When I get nervous, anxious, I have this nervous tic of rubbing the sides of my fingers together. Don’t know why. Don’t know when or how I exactly picked up the habit. Usually it is just w/ one hand.

Now if I’m really stressed, it is both hands together.

The source? Compounded debt. It causes me anxiety. It keeps me up at night. It pains me knowing that we are generating more money than last year, yet it feels like we have less. The debt itself would be manageable, if not for all the finance charges & fees upon fees. Last year’s recession hurt, & we’re paying for it now.

Gotta deal. Come up w/ a plan. Deal. Communicate.

06.06.2010

The Bureau of Land Management manages 517 wilderness study areas containing about 12.6 million acres located in the Western States and Alaska. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 directed the Bureau to inventory and study its roadless areas for wilderness characteristics. To be designated as a Wilderness Study Area, an area had to have the following characteristics:

Size - roadless areas of at least 5,000 acres of public lands or of a manageable size;

Naturalness - generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of nature;

Opportunities - provides outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation.

In addition, Wilderness Study Areas often have special qualities such as ecological, geological, educational, historical, scientific and scenic values.

The congressionally directed inventory and study of BLM's roadless areas received extensive public input and participation. By November 1980, the BLM had completed field inventories and designated about 25 million acres of wilderness study areas. Since 1980, Congress has reviewed some of these areas and has designated some as wilderness and released others for non-wilderness uses. Until Congress makes a final determination on a wilderness study area, the BLM manages these areas to preserve their suitability for designation as wilderness.

In Oregon/Washington there are 83 wilderness study areas comprising 2,642,289 acres. These 83 wilderness study areas are primarily located in southeast Oregon in the Prineville, Lakeview, Burns and Vale Districts.

To learn more about wilderness study areas head on over to: www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/oregon-w...

The Bureau of Land Management manages 517 wilderness study areas containing about 12.6 million acres located in the Western States and Alaska. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 directed the Bureau to inventory and study its roadless areas for wilderness characteristics. To be designated as a Wilderness Study Area, an area had to have the following characteristics:

Size - roadless areas of at least 5,000 acres of public lands or of a manageable size;

Naturalness - generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of nature;

Opportunities - provides outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation.

In addition, Wilderness Study Areas often have special qualities such as ecological, geological, educational, historical, scientific and scenic values.

The congressionally directed inventory and study of BLM's roadless areas received extensive public input and participation. By November 1980, the BLM had completed field inventories and designated about 25 million acres of wilderness study areas. Since 1980, Congress has reviewed some of these areas and has designated some as wilderness and released others for non-wilderness uses. Until Congress makes a final determination on a wilderness study area, the BLM manages these areas to preserve their suitability for designation as wilderness.

In Oregon/Washington there are 83 wilderness study areas comprising 2,642,289 acres. These 83 wilderness study areas are primarily located in southeast Oregon in the Prineville, Lakeview, Burns and Vale Districts.

To learn more about wilderness study areas head on over to: www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/oregon-w...

pl.youtube.com/watch?v=0yaSzcXZKIQ

Ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo

I ain't happy, I' m feelin glad

I got sunshine in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long the future is comin' on

I ain't happy, I' m feelin glad

I got sunshine in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long the future is comin' on

is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on

(poof)

Yeah, ha ha

Finally someone let me outa' my cage

Now time for me is nothin' cuz I'm countin' no age

Naw I couldn't be there, now you shouldn't be scared

I'm good at repairs (s'all simple), and I'm under each snare

Intangible (aww naw), bet you didn't think so I command you to

Panoramic view (you), look I'll make it all manageable

Pick and choose (hmph), sit and loose, all you different crews

Chicks and dudes, who you think is really kickin' tunes

Picture you gettin down in a picture too, like you lit the fuse

You think it's fictional, mystical, maybe

Spiritual, hear all who appears in you to clear your view when (yeah) your too crazy

Lifeless, to those a definition for what life is

Priceless, to you because I put you on the hype shit

Ya like it

Gun smokin', righteous with one, token psychic among

they'll posess you with one go

I ain't happy, I' m feelin glad

I got sunshine in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long the future is comin' on

I ain't happy, I' m feelin glad

I got sunshine in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long the future (that's right) is comin' on

is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on

The essence, the basics

Without it you make it

Allow me to make this childlike in nature

Rythm, you have it or you don't

That's a fallacy

I'm in them

Every sprouting tree, every child apiece

Every cloud at sea

You see with your eyes, I see destruction and demise

Corruption in the skies (that's right)

From this fuckin' enterprise, now I'm sucked into your lies

Through Russ so not his muscles but percussion he provides

With me as a (say what) guide

Y'all can see me now cuz you don't see with you eye

You percieve with your mind

Thats the end (fuck em)

So I'ma stick around with Russ and be a mentor

Bust a few rhymes (bah boom boom boom boom) so mother fuckers remember where the thought is

I brought all this, so you can survive when law is lawless(why here)

Feelings, sensations that you thought was dead (yup)

No squeeling, remember that it's all in your head

I ain't happy, I' m feelin glad

I got sunshine in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long the future is comin' on

I ain't happy, I' m feelin glad

I got sunshine in a bag

I'm useless, but not for long my future is comin' on

is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on

My future (future) is comin' on

is comin' on (future future future) is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on

My future is comin' on

is comin' on (future future future) is comin' on is comin' on is comin' on

My future is comin' on

is comin' on is comin' on

My future is comin' on

is comin' on is comin' on (future future future)

My future is comin' on

is comin' on is comin' on

My future

There is no bigger "big-wig" than Oprah... and if you doubt that, all you need to do is check the cover of the Sep '13 issue of "O" where you'll find Oprah wearing a 3.5lb wig she calls "Wild Thang." Timed perfectly to appear in Mid-August, which is the AAD's 13th Annual National Hair Loss Awareness Month, Oprah covers everything you need to know about hair... and hair loss. On p152, there's a discussion about the significant psychological impact of hair loss and how it makes one feel, "What we could once bend (or straighten or color) to our will feels suddenly, terrifyingly beyond our control."

During my interview with the folks at "O" a few months back, we discussed medical treatments, surgical options, cosmetic 'quick fixes' as well as the future of hair loss treatments.

In the final article, a comprehensive discussion of the modern medical treatments for the most common type of hair loss: chronic, genetic, hereditary female pattern hair loss was included. "Three Good Bets" recommended are topical minoxidil, anti-androgen pharmaceuticals, and hair transplantation. At Bauman Medical Group, we've been prescribing these therapies and more for many years.

As far as Minoxidil goes, we recommend the prescription "Formula 82M" as an alternative to the more common over-the-counter Rogaine and generic formulations. Formula 82M is more powerful than the OTC minoxidil because is has a synergy of potent hair growth ingredients and penetrating agents in a proprietary formula. It also has far fewer side-effects than the over-the-counter versions resulting in superior hair growth, but also leaving hair manageable and scalp healthy without the gooey, sticky feeling.

Prescription anti-androgens like finasteride (Propecia) and spironolactone (Aldactone) can be prescribed off-label to postmenopausal women who have been tested for "high androgen sensitivity" using a quick, reliable genetic test. Done in minutes with a cheek-swab, the Androgen Sensitivity test can predict whether a woman is likely to respond to anti-androgen treatments, like Propecia, before she starts therapy. We believe that diagnostic and routine measurements with the HairCheck cross-sectional hair bundle trichometer is a critical step in managing the hair loss process and monitoring regrowth--in order to verify how well the treatment is working.

And, of course, hair transplantation is the most permanent solution to replace dead hair follicles with your own living and growing hair from the back of the scalp. Although we were excited to see the first-person account of the female hair transplant patient in Oprah's Magazine (p.153), we were disappointed to learn that she had the old-style linear harvesting (strip removal with stitches or staples in the back of the scalp) as opposed to the newer, less invasive FUE (Follicular Unit Extraction) or "NeoGraft FUE" style of hair transplantation---which does not leave a linear scar. At Bauman Medical Group, our prominent female patients, like Anushka of Anushka Spa and Salon of Palm Beach, have had great public success with their NeoGraft FUE hair transplants.

"Instant (& Cheap) Gratification"

On p.153, according to Oprah, "instant gratification" can be found by using the Pantene AgeDefy Hair Thickening Treatment which is a styling spray used at the roots. AgeDefy Hair Thickening Treatment thickens existing hair-strand diameters by up to 10%, giving a feeling of up to 6500 more hairs. At Bauman Medical Group, we performed the blinded clinical trial for Pantene's AgeDefy product last year on over 100 women and found that over 90% were extremely satisfied with the results of the product, allowing them to have more styling options and more coverage of the scalp.

"The Future Looks Bright (And Very Full)"

PRP or Platelet Rich Plasma is already being used to stimulate hair growth using a process which derives the treatment from your own blood. We have many local South Florida patients and others from around the globe coming to Boca Raton for the latest non-invasive hair growth treatment utilizing your own platelet-derived growth factors. A "lunch-time" procedure, PRP takes less than one hour in the office and may be combined with Extracellular Matrix products like ACell/Matristem and followed by the MicroPen microneedling device, similar to a facial-rejuvenation process made famous by Kim Kardashian when she had her "Vampire Facelift." At Bauman Medical Group, we've had some exciting results in both hereditary hair loss and other alopecia patients using "Vampire" PRP, some of whom were featured on a recent news story with NBC WPTV Palm Beach. We are also prescribing Latisse (bimatoprost) off-label for scalp hair regrowth as another topical treatment alternative to minoxidil. As I mentioned on p.153, hopefully by 2025 we will be able to multiply hair from a small biopsy to produce unlimited follicles for transplantation.

On the cover, Oprah wants everyone to "Have a Great Hair Day!" and with all the excellent hair loss information in this month's magazine, I'm sure many more people will do so!

For more information about the latest preventative and restorative treatments for hair loss prescribed by Dr. Alan J. Bauman, M.D., please visit www.baumanmedical.com

Gliding and soaring gained popularity in the United States from the early 1930s through the postwar years but the difficulties of getting a glider airborne put off many potential enthusiasts. Glider pilots had a variety of options available but all were relatively cumbersome and sometimes dangerous, and required other pilots, drivers, or ground personnel. The most convenient method was to take off in tow behind either an automobile or a powered aircraft. When gliding and soaring began in Germany shortly after World War I, groups of healthy people ran down hills and towed the motor-less aircraft into the air attached to elastic 'bungee' chords. Bungee launches were very popular in Europe but the wider availability of auto and airplane tows, and the hot and humid weather in North America, prevented this labor-intensive alternative from migrating to the New World. Powered winches also pulled gliders aloft but this technique could be risky and required a certain degree of pilot skill. It also demanded a skilled winch operator.

Once aloft, a pilot might elect to boldly depart the vicinity of the airport and proceed cross-country. The result was usually an offsite landing in a meadow or farm field. To return the aircraft to the home base required another considerable expenditure of group labor. A ground crew first disassembled the glider into manageable sections, then loaded the pieces aboard a special glider trailer and hauled them back by road. Glider enthusiasts spent more time preparing to fly, rather than actually flying, than any other group in aviation. The solution to this imbalance between fun and work was to motorize the glider and allow the pilot to self-launch. This idea appeared simple in theory but it proved more complicated in practice.

A prospective designer of a practical motor glider had to overcome three obstacles. He first had to select a proper power plant. It must be strong enough to propel pilot and aircraft off the ground to altitudes high enough for safe soaring, yet not so powerful that the weight and size of the engine substantially subtracted from the glide-ratio. The second problem lay in streamlining the propeller and motor to reduce drag once the pilot silenced the engine and began to glide.

Glider enthusiasts in Germany first experimented with powered gliders during the early 1920s. Karl Plauth designed the two-seat D 8 "Karl der Grosse" in 1923. In the United States, William H. Bowlus and Ted Nelson built one of the first self-launching motorgliders in the United States. Bowlus had established himself as a master-craftsman in glider design and construction during the 1930s with two designs, the Bowlus BA-100 Baby Albatross and Senior Albatross (see NASM collection for both aircraft). Nelson had developed several of his own designs during the same period. In 1945, Bowlus and Nelson formed the Nelson Aircraft Corporation to build a two-seat, motor glider version of the popular Bowlus BA-100 Baby Albatross. The designers nicknamed this design the Bumblebee but they sold the powered glider under the official moniker, Dragonfly.

The men retained the basic Baby Albatross design but significantly widened the cockpit and added side-by-side seating and flight controls for each occupant. Other improvements included tricycle landing gear and a steerable nose landing gear, additional vertical fins mounted on the ends of the horizontal stabilizer, and a hinged canopy. A handle to pull-start the engine was also available inside the cockpit. The aft section of the fuselage pod on the Baby Albatross was an ideal place to install a pusher engine and propeller. Bowlus and Nelson first selected a Ryder four-cylinder, two-cycle power plant but this engine only managed to produce about 16 horsepower. This was not enough power for flight so Nelson decided to build a suitable engine from scratch. His new motor generated 25 horsepower, barely enough to takeoff and slowly climb.

The low-horsepower engines could only turn small, lightweight propellers, but this was acceptable because larger propellers added weight and drag. On the downside, the smaller propellers had to rotate at very high revolutions-per-minute (rpm) to generate sufficient thrust. Nelson's engine had to turn 3,900 rpm to get the Dragonfly off the ground. The small diameter propeller that turned at a high rpm level was considerably less efficient than larger propellers turning at lower rpm.

This combination of power plant and propeller allowed the Dragonfly to climb 235 feet per minute at sea level. The extra weight of the engine, plus the drag from the widened fuselage, gave the Dragonfly a mediocre lift-to-drag ratio. The self-launch capability cost too much performance to appeal to most prospective motorglider owners and Bowlus and Nelson only sold seven Dragonflys. Nelson attempted to design another self-launching glider in 1949 but this time, he teamed with Harry Perl. Don Mitchell also helped on the new airplane. Nelson and Perl called this new design the Hummingbird (see NASM collection). Nelson mounted a more powerful Nelson engine on a retractable pylon behind a two-seat, tandem cockpit. This arrangement improved the soaring performance but the aircraft cost much more than a conventional, two-seat glider and Nelson and Perl built only six Hummingbirds.

Charles R. Rhoades donated his Dragonfly to the National Air and Space Museum in 1973. During the late 1990s, preservation specialists at the Paul E. Garber Facility discovered that the men that flew this airplane modified the induction system on the Nelson engine into at least three different configurations. They also discovered that the engine mounted on the motor glider was incomplete and missing several electrical system parts, suggesting that someone swapped the engine, or parts of it, for non-airworthy components before donation.

Last March, I bought a California State Parks Adventure Pass, a couple months after my old one had expired, but it wasn't until the third day of 2015 that I actually punched a hole in the pass and activated it. My first hike of the year was an old favorite: Espinosa Trail (from the Corral Canyon side) up to Corte Madera road then south to Spur Meadow and out along the ridge that runs parallel to Corte Madera Mountain. When I arrived at the turnout where I usually park, a few yards from the trail head, it was already completely full so I drove up the road a bit and parked in the frosty shade of some oaks. As I was getting out, two more cars pulled in. I got my stuff together and started biking back down to the gate. The people who'd arrived just after me, and their sweatered dogs, started up the paved road. Though I don't remember ever seeing one, there must be a trail off the road that leads up to Los Pinos Mountain lookout.

The first part of the trail is a shared right-of-way with a gated dirt road that runs along the meager, wooded Morena Creek. Someone had hung a small red cardboard heart in the middle the gate. The road was muddy and the air dank. Not far from the gate in a small turn out were parked two large U-Haul sized trucks, both painted sky-blue from back to front. After about a quarter of a mile the dirt road makes a sharp right and crosses the creek beneath a No Trespassing sign. The Espinosa trail continues to follow the creek, and quickly rises out of the canopy of trees to low scrubby brush. The "ride" up the trail was dull - there isn't much to see on a good day and today what there was was mud. And when I say "ride," for the most part, I mean "drag my bike." At the top is Corte Madera road, and I turned left and headed south. It's about a mile and a half to the meadow, but the combination of snow and warm temperatures, and 4-wheel drives, had turned the road into mix of ice and mud. Even if my tires had been better, the slick, soft ride would still have been tiresome. Usually I have to share the road with jeeps, dirt bikes, and atvs, but today there wasn't a soul. Even the dark blue Bronco haphazardly parked in the middle of the road was empty.

When I arrived at the meadow I stowed the mud caked bike beneath a venerable oak and hiked out of the trees and onto the boulder strewn ridge that overlooks Hauser Wilderness below. It was sunny and bright and I spent the next four hours hiking northwest along the ridge. For much of the hike I was in sight of the lookout on Los Pinos peak and I imagined that the hikers and their dogs were watching me from there.

On previous hikes along the ridge I had always worn shorts, but today I decided to go with hiking pants. On the plus side, the pants provide welcomed leg protection when going through brush, particularly manzanita. On the minus side, they restrict leg movement, most noticeably when I'm scrabbling around boulders, and the binding is worse when the fabric is wet from sweat. In general I prefer shorts. They're cooler and more comfortable, and I feel the outdoors on my skin. I don't mind if my legs get a bit scuffed. Long pants, however, make hiking through thick or burned out brush so much more manageable and they protect against ticks and, to some degree, against poison oak.

I've been on this ridge many times. I've hiked from Spur Meadow northwest, and hiked from the north end southeast. There is still a section in the middle that I haven't quite managed to get to though. Today's hike brought me closer to closing the gap. After climbing up to the peak, at about 4600 ft, and down the other side, I meandered my way through the dense but low brush until I got to the top of a small knoll. From there I could see the foothills I'd explored last November 22nd. Beneath the knoll was a rugged drop that would have taken some time to get back up, so I decided to call it a day and start back. The mid-afternoon sun was low in the sky, giving the myriad boulders rich reds, grays, and yellows. I hiked back over the peak and down to the path to the meadow where I retrieved the bike and started my ride back. This was smoother than the morning's ride since it was more or less downhill along Corte Madera road. Again there wasn't a soul along the road though the Bronco had disappeared. As I neared the top of the trailhead, I hit a slick patch of snow, ran into a bush that jammed a branch into my front spokes, and I flew head over heels onto the muddy road. The ride down Espinosa trail was uneventful and I coasted down the road to the gate. As I past the two sky-blue trucks, I found they were now open and a variety of things had been brought out. Sitting on the back was a middle aged hipster guy and a younger hipster girl. I exchanged a nod but didn't stop. When I got back to the car, the other cars were gone. I packed up my stuff, tried to knock of some of the mud off the bike, and then headed home.

We have two D8 bulldozers working to clear deep snow of the road to Artist Point. This one is shoving snow off the highway and over the hillside in an effort to cut the snow depth down to a manageable size for the snowblower to mow through.

OK - so I goofed off today. For my redemption I did do the laundry and THEN - off for a one last pontoon boatride in the lovely sunny summery weather - then a hot sauna and yes a dip into the lake one, two, three, four times in between as many saunas. According to our neighbour the water temp was 52F - too cold for a swim but manageable for a quick dip. Am I crazy or what?

After a great breakfast at a small cafe we took the Scenic Drive into Capitol Reef National Park. It's mostly a paved road until the very end but still manageable. We spent a few hours exploring the area. When we left Capitol Reef we decided to look for something new. I read about the Notom Road, east of the park, so we decided to check it out. Good decision. We went in about 12 miles before the road got rougher. Great scenery - it is the back side of the Waterpocket Fold - another area we need to check out. We then drove through some really desolate landscape before coming to the Hite Overlook. Great view of the Colorado River in the Glen Canyon Recreation Area. After this we were going to visit some Indian ruins but took a wrong turn somewhere so we just headed to Cortez, CO for the evening. Good day.

I took these photos in April 2018 in south eastern Utah.

Photo by PB74.

| After three months of tests and trials Spadaconcept - the Italian design studio founded by Paolo Spada (former designer at Smart and Honda) together with his father Ercole, (former chief designer at Zagato and BMW), Domiziano Boschi (former Mc Kinsey) and Wojtek Sokolowski - has launched the production of its supercar, the Spada TS Codatronca. With this car Spadaconcept cherishes and revives the important heritage of Ercole Spada and the philosophy which characterized each of his creations.

| The company’s vision is centered on “functional design”, which, according to Ercole Spada, means to express the functionality of an object through its shape. Following this vision Spadaconcept came up with a genuinely breaking product, something bold an daring. Far from creating a show car where anything is allowed, Spadaconcept has worked creatively but within strict feasibility constraints, in order to reach the quality standards of a niche, handcrafted production. The performance of this car is maximized by introducing aerodynamic lines such to mould

a light and essential body. The result is an extremely stable and manageable car, able to achieve good racing performances by exploiting at the best the power of its engine, with an original and nimble shape and essential but elegant interiors.

| The first version, named TS (Turismo Sportivo), is a car with a naturally aspirated engine with more than 600 HP with race performances. Despite the focus at Spadaconcept wasn’t on “pure” power but rather on aerodynamics, lightness and handling, this car can still reach more than 340 km/h due to a short ratio gearbox and complies with the FIA GT1 regulations. Care for environmental issues has resulted in SpadaVettureSport’s decision to add to the menu an ad-hoc “converter kit” which allows fueling the car with E85 green fuel, with a slight increase in torque and power.

