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The Bonneville Salt Flats are a densely packed salt pan in Tooele County in northwestern Utah. A remnant of the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, it is the largest of many salt flats west of the Great Salt Lake. It is public land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and is known for land speed records at the Bonneville Speedway. Access to the Flats is open to the public.
The Flats are about 12 miles (19 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide, with a crust almost 5 ft (1.5m) thick at the center and less than one inch (2.5 cm) towards the edges. It is estimated to hold 147 million tons of salt, approximately 90% of which is common table salt.
Geologist Grove Karl Gilbert named the area after Benjamin Bonneville, a U.S. Army officer who explored the Intermountain West in the 1830s. In 1907, Bill Rishel and two local businessmen tested the suitability of the salt for driving by taking a Pierce-Arrow onto its surface.
A railway line across the Flats was completed in 1910, marking the first permanent crossing. The first land speed record was set there in 1914 by Teddy Tetzlaff.
Entertainment filmed at the Flats include portions of Walking with Dinosaurs Special - The Ballad of Big Al, Knight Rider, Warlock, Independence Day (1996) and its sequel, SLC Punk, Cremaster 2 from Cremaster Cycle, The Brown Bunny, The World's Fastest Indian, Gerry, The Tree of Life, Top Gear and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. Furthermore, the Pontiac Bonneville (former flagship sedan of the Pontiac motor division), the Triumph Bonneville motorcycle, and the Bonneville International media company are all named for the Flats.
The Bonneville Salt Flats hosts the annual US Flight Archery Championships. The goal of flight archery is to shoot arrows from bows at the greatest distance possible without regard to hitting a target, and so the vast flat plane of the flats serves as an ideal location to measure the linear distance traveled by arrows without geographic interference. Both the 1977 (archer Don Brown) and 1982 (archer Alan Webster) world records were set there; while the current world record, achieved in 1987 (archer Don Brown), was set at the salt flats near Smith Creek, Nevada.
The thickness of salt crust is a critical factor in racing use of the salt flats. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has undertaken multiple studies on the topic; while a 2007 study determined that there was little change in the crust's thickness from 1988 to 2003, more recent studies have shown a reduction in thickness, especially in the northwest area where racing occurs. The flats' overall area has contracted significantly over the past several decades. The cause or causes of this remain unclear, but many believe adjacent evaporative potash mining is the primary factor.
Collaboration between racing organizations, the potash mine, and the BLM led to a pilot program begun in 1998 to release excess brine onto the salt flats during winter. Plans to increase the volume of brine returned to the salt flats are hoped to halt loss of crust thickness, or possibly restore it where it has become too thin to sustain human use.
Motorcar racing has taken place at the salt flats since 1914. Racing takes place at part of the Bonneville Salt Flats known as the Bonneville Speedway. There are five major land speed events that take place at the Bonneville Salt Flats. Bonneville "Speed Week" takes place mid-August followed by "World of Speed" in September and the "World Finals" take place early October.
These three events welcome cars, trucks, and motorcycles. The "Bub Motorcycle Speed Trials" are for motorcycles only. World records are contested at the Mike Cook ShootOut in September. The Southern California Timing Association and the Utah Salt Flats Racing Association organizes and plans the multi-vehicle events, but all event promoters contribute to prepping and maintaining the salt. "Speed Week" events in August were canceled in 2015 and 2022, due to the poor condition of the salt in certain parts of the flats. The salt flats had been swamped by heavy rains earlier in the year, as usual, but this year the rains also triggered mudslides from surrounding mountains onto a section of the flats used for the land-speed racing courses.
Bonneville Speedway (also known as the Bonneville Salt Flats Race Track) is an area of the Bonneville Salt Flats northeast of Wendover, Utah, that is marked out for motor sports. It is particularly noted as the venue for numerous land speed records. The Bonneville Salt Flats Race Track is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The salt flats were first used for motor sports in 1912, but did not become truly popular until the 1930s when Ab Jenkins and Sir Malcolm Campbell competed to set land speed records.
A reduction of available racing surface and salt thickness has led to the cancellation of events at Bonneville, such as Speed Week in 2014 and 2015. Available racing surface is much reduced with just 2.5 miles (4.0 km) available instead of the 9-mile (14 km) courses traditionally used for Speed Week.
Historically, the speedway was marked out by the Utah Department of Transportation at the start of each summer. Originally, two tracks were prepared; a 10-mile (16 km) long straightaway for speed trials and an oval or circular track for distance runs, which was typically between 10 and 12 miles (16 and 19 km) long depending on the condition of the salt surface.
Since at least the 1990s, track preparations have been the responsibility of the event organizers. Days or weeks in advance, the track preparers identify an area best suited for their track layouts and begin grading the tracks. Surveyors are brought in to survey the timing trap distances. A day before racing begins, the track markers are added.
Originally, the straightaway was marked with a broad black line down its center. This was eventually changed to lines down either side, as the center line wore out too quickly. As the costs for painting the lines has gone up, organizations have switched to flags and cones as track markers. The last event to use black lines was Speed Week, August 2009.
The number of tracks and the timed sections for each track are set according to what is most beneficial for each event. Large public meets such as Speed Week run as many as four tracks with several timed miles, usually starting with the second mile and running to the fifth mile. Smaller meets that typically only run world record attempts will utilize a single track, with one timed mile and one timed kilometer in the middle of the track. Additional marks and cones indicate the end of the track and the position of timing equipment.
