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The Postcard
A carte postale that was published by E. L. of Paris. The card was posted in the Avenue d'Orléans, Paris 14e on Monday the 7th. January 1907 to:
Miss Molly Green,
Netherleigh,
Lansdown,
Cheltenham,
England.
The very brief message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"de Mlle. Gaivis."
L'Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile
The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile - the étoile or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues.
The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from the Great War.
The Arc is the central cohesive element of the Axe Historique (Historic Axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Défense).
The Arc de Triomphe was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806; its iconographic programme pits heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail.
It set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages.
Inspired by the Arch of Titus in Rome, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of 50 metres (164 ft), width of 45 m (148 ft) and depth of 22 m (72 ft), while its large vault is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide.
The smaller transverse vaults are 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide.
Three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919 marking the end of the Great War, Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.
Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City in 1938, which is 67 metres (220 ft) high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, completed in 1982, is modelled on the Arc de Triomphe, and is slightly taller at 60 m (197 ft).
La Grande Arche in La Défense near Paris is 110 metres high. Although it is not named an Arc de Triomphe, it has been designed on the same model, and in the perspective of the Arc de Triomphe. It qualifies as the world's tallest arch.
The Tomb of The Unknown Soldier
Beneath the Arc is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from the Great War, Interred on Armistice Day 1920. It has the first eternal flame lit in Western and Eastern Europe since the Vestal Virgins' fire was extinguished in the fourth century. It burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars).
A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11th. November on the anniversary of the Armistice of the 11th. November 1918. It was originally decided in 1919 to bury the unknown soldier's remains in the Panthéon, but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe.
The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on the 10th. November 1920, and put in its final resting place on the 28th. January 1921.
In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by President Charles de Gaulle. After the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy, Mrs Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe, and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
President Charles de Gaulle went to Washington to attend the state funeral, and witnessed Jacqueline Kennedy lighting the eternal flame that had been inspired by her visit to France.
The Traumatic Death of Raymond Paley
So what else happened on the day that Mademoiselle Gaivis posted the card?
Well, the 7th. January 1907 marked the birth of Raymond Paley.
Raymond Edward Alan Christopher Paley was an English mathematician who made significant contributions to mathematical analysis before dying young in a skiing accident.
Paley was born in Bournemouth, England, the son of an artillery officer who died of tuberculosis before Paley was born. He was educated at Eton College as a King's Scholar and at Trinity College, Cambridge.
He became a wrangler in 1928, and was one of two winners of the 1930 Smith's Prize examination.
Raymond was elected a Research Fellow of Trinity College in 1930, and continued at Cambridge as a postgraduate student, advised by John Edensor Littlewood. After the 1931 return of G. H. Hardy to Cambridge, he participated in weekly joint seminars with the other students of Hardy and Littlewood.
Raymond travelled to the US in 1932 to work with Norbert Wiener at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and with George Pólya at Princeton University, and as part of the same trip also planned to work with Lipót Fejér at a seminar in Chicago organized as part of the Century of Progress Exposition.
The Death and Legacy of Raymond Paley
Raymond was killed at the age of 26 on the 7th. April 1933 while on a skiing trip to the Canadian Rockies, by an avalanche on Deception Pass, Fossil Mountain.
Raymond was laid to rest in The Old Banff Cemetery.
Strictly for the mathematicians out there, Raymond's contributions include the following:
-- Raymond's mathematical research with Littlewood began in 1929, with his work towards a fellowship at Trinity. Littlewood's influence dominated nearly all his earliest work.
Their work became the foundation for the Littlewood–Paley theory, an application of real-variable techniques in complex analysis.
-- The Walsh–Paley numeration, a standard method for indexing the Walsh functions, came from a 1932 suggestion of Paley.
-- Paley collaborated with Antoni Zygmund on Fourier series, continuing the work on this topic that he had already done with Littlewood. His work in this area also led to the Paley–Zygmund inequality in probability theory.
-- In a 1933 paper, he published the Paley construction for Hadamard matrices, and in the same paper, he first formulated the Hadamard conjecture on the sizes of matrices for which Hadamard matrices exist.
The Paley graphs and Paley tournaments in graph theory are closely related, although they do not appear explicitly in this work.
-- In the context of compressed sensing, frames (partial bases of Hilbert spaces) derived from this construction have been called "Paley equiangular tight frames".
-- Raymond's collaboration with Norbert Wiener included the Paley–Wiener theorem in harmonic analysis. Paley was originally selected as the 1934 American Mathematical Society Colloquium Lecturer; after his death, Wiener replaced him as speaker, and spoke on their joint work, which was published as a book.
.... And all of the above by the time Raymond was 26! Imagine what he could have gone on to contribute to mathematics if he had kept away from the slopes.