With this new sport car Spadaconcept aims at reviving the philosophy that inspired Ercole Spada’s past models, in an attempt to combine aesthetics with functionality and racing performances. This new model is the latest evolutionary step of the truncated tail – “coda tronca” in Italian. The typical and aerodynamic shape which Spada had introduced with the Alfa Romeo Giulietta SZ, TZ1 and TZ2 in the 60’s - gives this new car unique and nimble lines which bring in lightness and aerodynamics improving performances.

| TS Codatronca, will be produced and commercialized by SpadaVettureSport - a company created and controlled by Spadaconcept - in collaboration with a team of selected technical, industrial and commercial partners. SpadaVettureSport has aggregated highest level knowledge and expertise around this project by establishing strategic alliances mainly with small firms located in the district of Turin with great past histories and amazing skills. These partners have great tradition and specialization and allow SpadaVettureSport to combine the “best of breed” in technology with the tradition and “saper fare” – i.e. the Italian for know how - of Italian small firms. The industrial partner FS Group (a firm based near Turin, who has already realized prototypes for Mercedes, Smart, Range Rover) will realize the body, using material supplied by Elantas Camattini, and PPG. The partner Italtecnica (a small firm located in Cambiano, near Turin, already involved in the tuning of Paris-Dakar and Le mans cars for Peugeot) will work on braking system, suspensions and engine upgrade, Sparco - the manufacturer of tuning products based in Turin – will supply seats and other interior items, Pirelli and OZ Racing will provide respectively tyres and wheels, while Alcantara S.p.A., the italian company that produces the omonymous and unique material, has selected a tailored Alcantara® for the interiors. AIM-sportline will give the board-instrumentation, that thanks to the great expierence in the racing world, will even permit the storage of more than 80 hours of telemetry datas. Meccaniche Veloci will supply the dedicated on-board watch named “QuattroValvole”.

| For the launch of this supercar SpadaVettureSport has signed a co-branding and co-marketing agreement with AZNOM, a small company based in Monza operating in the production of accessories and luxury items, who will realize and commercialize a line of amenities with the Codatronca brand.

The agreement signed by SpadaVettureSport and AZNOM has a long term perspective and involves joint efforts to approach the market.

| The Codatronca TS version According to SpadaVettureSport the TS version is a first step which will be shortly followed by others upcoming. The more powerful TSS version - Turismo Super Sportivo – which is already under test at SpadaVettureSport, will be launched at the end of 2008. In order to realize this unique car Spadaconcept and SpadaVettureSport have put in place a manufacturing system such as to meet the quality standards typical of niche, handcrafted production.

In the present of Spadaconcept there is a strong focus on the core business - consulting and design of niche cars, motorbikes and accessories like helmets, seats, etc. - but looking to the future, the company has started to explore new fields, especially bio-ethanol powered cars and it is currently working in the development of an Environmental Friendly Vehicle (EFV).

For further information: info@spadavetturesport.com

www.spadaconcept.com, www.spadavetturesport.com

It was a very good morning to be out hiking on the prairie. Great clouds, manageable winds, and the sunlight through the haze from the forest fires created some very warm light.

Smear the latex along the edge in manageable sections so that the latex isn't too dry before you get to it.

Sprawling outwards and sky-scrapering upwards, Chile's capital, Santiago, is immense. Its central core, however, is manageable and relatively small - a roughly triangular area bounded by the Rio Mapocho on the north. It is a city of grand thoroughfares and plazas, lined with public buildings and churches and circled by parks. The grid town plan imposed by the Spanish, however, is conducive to traffic jams and pollution. The Virgin Mary guards the city from the peak of the 860m (2821ft) Cerro San Crist?bal, part of the Parque Metropolitano recreational area.

The city's attractions include the colorful Mercado Central, the historical center of Plaza de Armas, the pedestrian mall of Paseo Ahumada (haunt of buskers and peddlers) and the late-colonial and block-filling Palacio de La Moneda - former mint, presidential residence and the site of Allende's last stand. Santiago has plenty of museums, including the beautifully arranged Pre-Colombian Museum and the Museo de Santiago, which documents the city's present sprawl with dioramas and reconstructions"

I decided to follow the "Walking Tour" recommended by the "Lonely Planet" South American (2002) handbook. It took me most of the day (from 10.00am to 4.00pm). I started at the famous Palacio de la Moneda, the Government Palace that was first built as headquarters of the Royal Mint (hence its name). It was just outside my first metro stop. The largest building erected by the Spanish government during the 18th century, the Palace was criticized for being too ostentatious, but today it's considered one of the finest examples of neoclassical architecture in Latin America.

The Helmets and uniform fo look a 'bit' NAZI....Sorry Prussian.

Read more at my blog: www.irish-guy.com/2003_07_28_archive.html and www.irish-guy.com/2003_07_29_archive.html and www.irish-guy.com/2003_07_31_archive.html

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Winter in Lima is strange to experience, and difficult to describe. It’s an odd combination of Miami and Boston weather systems; all the humidity of Miami compressed into a neat, 60-degree package. Here in Lima, the sky is always between a shade of white and grey during the day. On the rarest of occasions, I’ve been informed, the faintest hint of blue may peak out from behind the oppressively dense cloud cover. At sunset, the sky gradually fades from light grey to dark grey, a transition so subtle that you almost don’t notice it happening.

Apparently, it doesn’t rain in the winter here. Instead, the city is painted by a persistent drizzle, a faint mist you can breathe more than see, and that manifests itself as the slipperiness of the pavement beneath your feet. Humidity permeates the city; with no air conditioning or heat, the cool dampness creeps into every crevice of every apartment. 24 hours after you’ve showered, your towel is still wet. You’re never quite certain whether your clothing is damp or cold, or perhaps it’s only your hands that are cold. The ever-present whiteness and wetness cast an air of uncertainty over the city, although to be fair, such uncertainty is probably reserved for tourists like me.

As a Floridian, I’m well equipped to handle humidity; the slight stickiness that clings to the skin is no surprise to me. As a Northeastern student, I’ve survived two Boston winters, so I’ve found the cold here to be fairly manageable. It’s just one more thing, however, that causes me to stand out among the Limeños. Never mind that I’m taller than the average Peruvian, with lighter hair and skin and a gringa accent, it’s the short sleeve shirt that’s the dead giveaway.

In all seriousness, I do stand out here. We all do, as international students; Lima isn’t like Barcelona, or even Buenos Aires, cities popular for intercambios estudantiles. The ten of us on my program are very clearly others in this city, as is reinforced to us every morning when we try to enter the university. Without IDs (we’ll receive them when we’re officially registered for classes in a couple of weeks), we can’t walk through the main entrance. Instead, we wait in line at the office for international students, where we show a copy of our passports and thank the very kind women who let us in every day. Outside of school, it’s also obvious that I’m not accustomed to life here. I’m noticeably hesitant on the buses, something I’m working on, and paranoid about my personal belongings. My phone, which on the T rests loosely in my hand as I listen to podcasts, is usually stowed in a zipped jacket pocket. If I need to consult it for a moment, I brace the edge of the iPhone against my body, my hand clenched tightly around it.

Lima takes “traffic” beyond any definition I’d ever known of the word. I’m not entirely sure that there’s a real rush hour; it seems like most every minute would be part of it. Cars honk with complete impunity here, in a very different way than back home. In the US, a honk serves to get another car’s attention, but here, each one is part of a very loud, city-wide conversation between cars, buses, micros, taxis, and pedestrians. The streets ring with a disharmonious chorus of inescapable beeps, so ingrained in the fabric of the city that any quiet moment seems surreal.

All of this is not to say that Lima isn’t pretty, because it is. The muted sky contributes to Lima’s tranquil beauty, even amongst the chaos. As you approach the coast, dramatic cliffs frame the city. Looking down, you feel the profound sense of standing at the edge of the world. To reach the beach, you descend, passing the tented rocky cliffs and a rainbow painted wall in the process. The ocean roils gently, with just enough gusto to allow surfing. In the distance, tourists paraglide, their selfie sticks in hand as instructors direct their movements.

Overlooking the ocean are several green spaces and a mall, with restaurants that only slightly overcharge, considering the breathtaking views they offer. A small park in the area reigns supreme among photo-worthy locations: El Parque del Amor. Statues and mosaics are intertwined with quotes, from both famous authors and unknowns, as original parts of the artwork and hastily scrawled in Sharpie or Wite-out. The park tells stories of hope and longing and loss in brightly colored stone and scribbles, and walking through it, with the flashes of cameras on one side and the churning ocean on the other, you can’t help but feel a sort of inexplicable nostalgia.

In my neighborhood, there are an abundance of non love related parks as well. One features an artificial lagoon, complete with colorful swan paddle boats. Another consists of a forest of olive trees, with signs tucked between every few, informing visitors that many of the trees are over 400 years old. Alongside one edge of the park is a library, well-equipped with exceptionally patient staff who helped me get a library card. The park also houses cultural activities; local movies, weekly yoga, a piano exhibition. Lima doesn’t lack for culture, that’s for sure – in the coming week, I’m planning to attend a Women’s March and a production of the musical Billy Elliot.

So far, I’m happy here. I’ll go into more detail in another entry, but the Spanish intensive classes and time with my host family are definitely increasing my confidence in my language skills, and I genuinely enjoy the company of the other nine students on my trip. We’re a haphazard mix, the ten of us, hailing from different backgrounds and universities, and all determined to make the most of this experience.

Since last week, my nerves have calmed considerably. I’m still jittery with excitement, but I don’t feel the all-encompassing anxiety that I expected would continue. No, right now, I’m simply happy here, and excited for all that’s to come.

Expect more imagery-heavy entries in the future,

Raina

The post The Sky Isn’t Blue, and Neither Am I appeared first on GEO Voice.

A long planned visit to Leeds to record the church.

Leeds is just off the M20, and nearby to Leeds Castle, which means the roads are often busy. St Nicholas is on the main road leading up the down, but before the road gets narrow as it winds between the timber framed houses. Thankfully there is good parking next door, so we were able to get off the main road and out of the traffic, as unbeknown to us, there was a classical music show on that night, and most of Kent were going and in the process of arriving.

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One of the largest twelfth-century towers in Kent. The arch between tower and nave is of three very plain orders with no hint of the usual zigzag moulding of the period, and is so large that a meeting room has recently been built into it. The nave has three bay aisles and short chapels to north and south of the chancel. The outstanding rood screen was partially reconstructed in 1892, and runs the full width of nave and aisles - with the staircase doorways in the south aisle. That the chancel was rebuilt in the sixteenth century may be seen by the plain sedilia through which is cut one of two hagioscopes from chapels to chancel. The north chapel contains some good seventeenth- and eighteenth-century tablets and monuments. The stained glass shows some excellent examples of the work of Heaton, Butler and Bayne (south aisle) whilst there is an uncharacteristically poor example of the work of C.E. Kempe & Co. Ltd. in the north aisle. The church has recently been reordered to provide a spacious, light and manageable interior with excellent lighting and a welcoming atmosphere without damaging the character of the building.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Leeds

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LEEDS

IS the next parish southward from Hollingborne. Kilburne says, that one Ledian, a chief counsellor to king Ethelbert II. who began his reign in 978, raised a fortress here, which was called in Latin, from him, Ledani Castrum, and in process of time in English, LEEDS. This castle was afterwards demolished by the Danes, and continued in that situation till the time of the Norman conquest.

THE PRESENT CASTLE is situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, adjoining to Bromfield, which includes a part of the castle itself. It is situated in the midst of the park, an ample description of it the reader will find hereafter. The Lenham rivulet takes its course through the park, and having supplied the moat, in which the castle stands, and the several waters in the grounds there, and having received into it the several small streamlets from Hollingborne, and one from the opposite side, which comes from Leeds abbey, it flows on, and at a small distance from Caring street, in this parish, adjoining to Bersted, the principal estate of which name there belongs to the Drapers company, it turns a mill, and then goes on to Maidstone, where it joins the river Medway. The high road from Ashford and Lenham runs close by the outside of the pales of Leeds park, at the northern boundary of the parish next to Hollingborne, and thence goes on towards Bersted and Maidstone, from which the park is distant a little more than five miles; here the soil is a deep sand, but near the river it changes to a black moorish earth. Southward from the castle the ground rises, at about three quarters of a mile south-west from it is Leeds abbey, the front of which is a handsome well-looking building, of the time of queen Elizabeth. It is not unpleasantly situated on a gentle eminence, and is well watered by a small stream which rises just above it, and here turns a mill. It is well cloathed with wood at the back part of it, to which the ground still keeps rising; adjoining to the abbey grounds westward is Leeds-street, a long straggling row of houses, near a mile in length, having the church at the south end of it; here the soil becomes a red unfertile earth much mixed with slints, which continues till it joins to Langley and Otham.

LEEDS was part of those possessions given by William the Conqueror to his half-brother Odo, bishop of Baieux; accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of that prelate's lands, in the survey of Domesday, taken in the year 1080.

Adelold holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Esiedes. It was taxed at three sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and twenty-eight villeins, with eight borderers, having seven carucates. There is a church, and eighteen servants. There are two arpends of vineyard, and eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of twenty bogs, and five mills of the villeins. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth sixteen pounds, the like when be received it, now twenty pounds, and yet it pays twentyfive pounds. Earl Leuuin held it.

Of this manor the abbot of St. Augustine has half a suling, which is worth ten shillings, in exchange of the park of the bishop of Baieux. The earl of Ewe has four denns of this manor, which are worth twenty shillings.

The mention of the two arpends of vineyard in the above survey, is another instance of there having been such in this county in early times, some further observations of which the reader will find in the description of the parish of Chart Sutton, not far distant, and he will likewise observe, that at the above time the bishop of Baieux had a park here, which he acquired by exchange with the abbot of St. Augustine, who must therefore have had possessions here before that time.

On the bishop of Baieux's disgrace, about four years after the taking of the above-mentioned survey, this estate, among the rest of his possessions, became consiscated to the crown.

After which it was granted by king William to the eminent family of Crevequer, called in antient charters Creveceur, and in Latin, De Crepito Corde, who at first made Chatham in this county their seat, or caput baroniæ, i. e. the principal manor of their barony, for some time, until they removed hither, being before frequently written Domini de Cetham.

Robert, son of Hamon de Crevequer, who had probably a grant of Leeds from the Conqueror, appears to have held it of the king, as of his castle of Dover, in capite by barony, their barony, which consisted of five knight's sees, being stiled Baronia de Crevequer . (fn. 1) He erected the castle here, to which he asterwards removed the capital seat of his barony. This castle being environed with water, was frequently mentioned in antient writings by the name of Le Mote. In the north-west part of it he built a chapel, in which he placed three canons, which on his foundation of the priory of Leeds, in the 19th year of king Henry I. he removed thither.

His descendant, Hamon de Crevequer, lived in the reign of king Henry III. in the 19th year of which, he was joined with Walterand Teutonicus, or Teys, in the wardenship of the five ports, and the next year had possession granted to him of the lands of William de Albrincis or Averenches, whose daughter and heir Maud he had married. He died in the 47th year of king Henry III. possessed of the manor of Ledes, held of the king in capite, as belonging to his barony of Chatham; upon which Robert, his grandson, viz. son of Hamon his son, who died in his life-time, succeeded him as his heir, and in the 52d year of that reign, exchanged the manor of Ledes, with its appurtenances, together with a moiety of all his fees, with Roger de Leyburne, for the manors of Trottesclyve and Flete. He lest William de Leyburne, his son and heir, who in the 2d year of king Edward I. had possession granted to him of the manor of Ledes, as well as of the rest of his inheritance, of which Eleanor, countess of Winchester, his father's widow, was not endowed. (fn. 2)

His son, William de Leyborne, observing that the king looked on the strength of this fortress with a jealous eye, in the beginning of king Edward Ist.'s reign reinstated the crown in the possession of both the manor and castle; and the king having, in his 27th year married Margaret, sister of Philip, king of France, he settled them, being then of the clear yearly value of 21l. 6s. 8d. among other premises, as part of her dower. She survived the king her husband, who died in 1307, and in the 5th year of the next reign of king Edward II. by the king's recommendation, appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, a nobleman of great power and eminence, and much in that prince's favor, governor of this castle. (fn. 3) She died possessed of them in the 10th year of that reign; on which they came once more into the hands of the crown, and in the beginning of the next year the king appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, above-mentioned, governor of this castle, as well as of that of Bristol. In the 11th year of that reign, the king granted to him in see, this manor and castle, and the advowson of the priory of Ledes, in exchange for the manor of Addresley, in Shropshire. Being possessed of great possessions, especially in this county, he was usually stiled, the rich lord Badlesmere of Ledes. Being pussed up through ambition and his great wealth, he forgot his allegiance, and associated himself with the earl of Lancaster, and the discontented barons; which the king being well informed of, resolved, if possible, to gain possession of this strong fortress of Ledes: to effect which, under pretence of the queen's going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, she set forward for that city with a large train of attendants, and, with a secret intention of surprising this castle, sent her marshal with others of her servants, to prepare lodging for her and her suit in it. The lord Badlesmere's family, that is, his wife, son, and four daughters, were at that time in it, together with all his treasure, deposited there for safety, under the care of Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, who refused the queen's servants admittance, and on her coming up, peremptorily persisted in denying her or any one entrance, without letters from his lord. The queen, upon this, made some attempt to gain admittance by force, and a skirmish ensued, in which one or more of her attendants were slain, but being repulsed, she was obliged to relinquish her design, and to retire for a lodging elsewhere.

The king, chagrined at the failure of his scheme, and highly resenting the indignity offered to the queen, sent a force under the earls of Pembroke and Richmond, to besiege the castle; (fn. 4) and those within it finding no hopes of relief, for though the lord Badlesmere had induced the barons to endeavours to raise the siege, yet they never advanced nearer than Kingston, yielded it up. Upon which, the lady Badlesmere and her children were sent prisoners to the tower of London, Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, was hung up, and the king took possession of the castle, as well as of all the lord Badlesmere's goods and treasures in it. But by others, Thomas de Aldone is said to have been castellan at this time, and that the castle being taken, he, with the lord Badlesmere's wife, his only son Giles, his daughters, Sir Bartholomew de Burgershe, and his wife, were sent to the tower of London by the king's order; and that afterwards, he caused Walter Colepeper, bailiff of the Seven Hundreds, to be drawn in a pitiable manner at the tails of horses, and to be hung just by this castle; on which Thomas Colepeper, and others, who were with him in Tunbridge castle, hearing of the king's approach, sled to the barons.

After which the lord Badlesmere, being taken prisoner in Yorkshire, was sent to Canterbury, and there drawn and hanged at the gallows of Blean, and his head being cut off, was set on a pole on Burgate, in that city. Upon which the manor and castle of Leeds, became part of the royal revenue and the castle remained in a most ruinous condition till the year 1359, anno 34 Edward III. in which year that munisicent prelate, William of Wickham, was constituted by the king, chief warden and surveyor of his castle of Ledes, among others, (fn. 5) having power to appoint all workmen, to provide materials, and to order every thing with regard to building and repairs; and in those manors to hold leets and other courts of trespass and misdemeanors, and to enquire of the king's liberties and rights; and from his attention to the re-edisying and rebuilding the rest of them, there is little doubt but he restored this of Leeds to a very superior state to whatever it had been before, insomuch, that it induced king Richard to visit it several times, particularly in his 19th year, in which several of his instruments were dated at his castle of Ledes; and it appears to have been at that time accounted a fortress of some strength, for in the beginning of the next reign, that unfortunate prince was, by order of king Henry IV. sent prisoner to this castle; and that king himself resided here part of the month of April in his 2d year.

After which, archbishop Arundel, whose mind was by no means inferior to his high birth, procured a grant of this castle, where he frequently resided and kept his court, whilst the process against the lord Cobham was carrying forward, and some of his instruments were dated from his castle of Ledes in the year 1413, being the year in which he died. On his death it reverted again to the crown, and became accounted as one of the king's houses, many of the principal gentry of the county being instrusted with the custody of it:

In the 7th year of king Henry V. Joane of Navarre, the second queen of the late king Henry IV. being accused of conspiring against the life of the king, her son-in-law, was committed to Leeds-castle, there to remain during the king's pleasure; and being afterwards ordered into Sir John Pelham's custody, he removed her to the castle of Pevensey, in Sussex.

In the 18th year of king Henry VI. archbishop Chichele sat at the king's castle of Leeds, in the process against Eleanor, duchess of Gloucester, for forcery and witchcrast.

King Edward IV. in his 11th year, made Ralph St. Leger, esq. of Ulcomb, who had served the office of sheriff of this county three years before, constable of this castle for life, and annexed one of the parks as a farther emolument to that office. He died that year, and was buried with his ancestors at Ulcomb.

Sir Thomas Bourchier resided at Leeds castle in the 1st year of king Richard III. in which year he had commission, among others of the principal gentry of this county, to receive the oaths of allegiance to king Richard, of the inhabitants of the several parts of Kent therein mentioned; in which year, the king confirmed the liberties of Leeds priory, in recompence of twentyfour acres of land in Bromfield, granted for the enlargement of his park of Ledes.

In the 4th year of king Henry VIII. Henry Guildford, esq. had a grant of the office of constable of Leeds castle, and of the parkership of it; and in the 12th year of that reign, he had a grant of the custody of the manor of Leeds, with sundry perquisities, for forty years. He died in the 23d year of that reign, having re-edisied great part of the castle, at the king's no small charge.

But the fee simple of the manor and castle of Leeds remained in the hands of the crown, till Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted them, with their appurtenances in the parishes of Leeds, Langley, and Sutton, to Sir Anthony St. Leger, lord deputy of Ireland, to hold in capite by knight's service.

His son, Sir Warham St. Leger, succeeded him in this manor and castle, and was afterwards chief governor of Munster, in Ireland, in which province he was unfortunately slain in 1599, (fn. 6) but before his death he alienated this manor and castle to Sir Richard Smyth, fourth son of Thomas Smyth, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called Customer Smyth.

Sir Richard Smyth resided at Leeds castle, of which he died possessed in 1628, and was buried in Ashford church, where there is a costly monument erected to his memory.

Sir John Smith, his only son, succeeded his father, and resided at Leeds castle, and dying s. p. in 1632, was buried in this church; upon which his two sisters, Alice, wife of Sir Timothy Thornhill, and Mary, of Maurice Barrow, esq. became his coheirs, and entitled their respective husbands to the property of this manor and castle, which they afterwards joined in the sale of to Sir T. Culpeper, of Hollingborne, who settled this estate, after his purchase of it, on his eldest son Cheney Culpeper, remainder to his two other sons, Francis and Thomas. Cheney Culpeper, esq. resided at Leedscastle for some time, till at length persuading his brother Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, (then his only surviving brother, Francis being dead. s. p.) to cut off the entail of this estate, he alienated it to his cousin Sir John Colepeper, lord Colepeper, only son of Sir John Culpeper, of Wigsell, in Sussex, whose younger brother Francis was of Greenway-court, in Hollingborne, and was father of Sir Thomas Culpeper, the purchaser of this estate as before-mentioned.