The annual Speed Week was cancelled in both 2014 and 2015, as were many land-speed racing events, due to deteriorating track conditions. Heavy rains caused a layer of mud from surrounding mountains to flow onto the flats, covering approximately 6 mi (9.7 km) of the track. Although another section of the flats would normally be used, nearby salt mining operations had reduced the size of the alternative track.
The depth of the salt crust at Bonneville has also been decreasing, possibly leaching into a saltwater aquifer. Measured at as much at 3 ft (0.91 m) in the 1940s and 50s, it has been reduced to just 2 in (0.051 m) in 2015.
Though recent studies have been made (since 1960), the causes of this deterioration are not clear, although the evidence points toward both local climatic changes and salt mining. Some strategies were devised to revert the decreasing salt surface, such as pumping back salt, though this had no effect.
In August, the Southern California Timing Association and Bonneville Nationals Inc. organize Speed Week, the largest meet of the year, which attracts several hundred drivers who compete to set highest speed in a range of categories. Bonneville Speed Week has been taking place since 1949.
In late August, the Bonneville Motorcycle Speed Trials are held.
In September each year is the World of Speed, (similar to Speed Week) organized by the Utah Salt Flats Racing Association. The USFRA also meet on the first Wednesday of each month throughout the summer.
In October, the Southern California Timing Association puts on World Finals, a scaled-down version of Speed Week. This event tends to have cooler weather and often drier salt that Speed Week the prior month. There are less spectators and it tends to draw serious racers, as this event is the last chance to break a land speed record and be in the SCTA record book for that year.
Each year, there are usually a few private meets that are not publicized scattered among the larger public meets.
Several motor-paced racing speed records have been attempted at Bonneville.
In 1985, American cyclist John Howard set a then world record of 244 km/h (152 mph).
On 15 October 1995, Dutch cyclist Fred Rompelberg achieved 268.831 km/h (167.044 mph), using a special bicycle behind a dragster with a large shield.
In 2016, Denise Mueller-Korenek claimed a women's bicycle land speed record at 147 mph (237 km/h). She was coached by Howard. It is not clear which authority was supervising the record attempt.
In 2018, Mueller-Korenek broke her own women's record and the men's record at a speed of 183.9 miles per hour (296.0 km/h).
In popular culture
In the 2003 film The Brown Bunny, Bud Clay races his motorcycle at the speedway.
In the 2005 film The World's Fastest Indian, Burt Munro and his highly modified Indian Scout motorcycle sets a world record.
In the 2015 series finale episode of Mad Men, Donald Draper drives a 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS muscle car in the races at Bonneville Speedway.
Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It borders Colorado to its east, Wyoming to its northeast, Idaho to its north, Arizona to its south, and Nevada to its west. Utah also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area; with a population over three million, it is the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population and includes the capital city, Salt Lake City; and Washington County in the southwest, with more than 180,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin.
Utah has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups such as the ancient Puebloans, Navajo, and Ute. The Spanish were the first Europeans to arrive in the mid-16th century, though the region's difficult geography and harsh climate made it a peripheral part of New Spain and later Mexico. Even while it was Mexican territory, many of Utah's earliest settlers were American, particularly Mormons fleeing marginalization and persecution from the United States via the Mormon Trail. Following the Mexican–American War in 1848, the region was annexed by the U.S., becoming part of the Utah Territory, which included what is now Colorado and Nevada. Disputes between the dominant Mormon community and the federal government delayed Utah's admission as a state; only after the outlawing of polygamy was it admitted in 1896 as the 45th.
People from Utah are known as Utahns. Slightly over half of all Utahns are Mormons, the vast majority of whom are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which has its world headquarters in Salt Lake City; Utah is the only state where a majority of the population belongs to a single church. A 2023 paper challenged this perception (claiming only 42% of Utahns are Mormons) however most statistics still show a majority of Utah residents belong to the LDS church; estimates from the LDS church suggests 60.68% of Utah's population belongs to the church whilst some sources put the number as high as 68%. The paper replied that membership count done by the LDS Church is too high for several reasons. The LDS Church greatly influences Utahn culture, politics, and daily life, though since the 1990s the state has become more religiously diverse as well as secular.
Utah has a highly diversified economy, with major sectors including transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, multi-level marketing, and tourism. Utah has been one of the fastest growing states since 2000, with the 2020 U.S. census confirming the fastest population growth in the nation since 2010. St. George was the fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah ranks among the overall best states in metrics such as healthcare, governance, education, and infrastructure. It has the 12th-highest median average income and the least income inequality of any U.S. state. Over time and influenced by climate change, droughts in Utah have been increasing in frequency and severity, putting a further strain on Utah's water security and impacting the state's economy.
The History of Utah is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Utah located in the western United States.
