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Tay managed to keep up her energy throughout the whole set with barely any breaks between songs! Really impressive!
Anyone looking to use or license these photos can shoot me an email at pritenvora@gmail.com at any time! =)
The Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Philoptochos honored Archon Michael Psaros, Co-Founder
and Co-Managing Partner of KPS Capital Partners at its 64th Annual Chrysanthemum Ball on November
10 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in New York City.
The invocation was delivered by His Eminence Archbishop Demetrios assisted by Archdeacon Panteleimon
Papadopoulos. The guests were welcomed by Fr. John Vlahos, Dean of the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the
Holy Trinity, Stella Pantelidis, co-chair of the ball and the Cathedral Philoptochos President Dr. Miranda
Kofinas. This year's honoree Michael Psaros was introduced by Maria Marinakis and Maro Stratakis.
Honored guests included Dr. Konstantinos Koutras, Consul General of Greece to New York, and his wife,
Popita Pavli, Ambassador Maria Theophili, Permanent Representative of Greece to the UN, Ambassador
Vasilios Philippou, Consul General of Cyprus to New York, and his wife Anthea, Jennifer Constantine,
Direct Archdiocesan District Philoptochos President, James Gianakis, Archdiocesan Cathedral Board of
Trustees President and Rev. Robert Stephanopoulos, Dean Emeritus of the Cathedral along with
Presvytera Nikki Stephanopoulos.
The Chrysanthemum Ball is the Holy Trinity Archdiocesan Cathedral Philoptochos’ main annual fundraising
event for its charitable activities.
PHOTO: © GOA/GANP/DIMITRIOS PANAGOS-GANP/ΔΗΜΗΤΡΗΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΟΣ
Model: Giselle Burgos
Make Up Artist: Melissa Ramirez
Coordinated/Managed by Daisy Villalobos
Photographer: J. Aaron Delgado
All Rights Reserved
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Managed to get them in the gloom at Thorne Jn, so I headed off on the chase to where the light looked a little better. Although not by much!! 20312 + 20302 pass Knabbs Bridge, Melton Ross with 3S13 0850 Wrenthorpe to Grimsby, 30/11/12
Good Morning Everyone!
I made sure I grabbed Marilyn and the gorgeous sunlight and caught a few pictures of her in her blushy glory. I am amazed how the photos show how truly blushy she is!
I got this fabulicious Couture from Miss Julie of House of Pinku awhile back and as soon as I saw it next to Marilyn, it was destiny! The stunning Creation is called "Mischief Managed" and it is such a sweet and yummy fabric! We adore it so very much and hope you all do also!
Marilyn wanted a hairstylements but I am still enjoying the original braid for now.
Thank you for looking and have a fabulous day, Everyone!
<3
International Monetary Fund Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn (R) answers questions on a panel with IMF's African Director Antoinette Sayeh (L) from leaders of civil society organizations, youth groups, teachers and health workers union and think tank officials March 7, 2010 in Nairobi, Kenya. Strauss-Kahn is on his first leg of a three country visit to Africa. IMF Photograph/Stephen Jaffe
Managed to get a shot of my camera shy boy....YAY!! Isn't he gorgeous!! To get a shot of him like this is soooo rare. He's always turning away from the camera and gets all grumpy or he'll make VERY silly faces. So this is definatley a keeper!!
Impression during the Session "Managing Climate Migration" at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Tianjin, People's Republic of China 2018. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Jakob Polacsek
The Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Philoptochos honored Archon Michael Psaros, Co-Founder
and Co-Managing Partner of KPS Capital Partners at its 64th Annual Chrysanthemum Ball on November
10 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in New York City.
The invocation was delivered by His Eminence Archbishop Demetrios assisted by Archdeacon Panteleimon
Papadopoulos. The guests were welcomed by Fr. John Vlahos, Dean of the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the
Holy Trinity, Stella Pantelidis, co-chair of the ball and the Cathedral Philoptochos President Dr. Miranda
Kofinas. This year's honoree Michael Psaros was introduced by Maria Marinakis and Maro Stratakis.
Honored guests included Dr. Konstantinos Koutras, Consul General of Greece to New York, and his wife,
Popita Pavli, Ambassador Maria Theophili, Permanent Representative of Greece to the UN, Ambassador
Vasilios Philippou, Consul General of Cyprus to New York, and his wife Anthea, Jennifer Constantine,
Direct Archdiocesan District Philoptochos President, James Gianakis, Archdiocesan Cathedral Board of
Trustees President and Rev. Robert Stephanopoulos, Dean Emeritus of the Cathedral along with
Presvytera Nikki Stephanopoulos.