Sir John Colepeper represented this county in parliament in the 16th year of king Charles I. and being a person, who by his abilities had raised himself much in the king's favor, was made of his privy council, and chancellor of the exchequer, afterwards master of the rolls, and governor of the Isle of Wight. During the troubles of that monarch, he continued stedfast to the royal cause, and as a reward for his services, was in 1644 created lord Colepeper, baron of Thoresway, in Lincolnshire.

After the king's death he continued abroad with king Charles II. in his exile. During his absence, Leeds-castle seems to have been in the possession of the usurping powers, and to have been made use of by them, for the assembling of their committee men and sequestrators, and for a receptacle to imprison the ejected ministers, for in 1652, all his estates had been declared by parliament forfeited, for treason against the state. He died in 1660, a few weeks only after the restoration, and was buried at Hollingborne. He bore for his arms, Argent, a bend ingrailed gules, the antient bearing of this family; he left by his second wife Judith, daughter of Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, several children, of whom Thomas was his successor in title and estates, and died without male issue as will be mentioned hereafter, John succeeded his brother in the title, and died in 1719 s. p. and Cheney succeeded his brother in the title, and died at his residence of Hoston St. John, in 1725, s. p. likewise, by which the title became extinct; they all, with the rest of the branch of the family, lie buried at Hollingborne. Thomas, lord Colepeper, the eldest son, succeeded his father in title, and in this manor and castle, where he resided, and having married Margaret, daughter of Signior Jean de Hesse, of a noble family in Germany, he left by her a sole daughter and heir Catherine, who intitled her husband Thomas, lord Fairfax, of Cameron, in Scotland, to this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood.

The family of Fairfax appear by old evidences in the hands of the family to have been in possession of lands in Yorkshire near six hundred years ago. Richard Fairfax was possessed of lands in that county in the reign of king John, whose grandson William Fairfax in the time of king Henry III. purchased the manor of Walton, in the West Riding, where he and his successors resided for many generations afterwards, and from whom descended the Fairfax's, of Walton and Gilling, in Yorkshire; of whom, Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Gilling, was created viscount Fairfax, of the kingdom of Ireland, which title became extinct in 1772; and from a younger branch of them descended Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, who lived in queen Elizabeth's reign, and changed the original field of his coat armour from argent to or, bearing for his arms, Or, 3 bars gemelles, gules, surmounted of a lion rampant, sable, crown'd, of the first, and was father of Sir. T. Fairfax, who was, for his services to James and Charles I. created in 1627 lord Fairfax, baron of Cameron, in Scotland. He died in 1640, having had ten sons and two daughters; of whom, Ferdinando was his successor; Henry was rector of Bolton Percy, and had two sons, Henry, who became lord Fairfax, and Bryan, who was ancestor of Bryan Fairfax, late commissioner of the customs; and colonel Charles Fairfax, of Menston, was the noted antiquary, whose issue settled there.

Ferdinando, the second lord Fairfax, in the civil wars of king Charles I. was made general of the parliamentary forces, and died at York in 1646. His son, Sir Thomas Fairfax, succeeded him as lord Fairfax, and in all his posts under the parliament, and was that famous general so noted in English history during the civil wars, being made commander in chief of all the parliamentary forces; but at last he grew so weary of the distress and confusion which his former actions had brought upon his unhappy country, that he heartily concurred in the restoration of king Charles II. After which he retired to his seat at Bilborough, in Yorkshire, where he died in 1671, and was buried there, leaving by Anne, daughter and coheir of Horatio, lord Vere of Tilbury, a truly loyal and virtuous lady, an only daughter; upon which the title devolved to Henry Fairfax, esq. of Oglesthorpe, in Yorkshire, his first cousin, eldest son of Henry, rector of Bolton Percy, the second son of Thomas, the first lord Fairfax. Henry, lord Fairfax, died in 1680, and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, fifth lord Fairfax, who was bred to a military life, and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. He represented Yorkshire in several parliaments and marrying Catherine, daughter and heir of Thomas, lord Colepeper, possessed, in her right this manor and castle, and other large possessions, as before-mentioned. (fn. 7)

He died possessed of them in 1710, leaving three sons and four daughters, Thomas, who succeeded him as lord Fairfax; Henry Culpeper, who died unmarried, in 1734; and Robert, of whom hereafter. Of the daughters, Margaret married David Wilkins, D. D. and prebendary of Canterbury, and Francis married Denny Martin, esq. Thomas, lord Fairfax, the son, resided at Leeds-castle till his quitting England, to reside on his great possessions in Virginia, where he continued to the time of his death. On his departure from England, he gave up the possession of this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood, to his only surviving brother, the hon. Robert Fairfax, who afterwards resided at Leeds-castle, and on his brother's death unmarried, in 1782, succeeded to the title of lord Fairfax. He was at first bred to a military life, but becoming possessed of Leeds castle, he retired there, and afterwards twice served in parliament for the town of Maidstoue, as he did afterwards in two successive parliaments for this county. He was twice married; first to Marsha, daughter and coheir of Anthony Collins, esq. of Baddow, in Essex, by whom he had one son, who died an instant; and, secondly, to one of the daughters of Thomas Best, esq. of Chatham, who died s. p. in 1750. Lord Fairfax dying s. p. in 1793, this castle and manor, with the rest of his estates in this county, came to his nephew the Rev. Denny Martin, the eldest son of his sister Frances, by Denny Martin, esq. of Loose, who had before his uncle's death been created D. D. and had, with the royal licence, assumed the name and arms of Fairfax. Dr. Fairfax is the present possessor of this manor and castle, and resides here, being at present unmarried.

A court leet and court baron is held for the manor of Leeds, at which three borsholders are appointed. It is divided into six divisions, or yokes as they are called, viz. Church-yoke, Ferinland-yoke, Mill-yoke, Russerken-yoke, Stockwell-yoke, and Lees-yoke.

IDP's from Tikrit and Ramadi.

The refugee flow to the wealthy continent of Europe is just the tip of the iceberg. It's a minor crisis compared to the real refugee crisis hitting Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan, where resources are not so plenty as in Europe. Belgium is not overwhelmed by a flood of refugees like Kurdistan. Many internal Iraqi refugees from areas which have been taken by IS flee to the Kurdish region in northern Iraq. Most refugees remain in the region, and within the sphere of influence of the conflicts of yesterday, today and tomorrow. Browse through these photos by photographer Baram Maaruf and you might get a better understanding of the scope of the "crisis" in Europe: limited and perfectly manageable. It's a not a "refugee crisis", but a crisis of "political will".

ARBAT IDP CAMP

Arbat Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Camp is located outside the city of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. It is one of the most overcrowded refugee camps in Iraq. The camp was supposed to house 800 displaced Iraqi families, but now there are more than 2000 families (23.000 people). In each tent there are several families. It was established for Syrian refugees as a transit camp, but it turned into a camp for internally displaced Iraqi refugees. As the crisis in Iraq enters its second year with no political or military solution in sight, the government and aid groups are being forced to seek longer-term humanitarian solutions for the more than three million displaced by violence across the country.

ASHTI CAMP

It’s a short drive to a new camp location just five km away: Ashti Camp. UNHCR and its partners began to move residents to better-equipped facilities in June 2015. Ashti camp, was recently completed and will eventually accommodate some 1000 families who will be moved from Arbat Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp. They are displaced Iraqis sheltering in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. It looks like the foundation of a new village. Instead of pitched upon packed earth, tents here rest on poured concrete foundations. Plumbing is underground and electric wiring runs along poles that neatly follow the camp's grid layout.

ARBAT PERMANENT CAMP

The third refugee camp is a permanent camp for 6000 Syrian refugees, mainly Kurds from Kobani and Qamishlo. It looks like a village with paved roads, electricity wires, shops, little brick houses. Even though the whole “village” looks miserable, it is much “better” compared to Arbat Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp.

and has her hair washed out immediately before hopping into her Yuko Stevens bedlinen (on Etsy www.etsy.com/listing/69924389/reversible-bed-cover-set-fo.... Such a pretty face. Wearing Clear Lan top and holding a Yuko Stevens teddy bear.

Hair is quite choppy lengths but I think it will be manageable. Face is adorable, deeper eyebrows than She's Arrived. Did change her lip colour just a bit.

Map Of The Soul: PERSONALITY will mark a brand-new chapter for the group, and will be their first release since they finished the Love Yourself" album trilogy last summer. If we know anything about BTS' fans, it's only a matter of when not if. BTS is likewise supposedly going to premiere songs off their upcoming album throughout their appearance at Saturday Night Live on April 13.

Referencing their previous trailers and music videos, the BTS kids are offering fans a major sentimental trip down memory lane. Today, the wait has actually been made more manageable thanks to Persona," the track that, as is customary for previous BTS releases, works like a trailer for the imminent comeback of the septet. BTS carries out onstage throughout the 2017 American Music Awards at Microsoft Theater on Nov

There will be 4 variations of Map of the Soul: Persona launched... BTS shared 2 principle picture sets for their upcoming album Map of the Soul: Personality. This opening track samples BTS' 2014 song "Intro: Skool Luv Affair" and features the same animated intro in the visual, nodding to the band's coming-of-age and self-discovery styles that run through much of the initial work they produced following their 2013 launching

After months of anticipation, South Korean superstars BTS-- who obviously have no regard for anybody's productivity or blood pressure-- finally offered fans a taste of what's to come in their upcoming album, Map of the Soul: Persona The teaser reveals the album's first track, "Personality"-- a colorful, dynamic tune provided by none besides RM, the band's leader, and main rapper.

Map of the Soul: Persona is BTS's very first release since their last album Love Yourself: Response, which marked the last chapter in their Love Yourself trilogy. Map of the Soul: Personality will be offered to pre-order starting Wednesday, March 13th. As we await the fateful day that BTS once again take over the internet and numerous services, see the Persona video listed below.

And they've mentioned a few of the visual's callbacks to BTS' previous work, showing the theories that BTS are constantly preparing years ahead which ARMY just do not blink. Perhaps a tune from Map of the Soul: Personality will be the one to lastly make it. Map of the Soul: Personality is slated to drop on April 12. BTS' Love Yourself: Speak Yourself tour will span eight stadium throughout North and South America, Europe and Asia.

Track List:

Intro: PERSONA

Boy With Luv (ft. Halsey)

Mikrokosmos

Make It Right

Home

Jamais Vu

Dionysus

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I had a decent time shooting at the range. I got some pretty good groupings. I have good recoil recovery, too. There's a video of me and my hand doesn't even move after each shot. Take that!! I don't like the .40. We have a Glock .40 but borrowed the 9mm. I'm ready to trade the .40 in for something more manageable. Or maybe I should just go get myself a pink gun.

I felt weird at the range. Here's why: I was wearing Pumas, a Mac Tools shirt, reading a book called "Birth" (the history of birth through time, highly interesting, by Tina Cassidy; check it out!!) and using a Ron Paul for President leaflet I picked up at the gun store as a bookmarker inbetween shooting guns and thinking about how badly I want to go to more births as a doula.

I like that I'm well-rounded.

DRE @ 12 Weeks Old

HISTORY OF THE STAFFORDSHIRE BULL TERRIER

Mankind has enjoyed the faithfulness of the dog by the side for countries. Few dogs desire to please their human masters as mush as the staffordshire bull terrier. Dogs in general have accommodated man and his every whim for generations anything to please the master. Today's Staffordshire Bull Terrier, in mind and body, echoes that sentiment with night and determination.

A SPECIALIST IN BODY AND MIND

before the days of dog shows and the purebred mating of champions, human recognised the merit in dogs that specialise in performing a specific job or task. We bred dogs that could hunt, herd, haul, guard, run, track and perform countless other tasks geared towards making humans lives more comfortable, enjoyable, and manageable. Each dog's anatomy reflected the task tha men set before him. The hunting dog had an insulated coat, a super sensitive nose, a short coupled body, a deep chest and straight, strong legs. The coursing dog had longer legs, a tucked-up abdomen (for speed), a deep chest (for lung capacity), keen eyesight, and a narrow, long muzzle (to slice the wind). The guard dogs were true heavyweights: massive and solidly boned with punishing jaws and nerves of steel.

Understand the Staffordshire Bull Terrier as a pet

required knowledge of the dog's history as a baiting and

fighting dog. No dog matches this breeds devotion to

it's master, in mind and body

The physical characteristics that set apart the staffordshire bull terrier are its impressive musculature, its strongly undershot strong jaws and large teeth, very pronounced cheek muscles, loose shoulders, roach black, low-slung body and long legs that bend in the forequarters. These are the characteristics of a fighting or baiting dog that enable it to perform the tasks that breed indeed all the bull and terrier dogs, were created to tackle. The decree'Go Low, pin and hold!' was in sooth a battle cry! This imposing physique was needed for the dogs to fight one another, as well as dodge and grab an ornery bull with their powerful gripping jaws and hold on to it without being tossed aside!

Baiting a bull, an animal twenty or more times the size of a dog, placed some obvious demands on the dog, its anatomy and temperament. The desired temperament of a bull and terrier dog for baiting was not a vicious, risk-taking daredevil. Instead, the baiting dog required an even-keeled, level-headed, obedient temperament, peppered with patience, indomitable courage and tenacity. The bulldog excelled in the pinning and holding of the bull, but lacked the flexibility required in the dog pit. thus, the smaller bull and terrier dogs were designed to take on this challenge and each other.

The characteristics of a fighting dog still distin

guish the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, including the

pronounced cheek muscles, long legs and loose

shoulders

Image the heart of the dog that willingly undertake such a task for the sake of pleasing his master! Baiting and fighting dogs were not the only kinds of dogs that risked their lives for their human counterparts. Indeed, harding and droving dogs, hunting dogs, and even the smaller terrier risked their lives for the sake of accomplishing their task. Nonetheless, the bloody endeavour of slaying bull overshadows almost any other taskset before dog.

The original fighting types were large, mastiff dogs with heavy, low-slung bodies and powerfully developed heads. Some accounts also descibed the deep, frightening voice of the mastiffs. In appearance, the mastiffs were appalling and frightful. Mastiff dogs yielded not only fighting dogs but also flock guards, scent hounds and other powerful hunters. Consider the size and fearlessness of such modern-day mastiff as Great Pyrenees, Kuvasz, Dogo Argention and Spanish Mastiff. Consider the size and features of the bloodhound, Great Dane,Newfoundland and Polish Hound. All these dogs derive from crosses to these powerful mastiffs of yesteryear.

ORIGINAL PURPOSES OF THE GREAT MASTIFFS

Historians have recorded many impressive duties amongst the purposes of these original mastiffs. Dogs used for war armoured,spiked, and collared became valuable weapons for human strying to defend themselves from t heir enemies. These dogs were not only brave but aggressive and resource full. As early as 2100B.C. dogs were employed for warring purposed. Many famous kings and tribes used dogs to claim their victories. The dogs were trained in combat and were uniformed with impenetrable metal shields and spiked collars to protect them from their foes who carried spears and other primitive weapons.

The American Staffordshire Terrier, shown here,

derived from the Staffordshire Bull Terrier from

crosses to other terriers in the U.S

Spanning the millennia, Hammurabi, Kambyses, Varius and henry VII were among the monarchs that valued dogs in their militia. These dogs were necessarily vicious and trusted no one exept their one master. Appropriately these war dogs were labelled Canis bellicosus.

The great mastiff also assisted man by hunting large, ferocious game. These dog commonly hunted in packs, maintained by the royals, and were used to pursue bison and aurochs in the wild forests. Dogs were also used to track the stag, considered a noble game,as well as the wild boar, the most dangerous of wild game, revered for its ruthless, nasty disposition. The mastiffs worked in conjunction with lighter, swifter dogs that tired the boar before the mighty mastiffs were releases to slay it, many men, dogs and horses were killed by the wild boars fighting for their lives. There are accounts of boar dogs being kept in kennel 6000 dog strong. Today, mastiffs are rarely used for these purposes, but there are still boar hunts in the U.S., Germany and the Czech Republic.

Bear hunting, even more popular today than boar hunting,was also a noble pursuit of the dogs of antiquity. The dogs were required to track the bear, cornerit and keep it occupied until the hunter arrived with their firearms. The bear is highly intelligent creature that could weight much as 350 kgs and could easily outmatch a dog. Mastiffs in India produce the most coloful tale of hunting, including the pursuit of buffalo, leopards, panthers and elephants! Regardless of the actual truth of many of these accounts, the stories underscore the fearless tenacity of these mastiff dogs that the ancestors of our Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

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Top 8 Don’ts

1) Alcohol

2) Sugar (Excluding fruit)

3) Eating out (This is something I reserve for special occasions.)

4) Soda

5) Eating food that comes from a box (Boxed dinners, crackers, cereal, granola bars, etc.)

6) Eating big dinners or a lot of food before bedtime (I know this one can be controversial, again, I’m just telling you what I did to lose weight.)

7) Make excuses

8) Stop once you are at your goal (Keep up the healthy habits)

Top 8 Do’s

1) Make a meal plan for the entire week. Prepare for it and stick to it!

2) Eat plenty of nutritious food: vegetables, protein, fruit. The more “good” food you eat, the less room there will be for you to crave and eat the “bad” food.

3) Exercise. I do at least 150 minutes of cardio a week plus strength training.

4) Take it one day at a time. Break it up into one meal at a time and one workout at a time to make your goal manageable.

5) Record your weight weekly at the same time of the day each week. Personally, I do Friday mornings! (I’ve kept this up during my weight maintenance and it is KEY for me.)

6) Keep motivated. Have daily reminders and a support system of why you want to achieve your goal.

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Here's the formula.

Nothing to do with Jenny Craig, Diet Shakes or anything else. I designed it myself over a long time. It works. There is some austerity involved but it's a myth that you can lose weight without some austerity and regulation.

The level of austerity here is manageable and easy to maintain. This is my exact program. It may sound simple but it took me years to figure out. It's absolutely worth the effort.

Goal and Motivation:

I don't know about you, but I want to be ass-kickingly fit into my 60's. Goals and motivation are obviously important.

I've done the 600 calorie a day diet shake program and it's extremely effective for weight loss. Downsides are that the shakes (especially Optifast shakes) are expensive. You don't have enough energy to perform complex or physically demanding tasks and your food cravings are going to be off the charts. My program is way more manageable and it can be maintained long term. You should shoot for a 10kg weight loss over about 8 weeks.

I add the approximate calories I consume and exercise I do with the corresponding calorie burn. I caution that if you deviate significantly it doesn't work. If you go out and have a big restaurant meal during a 24 hour period your weight will likely increase. Weight loss is all about establishing a routine and replicating it exactly. It's like fine tuning a lens. You do a lot of testing to get the focus absolutely perfect and then you don't change that setting.

Once you adapt to this you will not be suffering or desperate for junk food, random snacks and so on. Don't think misery and austerity; think exhilaration and physical and mental vigor. Don't just think of the destination, embrace the journey.

One of the toughest aspects of this is being aloof from what everyone else is doing or eating. In a family or social environment that can be pretty challenging. Try to fly under the radar but if people want to know never tell them it's about weight loss only: that sounds too vain and cosmetic. Tell them it's a health issue, not a vanity issue.

1. The Golden Rule of losing weight is that you have to weigh yourself and take a fasting blood sugar level every morning when you get up. Buy a day to a page diary and record the results, irrespective of how unpalatable they might be. Hiding from the truth doesn't change the truth and your scales and glucometer won't lie to you or try to flatter you. I've kept digital diaries in Microsoft Word. Trust me, in this regard, the old tech of a pen and paper and a nice traditional diary works best. I tend to make some analytical notes as well if I screw up or if something is particularly effective.

2. I take breakfast at 6am. There is a principle called the 16/8 principle where you eat in an 8 hour window. It's a good strategy and works well. My breakfast is pretty simple: A big bowl of porridge. I make mine with traditional oats (5 star health rating and only $1 for a 1kg bag of the no name supermarket brand which are just as good if not better than Quaker or the other expensive branded oats). I also make them with a little himalayan rock salt, golden or white Quinoa, a sliced banana, some honey, walnuts or almonds added while cooking. It's a complex, to die for oatmeal which beats all your expensive designer muesli brands hands down. If you add some cinnamon it's also a natural blood sugar control item.

Coffee: Most people are going to go crazy without a coffee. I have a Nespresso machine. I use two capsules intensity 12, otherwise the coffee tastes insipid compared to a good barista coffee. I like cappuccino so I make mine with milk. I use a teaspoon of Ovaltine (which I think you can buy anywhere) as my chocolate sprinkle. This is important: you only have one meal a day with significant calories, carbs and discretionary foods like some chocolate taste.

I estimate I consume about 1,000 calories for breakfast.

1-2 hours post breakfast: I swim 1500 meters at about 70% intensity. I'm 62 and I don't think a lot of people my age can do this - maybe 3% of the adult population would be capable of doing a 1500 meter swim. I'm just making the point that if you can manage it, do some form of exercise and preferably vigorous. I think an hour in a gym or on a rowing machine might be the approximate equal. I'm neither a gym junkie or a fitness fanatic but if you're sedentary it's going to be a gradual process to work yourself up to the universally recognized levels of exercise for decent health.

I swim 1500 meters in about 30 minutes. Here's a really cool site which calculates the calories you burn with lots of different exercise. This is a calorie burn of about 500 calories but varies according to the time I take. I'm a strong swimmer but the current world record of 14.31 is simply superhuman.

caloriesburnedhq.com/

Post swim recovery: I usually need something. I take a 150 calorie high quality protein drink. Muscle Milk does the job and is available most places. It's 160 calories and almost no sugar.

www.musclemilk.com/product/muscle-milk-genuine-protein-sh...

Hydration: I drink about 2 liters of water a day.

2PM Meal: I eat something resembling the meal in this photo. I don't always add almonds or have a meal this size unless I'm doing another session in the pool after this meal.

Here's another example: This has avocado, which is a super food but has a fair few calories.

www.flickr.com/photos/mahamantra1/38826817231/in/dateposted/

I would suggest that if you have Type 2 Diabetes or are pre diabetic that you locate Bitter Melon and add it raw to this meal. Don't forget to remove the seeds and pulp. It has natural blood sugar control properties. If you're eating this, a couple of points:

Blueberries are a super food. Not only that, they add a sweet element to this meal. The meal itself is a combination of raw and lightly steamed non starchy vegetables which are highly nutritious, healing and will not cause a massive spike in blood sugar. I usually sprinkle with some black pepper, little Himalayan salt and some non fat Italian salad dressing.