Archaeological evidence dates the earliest habitation of humans in Utah to about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Paleolithic people lived near the Great Basin's swamps and marshes, which had an abundance of fish, birds, and small game animals. Big game, including bison, mammoths and ground sloths, also were attracted to these water sources. Over the centuries, the mega-fauna died, this population was replaced by the Desert Archaic people, who sheltered in caves near the Great Salt Lake. Relying more on gathering than the previous Utah residents, their diet was mainly composed of cattails and other salt tolerant plants such as pickleweed, burro weed and sedge. Red meat appears to have been more of a luxury, although these people used nets and the atlatl to hunt water fowl, ducks, small animals and antelope. Artifacts include nets woven with plant fibers and rabbit skin, woven sandals, gaming sticks, and animal figures made from split-twigs. About 3,500 years ago, lake levels rose and the population of Desert Archaic people appears to have dramatically decreased. The Great Basin may have been almost unoccupied for 1,000 years.
The Fremont culture, named from sites near the Fremont River in Utah, lived in what is now north and western Utah and parts of Nevada, Idaho and Colorado from approximately 600 to 1300 AD. These people lived in areas close to water sources that had been previously occupied by the Desert Archaic people, and may have had some relationship with them. However, their use of new technologies define them as a distinct people. Fremont technologies include:
use of the bow and arrow while hunting,
building pithouse shelters,
growing maize and probably beans and squash,
building above ground granaries of adobe or stone,
creating and decorating low-fired pottery ware,
producing art, including jewelry and rock art such as petroglyphs and pictographs.
The ancient Puebloan culture, also known as the Anasazi, occupied territory adjacent to the Fremont. The ancestral Puebloan culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, including the San Juan River region of Utah. Archaeologists debate when this distinct culture emerged, but cultural development seems to date from about the common era, about 500 years before the Fremont appeared. It is generally accepted that the cultural peak of these people was around the 1200 CE. Ancient Puebloan culture is known for well constructed pithouses and more elaborate adobe and masonry dwellings. They were excellent craftsmen, producing turquoise jewelry and fine pottery. The Puebloan culture was based on agriculture, and the people created and cultivated fields of maize, beans, and squash and domesticated turkeys. They designed and produced elaborate field terracing and irrigation systems. They also built structures, some known as kivas, apparently designed solely for cultural and religious rituals.
These two later cultures were roughly contemporaneous, and appear to have established trading relationships. They also shared enough cultural traits that archaeologists believe the cultures may have common roots in the early American Southwest. However, each remained culturally distinct throughout most of their existence. These two well established cultures appear to have been severely impacted by climatic change and perhaps by the incursion of new people in about 1200 CE. Over the next two centuries, the Fremont and ancient Pueblo people may have moved into the American southwest, finding new homes and farmlands in the river drainages of Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.
In about 1200, Shoshonean speaking peoples entered Utah territory from the west. They may have originated in southern California and moved into the desert environment due to population pressure along the coast. They were an upland people with a hunting and gathering lifestyle utilizing roots and seeds, including the pinyon nut. They were also skillful fishermen, created pottery and raised some crops. When they first arrived in Utah, they lived as small family groups with little tribal organization. Four main Shoshonean peoples inhabited Utah country. The Shoshone in the north and northeast, the Gosiutes in the northwest, the Utes in the central and eastern parts of the region and the Southern Paiutes in the southwest. Initially, there seems to have been very little conflict between these groups.
In the early 16th century, the San Juan River basin in Utah's southeast also saw a new people, the Díne or Navajo, part of a greater group of plains Athabaskan speakers moved into the Southwest from the Great Plains. In addition to the Navajo, this language group contained people that were later known as Apaches, including the Lipan, Jicarilla, and Mescalero Apaches.
Athabaskans were a hunting people who initially followed the bison, and were identified in 16th-century Spanish accounts as "dog nomads". The Athabaskans expanded their range throughout the 17th century, occupying areas the Pueblo peoples had abandoned during prior centuries. The Spanish first specifically mention the "Apachu de Nabajo" (Navaho) in the 1620s, referring to the people in the Chama valley region east of the San Juan River, and north west of Santa Fe. By the 1640s, the term Navaho was applied to these same people. Although the Navajo newcomers established a generally peaceful trading and cultural exchange with the some modern Pueblo peoples to the south, they experienced intermittent warfare with the Shoshonean peoples, particularly the Utes in eastern Utah and western Colorado.
At the time of European expansion, beginning with Spanish explorers traveling from Mexico, five distinct native peoples occupied territory within the Utah area: the Northern Shoshone, the Goshute, the Ute, the Paiute and the Navajo.
The Spanish explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado may have crossed into what is now southern Utah in 1540, when he was seeking the legendary Cíbola.
A group led by two Spanish Catholic priests—sometimes called the Domínguez–Escalante expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the California coast. The expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. All of what is now Utah was claimed by the Spanish Empire from the 1500s to 1821 as part of New Spain (later as the province Alta California); and subsequently claimed by Mexico from 1821 to 1848. However, Spain and Mexico had little permanent presence in, or control of, the region.
Fur trappers (also known as mountain men) including Jim Bridger, explored some regions of Utah in the early 19th century. The city of Provo was named for one such man, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah is named for a brigade leader of the Hudson's Bay Company, Peter Skene Ogden who trapped in the Weber Valley. In 1846, a year before the arrival of members from the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints, the ill-fated Donner Party crossed through the Salt Lake valley late in the season, deciding not to stay the winter there but to continue forward to California, and beyond.