The Chrysanthemum Ball is the Holy Trinity Archdiocesan Cathedral Philoptochos’ main annual fundraising
event for its charitable activities.
PHOTO: © GOA/GANP/DIMITRIOS PANAGOS-GANP/ΔΗΜΗΤΡΗΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΟΣ
TIANJIN/CHINA, 26SEPT08 - Participants at the Managing Global Risks session in the Tianjin WorkSpace 2008 at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2008 in Tianjin, China.
Copyright World Economic Forum (www.weforum.org)/Photo by Liu Ying
Session 5: Managing Capital Flows
This session will focus on the challenges in the region associated with the normalization of U.S. and other advanced economy monetary conditions, including ongoing and possible spillovers to Asia, appropriate policies to be implemented by spillover-receiving countries, and the possible role for international policy coordination in ameliorating the negative impact of volatile capital flows. Key themes to be addressed include: How EM policy makers can prepare for / cope with financial volatility associated with asynchronous AE monetary policy stances. Experience with macroprudential policies and their potential role in managing capital flows. Regional insurance mechanisms, and their role in containing contagion from financial turbulence. Past experience of the IMF in facilitating coordination of macro-financial policies among key economies and possible ways forward.
Moderator:
Maurice Obstfeld, Economic Counsellor and Head of Research Department, IMF
Panelists:
Sukudhew Singh, Deputy Governor, Bank Negara Malaysia
In-chang Song, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Finance and Strategy, Korea
Yiping Huang, Professor, National School of Development, Peking University
Chatib Basri, Former Minister of Finance of Indonesia and Senior Lecturer Department of Economics University of Indonesia
Eswar Prasad, Professor of Economics, Cornell University
Managed to obtain a bunch of CA bricks with tubes, although there are a few hollow bricks in there too.
Managed a couple of shots of this Woodpecker which was very high up in a tall tree. Taken on an early morning walk in Rendelsham forest in Suffolk
Manage all the information that your head can provide NOW....
Stay with it for 10 minutes, dont change thoughts !!!!
Keep on thinking, after that try to think in simple staff like, rain, love, friendship....bla...bla...bla...and you will see:
YOUR LIFE might be a Tourbillon
I managed to finish work early today. Yeah!
So i decided that i would go check out the local graveyard. (As you do on a Friday afternoon) So for around two hours i kept trying to take shots of crows doing something particular. (wings spread flying off a cross.) Man did i try to get that shot and came very close on a few occasions.
So i would start at one end of the graveyard and take as many shots of the crows as i could before they flew back up into the trees (scared from me. I think?). Then work my way to the back. I must have done this at least 10 times or more in two hours by the end i had to leave as they were shutting the gates and i did not fancy getting shut in.
So with wet feet and hoping i had caught something that resembled what i went there to shoot i trundled off home to upload. So out of about 50 or so shots this was the closest to what i actually wanted.
Next time crows i will get it . And no more laughing at me from those trees.
Camera Info: Canon 50D | (Canon 75- 300mm) @ 300mm| ƒ 6.3 | ISO 800 | 1/200s | Camera - Handheld
Best viewed a giant crows shadow.(black box)
Participants during the Session "Managing Climate Migration" at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Tianjin, People's Republic of China 2018. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Jakob Polacsek
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
“Be someone’s SUNSHINE when their skies are grey” shows the heart of a person who believed in being blessed to be blessing to the underprivileged and the needy.
Nehru Group of Institutions under the dynamic of leadership of Adv. P. Krishnadas, Managing Trustee and Dr. P. Krishnakumar, CEO & Secretary of NGI have successfully carried out this humble, deep and generous desire of their father Dr. P. K. Das for the ninth consecutive year with a special event on the 15th of December, 2017 marked to celebrate the birthday of the founder mentor.
Founder’s Day saw the Nehru Group of Institutions organizing this one-of-a-kind event of “Best Faculty Award” to recognize, honour and appreciate the hard work, dedication, focus and efforts of faculty from the neighbouring colleges in the state of Tamilnadu, Pondicherry and Kerala to take education to the next level. Going further, the institution after casting a critical eye over 1500 applicants who sent in their resumes and credentials for the prestigious award, under the mentorship of Dr. B. Ilango, Chief Jury, Former Vice Chancellor, Bharathiar University, selected 19 candidates for the category of “Best Faculty Award” and one candidate for the category “Lifetime Achievement Award”. The unbiased selection was not only based on the academic achievements of the pedagogues but also their desire to reach the unreached and underprivileged students and individuals in rural areas, helping them realize their dreams and aspirations.
The event started off with the “Tamil Thai Vaalthu” sung by the students of Nehru College, followed by the welcome address by Dr. B. Anirudhan, Principal of the Nehru Arts & Science College, who applauded the professors for their contribution not only to the field of education but also to the well-being of the community.
