it must not be called Shaolin Wing Chun or any other label. It is just a Black Flag Wing Chun / HKB Eng Chun.
After all, it is your decision to make. If acquiring HKB Eng Chun skill is something important to you, then you should focus on your HKB training first.
In conclusion;
For each hour that a HKB practitioner puts into training HKB, that is one more hour, one more step closer toward understanding the essence and acquiring HKB skill.
For each hour that a HKB practitioner puts into training other systems (from long range, grappling, other lineage of wing chun, including other secret society wing chun), what it really means is that you are taking one hour from your HKB training, which makes your skill 1 hour less, one more step behind and further away from understand the essence and acquiring the HKB Skill.
If learning, understanding and acquiring the HKB skill is very important to you, then focus on learning it. Learning other stuff, will only mean you’re damaging to your HKB skill.
See you next time in our HKB Blog!
Best Regards
Kenneth Lin
© Copyright by Kenneth Lin, all rights are reserved. Distribution permission requires stating original source link.
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Regards,
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