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as Mormon pioneers, first came to the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847. At the time, the U.S. had already captured the Mexican territories of Alta California and New Mexico in the Mexican–American War and planned to keep them, but those territories, including the future state of Utah, officially became United States territory upon the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. The treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on March 10, 1848.
Upon arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormon pioneers found no permanent settlement of Indians. Other areas along the Wasatch Range were occupied at the time of settlement by the Northwestern Shoshone and adjacent areas by other bands of Shoshone such as the Gosiute. The Northwestern Shoshone lived in the valleys on the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake and in adjacent mountain valleys. Some years after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley Mormons, who went on to colonize many other areas of what is now Utah, were petitioned by Indians for recompense for land taken. The response of Heber C. Kimball, first counselor to Brigham Young, was that the land belonged to "our Father in Heaven and we expect to plow and plant it." A 1945 Supreme Court decision found that the land had been treated by the United States as public domain; no aboriginal title by the Northwestern Shoshone had been recognized by the United States or extinguished by treaty with the United States.
Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons had to make a place to live. They created irrigation systems, laid out farms, built houses, churches, and schools. Access to water was crucially important. Almost immediately, Brigham Young set out to identify and claim additional community sites. While it was difficult to find large areas in the Great Basin where water sources were dependable and growing seasons long enough to raise vitally important subsistence crops, satellite communities began to be formed.
Shortly after the first company arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the community of Bountiful was settled to the north. In 1848, settlers moved into lands purchased from trapper Miles Goodyear in present-day Ogden. In 1849, Tooele and Provo were founded. Also that year, at the invitation of Ute chief Wakara, settlers moved into the Sanpete Valley in central Utah to establish the community of Manti. Fillmore, Utah, intended to be the capital of the new territory, was established in 1851. In 1855, missionary efforts aimed at western native cultures led to outposts in Fort Lemhi, Idaho, Las Vegas, Nevada and Elk Mountain in east-central Utah.
The experiences of returning members of the Mormon Battalion were also important in establishing new communities. On their journey west, the Mormon soldiers had identified dependable rivers and fertile river valleys in Colorado, Arizona and southern California. In addition, as the men traveled to rejoin their families in the Salt Lake Valley, they moved through southern Nevada and the eastern segments of southern Utah. Jefferson Hunt, a senior Mormon officer of the Battalion, actively searched for settlement sites, minerals, and other resources. His report encouraged 1851 settlement efforts in Iron County, near present-day Cedar City. These southern explorations eventually led to Mormon settlements in St. George, Utah, Las Vegas and San Bernardino, California, as well as communities in southern Arizona.
Prior to establishment of the Oregon and California trails and Mormon settlement, Indians native to the Salt Lake Valley and adjacent areas lived by hunting buffalo and other game, but also gathered grass seed from the bountiful grass of the area as well as roots such as those of the Indian Camas. By the time of settlement, indeed before 1840, the buffalo were gone from the valley, but hunting by settlers and grazing of cattle severely impacted the Indians in the area, and as settlement expanded into nearby river valleys and oases, indigenous tribes experienced increasing difficulty in gathering sufficient food. Brigham Young's counsel was to feed the hungry tribes, and that was done, but it was often not enough. These tensions formed the background to the Bear River massacre committed by California Militia stationed in Salt Lake City during the Civil War. The site of the massacre is just inside Preston, Idaho, but was generally thought to be within Utah at the time.
Statehood was petitioned for in 1849-50 using the name Deseret. The proposed State of Deseret would have been quite large, encompassing all of what is now Utah, and portions of Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Oregon, New Mexico and California. The name of Deseret was favored by the LDS leader Brigham Young as a symbol of industry and was derived from a reference in the Book of Mormon. The petition was rejected by Congress and Utah did not become a state until 1896, following the Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895.
In 1850, the Utah Territory was created with the Compromise of 1850, and Fillmore (named after President Fillmore) was designated the capital. In 1856, Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital.
The first group of pioneers brought African slaves with them, making Utah the only place in the western United States to have African slavery. Three slaves, Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar Crosby, came west with this first group in 1847. The settlers also began to purchase Indian slaves in the well-established Indian slave trade, as well as enslaving Indian prisoners of war. In 1850, 26 slaves were counted in Salt Lake County. Slavery didn't become officially recognized until 1852, when the Act in Relation to Service and the Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners were passed. Slavery was repealed on June 19, 1862, when Congress prohibited slavery in all US territories.
Disputes between the Mormon inhabitants and the federal government intensified after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' practice of polygamy became known. The polygamous practices of the Mormons, which were made public in 1854, would be one of the major reasons Utah was denied statehood until almost 50 years after the Mormons had entered the area.
After news of their polygamous practices spread, the members of the LDS Church were quickly viewed by some as un-American and rebellious. In 1857, after news of a possible rebellion spread, President James Buchanan sent troops on the Utah expedition to quell the growing unrest and to replace Brigham Young as territorial governor with Alfred Cumming. The expedition was also known as the Utah War.