Adv. P. Krishnadas, Managing Trustee of Nehru Group of Institutions presided over the function. In his address to the all the dignitaries, participants and audience present at the event, he spoke about India emerging gradually and steadfastly as a country churning out job creators and entrepreneurs rather being jobseekers thus redefining the entire global education system. He put forth his vision and mission to make leaders of the aspiring students by empowering and imparting them with the best of subject, practical knowledge and developing their talents that would help them realize their dreams thus making them a force to reckon with in the new millennium. He concluded by saying,
” Life is short and the passion is big” and expressed his desire to regenerate and reengineer the structure of the education system soon rather than later. He thanked and congratulated the pedagogues for being the role models and mentors of the young minds of the country and also the people of Tamilnadu for their contribution, dedication and belief in bringing changes in the Indian education system.
Dr. Amrutha, Director of Nehru School of Architecture, introduced the distinguished Chief Guest, Dr. Paula Banerjee, Vice Chancellor, the Sanskrit College and University, University of Calcutta, honouring and applauding her endeavours and achievements in the field of Education.
In her speech to the attendees of the event, she began with expressing her regret in being fortunate to meet the founder mentor Dr. P. K. Das. On her being applauded for her honesty in the field of Education, she made known the fact that honesty is a virtue that should be a part of every individual that should be seen in their work throughout their life. She appreciated and applauded Adv. P. Krishnadas, Managing Trustee and Dr. P. Krishnakumar, CEO & Secretary of Nehru Group of Institutions for shouldering the responsibility and keeping the oil in the lamp burning of the dream that the founder mentor Dr. P. K. Das has envisioned for the young minds of the country. She expressed her gratitude to the faculty in striving hard to raise the level of education by their sincere, dedicated and determined approach to bring about a sea of change in the education system as a whole. She emphasised on the importance of research and for India to be self-sufficient rather than being dependent on global help. She gave the example of two famous universities of India, Nalanda and Dakshsheela, for the exemplary guidance and mentorship programs to the needs of learners of south Asia comparing NGI to such famous Universities. She also reiterated the fact that faculty in India should hone their skills and talents and raise their competency level, thus competing with the global standards and needs.
The release of the first draft of the Nehru Group of Institution Newsletter was followed by a brief address by Dr. B. Illango, Chief Jury, Former Vice Chancellor, Bharathiar University, who emphasised the necessity of the young minds receiving indepth training in honing their communication skills along with a practical approach in learning the subject matter of their respective fields of education. He applauded Dr. K. Porsezian, Pondicherry University for his efforts in coming up with equations that would help overcome the effects and challenges left behind by the striking of the deadly catastrophe of Tsunami.
Last but not the least, the dynamic Dr. Krishnakumar, CEO & Secretary of Nehru Group of Institutions, opened the eyes of all those present to the beautiful fact of being a blessing to others thus raising up the standard of GIVING than living by lending a hand of help and hope to those whose hard work and abilities go unrecognized and unseen. He said the “Best Faculty Award” not only bestowed honor to the deserving faculty but also made them responsible in taking the level of education a step further. Furthermore, it encouraged and motivated his college pedagogues to strive harder and make a mark in the lives and hearts of the young minds and society as a whole. The desire to reach out to every deserving faculty throughout the country was next on the agenda of the innumerable events planned for the year 2018. He expressed his heartfelt gratitude to the dignitaries, faculty awardees and their families, organizers, and each one present who made this event a memorable one.
The ceremony closed with the National Anthem with many of the faculty awardees expressing their joy, surprise and gratitude to Nehru Group of Institutions in recognizing and honouring their work.
The Ueno Zoo (恩賜上野動物園 Onshi Ueno Dōbutsuen?) is a zoo, managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and located in Taito, Tokyo, Japan. It is Japan's oldest and most famous zoo, opened on March 20, 1882. It is a five-minute walk from the Park Exit of Ueno Station, with convenient access from Tokyo's public-transportation network. The Ueno Zoo Monorail, the first monorail in the country, connects the eastern and western parts of the grounds.
The zoo is located within Ueno Park, a large urban park that is home to several museums, a small amusement park, and other attractions.
As of March, 2003, the zoo has 422 species. The Sumatran tiger, and western lowland gorilla head the list of the zoo's population. Ueno has most variety of species on exhibition than any other zoo in Japan.
At some point, redistribution of the animals among Tokyo's other zoos (including Tama Zoo and Inokashira Nature Park) left Ueno without a lion. However, in response to public demand, Ueno borrowed a female from the Yokohama Municipal Zoo
As of 2008, recent animals at the Ueno Zoo included:
Giant panda (Ling Ling, Ueno's only giant panda, died of chronic heart failure on April 30, 2008, leaving Ueno Zoo without a panda for the first time since 1972.)[1] China has agreed to lend a male and female to Ueno[2].