Ok you're finding this too hard:

This meal is super important. It heals and gives your body a rest. It's very low in calories, sugar and carbs and it even tastes great. Still, if you are finding it too austere, give yourself permission to eat something like this on the odd day.

Recipe for Super Pasta:

Buy the best Pasta you can get. In Australia that's Vetta Smart Pasta and boil it as per instructions. You can figure out quantities. I'll just tell you what goes in. It's simple to make this in about 15 minutes.

vettapasta.com.au/vetta-smart-pasta

Steam asparagus and broccoli or broccolini while the pasta is cooking.

You'll need a punnet of cherry tomatoes, cut them in half

You'll also need a can of diced Italian tomatoes, and half a jar of a nice basil pesto.

Once the pasta is cooked and you've added the tomatoes, diced tomatoes, asparagus and broccoli, add some pepper and salt, as well as a little Tobasco if you want some spice.

Finally, add a bag of some dark green leafy vegetable like baby spinach etc. Here's one I recommend in Australia (yes, we have the world's best supermarkets and I've been everywhere).

www.woolworths.com.au/shop/productdetails/638169/woolwort...

It cooks down and makes a delicious, super healthy pasta. Don't eat it every day, because it ups your calorie count. In my case I'm going to follow it with a 1km swim, so weight loss is really about calories in vs calories burnt.

A typical daily adult burns 2500 calories a day. Try to get your calorie intake under 1500, add some intense exercise for at least an hour, and you are going to lose weight.

You may not follow this every day but at least try to achieve some kind of weight loss goal. Take a day and have a healthy pasta or some type of meal that isn't a nutritional disaster. Weight loss is a challenge and if you blow away a lot of

your progress with a session of binge eating it sucks.

Calories afternoon meal = approximately 300 (500 with half an avocado added)

Carrot

Jersey Shore Fightin’ Texas Aggie Ring’s “Coffee NCO” hooked him up with a large corned beef brisket this morning. And by large, Aggie Ring means “large!” It weighed almost exactly 20 pounds. Aggie Ring had never seen a corned beef brisket that weighed more than 4 or 5 pounds.

What with St. Patrick’s Day on the event horizon, Aggie Ring told me, “You know that all of your friends are going to be drinking lots of Guinness and Irish whiskey. People are going to want to snack on something while they get drunk.”

The Aggie Ring decided to make a “big ass” batch of his Irish brown sugar mustard corned beef jerky for the holiday.

Aggie Ring carried the big white cardboard box (with a 4-leaf clover on it) home and cut it open. “Damn.” exclaimed Aggie Ring. “That’s a lot of corned beef brisket.”

Aggie Ring got his sharpest knife out of the knife drawer and sharpened it. He cut off the fat cap, removed most of the silver skin, and separated the top part of the corned beef brisket from the bottom. He then cut the leanest meat from the brisket into “manageable” rectangles, wrapped them in aluminum foil, and put them into the freezer so they could firm up and he could slice them into thin strips.

A few hours later, Aggie Ring removed the firm brisket from the freezer and sliced them into somewhere between 1/8” to 1/4” in thickness.

While the corned beef had been firming up in the freezer, Aggie Ring prepared a marinade. He used a whole container of dijon mustard, brown sugar, red cooking wine, garlic, onion, plenty of freshly cracked black pepper and a number of other spices he had handy.

Aggie Ring’s secret to any marinade is that you have to be able to test it with a spoon before you use it. “If you don’t like the taste of the marinade before it goes on the meat, then the finished product isn’t going to come out well.” says Aggie Ring.

He was particularly pleased with how this marinade came out. The smell was delicious and fragrant. Not to mention, Aggie Ring loved the taste. Aggie Ring poured the marinade all over the sliced corned beef in a large bowl and quietly hummed the Aggie War Hymn as he worked the marinade into the corned beef.

Normally, Aggie Ring would let a regular brisket marinate overnight or even longer. However Aggie Ring said, “We might as well put it in the dehydrator now. The meat’s already “corned.” It’s not going to absorb any more liquid. The mustard’s just to give it a little “kick.”

Aggie Ring put the slices of corned beef onto the dehydrator trays making sure to get plenty of the mustard marinade on each piece.

“Fire her up and we’ll check on it in the early morning.” said Aggie Ring as he stood there smelling the delicious dijon brown sugar mustard marinade on the corned beef as the dehydrator blew the smells all over the house.

#AggieRing

A long planned visit to Leeds to record the church.

Leeds is just off the M20, and nearby to Leeds Castle, which means the roads are often busy. St Nicholas is on the main road leading up the down, but before the road gets narrow as it winds between the timber framed houses. Thankfully there is good parking next door, so we were able to get off the main road and out of the traffic, as unbeknown to us, there was a classical music show on that night, and most of Kent were going and in the process of arriving.

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One of the largest twelfth-century towers in Kent. The arch between tower and nave is of three very plain orders with no hint of the usual zigzag moulding of the period, and is so large that a meeting room has recently been built into it. The nave has three bay aisles and short chapels to north and south of the chancel. The outstanding rood screen was partially reconstructed in 1892, and runs the full width of nave and aisles - with the staircase doorways in the south aisle. That the chancel was rebuilt in the sixteenth century may be seen by the plain sedilia through which is cut one of two hagioscopes from chapels to chancel. The north chapel contains some good seventeenth- and eighteenth-century tablets and monuments. The stained glass shows some excellent examples of the work of Heaton, Butler and Bayne (south aisle) whilst there is an uncharacteristically poor example of the work of C.E. Kempe & Co. Ltd. in the north aisle. The church has recently been reordered to provide a spacious, light and manageable interior with excellent lighting and a welcoming atmosphere without damaging the character of the building.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Leeds

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LEEDS

IS the next parish southward from Hollingborne. Kilburne says, that one Ledian, a chief counsellor to king Ethelbert II. who began his reign in 978, raised a fortress here, which was called in Latin, from him, Ledani Castrum, and in process of time in English, LEEDS. This castle was afterwards demolished by the Danes, and continued in that situation till the time of the Norman conquest.

THE PRESENT CASTLE is situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, adjoining to Bromfield, which includes a part of the castle itself. It is situated in the midst of the park, an ample description of it the reader will find hereafter. The Lenham rivulet takes its course through the park, and having supplied the moat, in which the castle stands, and the several waters in the grounds there, and having received into it the several small streamlets from Hollingborne, and one from the opposite side, which comes from Leeds abbey, it flows on, and at a small distance from Caring street, in this parish, adjoining to Bersted, the principal estate of which name there belongs to the Drapers company, it turns a mill, and then goes on to Maidstone, where it joins the river Medway. The high road from Ashford and Lenham runs close by the outside of the pales of Leeds park, at the northern boundary of the parish next to Hollingborne, and thence goes on towards Bersted and Maidstone, from which the park is distant a little more than five miles; here the soil is a deep sand, but near the river it changes to a black moorish earth. Southward from the castle the ground rises, at about three quarters of a mile south-west from it is Leeds abbey, the front of which is a handsome well-looking building, of the time of queen Elizabeth. It is not unpleasantly situated on a gentle eminence, and is well watered by a small stream which rises just above it, and here turns a mill. It is well cloathed with wood at the back part of it, to which the ground still keeps rising; adjoining to the abbey grounds westward is Leeds-street, a long straggling row of houses, near a mile in length, having the church at the south end of it; here the soil becomes a red unfertile earth much mixed with slints, which continues till it joins to Langley and Otham.

LEEDS was part of those possessions given by William the Conqueror to his half-brother Odo, bishop of Baieux; accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of that prelate's lands, in the survey of Domesday, taken in the year 1080.

Adelold holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Esiedes. It was taxed at three sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and twenty-eight villeins, with eight borderers, having seven carucates. There is a church, and eighteen servants. There are two arpends of vineyard, and eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of twenty bogs, and five mills of the villeins. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth sixteen pounds, the like when be received it, now twenty pounds, and yet it pays twentyfive pounds. Earl Leuuin held it.

Of this manor the abbot of St. Augustine has half a suling, which is worth ten shillings, in exchange of the park of the bishop of Baieux. The earl of Ewe has four denns of this manor, which are worth twenty shillings.

The mention of the two arpends of vineyard in the above survey, is another instance of there having been such in this county in early times, some further observations of which the reader will find in the description of the parish of Chart Sutton, not far distant, and he will likewise observe, that at the above time the bishop of Baieux had a park here, which he acquired by exchange with the abbot of St. Augustine, who must therefore have had possessions here before that time.

On the bishop of Baieux's disgrace, about four years after the taking of the above-mentioned survey, this estate, among the rest of his possessions, became consiscated to the crown.

After which it was granted by king William to the eminent family of Crevequer, called in antient charters Creveceur, and in Latin, De Crepito Corde, who at first made Chatham in this county their seat, or caput baroniæ, i. e. the principal manor of their barony, for some time, until they removed hither, being before frequently written Domini de Cetham.

Robert, son of Hamon de Crevequer, who had probably a grant of Leeds from the Conqueror, appears to have held it of the king, as of his castle of Dover, in capite by barony, their barony, which consisted of five knight's sees, being stiled Baronia de Crevequer . (fn. 1) He erected the castle here, to which he asterwards removed the capital seat of his barony. This castle being environed with water, was frequently mentioned in antient writings by the name of Le Mote. In the north-west part of it he built a chapel, in which he placed three canons, which on his foundation of the priory of Leeds, in the 19th year of king Henry I. he removed thither.

His descendant, Hamon de Crevequer, lived in the reign of king Henry III. in the 19th year of which, he was joined with Walterand Teutonicus, or Teys, in the wardenship of the five ports, and the next year had possession granted to him of the lands of William de Albrincis or Averenches, whose daughter and heir Maud he had married. He died in the 47th year of king Henry III. possessed of the manor of Ledes, held of the king in capite, as belonging to his barony of Chatham; upon which Robert, his grandson, viz. son of Hamon his son, who died in his life-time, succeeded him as his heir, and in the 52d year of that reign, exchanged the manor of Ledes, with its appurtenances, together with a moiety of all his fees, with Roger de Leyburne, for the manors of Trottesclyve and Flete. He lest William de Leyburne, his son and heir, who in the 2d year of king Edward I. had possession granted to him of the manor of Ledes, as well as of the rest of his inheritance, of which Eleanor, countess of Winchester, his father's widow, was not endowed. (fn. 2)

His son, William de Leyborne, observing that the king looked on the strength of this fortress with a jealous eye, in the beginning of king Edward Ist.'s reign reinstated the crown in the possession of both the manor and castle; and the king having, in his 27th year married Margaret, sister of Philip, king of France, he settled them, being then of the clear yearly value of 21l. 6s. 8d. among other premises, as part of her dower. She survived the king her husband, who died in 1307, and in the 5th year of the next reign of king Edward II. by the king's recommendation, appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, a nobleman of great power and eminence, and much in that prince's favor, governor of this castle. (fn. 3) She died possessed of them in the 10th year of that reign; on which they came once more into the hands of the crown, and in the beginning of the next year the king appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, above-mentioned, governor of this castle, as well as of that of Bristol. In the 11th year of that reign, the king granted to him in see, this manor and castle, and the advowson of the priory of Ledes, in exchange for the manor of Addresley, in Shropshire. Being possessed of great possessions, especially in this county, he was usually stiled, the rich lord Badlesmere of Ledes. Being pussed up through ambition and his great wealth, he forgot his allegiance, and associated himself with the earl of Lancaster, and the discontented barons; which the king being well informed of, resolved, if possible, to gain possession of this strong fortress of Ledes: to effect which, under pretence of the queen's going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, she set forward for that city with a large train of attendants, and, with a secret intention of surprising this castle, sent her marshal with others of her servants, to prepare lodging for her and her suit in it. The lord Badlesmere's family, that is, his wife, son, and four daughters, were at that time in it, together with all his treasure, deposited there for safety, under the care of Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, who refused the queen's servants admittance, and on her coming up, peremptorily persisted in denying her or any one entrance, without letters from his lord. The queen, upon this, made some attempt to gain admittance by force, and a skirmish ensued, in which one or more of her attendants were slain, but being repulsed, she was obliged to relinquish her design, and to retire for a lodging elsewhere.

The king, chagrined at the failure of his scheme, and highly resenting the indignity offered to the queen, sent a force under the earls of Pembroke and Richmond, to besiege the castle; (fn. 4) and those within it finding no hopes of relief, for though the lord Badlesmere had induced the barons to endeavours to raise the siege, yet they never advanced nearer than Kingston, yielded it up. Upon which, the lady Badlesmere and her children were sent prisoners to the tower of London, Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, was hung up, and the king took possession of the castle, as well as of all the lord Badlesmere's goods and treasures in it. But by others, Thomas de Aldone is said to have been castellan at this time, and that the castle being taken, he, with the lord Badlesmere's wife, his only son Giles, his daughters, Sir Bartholomew de Burgershe, and his wife, were sent to the tower of London by the king's order; and that afterwards, he caused Walter Colepeper, bailiff of the Seven Hundreds, to be drawn in a pitiable manner at the tails of horses, and to be hung just by this castle; on which Thomas Colepeper, and others, who were with him in Tunbridge castle, hearing of the king's approach, sled to the barons.

After which the lord Badlesmere, being taken prisoner in Yorkshire, was sent to Canterbury, and there drawn and hanged at the gallows of Blean, and his head being cut off, was set on a pole on Burgate, in that city. Upon which the manor and castle of Leeds, became part of the royal revenue and the castle remained in a most ruinous condition till the year 1359, anno 34 Edward III. in which year that munisicent prelate, William of Wickham, was constituted by the king, chief warden and surveyor of his castle of Ledes, among others, (fn. 5) having power to appoint all workmen, to provide materials, and to order every thing with regard to building and repairs; and in those manors to hold leets and other courts of trespass and misdemeanors, and to enquire of the king's liberties and rights; and from his attention to the re-edisying and rebuilding the rest of them, there is little doubt but he restored this of Leeds to a very superior state to whatever it had been before, insomuch, that it induced king Richard to visit it several times, particularly in his 19th year, in which several of his instruments were dated at his castle of Ledes; and it appears to have been at that time accounted a fortress of some strength, for in the beginning of the next reign, that unfortunate prince was, by order of king Henry IV. sent prisoner to this castle; and that king himself resided here part of the month of April in his 2d year.

After which, archbishop Arundel, whose mind was by no means inferior to his high birth, procured a grant of this castle, where he frequently resided and kept his court, whilst the process against the lord Cobham was carrying forward, and some of his instruments were dated from his castle of Ledes in the year 1413, being the year in which he died. On his death it reverted again to the crown, and became accounted as one of the king's houses, many of the principal gentry of the county being instrusted with the custody of it:

In the 7th year of king Henry V. Joane of Navarre, the second queen of the late king Henry IV. being accused of conspiring against the life of the king, her son-in-law, was committed to Leeds-castle, there to remain during the king's pleasure; and being afterwards ordered into Sir John Pelham's custody, he removed her to the castle of Pevensey, in Sussex.

In the 18th year of king Henry VI. archbishop Chichele sat at the king's castle of Leeds, in the process against Eleanor, duchess of Gloucester, for forcery and witchcrast.

King Edward IV. in his 11th year, made Ralph St. Leger, esq. of Ulcomb, who had served the office of sheriff of this county three years before, constable of this castle for life, and annexed one of the parks as a farther emolument to that office. He died that year, and was buried with his ancestors at Ulcomb.

Sir Thomas Bourchier resided at Leeds castle in the 1st year of king Richard III. in which year he had commission, among others of the principal gentry of this county, to receive the oaths of allegiance to king Richard, of the inhabitants of the several parts of Kent therein mentioned; in which year, the king confirmed the liberties of Leeds priory, in recompence of twentyfour acres of land in Bromfield, granted for the enlargement of his park of Ledes.

In the 4th year of king Henry VIII. Henry Guildford, esq. had a grant of the office of constable of Leeds castle, and of the parkership of it; and in the 12th year of that reign, he had a grant of the custody of the manor of Leeds, with sundry perquisities, for forty years. He died in the 23d year of that reign, having re-edisied great part of the castle, at the king's no small charge.

But the fee simple of the manor and castle of Leeds remained in the hands of the crown, till Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted them, with their appurtenances in the parishes of Leeds, Langley, and Sutton, to Sir Anthony St. Leger, lord deputy of Ireland, to hold in capite by knight's service.

His son, Sir Warham St. Leger, succeeded him in this manor and castle, and was afterwards chief governor of Munster, in Ireland, in which province he was unfortunately slain in 1599, (fn. 6) but before his death he alienated this manor and castle to Sir Richard Smyth, fourth son of Thomas Smyth, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called Customer Smyth.

Sir Richard Smyth resided at Leeds castle, of which he died possessed in 1628, and was buried in Ashford church, where there is a costly monument erected to his memory.

Sir John Smith, his only son, succeeded his father, and resided at Leeds castle, and dying s. p. in 1632, was buried in this church; upon which his two sisters, Alice, wife of Sir Timothy Thornhill, and Mary, of Maurice Barrow, esq. became his coheirs, and entitled their respective husbands to the property of this manor and castle, which they afterwards joined in the sale of to Sir T. Culpeper, of Hollingborne, who settled this estate, after his purchase of it, on his eldest son Cheney Culpeper, remainder to his two other sons, Francis and Thomas. Cheney Culpeper, esq. resided at Leedscastle for some time, till at length persuading his brother Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, (then his only surviving brother, Francis being dead. s. p.) to cut off the entail of this estate, he alienated it to his cousin Sir John Colepeper, lord Colepeper, only son of Sir John Culpeper, of Wigsell, in Sussex, whose younger brother Francis was of Greenway-court, in Hollingborne, and was father of Sir Thomas Culpeper, the purchaser of this estate as before-mentioned.

Sir John Colepeper represented this county in parliament in the 16th year of king Charles I. and being a person, who by his abilities had raised himself much in the king's favor, was made of his privy council, and chancellor of the exchequer, afterwards master of the rolls, and governor of the Isle of Wight. During the troubles of that monarch, he continued stedfast to the royal cause, and as a reward for his services, was in 1644 created lord Colepeper, baron of Thoresway, in Lincolnshire.

After the king's death he continued abroad with king Charles II. in his exile. During his absence, Leeds-castle seems to have been in the possession of the usurping powers, and to have been made use of by them, for the assembling of their committee men and sequestrators, and for a receptacle to imprison the ejected ministers, for in 1652, all his estates had been declared by parliament forfeited, for treason against the state. He died in 1660, a few weeks only after the restoration, and was buried at Hollingborne. He bore for his arms, Argent, a bend ingrailed gules, the antient bearing of this family; he left by his second wife Judith, daughter of Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, several children, of whom Thomas was his successor in title and estates, and died without male issue as will be mentioned hereafter, John succeeded his brother in the title, and died in 1719 s. p. and Cheney succeeded his brother in the title, and died at his residence of Hoston St. John, in 1725, s. p. likewise, by which the title became extinct; they all, with the rest of the branch of the family, lie buried at Hollingborne. Thomas, lord Colepeper, the eldest son, succeeded his father in title, and in this manor and castle, where he resided, and having married Margaret, daughter of Signior Jean de Hesse, of a noble family in Germany, he left by her a sole daughter and heir Catherine, who intitled her husband Thomas, lord Fairfax, of Cameron, in Scotland, to this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood.

The family of Fairfax appear by old evidences in the hands of the family to have been in possession of lands in Yorkshire near six hundred years ago. Richard Fairfax was possessed of lands in that county in the reign of king John, whose grandson William Fairfax in the time of king Henry III. purchased the manor of Walton, in the West Riding, where he and his successors resided for many generations afterwards, and from whom descended the Fairfax's, of Walton and Gilling, in Yorkshire; of whom, Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Gilling, was created viscount Fairfax, of the kingdom of Ireland, which title became extinct in 1772; and from a younger branch of them descended Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, who lived in queen Elizabeth's reign, and changed the original field of his coat armour from argent to or, bearing for his arms, Or, 3 bars gemelles, gules, surmounted of a lion rampant, sable, crown'd, of the first, and was father of Sir. T. Fairfax, who was, for his services to James and Charles I. created in 1627 lord Fairfax, baron of Cameron, in Scotland. He died in 1640, having had ten sons and two daughters; of whom, Ferdinando was his successor; Henry was rector of Bolton Percy, and had two sons, Henry, who became lord Fairfax, and Bryan, who was ancestor of Bryan Fairfax, late commissioner of the customs; and colonel Charles Fairfax, of Menston, was the noted antiquary, whose issue settled there.

Ferdinando, the second lord Fairfax, in the civil wars of king Charles I. was made general of the parliamentary forces, and died at York in 1646. His son, Sir Thomas Fairfax, succeeded him as lord Fairfax, and in all his posts under the parliament, and was that famous general so noted in English history during the civil wars, being made commander in chief of all the parliamentary forces; but at last he grew so weary of the distress and confusion which his former actions had brought upon his unhappy country, that he heartily concurred in the restoration of king Charles II. After which he retired to his seat at Bilborough, in Yorkshire, where he died in 1671, and was buried there, leaving by Anne, daughter and coheir of Horatio, lord Vere of Tilbury, a truly loyal and virtuous lady, an only daughter; upon which the title devolved to Henry Fairfax, esq. of Oglesthorpe, in Yorkshire, his first cousin, eldest son of Henry, rector of Bolton Percy, the second son of Thomas, the first lord Fairfax. Henry, lord Fairfax, died in 1680, and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, fifth lord Fairfax, who was bred to a military life, and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. He represented Yorkshire in several parliaments and marrying Catherine, daughter and heir of Thomas, lord Colepeper, possessed, in her right this manor and castle, and other large possessions, as before-mentioned. (fn. 7)

He died possessed of them in 1710, leaving three sons and four daughters, Thomas, who succeeded him as lord Fairfax; Henry Culpeper, who died unmarried, in 1734; and Robert, of whom hereafter. Of the daughters, Margaret married David Wilkins, D. D. and prebendary of Canterbury, and Francis married Denny Martin, esq. Thomas, lord Fairfax, the son, resided at Leeds-castle till his quitting England, to reside on his great possessions in Virginia, where he continued to the time of his death. On his departure from England, he gave up the possession of this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood, to his only surviving brother, the hon. Robert Fairfax, who afterwards resided at Leeds-castle, and on his brother's death unmarried, in 1782, succeeded to the title of lord Fairfax. He was at first bred to a military life, but becoming possessed of Leeds castle, he retired there, and afterwards twice served in parliament for the town of Maidstoue, as he did afterwards in two successive parliaments for this county. He was twice married; first to Marsha, daughter and coheir of Anthony Collins, esq. of Baddow, in Essex, by whom he had one son, who died an instant; and, secondly, to one of the daughters of Thomas Best, esq. of Chatham, who died s. p. in 1750. Lord Fairfax dying s. p. in 1793, this castle and manor, with the rest of his estates in this county, came to his nephew the Rev. Denny Martin, the eldest son of his sister Frances, by Denny Martin, esq. of Loose, who had before his uncle's death been created D. D. and had, with the royal licence, assumed the name and arms of Fairfax. Dr. Fairfax is the present possessor of this manor and castle, and resides here, being at present unmarried.