As fear of invasion grew, Mormon settlers had convinced some Paiute Indians to aid in a Mormon-led attack on 120 immigrants from Arkansas under the guise of Indian aggression. The murder of these settlers became known as the Mountain Meadows massacre. The Mormon leadership had adopted a defensive posture that led to a ban on the selling of grain to outsiders in preparation for an impending war. This chafed pioneers traveling through the region, who were unable to purchase badly needed supplies. A disagreement between some of the Arkansas pioneers and the Mormons in Cedar City led to the secret planning of the massacre by a few Mormon leaders in the area. Some scholars debate the involvement of Brigham Young. Only one man, John D. Lee, was ever convicted of the murders, and he was executed at the massacre site.
Express riders had brought the news 1,000 miles from the Missouri River settlements to Salt Lake City within about two weeks of the army's beginning to march west. Fearing the worst as 2,500 troops (roughly 1/3rd of the army then) led by General Albert Sidney Johnston started west, Brigham Young ordered all residents of Salt Lake City and neighboring communities to prepare their homes for burning and evacuate southward to Utah Valley and southern Utah. Young also sent out a few units of the Nauvoo Legion (numbering roughly 8,000–10,000), to delay the army's advance. The majority he sent into the mountains to prepare defenses or south to prepare for a scorched earth retreat. Although some army wagon supply trains were captured and burned and herds of army horses and cattle run off no serious fighting occurred. Starting late and short on supplies, the United States Army camped during the bitter winter of 1857–58 near a burned out Fort Bridger in Wyoming. Through the negotiations between emissary Thomas L. Kane, Young, Cumming and Johnston, control of Utah territory was peacefully transferred to Cumming, who entered an eerily vacant Salt Lake City in the spring of 1858. By agreement with Young, Johnston established the army at Fort Floyd 40 miles away from Salt Lake City, to the southwest.
Salt Lake City was the last link of the First Transcontinental Telegraph, between Carson City, Nevada and Omaha, Nebraska completed in October 1861. Brigham Young, who had helped expedite construction, was among the first to send a message, along with Abraham Lincoln and other officials. Soon after the telegraph line was completed, the Deseret Telegraph Company built the Deseret line connecting the settlements in the territory with Salt Lake City and, by extension, the rest of the United States.
Because of the American Civil War, federal troops were pulled out of Utah Territory (and their fort auctioned off), leaving the territorial government in federal hands without army backing until General Patrick E. Connor arrived with the 3rd Regiment of California Volunteers in 1862. While in Utah, Connor and his troops soon became discontent with this assignment wanting to head to Virginia where the "real" fighting and glory was occurring. Connor established Fort Douglas just three miles (5 km) east of Salt Lake City and encouraged his bored and often idle soldiers to go out and explore for mineral deposits to bring more non-Mormons into the state. Minerals were discovered in Tooele County, and some miners began to come to the territory. Conner also solved the Shoshone Indian problem in Cache Valley Utah by luring the Shoshone into a midwinter confrontation on January 29, 1863. The armed conflict quickly turned into a rout, discipline among the soldiers broke down, and the Battle of Bear River is today usually referred to by historians as the Bear River Massacre. Between 200 and 400 Shoshone men, women and children were killed, as were 27 soldiers, with over 50 more soldiers wounded or suffering from frostbite.
Beginning in 1865, Utah's Black Hawk War developed into the deadliest conflict in the territory's history. Chief Antonga Black Hawk died in 1870, but fights continued to break out until additional federal troops were sent in to suppress the Ghost Dance of 1872. The war is unique among Indian Wars because it was a three-way conflict, with mounted Timpanogos Utes led by Antonga Black Hawk fighting federal and Utah local militia.
On May 10, 1869, the First transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, north of the Great Salt Lake. The railroad brought increasing numbers of people into the state, and several influential businessmen made fortunes in the territory.
Main article: Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century
During the 1870s and 1880s, federal laws were passed and federal marshals assigned to enforce the laws against polygamy. In the 1890 Manifesto, the LDS Church leadership dropped its approval of polygamy citing divine revelation. When Utah applied for statehood again in 1895, it was accepted. Statehood was officially granted on January 4, 1896.
The Mormon issue made the situation for women the topic of nationwide controversy. In 1870 the Utah Territory, controlled by Mormons, gave women the right to vote. However, in 1887, Congress disenfranchised Utah women with the Edmunds–Tucker Act. In 1867–96, eastern activists promoted women's suffrage in Utah as an experiment, and as a way to eliminate polygamy. They were Presbyterians and other Protestants convinced that Mormonism was a non-Christian cult that grossly mistreated women. The Mormons promoted woman suffrage to counter the negative image of downtrodden Mormon women. With the 1890 Manifesto clearing the way for statehood, in 1895 Utah adopted a constitution restoring the right of women's suffrage. Congress admitted Utah as a state with that constitution in 1896.
Though less numerous than other intermountain states at the time, several lynching murders for alleged misdeeds occurred in Utah territory at the hand of vigilantes. Those documented include the following, with their ethnicity or national origin noted in parentheses if it was provided in the source:
William Torrington in Carson City (then a part of Utah territory), 1859
Thomas Coleman (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1866
3 unidentified men at Wahsatch, winter of 1868
A Black man in Uintah, 1869
Charles A. Benson in Logan, 1873
Ah Sing (Chinese man) in Corinne, 1874
Thomas Forrest in St. George, 1880
William Harvey (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1883
John Murphy in Park City, 1883
George Segal (Japanese man) in Ogden, 1884
Joseph Fisher in Eureka, 1886
Robert Marshall (Black man) in Castle Gate, 1925
Other lynchings in Utah territory include multiple instances of mass murder of Native American children, women, and men by White settlers including the Battle Creek massacre (1849), Provo River Massacre (1850), Nephi massacre (1853), and Circleville Massacre (1866).