A Lesser panda (also known as the Red Panda)
Other animals have included the Sumatran tiger the Asiatic lion, the Western lowland gorilla, the Polar bear, the Asian elephant, the Reticulated Giraffe. and the White rhinoceros
[edit]Other animals
The zoo is also often home to zebras, Japanese macaques, red-crowned cranes, White-tailed eagles and King Penguins, along with goats, sheep, pigs, ostriches, and rabbits.
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva takes place in a virtual roundtable discussion with journalists. IMF Photo/Kim Haughton
Managing to (mostly) avoid the modern-day public, I blasted back to the 1940s to take these war-time photos in Woodhall Spa.
When all the information technology related tasks are managed by a third party contractor, it refers to managed IT service. The main objective is to transfer the responsibility of maintaining IT services to another service provider. Ntelligent Networks is a leading provider of managed IT services. We use state-of-the-art monitoring tools to manage the servers and workstations. We can help you focus on your core business by managing your IT chores in an efficient way. Get to know more contact us today.
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This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
Finally managed to do a portrait of my daughter who really has grown up into a beautiful woman I am terrified to say.
Three speedlite clam shell lighting set up
High key light in front of model with 1/4 cto at 1/8th power through a shoot through umbrella
Low fill light in front of model at 1/16th power through a shoot through umbrella
Hair light gridded behind model camera right at 1/64th power
Progress...... Managed to oil probably half the floor in the living room, it's amazing what a glug of Danish oil can do to transform the oak block, it comes to life!
Also managed to texture the bay window ceiling and paint the underside of the roof on the bay/porch outside too.
Still got papering to finish plus oiling the other half of the floor.
Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva participates in a call with the G24 and Bank Governors during the 2020 Annual Meetings at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, DC, on October 13, 2020. IMF Photo/ Cory Hancock
(L-R) International Monetary Fund's Managing Director Christine Lagarde, Kingdom of Bahrain Minister of Finance and Development Committee Chairman Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, Director of Corporate Communications at The World Bank Richard Mills, and World Bank President Robert Zoellick at the Development Committee Press Conference held during the 2011 IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings at IMF Headquarters September 24, 2011, in Washington, D.C.
IMF Staff Photo/Michael Spilotro
Images accepted by my representing agency Arcangel. www.arcangel.com Available for use through Rights Managed licenses. See more of my work with this Arcangel presentation: www.joomag.com/magazine/arcangel-photographer-presentatio...
Buy Managed Retreat Issue 1 print edition, details here
It's a 24-page full colour tabloid size publication featuring articles, artwork and photography exploring what an east of England bioregion has been, is and might be - looking through several lenses at the nature and culture of the English orient.
Managed to get out for a walk at days end. It was cold...but refreshing. Beautiful sunset. Days getting longer...yay!
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
INTAN telah menganjurkan Seminar bertajuk 'Managing Perception' yang disampaikan oleh YB Khairy Jamaluddin, Menteri Belia dan Sukan pada 7 November 2013 bertempat di Auditorium, INTAN Bukit Kiara.
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
Managed to take this photo before being chased out by the staff of some random restaurant at the top floor of Marina Bay Sands. It's the only place [albeit cramped, but allows just enough space for a tripod] where there isn't a moat and a glass barrier blocking the scenery. Could have done much more with the photo if i wasn't trying to rush to take this photo before being caught in the somewhat-restricted area.
EXIF:
Nikon D40
24mm
F/22
15s
ISO 1250 (forgot to change f7u12)
and managed to get a picture for today...i'm one behind..ugh. the thumbnail version of this sucks. big be warned tho, noise :)
This year’s welcome reception and platinum dinner were hosted at One King West, in Toronto | Learn more about Canada’s Best Managed Companies.
Welcome reception: This event is an opportunity to toast to the arrival of executives and management teams from the Best Managed network from across the country.
Platinum dinner: Best Managed Platinum Club CEOs are invited to this exclusive dinner for an opportunity to share insights with their peers from across the country.
Falls of Shin is a waterfall on the River Shin, in northern Scotland, near the villages of Bonar Bridge and Lairg.
Falls of Shin had a popular visitor centre, managed as part of Balnagown Estates, a company owned by former Harrods boss Mohamed Al-Fayed. This included a restaurant, a branch of Harrods, and a waxwork model of Al-Fayed. The visitor centre was destroyed by a fire in May 2013. Balnagown Estates have since been working with the Kyle of Sutherland Development Trust to develop a new visitor attraction. In May 2017, the new visitor centre opened following the successful construction carried out by William Gray Construction. The opening event was dubbed "Celebra-Shin". The cafe is currently operated by Mac & Wild- a company created by Andy Waugh and Calum MacKinnon with 2 restaurants in London and Falls of Shin being their third.