A court leet and court baron is held for the manor of Leeds, at which three borsholders are appointed. It is divided into six divisions, or yokes as they are called, viz. Church-yoke, Ferinland-yoke, Mill-yoke, Russerken-yoke, Stockwell-yoke, and Lees-yoke.

A long planned visit to Leeds to record the church.

Leeds is just off the M20, and nearby to Leeds Castle, which means the roads are often busy. St Nicholas is on the main road leading up the down, but before the road gets narrow as it winds between the timber framed houses. Thankfully there is good parking next door, so we were able to get off the main road and out of the traffic, as unbeknown to us, there was a classical music show on that night, and most of Kent were going and in the process of arriving.

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One of the largest twelfth-century towers in Kent. The arch between tower and nave is of three very plain orders with no hint of the usual zigzag moulding of the period, and is so large that a meeting room has recently been built into it. The nave has three bay aisles and short chapels to north and south of the chancel. The outstanding rood screen was partially reconstructed in 1892, and runs the full width of nave and aisles - with the staircase doorways in the south aisle. That the chancel was rebuilt in the sixteenth century may be seen by the plain sedilia through which is cut one of two hagioscopes from chapels to chancel. The north chapel contains some good seventeenth- and eighteenth-century tablets and monuments. The stained glass shows some excellent examples of the work of Heaton, Butler and Bayne (south aisle) whilst there is an uncharacteristically poor example of the work of C.E. Kempe & Co. Ltd. in the north aisle. The church has recently been reordered to provide a spacious, light and manageable interior with excellent lighting and a welcoming atmosphere without damaging the character of the building.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Leeds

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LEEDS

IS the next parish southward from Hollingborne. Kilburne says, that one Ledian, a chief counsellor to king Ethelbert II. who began his reign in 978, raised a fortress here, which was called in Latin, from him, Ledani Castrum, and in process of time in English, LEEDS. This castle was afterwards demolished by the Danes, and continued in that situation till the time of the Norman conquest.

THE PRESENT CASTLE is situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, adjoining to Bromfield, which includes a part of the castle itself. It is situated in the midst of the park, an ample description of it the reader will find hereafter. The Lenham rivulet takes its course through the park, and having supplied the moat, in which the castle stands, and the several waters in the grounds there, and having received into it the several small streamlets from Hollingborne, and one from the opposite side, which comes from Leeds abbey, it flows on, and at a small distance from Caring street, in this parish, adjoining to Bersted, the principal estate of which name there belongs to the Drapers company, it turns a mill, and then goes on to Maidstone, where it joins the river Medway. The high road from Ashford and Lenham runs close by the outside of the pales of Leeds park, at the northern boundary of the parish next to Hollingborne, and thence goes on towards Bersted and Maidstone, from which the park is distant a little more than five miles; here the soil is a deep sand, but near the river it changes to a black moorish earth. Southward from the castle the ground rises, at about three quarters of a mile south-west from it is Leeds abbey, the front of which is a handsome well-looking building, of the time of queen Elizabeth. It is not unpleasantly situated on a gentle eminence, and is well watered by a small stream which rises just above it, and here turns a mill. It is well cloathed with wood at the back part of it, to which the ground still keeps rising; adjoining to the abbey grounds westward is Leeds-street, a long straggling row of houses, near a mile in length, having the church at the south end of it; here the soil becomes a red unfertile earth much mixed with slints, which continues till it joins to Langley and Otham.

LEEDS was part of those possessions given by William the Conqueror to his half-brother Odo, bishop of Baieux; accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of that prelate's lands, in the survey of Domesday, taken in the year 1080.

Adelold holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Esiedes. It was taxed at three sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and twenty-eight villeins, with eight borderers, having seven carucates. There is a church, and eighteen servants. There are two arpends of vineyard, and eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of twenty bogs, and five mills of the villeins. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth sixteen pounds, the like when be received it, now twenty pounds, and yet it pays twentyfive pounds. Earl Leuuin held it.

Of this manor the abbot of St. Augustine has half a suling, which is worth ten shillings, in exchange of the park of the bishop of Baieux. The earl of Ewe has four denns of this manor, which are worth twenty shillings.

The mention of the two arpends of vineyard in the above survey, is another instance of there having been such in this county in early times, some further observations of which the reader will find in the description of the parish of Chart Sutton, not far distant, and he will likewise observe, that at the above time the bishop of Baieux had a park here, which he acquired by exchange with the abbot of St. Augustine, who must therefore have had possessions here before that time.

On the bishop of Baieux's disgrace, about four years after the taking of the above-mentioned survey, this estate, among the rest of his possessions, became consiscated to the crown.

After which it was granted by king William to the eminent family of Crevequer, called in antient charters Creveceur, and in Latin, De Crepito Corde, who at first made Chatham in this county their seat, or caput baroniæ, i. e. the principal manor of their barony, for some time, until they removed hither, being before frequently written Domini de Cetham.

Robert, son of Hamon de Crevequer, who had probably a grant of Leeds from the Conqueror, appears to have held it of the king, as of his castle of Dover, in capite by barony, their barony, which consisted of five knight's sees, being stiled Baronia de Crevequer . (fn. 1) He erected the castle here, to which he asterwards removed the capital seat of his barony. This castle being environed with water, was frequently mentioned in antient writings by the name of Le Mote. In the north-west part of it he built a chapel, in which he placed three canons, which on his foundation of the priory of Leeds, in the 19th year of king Henry I. he removed thither.

His descendant, Hamon de Crevequer, lived in the reign of king Henry III. in the 19th year of which, he was joined with Walterand Teutonicus, or Teys, in the wardenship of the five ports, and the next year had possession granted to him of the lands of William de Albrincis or Averenches, whose daughter and heir Maud he had married. He died in the 47th year of king Henry III. possessed of the manor of Ledes, held of the king in capite, as belonging to his barony of Chatham; upon which Robert, his grandson, viz. son of Hamon his son, who died in his life-time, succeeded him as his heir, and in the 52d year of that reign, exchanged the manor of Ledes, with its appurtenances, together with a moiety of all his fees, with Roger de Leyburne, for the manors of Trottesclyve and Flete. He lest William de Leyburne, his son and heir, who in the 2d year of king Edward I. had possession granted to him of the manor of Ledes, as well as of the rest of his inheritance, of which Eleanor, countess of Winchester, his father's widow, was not endowed. (fn. 2)

His son, William de Leyborne, observing that the king looked on the strength of this fortress with a jealous eye, in the beginning of king Edward Ist.'s reign reinstated the crown in the possession of both the manor and castle; and the king having, in his 27th year married Margaret, sister of Philip, king of France, he settled them, being then of the clear yearly value of 21l. 6s. 8d. among other premises, as part of her dower. She survived the king her husband, who died in 1307, and in the 5th year of the next reign of king Edward II. by the king's recommendation, appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, a nobleman of great power and eminence, and much in that prince's favor, governor of this castle. (fn. 3) She died possessed of them in the 10th year of that reign; on which they came once more into the hands of the crown, and in the beginning of the next year the king appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, above-mentioned, governor of this castle, as well as of that of Bristol. In the 11th year of that reign, the king granted to him in see, this manor and castle, and the advowson of the priory of Ledes, in exchange for the manor of Addresley, in Shropshire. Being possessed of great possessions, especially in this county, he was usually stiled, the rich lord Badlesmere of Ledes. Being pussed up through ambition and his great wealth, he forgot his allegiance, and associated himself with the earl of Lancaster, and the discontented barons; which the king being well informed of, resolved, if possible, to gain possession of this strong fortress of Ledes: to effect which, under pretence of the queen's going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, she set forward for that city with a large train of attendants, and, with a secret intention of surprising this castle, sent her marshal with others of her servants, to prepare lodging for her and her suit in it. The lord Badlesmere's family, that is, his wife, son, and four daughters, were at that time in it, together with all his treasure, deposited there for safety, under the care of Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, who refused the queen's servants admittance, and on her coming up, peremptorily persisted in denying her or any one entrance, without letters from his lord. The queen, upon this, made some attempt to gain admittance by force, and a skirmish ensued, in which one or more of her attendants were slain, but being repulsed, she was obliged to relinquish her design, and to retire for a lodging elsewhere.

The king, chagrined at the failure of his scheme, and highly resenting the indignity offered to the queen, sent a force under the earls of Pembroke and Richmond, to besiege the castle; (fn. 4) and those within it finding no hopes of relief, for though the lord Badlesmere had induced the barons to endeavours to raise the siege, yet they never advanced nearer than Kingston, yielded it up. Upon which, the lady Badlesmere and her children were sent prisoners to the tower of London, Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, was hung up, and the king took possession of the castle, as well as of all the lord Badlesmere's goods and treasures in it. But by others, Thomas de Aldone is said to have been castellan at this time, and that the castle being taken, he, with the lord Badlesmere's wife, his only son Giles, his daughters, Sir Bartholomew de Burgershe, and his wife, were sent to the tower of London by the king's order; and that afterwards, he caused Walter Colepeper, bailiff of the Seven Hundreds, to be drawn in a pitiable manner at the tails of horses, and to be hung just by this castle; on which Thomas Colepeper, and others, who were with him in Tunbridge castle, hearing of the king's approach, sled to the barons.

After which the lord Badlesmere, being taken prisoner in Yorkshire, was sent to Canterbury, and there drawn and hanged at the gallows of Blean, and his head being cut off, was set on a pole on Burgate, in that city. Upon which the manor and castle of Leeds, became part of the royal revenue and the castle remained in a most ruinous condition till the year 1359, anno 34 Edward III. in which year that munisicent prelate, William of Wickham, was constituted by the king, chief warden and surveyor of his castle of Ledes, among others, (fn. 5) having power to appoint all workmen, to provide materials, and to order every thing with regard to building and repairs; and in those manors to hold leets and other courts of trespass and misdemeanors, and to enquire of the king's liberties and rights; and from his attention to the re-edisying and rebuilding the rest of them, there is little doubt but he restored this of Leeds to a very superior state to whatever it had been before, insomuch, that it induced king Richard to visit it several times, particularly in his 19th year, in which several of his instruments were dated at his castle of Ledes; and it appears to have been at that time accounted a fortress of some strength, for in the beginning of the next reign, that unfortunate prince was, by order of king Henry IV. sent prisoner to this castle; and that king himself resided here part of the month of April in his 2d year.

After which, archbishop Arundel, whose mind was by no means inferior to his high birth, procured a grant of this castle, where he frequently resided and kept his court, whilst the process against the lord Cobham was carrying forward, and some of his instruments were dated from his castle of Ledes in the year 1413, being the year in which he died. On his death it reverted again to the crown, and became accounted as one of the king's houses, many of the principal gentry of the county being instrusted with the custody of it:

In the 7th year of king Henry V. Joane of Navarre, the second queen of the late king Henry IV. being accused of conspiring against the life of the king, her son-in-law, was committed to Leeds-castle, there to remain during the king's pleasure; and being afterwards ordered into Sir John Pelham's custody, he removed her to the castle of Pevensey, in Sussex.

In the 18th year of king Henry VI. archbishop Chichele sat at the king's castle of Leeds, in the process against Eleanor, duchess of Gloucester, for forcery and witchcrast.

King Edward IV. in his 11th year, made Ralph St. Leger, esq. of Ulcomb, who had served the office of sheriff of this county three years before, constable of this castle for life, and annexed one of the parks as a farther emolument to that office. He died that year, and was buried with his ancestors at Ulcomb.

Sir Thomas Bourchier resided at Leeds castle in the 1st year of king Richard III. in which year he had commission, among others of the principal gentry of this county, to receive the oaths of allegiance to king Richard, of the inhabitants of the several parts of Kent therein mentioned; in which year, the king confirmed the liberties of Leeds priory, in recompence of twentyfour acres of land in Bromfield, granted for the enlargement of his park of Ledes.

In the 4th year of king Henry VIII. Henry Guildford, esq. had a grant of the office of constable of Leeds castle, and of the parkership of it; and in the 12th year of that reign, he had a grant of the custody of the manor of Leeds, with sundry perquisities, for forty years. He died in the 23d year of that reign, having re-edisied great part of the castle, at the king's no small charge.

But the fee simple of the manor and castle of Leeds remained in the hands of the crown, till Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted them, with their appurtenances in the parishes of Leeds, Langley, and Sutton, to Sir Anthony St. Leger, lord deputy of Ireland, to hold in capite by knight's service.

His son, Sir Warham St. Leger, succeeded him in this manor and castle, and was afterwards chief governor of Munster, in Ireland, in which province he was unfortunately slain in 1599, (fn. 6) but before his death he alienated this manor and castle to Sir Richard Smyth, fourth son of Thomas Smyth, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called Customer Smyth.

Sir Richard Smyth resided at Leeds castle, of which he died possessed in 1628, and was buried in Ashford church, where there is a costly monument erected to his memory.

Sir John Smith, his only son, succeeded his father, and resided at Leeds castle, and dying s. p. in 1632, was buried in this church; upon which his two sisters, Alice, wife of Sir Timothy Thornhill, and Mary, of Maurice Barrow, esq. became his coheirs, and entitled their respective husbands to the property of this manor and castle, which they afterwards joined in the sale of to Sir T. Culpeper, of Hollingborne, who settled this estate, after his purchase of it, on his eldest son Cheney Culpeper, remainder to his two other sons, Francis and Thomas. Cheney Culpeper, esq. resided at Leedscastle for some time, till at length persuading his brother Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, (then his only surviving brother, Francis being dead. s. p.) to cut off the entail of this estate, he alienated it to his cousin Sir John Colepeper, lord Colepeper, only son of Sir John Culpeper, of Wigsell, in Sussex, whose younger brother Francis was of Greenway-court, in Hollingborne, and was father of Sir Thomas Culpeper, the purchaser of this estate as before-mentioned.

Sir John Colepeper represented this county in parliament in the 16th year of king Charles I. and being a person, who by his abilities had raised himself much in the king's favor, was made of his privy council, and chancellor of the exchequer, afterwards master of the rolls, and governor of the Isle of Wight. During the troubles of that monarch, he continued stedfast to the royal cause, and as a reward for his services, was in 1644 created lord Colepeper, baron of Thoresway, in Lincolnshire.

After the king's death he continued abroad with king Charles II. in his exile. During his absence, Leeds-castle seems to have been in the possession of the usurping powers, and to have been made use of by them, for the assembling of their committee men and sequestrators, and for a receptacle to imprison the ejected ministers, for in 1652, all his estates had been declared by parliament forfeited, for treason against the state. He died in 1660, a few weeks only after the restoration, and was buried at Hollingborne. He bore for his arms, Argent, a bend ingrailed gules, the antient bearing of this family; he left by his second wife Judith, daughter of Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, several children, of whom Thomas was his successor in title and estates, and died without male issue as will be mentioned hereafter, John succeeded his brother in the title, and died in 1719 s. p. and Cheney succeeded his brother in the title, and died at his residence of Hoston St. John, in 1725, s. p. likewise, by which the title became extinct; they all, with the rest of the branch of the family, lie buried at Hollingborne. Thomas, lord Colepeper, the eldest son, succeeded his father in title, and in this manor and castle, where he resided, and having married Margaret, daughter of Signior Jean de Hesse, of a noble family in Germany, he left by her a sole daughter and heir Catherine, who intitled her husband Thomas, lord Fairfax, of Cameron, in Scotland, to this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood.

The family of Fairfax appear by old evidences in the hands of the family to have been in possession of lands in Yorkshire near six hundred years ago. Richard Fairfax was possessed of lands in that county in the reign of king John, whose grandson William Fairfax in the time of king Henry III. purchased the manor of Walton, in the West Riding, where he and his successors resided for many generations afterwards, and from whom descended the Fairfax's, of Walton and Gilling, in Yorkshire; of whom, Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Gilling, was created viscount Fairfax, of the kingdom of Ireland, which title became extinct in 1772; and from a younger branch of them descended Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, who lived in queen Elizabeth's reign, and changed the original field of his coat armour from argent to or, bearing for his arms, Or, 3 bars gemelles, gules, surmounted of a lion rampant, sable, crown'd, of the first, and was father of Sir. T. Fairfax, who was, for his services to James and Charles I. created in 1627 lord Fairfax, baron of Cameron, in Scotland. He died in 1640, having had ten sons and two daughters; of whom, Ferdinando was his successor; Henry was rector of Bolton Percy, and had two sons, Henry, who became lord Fairfax, and Bryan, who was ancestor of Bryan Fairfax, late commissioner of the customs; and colonel Charles Fairfax, of Menston, was the noted antiquary, whose issue settled there.

Ferdinando, the second lord Fairfax, in the civil wars of king Charles I. was made general of the parliamentary forces, and died at York in 1646. His son, Sir Thomas Fairfax, succeeded him as lord Fairfax, and in all his posts under the parliament, and was that famous general so noted in English history during the civil wars, being made commander in chief of all the parliamentary forces; but at last he grew so weary of the distress and confusion which his former actions had brought upon his unhappy country, that he heartily concurred in the restoration of king Charles II. After which he retired to his seat at Bilborough, in Yorkshire, where he died in 1671, and was buried there, leaving by Anne, daughter and coheir of Horatio, lord Vere of Tilbury, a truly loyal and virtuous lady, an only daughter; upon which the title devolved to Henry Fairfax, esq. of Oglesthorpe, in Yorkshire, his first cousin, eldest son of Henry, rector of Bolton Percy, the second son of Thomas, the first lord Fairfax. Henry, lord Fairfax, died in 1680, and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, fifth lord Fairfax, who was bred to a military life, and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. He represented Yorkshire in several parliaments and marrying Catherine, daughter and heir of Thomas, lord Colepeper, possessed, in her right this manor and castle, and other large possessions, as before-mentioned. (fn. 7)

He died possessed of them in 1710, leaving three sons and four daughters, Thomas, who succeeded him as lord Fairfax; Henry Culpeper, who died unmarried, in 1734; and Robert, of whom hereafter. Of the daughters, Margaret married David Wilkins, D. D. and prebendary of Canterbury, and Francis married Denny Martin, esq. Thomas, lord Fairfax, the son, resided at Leeds-castle till his quitting England, to reside on his great possessions in Virginia, where he continued to the time of his death. On his departure from England, he gave up the possession of this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood, to his only surviving brother, the hon. Robert Fairfax, who afterwards resided at Leeds-castle, and on his brother's death unmarried, in 1782, succeeded to the title of lord Fairfax. He was at first bred to a military life, but becoming possessed of Leeds castle, he retired there, and afterwards twice served in parliament for the town of Maidstoue, as he did afterwards in two successive parliaments for this county. He was twice married; first to Marsha, daughter and coheir of Anthony Collins, esq. of Baddow, in Essex, by whom he had one son, who died an instant; and, secondly, to one of the daughters of Thomas Best, esq. of Chatham, who died s. p. in 1750. Lord Fairfax dying s. p. in 1793, this castle and manor, with the rest of his estates in this county, came to his nephew the Rev. Denny Martin, the eldest son of his sister Frances, by Denny Martin, esq. of Loose, who had before his uncle's death been created D. D. and had, with the royal licence, assumed the name and arms of Fairfax. Dr. Fairfax is the present possessor of this manor and castle, and resides here, being at present unmarried.

A court leet and court baron is held for the manor of Leeds, at which three borsholders are appointed. It is divided into six divisions, or yokes as they are called, viz. Church-yoke, Ferinland-yoke, Mill-yoke, Russerken-yoke, Stockwell-yoke, and Lees-yoke.

A long planned visit to Leeds to record the church.

Leeds is just off the M20, and nearby to Leeds Castle, which means the roads are often busy. St Nicholas is on the main road leading up the down, but before the road gets narrow as it winds between the timber framed houses. Thankfully there is good parking next door, so we were able to get off the main road and out of the traffic, as unbeknown to us, there was a classical music show on that night, and most of Kent were going and in the process of arriving.

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One of the largest twelfth-century towers in Kent. The arch between tower and nave is of three very plain orders with no hint of the usual zigzag moulding of the period, and is so large that a meeting room has recently been built into it. The nave has three bay aisles and short chapels to north and south of the chancel. The outstanding rood screen was partially reconstructed in 1892, and runs the full width of nave and aisles - with the staircase doorways in the south aisle. That the chancel was rebuilt in the sixteenth century may be seen by the plain sedilia through which is cut one of two hagioscopes from chapels to chancel. The north chapel contains some good seventeenth- and eighteenth-century tablets and monuments. The stained glass shows some excellent examples of the work of Heaton, Butler and Bayne (south aisle) whilst there is an uncharacteristically poor example of the work of C.E. Kempe & Co. Ltd. in the north aisle. The church has recently been reordered to provide a spacious, light and manageable interior with excellent lighting and a welcoming atmosphere without damaging the character of the building.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Leeds

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LEEDS

IS the next parish southward from Hollingborne. Kilburne says, that one Ledian, a chief counsellor to king Ethelbert II. who began his reign in 978, raised a fortress here, which was called in Latin, from him, Ledani Castrum, and in process of time in English, LEEDS. This castle was afterwards demolished by the Danes, and continued in that situation till the time of the Norman conquest.