Beginning in the early 20th century, with the establishment of such national parks as Bryce Canyon National Park and Zion National Park, Utah began to become known for its natural beauty. Southern Utah became a popular filming spot for arid, rugged scenes, and such natural landmarks as Delicate Arch and "the Mittens" of Monument Valley are instantly recognizable to most national residents. During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, with the construction of the Interstate highway system, accessibility to the southern scenic areas was made easier.
Beginning in 1939, with the establishment of Alta Ski Area, Utah has become world-renowned for its skiing. The dry, powdery snow of the Wasatch Range is considered some of the best skiing in the world. Salt Lake City won the bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics in 1995, and this has served as a great boost to the economy. The ski resorts have increased in popularity, and many of the Olympic venues scattered across the Wasatch Front continue to be used for sporting events. This also spurred the development of the light-rail system in the Salt Lake Valley, known as TRAX, and the re-construction of the freeway system around the city.
During the late 20th century, the state grew quickly. In the 1970s, growth was phenomenal in the suburbs. Sandy was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country at that time, and West Valley City is the state's 2nd most populous city. Today, many areas of Utah are seeing phenomenal growth. Northern Davis, southern and western Salt Lake, Summit, eastern Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties are all growing very quickly. Transportation and urbanization are major issues in politics as development consumes agricultural land and wilderness areas.
In 2012, the State of Utah passed the Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act in an attempt to gain control over a substantial portion of federal land in the state from the federal government, based on language in the Utah Enabling Act of 1894. The State does not intend to use force or assert control by limiting access in an attempt to control the disputed lands, but does intend to use a multi-step process of education, negotiation, legislation, and if necessary, litigation as part of its multi-year effort to gain state or private control over the lands after 2014.
Utah families, like most Americans everywhere, did their utmost to assist in the war effort. Tires, meat, butter, sugar, fats, oils, coffee, shoes, boots, gasoline, canned fruits, vegetables, and soups were rationed on a national basis. The school day was shortened and bus routes were reduced to limit the number of resources used stateside and increase what could be sent to soldiers.
Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening a steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into progress. In April 1944, Geneva shipped its first order, which consisted of over 600 tons of steel plate. Geneva Steel also brought thousands of job opportunities to Utah. The positions were hard to fill as many of Utah's men were overseas fighting. Women began working, filling 25 percent of the jobs.
As a result of Utah's and Geneva Steels contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden.
One of the sectors of the beachhead of Normandy Landings was codenamed Utah Beach, and the amphibious landings at the beach were undertaken by United States Army troops.
It is estimated that 1,450 soldiers from Utah were killed in the war.
Created for R.A.S. Challenge #2
Tombstone - My own
Book - Stock xchng
Texture - Jerry Jones
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Well. This is it. Emily has officially moved to Toronto. This shoot will be the last time I shoot with her, until she comes to visit... because let's face it.. she just has to come back!! We all miss her already. She's the best model and a really good friend of mine! It's hard to believe that we graduated from CAT 3 years ago.
Show some love and join me in wishing her luck out there!
Be sure to check me out on facebook, on my website chelseyleblanc.com, and find me on instagram @chelseyleblancphotography!!
I dedicate today's album to the memory of my dad - the "Tate" - who died in March. Although we were prepared (as far as that's possible) for this, I'm still under shock, kind of.
Explore #125 13-01-13
Sad news at the end of last week....Jessops into administration. The Southend store has served me well over the last 3 years....I've bought nearly all my camera kit from here, preferring to support it over buying online. Unfortunately (although my wallet will disagree) I obviously wasn't spending enough. Thanks to the staff of the Southend store - genuine photography/camera enthusiasts always willing to offer sensible advice. You will be missed - a huge loss to the highstreet. :(
Bit of fancy dress fun and an early (and v.cold) Sunday morning. Big thanks to the wife for being a model death and braving the cold with me.......
This enormous stump is located in the nearby cemetery; sitting in it I felt like I was in an open grave. This cemetery has cut down a few hundred trees the past couple years and I feel the loss deeply for the wildlife habitat they provided. Many were preemptively cut ash. This one clearly was in distress but it’s still sad.
The trunk of a tree standing before the blurred out blocks of the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin.
I spent about thirty minutes wandering around this. For those who are unfamiliar with the memorial, it is a series of concrete blocks and columns of varying height. The paths between them are of varying depth. The feeling you get walking through is one of mild disorientation.
This mild disorientation you experience as a tourist is temporary. You can find your way out quite easily and the decision of next destination is untroubling.
What the memorial intends is to allow you experience, in the comfort of tourism, the terror, the horror, the incredulity that Jews must have experienced when realising they were no longer safe in their own homes, in their own city, in their own country. It allows you to imagine, fleetingly, that they had to flee, to abandon their homes and lives. That they had to escape. That they had to survive.
I found it impossible to grasp, impossible to imagine. How did this happen? How was it let happen?
A try at symbolism with my self-portraits. I'm not sure what I think of it yet so I may take it down.