The Falls of Shin were dynamited to improve the salmon access.
Aside from the Salmon Viewing Platform, the site also comprises a Mini Golf Course, Woodland Walks and a large Children's Playpark.
The Highlands is a historical region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots language replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands. The term is also used for the area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, although the exact boundaries are not clearly defined, particularly to the east. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands. The Scottish Gaelic name of A' Ghàidhealtachd literally means "the place of the Gaels" and traditionally, from a Gaelic-speaking point of view, includes both the Western Isles and the Highlands.
The area is very sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region, and includes the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis. During the 18th and early 19th centuries the population of the Highlands rose to around 300,000, but from c. 1841 and for the next 160 years, the natural increase in population was exceeded by emigration (mostly to Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand, and migration to the industrial cities of Scotland and England.) and passim The area is now one of the most sparsely populated in Europe. At 9.1/km2 (24/sq mi) in 2012, the population density in the Highlands and Islands is less than one seventh of Scotland's as a whole.
The Highland Council is the administrative body for much of the Highlands, with its administrative centre at Inverness. However, the Highlands also includes parts of the council areas of Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Moray, North Ayrshire, Perth and Kinross, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire.
The Scottish Highlands is the only area in the British Isles to have the taiga biome as it features concentrated populations of Scots pine forest: see Caledonian Forest. It is the most mountainous part of the United Kingdom.
Between the 15th century and the mid-20th century, the area differed from most of the Lowlands in terms of language. In Scottish Gaelic, the region is known as the Gàidhealtachd, because it was traditionally the Gaelic-speaking part of Scotland, although the language is now largely confined to The Hebrides. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably but have different meanings in their respective languages. Scottish English (in its Highland form) is the predominant language of the area today, though Highland English has been influenced by Gaelic speech to a significant extent. Historically, the "Highland line" distinguished the two Scottish cultures. While the Highland line broadly followed the geography of the Grampians in the south, it continued in the north, cutting off the north-eastern areas, that is Eastern Caithness, Orkney and Shetland, from the more Gaelic Highlands and Hebrides.
Historically, the major social unit of the Highlands was the clan. Scottish kings, particularly James VI, saw clans as a challenge to their authority; the Highlands was seen by many as a lawless region. The Scots of the Lowlands viewed the Highlanders as backward and more "Irish". The Highlands were seen as the overspill of Gaelic Ireland. They made this distinction by separating Germanic "Scots" English and the Gaelic by renaming it "Erse" a play on Eire. Following the Union of the Crowns, James VI had the military strength to back up any attempts to impose some control. The result was, in 1609, the Statutes of Iona which started the process of integrating clan leaders into Scottish society. The gradual changes continued into the 19th century, as clan chiefs thought of themselves less as patriarchal leaders of their people and more as commercial landlords. The first effect on the clansmen who were their tenants was the change to rents being payable in money rather than in kind. Later, rents were increased as Highland landowners sought to increase their income. This was followed, mostly in the period 1760–1850, by agricultural improvement that often (particularly in the Western Highlands) involved clearance of the population to make way for large scale sheep farms. Displaced tenants were set up in crofting communities in the process. The crofts were intended not to provide all the needs of their occupiers; they were expected to work in other industries such as kelping and fishing. Crofters came to rely substantially on seasonal migrant work, particularly in the Lowlands. This gave impetus to the learning of English, which was seen by many rural Gaelic speakers to be the essential "language of work".
Older historiography attributes the collapse of the clan system to the aftermath of the Jacobite risings. This is now thought less influential by historians. Following the Jacobite rising of 1745 the British government enacted a series of laws to try to suppress the clan system, including bans on the bearing of arms and the wearing of tartan, and limitations on the activities of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Most of this legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided. There was soon a rehabilitation of Highland culture. Tartan was adopted for Highland regiments in the British Army, which poor Highlanders joined in large numbers in the era of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1790–1815). Tartan had largely been abandoned by the ordinary people of the region, but in the 1820s, tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe. The international craze for tartan, and for idealising a romanticised Highlands, was set off by the Ossian cycle, and further popularised by the works of Walter Scott. His "staging" of the visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish woollen industry. Individual clan tartans were largely designated in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity. This "Highlandism", by which all of Scotland was identified with the culture of the Highlands, was cemented by Queen Victoria's interest in the country, her adoption of Balmoral as a major royal retreat, and her interest in "tartenry".