THE PRESENT CASTLE is situated at the southeast boundary of this parish, adjoining to Bromfield, which includes a part of the castle itself. It is situated in the midst of the park, an ample description of it the reader will find hereafter. The Lenham rivulet takes its course through the park, and having supplied the moat, in which the castle stands, and the several waters in the grounds there, and having received into it the several small streamlets from Hollingborne, and one from the opposite side, which comes from Leeds abbey, it flows on, and at a small distance from Caring street, in this parish, adjoining to Bersted, the principal estate of which name there belongs to the Drapers company, it turns a mill, and then goes on to Maidstone, where it joins the river Medway. The high road from Ashford and Lenham runs close by the outside of the pales of Leeds park, at the northern boundary of the parish next to Hollingborne, and thence goes on towards Bersted and Maidstone, from which the park is distant a little more than five miles; here the soil is a deep sand, but near the river it changes to a black moorish earth. Southward from the castle the ground rises, at about three quarters of a mile south-west from it is Leeds abbey, the front of which is a handsome well-looking building, of the time of queen Elizabeth. It is not unpleasantly situated on a gentle eminence, and is well watered by a small stream which rises just above it, and here turns a mill. It is well cloathed with wood at the back part of it, to which the ground still keeps rising; adjoining to the abbey grounds westward is Leeds-street, a long straggling row of houses, near a mile in length, having the church at the south end of it; here the soil becomes a red unfertile earth much mixed with slints, which continues till it joins to Langley and Otham.

LEEDS was part of those possessions given by William the Conqueror to his half-brother Odo, bishop of Baieux; accordingly it is thus entered, under the general title of that prelate's lands, in the survey of Domesday, taken in the year 1080.

Adelold holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Esiedes. It was taxed at three sulings. The arable land is twelve carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and twenty-eight villeins, with eight borderers, having seven carucates. There is a church, and eighteen servants. There are two arpends of vineyard, and eight acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of twenty bogs, and five mills of the villeins. In the time of king Edward the Confessor, it was worth sixteen pounds, the like when be received it, now twenty pounds, and yet it pays twentyfive pounds. Earl Leuuin held it.

Of this manor the abbot of St. Augustine has half a suling, which is worth ten shillings, in exchange of the park of the bishop of Baieux. The earl of Ewe has four denns of this manor, which are worth twenty shillings.

The mention of the two arpends of vineyard in the above survey, is another instance of there having been such in this county in early times, some further observations of which the reader will find in the description of the parish of Chart Sutton, not far distant, and he will likewise observe, that at the above time the bishop of Baieux had a park here, which he acquired by exchange with the abbot of St. Augustine, who must therefore have had possessions here before that time.

On the bishop of Baieux's disgrace, about four years after the taking of the above-mentioned survey, this estate, among the rest of his possessions, became consiscated to the crown.

After which it was granted by king William to the eminent family of Crevequer, called in antient charters Creveceur, and in Latin, De Crepito Corde, who at first made Chatham in this county their seat, or caput baroniæ, i. e. the principal manor of their barony, for some time, until they removed hither, being before frequently written Domini de Cetham.

Robert, son of Hamon de Crevequer, who had probably a grant of Leeds from the Conqueror, appears to have held it of the king, as of his castle of Dover, in capite by barony, their barony, which consisted of five knight's sees, being stiled Baronia de Crevequer . (fn. 1) He erected the castle here, to which he asterwards removed the capital seat of his barony. This castle being environed with water, was frequently mentioned in antient writings by the name of Le Mote. In the north-west part of it he built a chapel, in which he placed three canons, which on his foundation of the priory of Leeds, in the 19th year of king Henry I. he removed thither.

His descendant, Hamon de Crevequer, lived in the reign of king Henry III. in the 19th year of which, he was joined with Walterand Teutonicus, or Teys, in the wardenship of the five ports, and the next year had possession granted to him of the lands of William de Albrincis or Averenches, whose daughter and heir Maud he had married. He died in the 47th year of king Henry III. possessed of the manor of Ledes, held of the king in capite, as belonging to his barony of Chatham; upon which Robert, his grandson, viz. son of Hamon his son, who died in his life-time, succeeded him as his heir, and in the 52d year of that reign, exchanged the manor of Ledes, with its appurtenances, together with a moiety of all his fees, with Roger de Leyburne, for the manors of Trottesclyve and Flete. He lest William de Leyburne, his son and heir, who in the 2d year of king Edward I. had possession granted to him of the manor of Ledes, as well as of the rest of his inheritance, of which Eleanor, countess of Winchester, his father's widow, was not endowed. (fn. 2)

His son, William de Leyborne, observing that the king looked on the strength of this fortress with a jealous eye, in the beginning of king Edward Ist.'s reign reinstated the crown in the possession of both the manor and castle; and the king having, in his 27th year married Margaret, sister of Philip, king of France, he settled them, being then of the clear yearly value of 21l. 6s. 8d. among other premises, as part of her dower. She survived the king her husband, who died in 1307, and in the 5th year of the next reign of king Edward II. by the king's recommendation, appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, a nobleman of great power and eminence, and much in that prince's favor, governor of this castle. (fn. 3) She died possessed of them in the 10th year of that reign; on which they came once more into the hands of the crown, and in the beginning of the next year the king appointed Bartholomew de Badlesmere, above-mentioned, governor of this castle, as well as of that of Bristol. In the 11th year of that reign, the king granted to him in see, this manor and castle, and the advowson of the priory of Ledes, in exchange for the manor of Addresley, in Shropshire. Being possessed of great possessions, especially in this county, he was usually stiled, the rich lord Badlesmere of Ledes. Being pussed up through ambition and his great wealth, he forgot his allegiance, and associated himself with the earl of Lancaster, and the discontented barons; which the king being well informed of, resolved, if possible, to gain possession of this strong fortress of Ledes: to effect which, under pretence of the queen's going on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, she set forward for that city with a large train of attendants, and, with a secret intention of surprising this castle, sent her marshal with others of her servants, to prepare lodging for her and her suit in it. The lord Badlesmere's family, that is, his wife, son, and four daughters, were at that time in it, together with all his treasure, deposited there for safety, under the care of Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, who refused the queen's servants admittance, and on her coming up, peremptorily persisted in denying her or any one entrance, without letters from his lord. The queen, upon this, made some attempt to gain admittance by force, and a skirmish ensued, in which one or more of her attendants were slain, but being repulsed, she was obliged to relinquish her design, and to retire for a lodging elsewhere.

The king, chagrined at the failure of his scheme, and highly resenting the indignity offered to the queen, sent a force under the earls of Pembroke and Richmond, to besiege the castle; (fn. 4) and those within it finding no hopes of relief, for though the lord Badlesmere had induced the barons to endeavours to raise the siege, yet they never advanced nearer than Kingston, yielded it up. Upon which, the lady Badlesmere and her children were sent prisoners to the tower of London, Thomas Colepeper, the castellan, was hung up, and the king took possession of the castle, as well as of all the lord Badlesmere's goods and treasures in it. But by others, Thomas de Aldone is said to have been castellan at this time, and that the castle being taken, he, with the lord Badlesmere's wife, his only son Giles, his daughters, Sir Bartholomew de Burgershe, and his wife, were sent to the tower of London by the king's order; and that afterwards, he caused Walter Colepeper, bailiff of the Seven Hundreds, to be drawn in a pitiable manner at the tails of horses, and to be hung just by this castle; on which Thomas Colepeper, and others, who were with him in Tunbridge castle, hearing of the king's approach, sled to the barons.

After which the lord Badlesmere, being taken prisoner in Yorkshire, was sent to Canterbury, and there drawn and hanged at the gallows of Blean, and his head being cut off, was set on a pole on Burgate, in that city. Upon which the manor and castle of Leeds, became part of the royal revenue and the castle remained in a most ruinous condition till the year 1359, anno 34 Edward III. in which year that munisicent prelate, William of Wickham, was constituted by the king, chief warden and surveyor of his castle of Ledes, among others, (fn. 5) having power to appoint all workmen, to provide materials, and to order every thing with regard to building and repairs; and in those manors to hold leets and other courts of trespass and misdemeanors, and to enquire of the king's liberties and rights; and from his attention to the re-edisying and rebuilding the rest of them, there is little doubt but he restored this of Leeds to a very superior state to whatever it had been before, insomuch, that it induced king Richard to visit it several times, particularly in his 19th year, in which several of his instruments were dated at his castle of Ledes; and it appears to have been at that time accounted a fortress of some strength, for in the beginning of the next reign, that unfortunate prince was, by order of king Henry IV. sent prisoner to this castle; and that king himself resided here part of the month of April in his 2d year.

After which, archbishop Arundel, whose mind was by no means inferior to his high birth, procured a grant of this castle, where he frequently resided and kept his court, whilst the process against the lord Cobham was carrying forward, and some of his instruments were dated from his castle of Ledes in the year 1413, being the year in which he died. On his death it reverted again to the crown, and became accounted as one of the king's houses, many of the principal gentry of the county being instrusted with the custody of it:

In the 7th year of king Henry V. Joane of Navarre, the second queen of the late king Henry IV. being accused of conspiring against the life of the king, her son-in-law, was committed to Leeds-castle, there to remain during the king's pleasure; and being afterwards ordered into Sir John Pelham's custody, he removed her to the castle of Pevensey, in Sussex.

In the 18th year of king Henry VI. archbishop Chichele sat at the king's castle of Leeds, in the process against Eleanor, duchess of Gloucester, for forcery and witchcrast.

King Edward IV. in his 11th year, made Ralph St. Leger, esq. of Ulcomb, who had served the office of sheriff of this county three years before, constable of this castle for life, and annexed one of the parks as a farther emolument to that office. He died that year, and was buried with his ancestors at Ulcomb.

Sir Thomas Bourchier resided at Leeds castle in the 1st year of king Richard III. in which year he had commission, among others of the principal gentry of this county, to receive the oaths of allegiance to king Richard, of the inhabitants of the several parts of Kent therein mentioned; in which year, the king confirmed the liberties of Leeds priory, in recompence of twentyfour acres of land in Bromfield, granted for the enlargement of his park of Ledes.

In the 4th year of king Henry VIII. Henry Guildford, esq. had a grant of the office of constable of Leeds castle, and of the parkership of it; and in the 12th year of that reign, he had a grant of the custody of the manor of Leeds, with sundry perquisities, for forty years. He died in the 23d year of that reign, having re-edisied great part of the castle, at the king's no small charge.

But the fee simple of the manor and castle of Leeds remained in the hands of the crown, till Edward VI. in his 6th year, granted them, with their appurtenances in the parishes of Leeds, Langley, and Sutton, to Sir Anthony St. Leger, lord deputy of Ireland, to hold in capite by knight's service.

His son, Sir Warham St. Leger, succeeded him in this manor and castle, and was afterwards chief governor of Munster, in Ireland, in which province he was unfortunately slain in 1599, (fn. 6) but before his death he alienated this manor and castle to Sir Richard Smyth, fourth son of Thomas Smyth, esq. of Westenhanger, commonly called Customer Smyth.

Sir Richard Smyth resided at Leeds castle, of which he died possessed in 1628, and was buried in Ashford church, where there is a costly monument erected to his memory.

Sir John Smith, his only son, succeeded his father, and resided at Leeds castle, and dying s. p. in 1632, was buried in this church; upon which his two sisters, Alice, wife of Sir Timothy Thornhill, and Mary, of Maurice Barrow, esq. became his coheirs, and entitled their respective husbands to the property of this manor and castle, which they afterwards joined in the sale of to Sir T. Culpeper, of Hollingborne, who settled this estate, after his purchase of it, on his eldest son Cheney Culpeper, remainder to his two other sons, Francis and Thomas. Cheney Culpeper, esq. resided at Leedscastle for some time, till at length persuading his brother Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, (then his only surviving brother, Francis being dead. s. p.) to cut off the entail of this estate, he alienated it to his cousin Sir John Colepeper, lord Colepeper, only son of Sir John Culpeper, of Wigsell, in Sussex, whose younger brother Francis was of Greenway-court, in Hollingborne, and was father of Sir Thomas Culpeper, the purchaser of this estate as before-mentioned.

Sir John Colepeper represented this county in parliament in the 16th year of king Charles I. and being a person, who by his abilities had raised himself much in the king's favor, was made of his privy council, and chancellor of the exchequer, afterwards master of the rolls, and governor of the Isle of Wight. During the troubles of that monarch, he continued stedfast to the royal cause, and as a reward for his services, was in 1644 created lord Colepeper, baron of Thoresway, in Lincolnshire.

After the king's death he continued abroad with king Charles II. in his exile. During his absence, Leeds-castle seems to have been in the possession of the usurping powers, and to have been made use of by them, for the assembling of their committee men and sequestrators, and for a receptacle to imprison the ejected ministers, for in 1652, all his estates had been declared by parliament forfeited, for treason against the state. He died in 1660, a few weeks only after the restoration, and was buried at Hollingborne. He bore for his arms, Argent, a bend ingrailed gules, the antient bearing of this family; he left by his second wife Judith, daughter of Sir Thomas Culpeper, of Hollingborne, several children, of whom Thomas was his successor in title and estates, and died without male issue as will be mentioned hereafter, John succeeded his brother in the title, and died in 1719 s. p. and Cheney succeeded his brother in the title, and died at his residence of Hoston St. John, in 1725, s. p. likewise, by which the title became extinct; they all, with the rest of the branch of the family, lie buried at Hollingborne. Thomas, lord Colepeper, the eldest son, succeeded his father in title, and in this manor and castle, where he resided, and having married Margaret, daughter of Signior Jean de Hesse, of a noble family in Germany, he left by her a sole daughter and heir Catherine, who intitled her husband Thomas, lord Fairfax, of Cameron, in Scotland, to this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood.

The family of Fairfax appear by old evidences in the hands of the family to have been in possession of lands in Yorkshire near six hundred years ago. Richard Fairfax was possessed of lands in that county in the reign of king John, whose grandson William Fairfax in the time of king Henry III. purchased the manor of Walton, in the West Riding, where he and his successors resided for many generations afterwards, and from whom descended the Fairfax's, of Walton and Gilling, in Yorkshire; of whom, Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Gilling, was created viscount Fairfax, of the kingdom of Ireland, which title became extinct in 1772; and from a younger branch of them descended Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, who lived in queen Elizabeth's reign, and changed the original field of his coat armour from argent to or, bearing for his arms, Or, 3 bars gemelles, gules, surmounted of a lion rampant, sable, crown'd, of the first, and was father of Sir. T. Fairfax, who was, for his services to James and Charles I. created in 1627 lord Fairfax, baron of Cameron, in Scotland. He died in 1640, having had ten sons and two daughters; of whom, Ferdinando was his successor; Henry was rector of Bolton Percy, and had two sons, Henry, who became lord Fairfax, and Bryan, who was ancestor of Bryan Fairfax, late commissioner of the customs; and colonel Charles Fairfax, of Menston, was the noted antiquary, whose issue settled there.

Ferdinando, the second lord Fairfax, in the civil wars of king Charles I. was made general of the parliamentary forces, and died at York in 1646. His son, Sir Thomas Fairfax, succeeded him as lord Fairfax, and in all his posts under the parliament, and was that famous general so noted in English history during the civil wars, being made commander in chief of all the parliamentary forces; but at last he grew so weary of the distress and confusion which his former actions had brought upon his unhappy country, that he heartily concurred in the restoration of king Charles II. After which he retired to his seat at Bilborough, in Yorkshire, where he died in 1671, and was buried there, leaving by Anne, daughter and coheir of Horatio, lord Vere of Tilbury, a truly loyal and virtuous lady, an only daughter; upon which the title devolved to Henry Fairfax, esq. of Oglesthorpe, in Yorkshire, his first cousin, eldest son of Henry, rector of Bolton Percy, the second son of Thomas, the first lord Fairfax. Henry, lord Fairfax, died in 1680, and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, fifth lord Fairfax, who was bred to a military life, and rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. He represented Yorkshire in several parliaments and marrying Catherine, daughter and heir of Thomas, lord Colepeper, possessed, in her right this manor and castle, and other large possessions, as before-mentioned. (fn. 7)

He died possessed of them in 1710, leaving three sons and four daughters, Thomas, who succeeded him as lord Fairfax; Henry Culpeper, who died unmarried, in 1734; and Robert, of whom hereafter. Of the daughters, Margaret married David Wilkins, D. D. and prebendary of Canterbury, and Francis married Denny Martin, esq. Thomas, lord Fairfax, the son, resided at Leeds-castle till his quitting England, to reside on his great possessions in Virginia, where he continued to the time of his death. On his departure from England, he gave up the possession of this manor and castle, with his other estates in this neighbourhood, to his only surviving brother, the hon. Robert Fairfax, who afterwards resided at Leeds-castle, and on his brother's death unmarried, in 1782, succeeded to the title of lord Fairfax. He was at first bred to a military life, but becoming possessed of Leeds castle, he retired there, and afterwards twice served in parliament for the town of Maidstoue, as he did afterwards in two successive parliaments for this county. He was twice married; first to Marsha, daughter and coheir of Anthony Collins, esq. of Baddow, in Essex, by whom he had one son, who died an instant; and, secondly, to one of the daughters of Thomas Best, esq. of Chatham, who died s. p. in 1750. Lord Fairfax dying s. p. in 1793, this castle and manor, with the rest of his estates in this county, came to his nephew the Rev. Denny Martin, the eldest son of his sister Frances, by Denny Martin, esq. of Loose, who had before his uncle's death been created D. D. and had, with the royal licence, assumed the name and arms of Fairfax. Dr. Fairfax is the present possessor of this manor and castle, and resides here, being at present unmarried.

A court leet and court baron is held for the manor of Leeds, at which three borsholders are appointed. It is divided into six divisions, or yokes as they are called, viz. Church-yoke, Ferinland-yoke, Mill-yoke, Russerken-yoke, Stockwell-yoke, and Lees-yoke.

Testimonial by: instagram.com/nicofoxx

Date: Apr 02 2014

Started @hairfinity vitamins a month ago and I can honestly say I see a huge difference in not only the length of my hair but the texture as well it's a lot more manageable and healthier. I love these vitamins and I recommend them for sure. I have also been deep conditioning 3 times a week. #shouldistartabeautyblog?

The Bureau of Land Management manages 517 wilderness study areas containing about 12.6 million acres located in the Western States and Alaska. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 directed the Bureau to inventory and study its roadless areas for wilderness characteristics. To be designated as a Wilderness Study Area, an area had to have the following characteristics:

Size - roadless areas of at least 5,000 acres of public lands or of a manageable size;

Naturalness - generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of nature;

Opportunities - provides outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation.

In addition, Wilderness Study Areas often have special qualities such as ecological, geological, educational, historical, scientific and scenic values.

The congressionally directed inventory and study of BLM's roadless areas received extensive public input and participation. By November 1980, the BLM had completed field inventories and designated about 25 million acres of wilderness study areas. Since 1980, Congress has reviewed some of these areas and has designated some as wilderness and released others for non-wilderness uses. Until Congress makes a final determination on a wilderness study area, the BLM manages these areas to preserve their suitability for designation as wilderness.

In Oregon/Washington there are 83 wilderness study areas comprising 2,642,289 acres. These 83 wilderness study areas are primarily located in southeast Oregon in the Prineville, Lakeview, Burns and Vale Districts.

To learn more about wilderness study areas head on over to: www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/oregon-w...

— Meet BUDDY! —

SEE BUDDY IN ACTION!

This beautiful boy is a brown and white Pit Bull Terrier who is approximately 2 to 3 years old and weighing in around 80 pounds.

He was found wandering the streets of Los Angeles very hungry and scared. Luck was with him one day when he happened to stop in front of a house that loves dogs and took him in. Shy at first and not knowing where he was, he quickly warmed up to his new human friends. Buddy is NOT GOOD with cats but loves other dogs that are okay with larger Pit Bulls. He's a big guy with a heart as big as his size. He's potty trained, knows commands like "sit", "down", "stay" and "kiss". He's learning to walk on a leash. Buddy is very curious and loves to goof around. One of his biggest (and best) qualities is that he L-O-V-E-S to cuddle and would do so with you all day, if you let him. He's an indoor dog and you can leave me outside during the day if you're not home but make sure he has a warm bed and blanket and is inside as he does not like cold weather.

Buddy promises to love and keep you company for the rest for his life. All he asks in return is affection, a warm bed, and the promise that you will keep him until it's his time to visit Doggie Heaven.

Buddy has been neutered and is up-to-date on his vaccinations.

• OBSERVATIONS BY DOG BEHAVIORIST •

On the behavioral side - Buddy is a piece of cake. Yes, he's a big boy, but very manageable with a GREAT personality. A moderate to experienced Pitty handler would be best considering his size, but not a requirement. He's a bit forward in his greeting but accepts correction and redirection very easily and gives neat kisses (not slobbery). The one downside to this love bug are cats. Unfortunately, Buddy doesn't do well with them, which isn't to say this can't be corrected -- as he's a very willing/receptive learner.

"Sweetie pie" was one name given to him. No living creature is perfect, and he definitely deserves a second chance -- he's come this far. Please help this sweet boy.

INTERESTED IN ADOPTING?

Please contact Cristina Bernardini at cbernardini@gmail.com or call at 626-363-5205 for more information.

I decided to condition and trim up Emma's curly wig... it's so soft and much more manageable now *~*

Larry did this hike solo, as Ben had a soar knee from our last cross-country ski outing. In order to get to Mt Loder, you cross Doorjamb Mountain summit en route. The wind was up today, as it often is on this route. Thankfully it was just manageable, and Larry completed this double summit scramble in under 4 hours roundtrip.

Kinda huge, but still manageable. The fact that the tripod collar is so easily removable helps make this a useful lens for hand-held work. The AF is not as fast as the Nikon 300mm f/4 AF-S, but I like the form factor a lot more for hand-held. Sigma's APO glass isn't always as apochromatic as you'd expect, but I've seen little if any signs of chromatic aberration from this lens.