Gabriel Dorfsman-Hopkins '13 attended the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Undergraduate Program at Berkeley last summer and now has his sights set on graduate school and the field of mathematics. (photo by Eli Burackian '00)
A monument to the Mathematician George Boole located on the High Street, just after the Silver Street crossing, in Lincoln, Lincolnshire.
Although he was recognised as a genius in his own lifetime, it was not until almost a century later that the far-reaching implications of Boole’s work would become apparent. An American electronics engineer named Claude Shannon realised Boole’s logic could be applied in producing electrical circuits: a discovery that started the digital revolution. Today even the most advanced computers and smart devices still depend on Boolean logic.
Boole, the son of John Boole Sr, a shoemaker and Mary Ann Joyce, was born on November 2nd 1815, at 34 Silver Street, Lincoln - his home no longer exists but was near the large nightclub now on the street.
He was christened at St Swithins Church and attended the church in his early life; the minister there encouraged him in his mathematics, lending him a book on differential calculus. A plaque stands in Boole's memory on the site where the church stood when he attended, further along St Swithins Square than the current church building.
He had a primary school education, and received lessons from his father, but had little further formal and academic teaching. William Brooke, a bookseller in Lincoln, may have helped him with Latin, which he may also have learned at the school of Thomas Bainbridge. He was self-taught in modern languages.
Boole opened his own school in 1834 very close to St Swithins Church, on Free School Lane aged just 19. Also nearby was Lincoln Mechanics Institute of which Boole's father was a founding member and where Boole lectured - in the old Grammar School, the Greyfriars.
Boole also founded a school on Pottergate near Lincoln Cathedral which is also where his home is said to have been. It was at this school that Boole conducted his last teaching in Lincoln and where he won the Gold Medal from the Royal Society, in 1844. A plaque is found at 3 Pottergate in Boole's memory.
Boole was keen to further his skills in higher mathematics and, with limited opportunities in Lincoln, took up a professorship at Queen's College Cork, Ireland, moving there in 1849. It was in Cork that he met his wife and started a family, eventually having five daughters. Boole ended his days here on December 8th 1864, dying prematurely aged only 49.
Friends of Boole still in Lincoln raised funds to create a memorial for the mathematician in Lincoln Cathedral: The Teaching Window. The stained glass window, found in the fourth window of the north wall of the cathedral, depicts the calling of Samuel, his favourite Bible passage, at the request of his widow.
Information mostly gained from www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/boole/
Great mathematicians of all time. Download the whole set for FREE at:
www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resource/The-Great-Mathematicians-...
"In seeking to chart the courses of the stars, the astronomers of medieval Islam made use of the most comprehensive mathematics the world had known to that time. This 16th-century Persian illumination shows a group of turbaned astronomers working in their observatory with an array of instruments including compasses, a globe of the world, astrolabes, and a mechanical clock."
From Life Science Library "Mathematics" 1972, published by Time, Inc.
Pierre-Louis Lions is a French mathematician. He received his doctorate from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie in 1979. He studies the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations, and received the Fields Medal for his mathematical work in 1994 while working at the University of Paris-Dauphine. Lions was the first to give a complete solution to the Boltzmann equation with proof. Other awards Lions received include the IBM Prize in 1987 and the Philip Morris Prize in 1991.
One of the most popular and unusual sculptures in Krakow old town, is that of two gesticulating men seated on the wooden bench. These are the Polish mathematicians Stefan Banach and Otto M. Nikodym, who in 1916 were joined by mathematician Hugo Steinhaus, in a discussion of complex mathematical problems.
Mathematician, physicist, philosopher, and inventor of an early mechanical calculator he called the "Pascaline." (1623-1662.)
Ines is an Edinburgh resident, Spanish by origin, who loves cycling. We met at the Changing Pace weekend ride in E-burgh 08, June 24th.
"The Mathematician" (detail) by Andrey Zakirzyanov
colored pencil on paper
57x 76 cm
1990
My animations & videoart here - www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=F07F0FC9A199F76B
Mathematician Benjamin Peirce
vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/alumni/mary-watson-whitney.html
vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/faculty/original-faculty/maria-...
"German mathematician. One of Leibnitz's great achievements was the development of the binary system of arithmetic. Another significant contribution was his work on dynamics. He also developed differential and integral calculus, although there was serious controversy between him and his contemporary Sir Isaac Newton as to who had worked out the details and explained the proofs first. Leibnitz applied the methods of mathematical proof to other disciplines such as logic and philosophy, and among his lifelong aims were ambitious plans to collate all human knowledge, and to reunite the Church. Caen stone statue by Alexander Munro."
National Semiconductor Mathematician from the 1970's.
Uses Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), similar to Hewlett Packard calculators of that era (HP still produce RPN calculators)
Dr. Peter Winkler, a professor of Mathematics at Dartmouth College. According to JobsRate.com, the best job in the United States is a mathematician. (Sean Hurley, NHPR) Listen to Sean's piece, "The Lumberjack and the Mathematician"