Recurrent famine affected the Highlands for much of its history, with significant instances as late as 1817 in the Eastern Highlands and the early 1850s in the West. Over the 18th century, the region had developed a trade of black cattle into Lowland markets, and this was balanced by imports of meal into the area. There was a critical reliance on this trade to provide sufficient food, and it is seen as an essential prerequisite for the population growth that started in the 18th century. Most of the Highlands, particularly in the North and West was short of the arable land that was essential for the mixed, run rig based, communal farming that existed before agricultural improvement was introduced into the region.[a] Between the 1760s and the 1830s there was a substantial trade in unlicensed whisky that had been distilled in the Highlands. Lowland distillers (who were not able to avoid the heavy taxation of this product) complained that Highland whisky made up more than half the market. The development of the cattle trade is taken as evidence that the pre-improvement Highlands was not an immutable system, but did exploit the economic opportunities that came its way. The illicit whisky trade demonstrates the entrepreneurial ability of the peasant classes.
Agricultural improvement reached the Highlands mostly over the period 1760 to 1850. Agricultural advisors, factors, land surveyors and others educated in the thinking of Adam Smith were keen to put into practice the new ideas taught in Scottish universities. Highland landowners, many of whom were burdened with chronic debts, were generally receptive to the advice they offered and keen to increase the income from their land. In the East and South the resulting change was similar to that in the Lowlands, with the creation of larger farms with single tenants, enclosure of the old run rig fields, introduction of new crops (such as turnips), land drainage and, as a consequence of all this, eviction, as part of the Highland clearances, of many tenants and cottars. Some of those cleared found employment on the new, larger farms, others moved to the accessible towns of the Lowlands.
In the West and North, evicted tenants were usually given tenancies in newly created crofting communities, while their former holdings were converted into large sheep farms. Sheep farmers could pay substantially higher rents than the run rig farmers and were much less prone to falling into arrears. Each croft was limited in size so that the tenants would have to find work elsewhere. The major alternatives were fishing and the kelp industry. Landlords took control of the kelp shores, deducting the wages earned by their tenants from the rent due and retaining the large profits that could be earned at the high prices paid for the processed product during the Napoleonic wars.
When the Napoleonic wars finished in 1815, the Highland industries were affected by the return to a peacetime economy. The price of black cattle fell, nearly halving between 1810 and the 1830s. Kelp prices had peaked in 1810, but reduced from £9 a ton in 1823 to £3 13s 4d a ton in 1828. Wool prices were also badly affected. This worsened the financial problems of debt-encumbered landlords. Then, in 1846, potato blight arrived in the Highlands, wiping out the essential subsistence crop for the overcrowded crofting communities. As the famine struck, the government made clear to landlords that it was their responsibility to provide famine relief for their tenants. The result of the economic downturn had been that a large proportion of Highland estates were sold in the first half of the 19th century. T M Devine points out that in the region most affected by the potato famine, by 1846, 70 per cent of the landowners were new purchasers who had not owned Highland property before 1800. More landlords were obliged to sell due to the cost of famine relief. Those who were protected from the worst of the crisis were those with extensive rental income from sheep farms. Government loans were made available for drainage works, road building and other improvements and many crofters became temporary migrants – taking work in the Lowlands. When the potato famine ceased in 1856, this established a pattern of more extensive working away from the Highlands.
The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional and controversial subject, of enormous importance to the Highland economy, and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism. The poor crofters were politically powerless, and many of them turned to religion. They embraced the popularly oriented, fervently evangelical Presbyterian revival after 1800. Most joined the breakaway "Free Church" after 1843. This evangelical movement was led by lay preachers who themselves came from the lower strata, and whose preaching was implicitly critical of the established order. The religious change energised the crofters and separated them from the landlords; it helped prepare them for their successful and violent challenge to the landlords in the 1880s through the Highland Land League. Violence erupted, starting on the Isle of Skye, when Highland landlords cleared their lands for sheep and deer parks. It was quietened when the government stepped in, passing the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886 to reduce rents, guarantee fixity of tenure, and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless. This contrasted with the Irish Land War underway at the same time, where the Irish were intensely politicised through roots in Irish nationalism, while political dimensions were limited. In 1885 three Independent Crofter candidates were elected to Parliament, which listened to their pleas. The results included explicit security for the Scottish smallholders in the "crofting counties"; the legal right to bequeath tenancies to descendants; and the creation of a Crofting Commission. The Crofters as a political movement faded away by 1892, and the Liberal Party gained their votes.