Sold the Alpina on 4 September 2023.

Only the 1983 Colnago Mexico and 1979 Medici Pro-Strada (on the stand) in this photo remain in my collection. I also still retain the tiny "industrial art" 1973 Colnago Super, 1981 Bianchi Super Leggera, 1982 Casati Perfection, and 2002 Davidson Signature.

With the exception of the art bike, the remaining bikes are all either 57 or 58cm center-to-center, and fit me well. I've finally rid myself of the bikes that had simply become too small for my aging body!

What I've Learned: Never underestimate the feeling of liberation that goes with getting the collection down to a manageable 5 bikes - all of which get ridden regularly. I've spares for the remainder of their days - not to mention mine!

It's all good.

After her husband passed away, my mother decided it was time to downsize and move from her large home into a more manageable two bedroom apartment. So, some things had to go... There was no room at her new place for the "magic bed"... so called because it is a hide-away bed, and the grandchildren used to think it was "magic" when the bed was pulled out!

This separation was particularly difficult for my mother for many reasons. First of all, it was the first "new" piece of furniture she ever selected and purchased herself (back in 1970, just after MY father had passed away). And, over the years many beloved bottoms have sat on the couch, and slept on the "magic bed" at Grandma's house. It was VERY difficult for my mother to let the couch go... even though she was donating it to her church and would likely see it again.

In this photo my mother has removed her glasses because she is crying over letting the "magic bed" go... My sister is trying to console her... and we are all laughing at how silly she is to be crying over a stupid (... not to mention, UGLY) couch! But I don't think it's really about the couch at all... Anyway, we took this one-last picture of the "magic bed" before it was to be delivered to it's new home.

Boat Areas:

A - deck hand taking picture of Portland Head Light Station

B - orange floats atop nets that are over-boarded. Nets weighted bottom sink while floats hold them up and make the net manageable

C - skiff that once launched aids in deployment of the nets and in their recovery back onto the boat with the harvest

D - a part of the booms and winches that aid in net deployment and recovery

E - the crows nest atop the upright pole - in many seines it is used for a lookout to spot surface fish as well as help to direct the nets in deployment and recovery

F - Tubing/ ducts that are part of the system to move the fish harvest to the holding areas below deck and then to

move them out for processing

++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Scout is a Commercial Fishing Vessel registration number 996362. It hails from Portland Maine. It is a "coastwise unrestricted, fishery vessel. Built in 1993 it is 63 feet in length, a breadth of 23 feet with a hull depth of a little over 10 feet. Net tonnage is 100 tons and net tonnage 80. Owner: UNIGEAR LLC

430 COMMERCIAL STREET

PORTLAND, ME 04101 www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/pls/webpls/cgv_pkg.vessel_id_list

++ ++ ++ ++ ++

"Scout" is 'purse seiner/gill-netter' one of the basic types of commercial fishing vessels - "A seiner uses a floating net to encircle schools of surface-swimming fishes such as herring and tuna." njscuba.net/artifacts/ship_fishing.php

++ ++ ++ ++ ++

image by Photo George

copyrighted: ©2017 GCheatle

all rights reserved

locator: GAC_4715_Detailed marked A

WASHINGTON, DC - DECEMBER19: The Smithsonian's National Zoo announced a major donation to fund the giant panda program today from David Rubenstein, being applauded by Smithsonian Secretary, Wayne Clough, left, and Amb. Zhang, People's Repbulic of China, right, at the zoo, Monday December 19, 2011. (photo by Dayna Smith/ImageSmith Media).

David M. Rubenstein donated $4.5 million to the Smithsonian’s National Zoo to fund the giant panda program for the next five years. In appreciation, the giant panda complex—home to giant pandas Tian Tian (male) and Mei Xiang (female)—will be named the David M. Rubenstein Family Giant Panda Habitat. In addition, young conservation biologists in the U.S. and in China who are awarded National Zoo fellowships for their work to save this endangered species will be named “David M. Rubenstein Fellows.” The gift will be used to fund conservation efforts in China, reproductive science, professional training programs, giant panda care at the Zoo, upgrades to the Zoo habitats and public education.

“On behalf of the Zoo Advisory Board, we are most grateful to David for his generous gift, which keeps the beloved giant pandas at the National Zoo for Washington, D.C., and all Americans to enjoy,” said John Marriott, chair of the Smithsonian’s National Zoo Advisory Board. “More importantly, his generosity will enable us and our Chinese partners to continue our conservation work to give this critically endangered species the chance to survive in its native habitat.”

Rubenstein, co-founder and managing director of The Carlyle Group, has been a member of the Smithsonian’s Board of Regents since 2009. “We are honored to be part of a cherished program that brings joy to millions of people and draws together two great nations working to preserve these magnificent and gentle giant pandas,” said Rubenstein.

The gift allows the Zoo’s animal care and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute’s scientific team to proceed with the five-year science plan established with their Chinese colleagues from the China Wildlife Conservation Association. The science plan has specific goals: to examine the creation and impact of corridors to link fragmented habitats that will benefit giant pandas and other wildlife species, including promoting genetic diversity; examine how to restore habitats, especially those where pandas appear to be making a comeback; provide advice on giant panda reintroduction; examine the potential impact of transmissible diseases on giant pandas and other wildlife species, including providing advice on implementing new programs associated with a Wildlife Disease Control Center being built in Sichuan Province; and continue research on giant panda reproduction and management, because, although there has been major success in Chinese breeding centers, some pandas still experience reproductive challenges.

This last goal extends to the Zoo’s pair of pandas who have only produced one cub, Tai Shan, via artificial insemination in 2005. SCBI scientists evaluated all panda breeding records and found that no female individual has successfully reproduced after five consecutive failures. Since Mei Xiang falls into that category, the SCBI team formed a 2012 breeding plan with some variations. “It’s important that we use modern biomedical tools to try and make sure that every genetically valuable individual panda reproduces,” said Pierre Comizzoli, SCBI reproductive physiologist.

The 2012 giant panda breeding plan was done in collaboration with Chinese colleagues. Most notably, the Zoo will receive frozen semen from the San Diego Zoo this year. The frozen semen will be from Shi Shi (now deceased). The frozen semen will be used only in the event that the pandas do not mate successfully and if Tian Tian’s semen is not of sufficient quality for an artificial insemination. Additional details of the breeding plan include: panda keepers continue to house the pandas separately as they would live in the wild although they are rotated throughout all the yards, panda keepers continue the animal training and exercise regimens to improve their stamina, alterations are being made to the facility to create smaller and more manageable breeding areas, all unnatural night light in the building has been eliminated and the indoor panda exhibit is closed to the public at 4:30 p.m.

Tian Tian, the male panda, has already exhibited preliminary rutting behaviors (“powerwalking”/patrolling, urine hopping, scent marking and some vocalizations). Keepers expect these behaviors to increase over time. Mei Xiang has yet to exhibit any estrous behaviors. Last year at this time, she was beginning to show early behaviors such as scent marking, restlessness and vocalizations.

The Giant Panda Habitat consists of panda outdoor and indoor living spaces, an outdoor exhibit in the conservation plaza, an indoor exhibit and a research center. The animal spaces are designed to replicate the panda’s natural environment with rock and tree structures for climbing; grottoes, pools and streams to keep the pandas cool; and shrubs and trees to offer them privacy. The habitats serve as both a display and a learning opportunity. The layout of the yards allows visitors to stand inches away from the pandas to observe them, as well as learn about conservation and reproduction efforts. A video camera system, the popular panda cam, also allows people to watch the pandas in real time on their own computers, offering a personal experience for those who cannot visit the Zoo.

# # #

Paula gets a chance to try on her new blouse, shiny hose and wig. Wig is shorter than her normal length but I am very happy with it. A little better quality and is softer, shinier and seem more manageable.

Shivell mask with full makeup less lashes.

My last visit to UVM. A line of Scottish Ambulance VW T5 high roof 'Island Vehicles' in build. These 140 PS 4motion units were designed as a more agile and manageable vehicle for the remote and rural areas, principally the Scottish Islands where a large coachbuilt can be a hinderance. Internal moulded panel ready for interior fitting.

At the weaving studio there is a wonderful gizmo which will wind a skein of yarn into a manageable ball! I get such fun out of photographing the process! Enjoy . . . and stay tuned for my next weaving project which will incorporate some of this fiber!

“The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together.”

~ William Shakespeare ~

At the Cutthroat Ridge avalanche chute #11, Jesse Gurney in the excavator and Duane Wolley in snowblower work together to clear snow off the highway. The excavator sits on top of the snow and digs it down to a manageable size for the snowblower. Team work is essential.

Where is the Cutthroat Ridge avalanche zone? Find it on this map: www.flickr.com/photos/wsdot/5242152485/

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Top 8 Don’ts

1) Alcohol

2) Sugar (Excluding fruit)

3) Eating out (This is something I reserve for special occasions.)

4) Soda

5) Eating food that comes from a box (Boxed dinners, crackers, cereal, granola bars, etc.)

6) Eating big dinners or a lot of food before bedtime (I know this one can be controversial, again, I’m just telling you what I did to lose weight.)

7) Make excuses

8) Stop once you are at your goal (Keep up the healthy habits)

Top 8 Do’s

1) Make a meal plan for the entire week. Prepare for it and stick to it!

2) Eat plenty of nutritious food: vegetables, protein, fruit. The more “good” food you eat, the less room there will be for you to crave and eat the “bad” food.

3) Exercise. I do at least 150 minutes of cardio a week plus strength training.

4) Take it one day at a time. Break it up into one meal at a time and one workout at a time to make your goal manageable.

5) Record your weight weekly at the same time of the day each week. Personally, I do Friday mornings! (I’ve kept this up during my weight maintenance and it is KEY for me.)

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In today’s world caring for your hair is a crucial part to succeeding in society. When you think about it, successful people are properly groomed, and managed. This is why managing your hair is a crucial part to succeeding in society. It is a representation of who you are. Read on to learn...

healthwellnessandlifestyle.com/great-tips-for-healthy-and...

Chinese Lunar New Year 2023 Liverpool #1

Morning Dragon Parade

I thought that I would arrive too late to see the parade of the Dragon and the fighting Lions – I just managed to see the tail-end of the event. In any case, I was too late to get a ringside seat, but I did see a firecracker being set off (photo #1). For the remainder of my parade shots I had to hold my camera above the heads of the crowds and trust to what I could see in the X-T5’s Live View.

My photos of the afternoon’s activities will follow over the next few days (at least). I took 366 images which I have yet to cull to manageable proportions before I even begin to edit them! Spoiler – the Dragon and Lions will feature again in one of the posts of the show at the central performing stage in Great George Square).

DRE @ 12 Weeks Old

HISTORY OF THE STAFFORDSHIRE BULL TERRIER

Mankind has enjoyed the faithfulness of the dog by the side for countries. Few dogs desire to please their human masters as mush as the staffordshire bull terrier. Dogs in general have accommodated man and his every whim for generations anything to please the master. Today's Staffordshire Bull Terrier, in mind and body, echoes that sentiment with night and determination.

A SPECIALIST IN BODY AND MIND

before the days of dog shows and the purebred mating of champions, human recognised the merit in dogs that specialise in performing a specific job or task. We bred dogs that could hunt, herd, haul, guard, run, track and perform countless other tasks geared towards making humans lives more comfortable, enjoyable, and manageable. Each dog's anatomy reflected the task tha men set before him. The hunting dog had an insulated coat, a super sensitive nose, a short coupled body, a deep chest and straight, strong legs. The coursing dog had longer legs, a tucked-up abdomen (for speed), a deep chest (for lung capacity), keen eyesight, and a narrow, long muzzle (to slice the wind). The guard dogs were true heavyweights: massive and solidly boned with punishing jaws and nerves of steel.

Understand the Staffordshire Bull Terrier as a pet

required knowledge of the dog's history as a baiting and

fighting dog. No dog matches this breeds devotion to

it's master, in mind and body

The physical characteristics that set apart the staffordshire bull terrier are its impressive musculature, its strongly undershot strong jaws and large teeth, very pronounced cheek muscles, loose shoulders, roach black, low-slung body and long legs that bend in the forequarters. These are the characteristics of a fighting or baiting dog that enable it to perform the tasks that breed indeed all the bull and terrier dogs, were created to tackle. The decree'Go Low, pin and hold!' was in sooth a battle cry! This imposing physique was needed for the dogs to fight one another, as well as dodge and grab an ornery bull with their powerful gripping jaws and hold on to it without being tossed aside!

Baiting a bull, an animal twenty or more times the size of a dog, placed some obvious demands on the dog, its anatomy and temperament. The desired temperament of a bull and terrier dog for baiting was not a vicious, risk-taking daredevil. Instead, the baiting dog required an even-keeled, level-headed, obedient temperament, peppered with patience, indomitable courage and tenacity. The bulldog excelled in the pinning and holding of the bull, but lacked the flexibility required in the dog pit. thus, the smaller bull and terrier dogs were designed to take on this challenge and each other.

The characteristics of a fighting dog still distin

guish the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, including the

pronounced cheek muscles, long legs and loose

shoulders

Image the heart of the dog that willingly undertake such a task for the sake of pleasing his master! Baiting and fighting dogs were not the only kinds of dogs that risked their lives for their human counterparts. Indeed, harding and droving dogs, hunting dogs, and even the smaller terrier risked their lives for the sake of accomplishing their task. Nonetheless, the bloody endeavour of slaying bull overshadows almost any other taskset before dog.

The original fighting types were large, mastiff dogs with heavy, low-slung bodies and powerfully developed heads. Some accounts also descibed the deep, frightening voice of the mastiffs. In appearance, the mastiffs were appalling and frightful. Mastiff dogs yielded not only fighting dogs but also flock guards, scent hounds and other powerful hunters. Consider the size and fearlessness of such modern-day mastiff as Great Pyrenees, Kuvasz, Dogo Argention and Spanish Mastiff. Consider the size and features of the bloodhound, Great Dane,Newfoundland and Polish Hound. All these dogs derive from crosses to these powerful mastiffs of yesteryear.

ORIGINAL PURPOSES OF THE GREAT MASTIFFS

Historians have recorded many impressive duties amongst the purposes of these original mastiffs. Dogs used for war armoured,spiked, and collared became valuable weapons for human strying to defend themselves from t heir enemies. These dogs were not only brave but aggressive and resource full. As early as 2100B.C. dogs were employed for warring purposed. Many famous kings and tribes used dogs to claim their victories. The dogs were trained in combat and were uniformed with impenetrable metal shields and spiked collars to protect them from their foes who carried spears and other primitive weapons.

The American Staffordshire Terrier, shown here,

derived from the Staffordshire Bull Terrier from

crosses to other terriers in the U.S

Spanning the millennia, Hammurabi, Kambyses, Varius and henry VII were among the monarchs that valued dogs in their militia. These dogs were necessarily vicious and trusted no one exept their one master. Appropriately these war dogs were labelled Canis bellicosus.

The great mastiff also assisted man by hunting large, ferocious game. These dog commonly hunted in packs, maintained by the royals, and were used to pursue bison and aurochs in the wild forests. Dogs were also used to track the stag, considered a noble game,as well as the wild boar, the most dangerous of wild game, revered for its ruthless, nasty disposition. The mastiffs worked in conjunction with lighter, swifter dogs that tired the boar before the mighty mastiffs were releases to slay it, many men, dogs and horses were killed by the wild boars fighting for their lives. There are accounts of boar dogs being kept in kennel 6000 dog strong. Today, mastiffs are rarely used for these purposes, but there are still boar hunts in the U.S., Germany and the Czech Republic.

Bear hunting, even more popular today than boar hunting,was also a noble pursuit of the dogs of antiquity. The dogs were required to track the bear, cornerit and keep it occupied until the hunter arrived with their firearms. The bear is highly intelligent creature that could weight much as 350 kgs and could easily outmatch a dog. Mastiffs in India produce the most coloful tale of hunting, including the pursuit of buffalo, leopards, panthers and elephants! Regardless of the actual truth of many of these accounts, the stories underscore the fearless tenacity of these mastiff dogs that the ancestors of our Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

Axis Wake Research (@AxisWake) wakeboard boat design meets performance and budget in a compact 20-foot package.

Axis is churning out their brand of simplicity, style and performance in a 20-foot package. The new 2011 Axis A20 is designed for riders and families with room for 11 and versatile wakes that slide between mellow and pro-level. Maintaining the look of the Axis A22, the new A20 adheres to the core values of this uncomplicated boat brand with a small stature for towing and size restricted lakes. The A20 offers convenient size, usable design and stylin’ performance for a price that comes in under budget.

Additional Links

Axis A20 YouTube Video

Find your nearest Axis Wake Research dealer.

The Size

At 20 feet long from bow to stern the A20 is designed to be as convenient to tow and store, as it is fun to drive and ride. The A20 is the perfect solution for families who ride on boat length-restricted lakes, garage their boat or tow with a mid-sized vehicle. The goal for the A20 is to provide as much interior room and wake performance as a much larger wakeboard boat in a more manageable package. Thanks to A20 hull design and a rider-centric interior layout, Axis Wake Research has succeeded in their quest to create a 20-foot boat that does not compromise convenience, comfort or performance.

The Wake

The Axis Wake Research Team modeled this 20-foot boat after the A22 to kick-up pro caliber walls of water. The A20 wake is clean and solid for first-time to world-class riding levels. An un-weighted A20 has a very mellow and extremely stable wake, perfect for beginners. Fill the standard Wakebox 800 Ballast System in conjunction with available Plug-N-Play ballast system and this wake will keep even pro riders busy.

The only hard tank, sub-floor wake enhancement system available in the price-point class standard. The Wakebox is comprised of three hard ballast tanks mounted below the floor in both the rear and center of the boat, totaling 800 pounds. Opt for the Axis Plug N’ Play Ballast System and add up to 1300 pounds or more to your A20 in the form of custom designed Fly High sacks. The Plug N’ Play ballast will make its home on either side of the engine and in the bow. All locations can be filled and drained at the dash. Looking for another 1000 pounds of displacement? Add the exclusive Axis Auto Set Wedge and you will bring your wake footprint to nearly 3100 pounds of displacement. All of this without compromising floor space and barely encroaching on your storage areas.

The Interior

The A20 has room for 11 with lounge seating covered in corrosion-resistant G&T Premium Grade 30 oz. Marine Vinyl. The under-seat storage can swallow all the gear and more. Under-seat storage lighting is available for function and chill factor in red, white or blue LED colors. The machined aluminum AXray kick panel offers enough visibility to keep track of your items along with an amazing look, especially when lit. The ballast-free rear storage area is unobstructed and offers an above engine storage bin to gently warm those chilly wakeboarding accessories like wet suits, rash guards and life vests. Seating is plentiful and customizable for a variety of riding situations. The rear seat is branded as SkyBox seating and gives passengers VIP treatment with a removable bench that can be position anywhere in the center of the lounge. Axis also designed the available ChillAX convertible walk-through seat to accommodate another wake sport spectator and provide a back rest for an additional passenger in the bow. Studded with stainless bead-blasted grab handles, available MTX speakers, textured vinyl, colored accents and a laser-cut Axis badge, the side panel is something you would expect to see in a much more expensive boat. The TriAX Bow is wide enough for a group not just a couple and its open lounge style is the ultimate in comfort. Even the transom has convenience and style built-in with a rider staging seat, tooled in.

The Driver Experience

The Helm of the A20 welcomes a driver and as many as four observers with comfortable seating. The oversized driver’s seat is equipped with dual density foam and the dash ergonomically designed for perfect driver control.

At the dash Medallion gauges house scrolling digital screens displaying everything from fuel to depth to cruise control functions. Three-stage rocker switches command nearly every boat system with ease. The driver is also commanding 335 horses of fuel-injected power. The Indmar Axis AR335 MPI 335 horsepower engine is standard in the A20. Axis offers the 400 horsepower Raptor. Both engines are available with a saltwater package. The A20 extends driver control with rack and pinion steering and a phenomenal rough-water ride.

The Look

The A20’s gel coat accents introduce shards of color to a sharp hull and deck design. The A20 has a customizable look. Choose from three gel coat layouts, Straight up, Flip side and the available Tricked-out scheme. You can even opt for a completely solid boat available in 18 different colors and 3 metal flake gel coats. Looking to turn a few more heads on the water, pull the trigger on the Vandal Edition Package. Complete with a custom Vandall wrap this special edition A20 is set-up the same way Axis Pro Team Rider Randall “The Vandall” Harris configures his Axis.

The aggressively angular bow finishes the tough look and adds another unique element to this price-point boat. The FatAX tower combines fat 3-inch black powder coated aluminum tubing and billet aluminum bases for one-of-kind rear sweeping wakeboard tower that is as easy on the eyes as it is to collapse. The FatAX tower is through bolted to the deck with a backing plate for added strength. No corners cut, just pricing slashed. The Wingless MH Windshield accentuates the rugged simplicity of the A20 and allows the driver to dock easily without leaving the seat.

The Guarantee

All of this performance, accommodation and style is created with production practices and materials approved by the best selling water sports boat manufacturer in the world. Axis Wake Research is offering price-point segment-leading Limited Lifetime protection complete with a 3-year engine warranty including fuel and electrical systems and a 2-year bow to stern.

Specifications

Length: 20'

Beam: 98"

Draft: 27"

Capacity: 11 persons

Weight: 3200 lbs.

Fuel Capacity: 48 gallons

Std HP: 335

Max HP: 400

Std Prop: 13.5x16 Acme 537

Find your nearest Axis Wake Research dealer and head down to experience the 2011 A20 and A22 wakeboard boats in person.

www.businessinsider.com/world-health-organization-investi...

World Health Organization Investigating Rare Liver Damage in Kids

Young kids in the UK, US, Ireland, and Spain have gotten severe acute hepatitis.

None of the kids tested positive for the viruses that cause the illness − hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.

The WHO said the illness could have been caused by adenovirus but the link is still unclear.

The World Health Organization is looking into cases of severe acute hepatitis in children in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain the agency said on Friday.

The cases were not linked to hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, the viruses that commonly cause the illness.

To date, 74 cases have been identified in kids under 10 in the United Kingdom, less than five cases have also been identified in Ireland, and three were confirmed in Spain. Officials in each country are also investigating the cause, the WHO said.