CARDIO: Cardio exercise has long been considered the best exercise for weight loss for women and men; even something as simple as a walk can help to burn calories, without putting strain on the body. Aerobic group exercise may be the first step towards helping women to lose weight in a regular way.
BREATHING EXERCISE: Kapalbhati Pranayam is the a great method of losing weight for women who have trouble moving around; air is forced through the nose in a forceful manner, and inhalation is passive. This exercise is sometimes not recommended for people with epilepsy or heart disease, but for healthy but overweight women
STRENGTH TRAINING: This is rapidly replacing cardio in medical opinion as the most effective weight loss method for women.
Strength training helps build muscle, which burns more calories than simple cardio by itself.
RUNNING: Many professional women take up running as a hobby, since it is both an excellent method of burning calories, and it also helps to relax the body and boost the mood of the runner. In fact, running may be the best exercise for weight loss for women, as it can also help to diminish the risk of osteoporosis.
Running is less expensive than a gym membership or the requirements of buying fitness machines; it protects women against heart attacks and stress related illnesses, also has positive emotional effects such as improvements in self-esteem and confidence.
The First International Congress on Postharvest Loss Prevention banquet dinner at Casina di Macchia Madama. October 5, 2015 Image © Francesco Vignali Photography
song & video mattijn july 2017
I cant
I wont
say goodbye to you
I'll remember you
climb in your bed
I crawl a little closer
you cannot make me
say goodbye to you
will you remember me
I'll remember you
these days are long without you
wish I had someone here with me
Hit 'L' to view on large.
The Lucky 3 UE Eurotour
3 Man crew
My 3rd time and
3 Countries - Luxembourg, France and Belgium
A heap of locations, 1541 KMs driving, a late night rainy steep infiltration to a famous urbex haunt and a day mostly spent driving and walking to some wrong coordinates.
Full set here:
www.flickr.com/photos/timster1973/sets/72157633420917013/...
Previous Eurotours:
www.flickr.com/photos/timster1973/sets/72157632759059815/
www.flickr.com/photos/timster1973/sets/72157631939892302/
Also on Facebook:
What's going on here?!
This picture can be found on many sites about Diet Plans and Weight Loss Programs?
I have to admit, it's quite cool to appear in non-tg related media :-)
Guess I fooled some people... looks can be deceiving ... ;-)
here some examples:
reogoldminer.com/perdredupoidsfacilement/2010/04/13/maint...
weight-loss2009-blog.blogspot.com/2009/12/kelly-osbourne-...
vitaminsupplements.clickdeindia.com/2010/06/17/healthy-di...
mincirdescuisses.rayonu.com/2010/04/08/veritablement-il-c...
nahrwold-inter.net/social/buddypress/demo/perdreduventrer...
leonardo-web.org/freewebsite/2010/05/24/3-day-diet/
all-boston.org/blog/weight-loss-tips-that-everybody-can-use/
realDonaldTrump TorF: we could actually rebuild without panic - without loss - and thrive like never before
Ponder Israel / numerology based aspects / globally ralien .the group who dressed like shiny aliens and announced cloning success / how
has Israel been infiltrating Iran. How did they infiltrate and sabotage Germany after WWII? How they using media..so on.
determine who has motive / while keeping in mind nasa is being used to manipulate Egypt. Egypt ALLOW e others in all important areas after
WWII. Anonymous confrontation with a lone Nazi/ scientology was scripted. Tor F anon provided communication backbone during Arab spring
Anonymous = outside tactic. Not trustworthy. Rooted in politics money and prsm related. Locate successful cloning scientist some say
Left usa with threats, insults and even a bit whiney. TorF the ralien woman (sp?) Is from Iran. Their group. Mentioned Michael Jackson
How dangerous are cults who worship cloning..science.. so on. Who has motive to use religion as a mask and mock. Locate: man in Russia who
Says he's jesus. Odessa celebrates April fools. John.from cargo cults. The Odessa lady who showed the process of cultural manipulation
Are we certain Simon Wiesenthal did his job correctly? Where did ALL abducted babies and children go. Where is DNA being stored?
Who counts bodies after war? Tor f all religions are infiltrated and used as masks. Tor F Savile = likely worked w communists/other.
CompAre: Michael Jackson skin bleaching and skin bleaching in.China. CompAre: Timing of race card / Obama / tg / children's puberty
Being stopped so the children can decide if m or f then go through with transgender operation. Ponder. Premature puberty = intentional
Mad In America @Mad_In_America · 6h6 hours ago
Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy Linked to Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Childhood
#pollution #adhd
NASA @NASA · 6h6 hours ago
Possible former lake on Pluto spotted by @NASANewHorizons. Take a look: go.nasa.gov/1T82PvN
@NASA @NASANewHorizons how many in nasa = vaccinated. What is nasa doing about increasing autism and more? Are we funding crimes?