Today, the Highlands are the largest of Scotland's whisky producing regions; the relevant area runs from Orkney to the Isle of Arran in the south and includes the northern isles and much of Inner and Outer Hebrides, Argyll, Stirlingshire, Arran, as well as sections of Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. (Other sources treat The Islands, except Islay, as a separate whisky producing region.) This massive area has over 30 distilleries, or 47 when the Islands sub-region is included in the count. According to one source, the top five are The Macallan, Glenfiddich, Aberlour, Glenfarclas and Balvenie. While Speyside is geographically within the Highlands, that region is specified as distinct in terms of whisky productions. Speyside single malt whiskies are produced by about 50 distilleries.
According to Visit Scotland, Highlands whisky is "fruity, sweet, spicy, malty". Another review states that Northern Highlands single malt is "sweet and full-bodied", the Eastern Highlands and Southern Highlands whiskies tend to be "lighter in texture" while the distilleries in the Western Highlands produce single malts with a "much peatier influence".
The Scottish Reformation achieved partial success in the Highlands. Roman Catholicism remained strong in some areas, owing to remote locations and the efforts of Franciscan missionaries from Ireland, who regularly came to celebrate Mass. There remain significant Catholic strongholds within the Highlands and Islands such as Moidart and Morar on the mainland and South Uist and Barra in the southern Outer Hebrides. The remoteness of the region and the lack of a Gaelic-speaking clergy undermined the missionary efforts of the established church. The later 18th century saw somewhat greater success, owing to the efforts of the SSPCK missionaries and to the disruption of traditional society after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. In the 19th century, the evangelical Free Churches, which were more accepting of Gaelic language and culture, grew rapidly, appealing much more strongly than did the established church.
For the most part, however, the Highlands are considered predominantly Protestant, belonging to the Church of Scotland. In contrast to the Catholic southern islands, the northern Outer Hebrides islands (Lewis, Harris and North Uist) have an exceptionally high proportion of their population belonging to the Protestant Free Church of Scotland or the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Outer Hebrides have been described as the last bastion of Calvinism in Britain and the Sabbath remains widely observed. Inverness and the surrounding area has a majority Protestant population, with most locals belonging to either The Kirk or the Free Church of Scotland. The church maintains a noticeable presence within the area, with church attendance notably higher than in other parts of Scotland. Religion continues to play an important role in Highland culture, with Sabbath observance still widely practised, particularly in the Hebrides.
In traditional Scottish geography, the Highlands refers to that part of Scotland north-west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which crosses mainland Scotland in a near-straight line from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. However the flat coastal lands that occupy parts of the counties of Nairnshire, Morayshire, Banffshire and Aberdeenshire are often excluded as they do not share the distinctive geographical and cultural features of the rest of the Highlands. The north-east of Caithness, as well as Orkney and Shetland, are also often excluded from the Highlands, although the Hebrides are usually included. The Highland area, as so defined, differed from the Lowlands in language and tradition, having preserved Gaelic speech and customs centuries after the anglicisation of the latter; this led to a growing perception of a divide, with the cultural distinction between Highlander and Lowlander first noted towards the end of the 14th century. In Aberdeenshire, the boundary between the Highlands and the Lowlands is not well defined. There is a stone beside the A93 road near the village of Dinnet on Royal Deeside which states 'You are now in the Highlands', although there are areas of Highland character to the east of this point.
A much wider definition of the Highlands is that used by the Scotch whisky industry. Highland single malts are produced at distilleries north of an imaginary line between Dundee and Greenock, thus including all of Aberdeenshire and Angus.
Inverness is regarded as the Capital of the Highlands, although less so in the Highland parts of Aberdeenshire, Angus, Perthshire and Stirlingshire which look more to Aberdeen, Dundee, Perth, and Stirling as their commercial centres.
The Highland Council area, created as one of the local government regions of Scotland, has been a unitary council area since 1996. The council area excludes a large area of the southern and eastern Highlands, and the Western Isles, but includes Caithness. Highlands is sometimes used, however, as a name for the council area, as in the former Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service. Northern is also used to refer to the area, as in the former Northern Constabulary. These former bodies both covered the Highland council area and the island council areas of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles.
Much of the Highlands area overlaps the Highlands and Islands area. An electoral region called Highlands and Islands is used in elections to the Scottish Parliament: this area includes Orkney and Shetland, as well as the Highland Council local government area, the Western Isles and most of the Argyll and Bute and Moray local government areas. Highlands and Islands has, however, different meanings in different contexts. It means Highland (the local government area), Orkney, Shetland, and the Western Isles in Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service. Northern, as in Northern Constabulary, refers to the same area as that covered by the fire and rescue service.
There have been trackways from the Lowlands to the Highlands since prehistoric times. Many traverse the Mounth, a spur of mountainous land that extends from the higher inland range to the North Sea slightly north of Stonehaven. The most well-known and historically important trackways are the Causey Mounth, Elsick Mounth, Cryne Corse Mounth and Cairnamounth.