No links have been found between the kids in the UK.

State News also reported that officials in the US are investigating nine cases of severe acute hepatitis in kids, which have also not been caused by the viruses that commonly cause hepatitis.

The Alabama Department of Public Health on Friday announced that since November 2021, nine cases of this acute hepatitis were identified in kids under 10.

The WHO said the cause of this liver failure is still unclear and under investigation, but said adenovirus, a respiratory illness that normally causes a cold, could be involved.

In Alabama, all nine kids tested positive for Adenovirus 41, ADPH said. Karen Landers, district medical officer for the Alabama Department of Public Health told State News the cases were found in different parts of the state, and they haven't found any links between the children.

"The affected children were from throughout the state of Alabama, and an epidemiological linkage among them has not been determined. None of these children has had any underlying health conditions of note," ADPH said.

ADPH said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is developing a national Health Advisory to search for clinically similar cases.

Stat News, citing a scientific article on a case in Scotland, said the pandemic may have played a role, noting that kids impacted may have not been exposed to a wide variety of germs during the pandemic, and therefore were more susceptible to becoming ill once COVID-19 mandates were eased.

www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/04/cdc-covid-vacc...

America Created Its Own Booster Problems - The Atlantic

Months of confusing messaging, piled onto existing inequities, kneecapped America’s booster campaign before it had really started.

Eight months on from President Joe Biden’s announcement of his ambitious plan to revaccinate every eligible adult, tens of millions of eligible, vaccinated Americans—many of whom gladly signed up for their initial doses—still haven’t opted for an additional shot. Just 30 percent of the United States’ population is boosted, putting the country below most other Western nations. And with daily COVID vaccination rates only a notch above their all-time nadir and barriers to inoculation rising, the nation might be bogged down in its booster doldrums for a good while yet—leaving Americans potentially vulnerable to yet another catastrophic surge.

At face value, boosting should be one of the simplest actions a vaccinated American can take to fight COVID-19: just get one more shot. The very nature of the shots is an encore; at one point, the people who now need them “must have already decided a shot would be worthwhile,” says Van Yu, a psychiatrist at Janian Medical Care, in New York, who’s been working to immunize his city’s homeless population. For many, though, boosting is not about getting just another shot. Experts have not always sold boosters as the same slam dunk as the initial COVID-19 vaccination series; accordingly, unboosted people haven’t treated it as such. The country’s booster problem is the culmination of months of such confusion. It is also an exacerbation of the inequities that plagued the country’s initial immunization efforts. Booster uptake may present its own issues, but those only piled on the problems that vaccination efforts had encountered in all the months before.

When the first shots debuted more than a year ago, the message felt mostly uniform. “Everyone was in agreement: These vaccines are fantastic; everyone who’s eligible should get them,” says Gretchen Chapman, a behavioral scientist at Carnegie Mellon University who studies vaccine uptake. And so hundreds of millions of people did.

For boosters, experts presented nothing like that unified front. After an initial series of doses, shot-sparked defenses against hospitalization and death held up spectacularly well, but the safeguards against infection dropped far faster, making breakthroughs commonplace. Divided over what they hoped vaccines could afford—a shield against serious illness, or a blockade against as many infections as possible—experts began to argue over the need for additional shots, especially in the young and healthy. After boosters began their slow trickle out, the message to the public wasn’t that “everyone should get them,” but a sputtering of wishy-washy snippets as eligibility ballooned: Revaccinate the immunocompromised and the elderly and those with comorbidities! Let some younger, healthier people get more shots—if they’re exposed to the virus a lot—but don’t say they should! All right, everybody is allowed to boost, but only if you want to? Fine, fine, you’re all supposed to boost right now—why aren’t you boosted??

The arrival of Omicron was clarifying. The variant was so riddled with mutations that it quickly hopscotched over several of the shields raised by just one or two doses of original-recipe shots, warranting a top-off for the body’s defense. But not every expert has yet been swayed. “To date, we don’t have a variant resistant to protection against severe disease,” says Paul Offit, a pediatrician and vaccinologist at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia who maintains that a duo of shots is enough for people who aren’t high-risk. Just a few months ago, Offit told his then-doubly-dosed son, who’s in his 20s, that he didn’t need an additional shot. (His son, Offit told me, still eventually got one.)

Punted out into the public, this messy discourse warped into confusion, consternation, and apathy. “When the scientists don’t agree, what are the rest of us supposed to do?” says Rupali Limaye, a behavioral scientist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. In practice, it has meant that the large group of people who signed up for their first-round doses has now splintered into new booster factions. Kaleo Grant, a 23-year-old middle-school assistant sports coach in Brooklyn, told me that three of these sects exist just within his nuclear family. His father, who “took forever” to be persuaded to get his first shots, is now adamantly against boosting; his mother, who’s immunocompromised, scheduled more doses as soon as she could. Grant himself, meanwhile, is unboosted and torn. “It’s exactly what stresses me out so much—the divisiveness, even among people I know and trust,” Grant said. He was “super excited” to get his first doses last year, when the virus felt terrifying and the shots were billed as a fast track back to socializing. Both his concern over the virus and his enthusiasm for the shots have since ebbed, especially after he came down with COVID in December. Compared with the first doses, boosters feel “less urgent and maybe less necessary,” he told me, “more like a chore.”

Nor have the logistics of booster recommendations been easy to follow. In the past few months, the FDA and the CDC have issued roughly half a dozen shifts in guidance—over not only who should boost, but also when they should boost, how many boosts to get, and whether booster brands should be mixed. So maybe it’s no surprise that people have started to come to their own conclusions about just how necessary boosters are. In a January poll, run by the Kaiser Family Foundation, some eligible-but-unboosted respondents said they’d forgone an additional dose because they felt they were all set after the initial injections; others were shirking the shots because they weren’t convinced that they’d work.

The erratic narrative on vaccines writ large also hasn’t done the U.S. booster campaign any favors. When the shots were fresh out of the gate, Americans were set up to believe that they could take an initial course of doses and be done—with COVID vaccines, maybe even with the pandemic itself. But as more data emerged, it became evident that the shots’ protective powers had been oversold. Vaccines operate best in gradations, blunting and truncating the worst symptoms of disease; they never completely obliterate risk. “We failed to communicate that,” says Jessica Fishman, the director of the Message Effects Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. The arrival of boosters, then, felt to some like an admission that the first shots were a bungle—that the government and scientists had “made a mistake,” says Nina Mazar, a behavioral scientist at Boston University’s Questrom School of Business. Misinformation, including false rumors that the boosters were dangerous, or a ploy by vaccine makers to earn extra cash, then seeped into the gaps in understanding.

Even if the message on boosters had been clearer from the get-go, that wouldn’t have ensured that people got them. Vaccination rates have tended to track with risk perception, Limaye told me. But danger, at the moment, feels minimal. COVID cases have plunged from their Omicron peak, and “most people know a lot of people with it and those cases were mild,” says Noel Brewer, who studies attitudes toward vaccination at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Similar messages have been sent by pundits and world leaders, as entire countries—including the United States—have pushed the narrative that COVID is manageable, inconsequential, “endemic,” largely in retreat. SARS-CoV-2 now feels more ubiquitous, less terrifying, much more like background noise; the precautions that defined the past two years of crisis have started to disappear. The urgency of boosters simply doesn’t square with the idea that masking, surveillance, gathering restrictions, proof-of-vaccination protocols, and remote schooling and work are no longer necessary, says Neil Lewis, a behavioral scientist at Cornell University. “There’s a conflict in saying, ‘Take off your mask, but also go get another shot,’” he told me. That’s not great timing for some people who were reluctant to get even their first shots, and now feel no impetus to invest again. “We were lucky to get them to get one dose,” says Danielle Ompad, an epidemiologist at NYU.

One fact about boosting hasn’t changed. Asking people to get an additional shot means … asking people to get an additional shot, and that’s become harder than ever. As shot uptake has dropped off, vaccination sites have closed, while community outreach has pulled back. Yu, the Janian Medical Care psychiatrist, told me the teams that offered vaccines and tests at homeless shelters in his neighborhood are no longer visiting as often. And with federal funding for vaccination lapsing, Americans who don’t have insurance may need to pay out of pocket for what shots they can find. “Access is different now,” Ompad told me.

Add to that the challenges the vaccination campaign has faced from the beginning—among them employers that don’t offer paid time off for immunization, the hassles and costs of traveling for a shot, scheduling troubles for people without internet access, and the persistent paucity of medical centers in certain parts of the country, especially ones that are rural or low-income. Daniel Arias, a 23-year-old warehouse worker in Manhattan, told me he had to travel an hour each way for his first two Pfizer doses last year; “I just haven’t wanted to take the time” to get another, he said. Even if he had more flexibility in his schedule, vaccines aren’t really on his priority list. He’s caught the virus twice, and heard that “getting COVID is better for your immune system than getting the vaccine.” (Some researchers have argued that a past infection should count as a dose of vaccine, but the CDC disagrees; either way, pursuing infections is definitely not a safe or reliable way to acquire immunity.) And two years into the pandemic, “I have life to think about,” Arias said. “And at the end of the day, it’s sadly about convenience.”

Other boost-ambivalent people are worried about the shot’s side effects. Lydia Guillory, a 36-year-old marketing specialist in Ohio, has been putting off her third dose, even though she’s been eligible for it since August, because she takes immunosuppressive drugs to manage multiple sclerosis. After her second Pfizer shot last spring, she felt some of her autoimmune symptoms temporarily worsen, and her fear of experiencing another flare-up has kept her from making the leap toward another dose. “If I was not going through all this extra stuff,” Guillory told me. “I would have gotten all the shots.” (Had she received her third injection on time, she might now already be eligible for a fourth and a fifth.) “I’m just scared of another setback,” she said.

Gaps such as these could exacerbate disparities down the road. Boosts go to people who are at least a few months out from their initial doses; individuals who were vaccinated later in the rollout are reaching that point only now. Recent data from New York City, Lewis noted, show that those delayed-vaccine populations are disproportionately Black, and already more likely to be suffering some of the pandemic’s worst effects. The inequities that plagued early vaccination efforts, Lewis told me, are rearing their head again. Now that certain high-risk individuals are being asked to boost again, those first around the booster track are starting to lap those left behind. Without more attention paid to the vulnerable, boosting becomes a vicious disparity cycle: “Whatever inequities you have with first doses are likely to be amplified,” UNC’s Brewer told me. Boosting rates among Black and Hispanic people lag those of their white neighbors, according to a February Kaiser Family Foundation poll.

Issues with access, at least, have straightforward (though still difficult-to-implement) solutions. “We need to make the process easier, and more convenient,” Fishman, of UPenn, told me. Reviving and more evenly distributing community vaccination efforts could help. Stand-alone sites could take walk-in appointments; teams of volunteers could bring vials and syringes directly to the places where people live and work. Paid sick leave, subsidized transportation, or even financial incentives for vaccinations could make a big difference too. Perhaps most crucial, additional federal funding to keep vaccines free for everyone would mean shots stay within reach of some of society’s most at-risk members.

Clearer policies have a role to play too. Many workplaces, for instance, issued strict requirements for initial doses last year. But booster mandates have been sparser. With eligibility ever-changing, and the possibility of annual shots on the table, that’s logistically understandable, but it sends an implicit message, Lewis told me: “One inference people are making is If boosting was really that important, the government or my boss would be issuing a mandate.” (New Mexico’s Department of Health has, for certain workers.) Even a tweak to some terminology could help. One or two shots are needed to become “fully vaccinated” in the CDC’s eyes; boosts don’t change that, which makes the shots “sound kind of optional in a way that the primary series doesn’t,” Chapman, of Carnegie Mellon, told me.

But ultimately, bridging the booster gap will mean engaging people’s concerns: respecting individuals’ values, partnering with community messengers, and engendering trust among those who have historically had little reason to give it—the same approaches that have any chance of closing the chasm in America’s overall immunization rates. More than 20 percent of Americans remain entirely unvaccinated, according to the CDC. “I worry we’ve given up on those people,” Offit, the CHOP pediatrician, told me.

Not everyone will be nudged into a first shot, not even, necessarily, a boost. But for those who can be, it may not take much. Grant, in Brooklyn, told me he’s waiting for the right catalyst to oust him from his booster rut. Maybe it’ll take a strong endorsement from a doctor (he’s not currently seeing one). Or a massive uptick in cases (which may or may not happen soon). After speaking with me, Grant found out that his job will offer him a paid sick day after he gets a boost, which feels really “encouraging,” he said. The biggest kick in the pants, though, would come if New York made boosters a requirement to enter concerts or bars. Worries about the virus feel too distant to motivate another dose on their own, especially now that he’s had the disease and feels like he’s come out the other end. “I have very little fear of COVID now.”

Katherine J. Wu is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where she covers science.

I followed the recipe in the River Cottage Meat book but I just found the recipe listed here: www.rivercottage.net/recipes/gills-chinese-ribs

• 1 lb Spare ribs of pork

• 2 Pig’s trotters

• 2tbsp Sunflower Oil

• 50g Light brown sugar

• 6-8 Large garlic cloves, crushed

• 5cm piece of fresh ginger root, freshly chopped

• 100ml Cider vinegar or brown rice vinegar

• 150ml Apple juice (or pineapple juice)

• 50ml Dark soy sauce

• 100ml Light soy sauce

Step 1 First you need to cut the spare ribs / trotters into manageable sections.

Step 2 Chop through the chine bone with the cleaver. Repeat for each section until you have several pieces of meat. Then split each piece into halves, again using the cleaver. Continue chopping up the ribs into halves until you have bite-size, chewable pieces.

Step 3 If you don’t have a cleaver, your butcher will happily chop the ribs up for you.

Step 4 Clean up the trotters using a knife. You can singe off hair with a Chef's blowtorch or over a gas flame. Using the cleaver, chop each trotter into 6 pieces. First cut the trotter in half lengthways (this may take a few goes!) and then chop each half into thirds.

Step 5 Heat up the sunflower oil in the frying pan. When the oil is hot, place the rib pieces and trotters in the pan. When they are lightly browned, turn them over. The rib pieces will be uneven, so keep moving them around to ensure they colour all over.

Step 6 When all the meat is lightly browned, take each piece out of the pan and place it in the large pot.

Step 7 Now it’s time to add the sweet and sour ingredients. Add the sugar, garlic, ginger, ginger syrup, cider vinegar, apple juice and soy sauce to the pot. As the dish cooks down all these flavours will mellow into a sticky, rich sauce.

Step 8 Top up the pot with water so that the pieces of meat are just covered. Add a couple of dried red chillies for heat.

Step 9 Cover the pot and cook for 2-2½ hours until the meat is tender. Then pour into a serving dish and serve.

Designer: Giles Laurent

Builder: Private

Year: 1985

Location Hampshire

Length on deck: 30'

Beam: 9'4"

Draft: 5'

Tonnage(TM): 9

£15,000

Full Specification

The Wanderer Class was a development of Hiscock’s Wanderer 111 designed by Laurent Giles and built for him in 1952. In Wanderer 111, Hiscock sailed 32,000 miles in a 3-year circumnavigation.

After his experience with Wanderer 111 he judged she would be a better ship with a little more beam and sail area and the result was the Wanderer Class.

Several were built in UK yards and quite a few by Cheoy Lee in Hong Kong who had also built 15 of the Laurent Giles Vertues, some would say a smaller sister to the Wanderer.

This yacht was built in Southampton by the previous owner and his company Launched in 1985 she is believed to be the last wooden Wanderer built in UK and the construction was supervised by David Hopkins, Marine Surveyor from Hamble. .

Spring 2015. The owner is now in poor health and no longer sailing. The yacht has been laid up for 18 months and he has now instructed us to slash the price and sell this season.

Being built on hardwoods there is no significant opening of the hull after her time ashore. In addition to the yacht, the owner is offering all his boating equipment collected over many years including dinghies, outboard engines, sails and cordage. Full list to come.

Planked in iroko, all copper fastened to 1 ¾” x 1 ¼” steam bent oak timbers in 2 laminations to avoid inevitable fracture on the tight turn at the tuck and the bilge, heavier and closer spaced in way of the mast, on an oak back-bone.

Iron ballast keel. Massive oak floors on every second timber with galvanised strap floor on the other timber making a very robust back-bone.

Deck laid in 2 layers of ½” ply, Cascover sheathed and painted.

5” toe rail with varnished iroko capping.

Pair of varnished wood mooring cleats on the fore and after decks. Heavy Sampson post, slotted to accept and hold the chain on the fore deck.

Totally clear side and fore decks.

Capstan-type chain windlass on the fore deck

Twin chain roller galvanised stemhead fitting.

Stainless steel pull-pit and stanchion posts with twin guard wires.

Varnished iroko coach-roof coamings with 2 fixed windows aft and 4 opening bronze port holes each side.

Nicely cambered sheathed and painted ply roof with varnished grab rails each side.

Heavy duty, varnished iroko fore hatch on the fwd end of the coach-roof.

Dorade vent in the middle of the coach-roof.

Cabin entrance sliding hatch in a garage with grab rail each side. Spray-hood over on stainless steel frame.

Deep, sheltered self draining cock-pit with high, varnished iroko coamings give a tremendous feeling of security.

Tiller steering to transom-hung rudder.

Seat/locker each side divided into 2, long locker forward, short locker aft. The locker faces forming the cock-pit well lift and hinge with the lid to give excellent access to these deep storage lockers.

Locker aft in the well to the lazarette with a glass holder on the coaming above under the tiller – just right for a whiskey glass.

Teak gratings in the well.

Large, opening ply panel in the well gives excellent access to the stern tube etc for service.

Wide bridge-deck across the front of the cock-pit.

The cabin entrance hatch is slightly off-set to stbd with a sliding hatch in a garage. Solid iroko varnished louvered washboards with optional mosquito or clear Perspex wash-boards.

Masthead bermudian sloop rig on round section, hollow, painted, built wooden mast stepped in a galvanised steel cup on the coach-roof with a similar mast section compression post below the deck.

Single spreaders. Steps up the mast.

Stainless steel standing rigging with stainless steel rigging screws to internal bronze chain plates.

Twin standing back-stays to the quarters, twin lowers and cap shrouds.

Fore stay with Harken roller furling gear.

External bronze mainsail track.

Slab reefing varnished boom with stainless steel goose neck fittings on twin mast bands

Halyards led aft through turning blocks on the mast and coach-roof to jamming cleats under the spray-hood.

Main sheet on tufnol blocks with a jammer on the lower block to a galvanised horse across the tiller on the aft deck.

Headsail sheets led through blocks on single cars on Harken tracks on the toe rails.

Winches.

Pair of new Lewmar 44 self tailing sheet winches on the cock-pit coamings.

Pair of single speed, top action Lewmar winches on the coach-roof under the spray-hood + 2 x 3-line Harken clutches.

This is the simplest rig the yacht can carry, strong, well-built and the new self-tailing winches make the headsail very manageable.

Sails

All sails original 1985 in white terylene.

Mainsail 233sq’ with Kemp Packaway self-stowing system.

Genoa No 1 300sq’ on Harken Mk 3 roller furling gear.

No 2 and 3 genoas

Storm jib and spinnaker

Wooden spinnaker pole stows up the rigging.

Mainsail cover.

Bukh 20hp 2-cylinder diesel installed new in 1985. Salt water cooled.

Belt driven alternator

Wet exhaust.

Single lever controls

2 x 12v batteries in the bilge in front of the engine with change-over switch.

5 berths.

V-berths in the fore cabin with infill to make a large double berth. Drawer below in varnished iroko joinery.

Bulkhead doorway, stbd off-set, oval top and bottom, to ablutions area.

Jabsco sea toilet to port with lockers under the side deck.

The forward bulkhead door swings round to close off the WC compartment.

Opposite to stbd under the side deck is a newly built stainless steel hand basin, draining overboard, with shower head delivering H&C pressurised water allowing a shower wash, draining into the bilge.

Bulkhead door with oval top and bottom, off-set to stbd through to saloon cabin. This door closes off either the hand basin or the saloon cabin allowing use of the heads and ablutions area independent of either the forward cabin or the saloon cabin or both.

Narrow, vertical chain locker alongside the hand basin compartment with the chain fed through a hawse pipe in the coaming above.

Saloon cabin with port and stbd 6’6” settee berths.

Pilot berth behind the port settee berth with fold-away pipe cot – probably the most comfortable sea berth in the yacht.

Varnished mahogany saloon table with fold-out flap.

Part bulkheads each side aft to:

Stbd large chart table, drawer and lockers under.

Oilies hanging locker aft under the bridge deck.

Port galley with Flavell 2-burner, grill and oven gas cooker, stainless steel sink in a work surface athwartships under the side deck. Good stowage.

Fold-down varnished flap over the cooker suitably disguises it when not in use.

Step-locker box and step over the engine to the entrance hatch.

Surface lifts and front pulls away to give good access to the engine.

Electrical controls down the stbd side of the engine step.

25 gall flexible water tank each side under the settee berths.

Hot water calorifier tank under the port pilot berth.

Pressurised water supply to galley and fwd hand basin.

Sealed, draining gas locker in the port cock-pit locker contains 2 Camping Gas bottles.

Cock-pit table on a pedestal stows away under the pilot berth.

6’2” head-room in the saloon cabin.

5’7” head-room in fore cabin.

Varnished iroko joinery and sole boards, all very thick and strong.

3 pairs of laminated hanging knees each side to the coach-roof form attractive features in the cabin as well as adding enormous strength to the structure.

Grab rails along the coamings each side.

Small side-board shelf each side over the fwd ends of the settees provide stowage space for bedding. Lockers under the side decks above each side.

Brass reading lights above the berths.

Pascal Atkey charcoal cabin heater on the fwd saloon bulkhead.

Navigation equipment.

Bulkhead steering compass alongside entrance hatch. Hand held GPS

Sounder Log/speed

ST60 wind/speed/depth Clock and barometer.

Wind speed indicator

Ground tackle

Danforth and fisherman anchors Capstan chain windlass

Ample chain

Safety gear.

Hand held fog-horn Deck safety lines

Stainless steel boarding ladder Life buoy.