Although most of the Highlands is geographically on the British mainland, it is somewhat less accessible than the rest of Britain; thus most UK couriers categorise it separately, alongside Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, and other offshore islands. They thus charge additional fees for delivery to the Highlands, or exclude the area entirely. While the physical remoteness from the largest population centres inevitably leads to higher transit cost, there is confusion and consternation over the scale of the fees charged and the effectiveness of their communication, and the use of the word Mainland in their justification. Since the charges are often based on postcode areas, many far less remote areas, including some which are traditionally considered part of the lowlands, are also subject to these charges. Royal Mail is the only delivery network bound by a Universal Service Obligation to charge a uniform tariff across the UK. This, however, applies only to mail items and not larger packages which are dealt with by its Parcelforce division.
The Highlands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which runs from Arran to Stonehaven. This part of Scotland is largely composed of ancient rocks from the Cambrian and Precambrian periods which were uplifted during the later Caledonian Orogeny. Smaller formations of Lewisian gneiss in the northwest are up to 3 billion years old. The overlying rocks of the Torridon Sandstone form mountains in the Torridon Hills such as Liathach and Beinn Eighe in Wester Ross.
These foundations are interspersed with many igneous intrusions of a more recent age, the remnants of which have formed mountain massifs such as the Cairngorms and the Cuillin of Skye. A significant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing beds of Old Red Sandstone found principally along the Moray Firth coast and partially down the Highland Boundary Fault. The Jurassic beds found in isolated locations on Skye and Applecross reflect the complex underlying geology. They are the original source of much North Sea oil. The Great Glen is formed along a transform fault which divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands.
The entire region was covered by ice sheets during the Pleistocene ice ages, save perhaps for a few nunataks. The complex geomorphology includes incised valleys and lochs carved by the action of mountain streams and ice, and a topography of irregularly distributed mountains whose summits have similar heights above sea-level, but whose bases depend upon the amount of denudation to which the plateau has been subjected in various places.
Climate
The region is much warmer than other areas at similar latitudes (such as Kamchatka in Russia, or Labrador in Canada) because of the Gulf Stream making it cool, damp and temperate. The Köppen climate classification is "Cfb" at low altitudes, then becoming "Cfc", "Dfc" and "ET" at higher altitudes.
Places of interest
An Teallach
Aonach Mòr (Nevis Range ski centre)
Arrochar Alps
Balmoral Castle
Balquhidder
Battlefield of Culloden
Beinn Alligin
Beinn Eighe
Ben Cruachan hydro-electric power station
Ben Lomond
Ben Macdui (second highest mountain in Scotland and UK)
Ben Nevis (highest mountain in Scotland and UK)
Cairngorms National Park
Cairngorm Ski centre near Aviemore
Cairngorm Mountains
Caledonian Canal
Cape Wrath
Carrick Castle
Castle Stalker
Castle Tioram
Chanonry Point
Conic Hill
Culloden Moor
Dunadd
Duart Castle
Durness
Eilean Donan
Fingal's Cave (Staffa)
Fort George
Glen Coe
Glen Etive
Glen Kinglas
Glen Lyon
Glen Orchy
Glenshee Ski Centre
Glen Shiel
Glen Spean
Glenfinnan (and its railway station and viaduct)
Grampian Mountains
Hebrides
Highland Folk Museum – The first open-air museum in the UK.
Highland Wildlife Park
Inveraray Castle
Inveraray Jail
Inverness Castle
Inverewe Garden
Iona Abbey
Isle of Staffa
Kilchurn Castle
Kilmartin Glen
Liathach
Lecht Ski Centre
Loch Alsh
Loch Ard
Loch Awe
Loch Assynt
Loch Earn
Loch Etive
Loch Fyne
Loch Goil
Loch Katrine
Loch Leven
Loch Linnhe
Loch Lochy
Loch Lomond
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park
Loch Lubnaig
Loch Maree
Loch Morar
Loch Morlich
Loch Ness
Loch Nevis
Loch Rannoch
Loch Tay
Lochranza
Luss
Meall a' Bhuiridh (Glencoe Ski Centre)
Scottish Sea Life Sanctuary at Loch Creran
Rannoch Moor
Red Cuillin
Rest and Be Thankful stretch of A83
River Carron, Wester Ross
River Spey
River Tay
Ross and Cromarty
Smoo Cave
Stob Coire a' Chàirn
Stac Polly
Strathspey Railway
Sutherland
Tor Castle
Torridon Hills
Urquhart Castle
West Highland Line (scenic railway)
West Highland Way (Long-distance footpath)
Wester Ross