Shut em up. Shut em out. Void patents nullify copyrights of genetic trespassers. Then.. do it right
keep in mind : EU = corrupt and used said nets / similar do prepare for what we see today. even if j sav = setup. the massive nets = present
also - look back at media / news history books. .how many mentioned communists and others were operating in Europe?
keep in mind - proof exists showing sav / similar = in usa. possibly connected to one area where a baby furnace was built.
remember - to see news during war as accurate during war = illogical. panic = a tool. effective. we don't know anything.
no idea who owns the page. new find.-Wait until 1 out of 3 are born autistic and communists . others manipulate them
Say No to the TPP @kencampbell66 University president says SJW students scared & in pain after 'Trump 2016' written on campus
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3506491/Emory-presiden …
swear. media grinders are becoming dumber. anyone else notice? btw : those who helped Savile in Europe - legalized child porn in japan
if you can handle it - look into laws that exist from the cold war - mental health. they still stalk all. "colors"
TorF: citizens could manage everything better than how we now see it.
let us try . give us use of special forces. har har..
did you know - there is video of thousands of them singing in the open.. Why can we not use harp in combo with audio software to locate
so, when they sing.. the sky can be opened.. and say bye bye puppet dummies. TorF: harp can be used to boil brains in skulls.
say T. no working model... however there are no laws of physics = say it's impossible.
Harvard University @Harvard · 4h4 hours ago
It's hard to get your hands around the past. So why not put the past around your neck? hvrd.me/Z4Lkp
@Harvard and why not mention why it is? Even forensic archive investigators are educated incomplete /.sabotaged archives
"put the past around your neck like a noose" .. is more accurate... EurROPE
@WestPoint_USMA @Harvard are you taught to protect our DNA? if not. .why not?
@NSACareers TorF: as there=seemingly endless list of crimes against US citizens. does it make sense to allow USDA/APA to reach out2TheWorld
@WestPoint_USMA @Harvard are you taught to protect our DNA? if not. .why not?
=================================================
Harvard and why not mention why it is? Even forensic archive investigators are educated incomplete /.sabotaged archives
@NSACareers TorF: as there=seemingly endless list of crimes against US citizens. does it make sense to allow USDA/APA to reach out2TheWorld
@DeptofDefense @usairforce TorF: archeological dig sites = altered and used for political advantage.
@DeptofDefense @usairforce TorF: there is reason to suspect DNA rape test kits = misused in many ways.
IBM Watson Analytics @EasyAnalytics1
Visualizing network data to illustrate airline delays w/ #WatsonAnalytics ibm.co/22nzboz #datavisualization
@EasyAnalytics1 if we applied this to protecting DNA we would be better off. does IBM say autism = genetically predisposed?
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@NSACareers working on anything to protect citizens DNA? FDA said they can not do their job.. never have been able to
@the_hindu is china behind the sterilization in india with others? population control has always been a mask for murder always will be
@DeptofDefense @usairforce true a woman was arrested for using her cadaver dog as she planted evidence?Also she was called to chkMassGraves
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US Charges Iranians With Coordinated Cyber Attacks on Banks, Companies
motherboard.vice.com/read/us-charges-iranians-with-coordi... … via @motherboard
@kencampbell66 @motherboard that's prob communists or others using them too. and who rooted in Egypt after WWII?
if you can handle it - look into laws that exist from the cold war - mental health. they still stalk all. "colors"
TorF: citizens could manage everything better than how we now see it.
let us try . give us use of special forces. har har..
@THEHermanCain did you know - puppet Nazis were used in Germany as a smoke screen to hide executive / political activity - recently?
did you know - there is video of thousands of them singing in the open.. Why can we not use harp in combo with audio software to locate
NatsOFlow1 @NathansOverflo1 · 35m35 minutes ago
so, when they sing.. the sky can be opened.. and say bye bye puppet dummies. TorF: harp can be used to boil brains in skulls.
say T. no working model... however there are no laws of physics = say it's impossible.
"put the past around your neck like a noose" .. is more accurate... EurROPE
@THEHermanCain TorF: Putin said %20 of one region in his country is occupied by Nazi's <what.. he can't handle them? or are they a mask
@GeorgeTakei not if it's money or politics. the stage is allll fake. nothing real.
@AllenWest conservatives. you go home and do other things. why can't the president? why is that man hugging him?
Allen West @AllenWest · 11h11 hours ago
REPULSIVE: Look what Obama was doing in Argentina while the world burns www.allenbwest.com/2016/03/repulsive-look-what-obama-was-... …
@AllenWest and what is the consensus regarding who is funding isis? I can think of a few
Terrifying: Brussels bombers actually had MUCH BIGGER plans...http://www.allenbwest.com/2016/03/terrifying-brussels-bombers-actually-had
-much-bigger-plans/ …
nWest prove they were his plans and not placed there by some in Europe who protected j Savile networks and similar.
@GeorgeTakei why we should this. .why we should that. geez.
remember - to see news during war as accurate during war = illogical. panic = a tool. effective. we don't know anything.
NatsOFlow1 @NathansOverflo1 · 2h2 hours ago
@realDonaldTrump TorF: we could actually rebuild without panic - without loss - and thrive like never before
keep in mind - proof exists showing sav / similar = in usa. possibly connected to one area where a baby furnace was built.
keep in mind : EU = corrupt and used said nets / similar do prepare for what we see today. even if j sav = setup. the massive nets = present
also - look back at media / news history books. .how many mentioned communists and others were operating in Europe?
@Wikipedia your page is a disgrace. is it there to help incorrect and misleading info? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Savile_sexual_abuse_scandal … i
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Mad In America @Mad_In_America · 6h6 hours ago
Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy Linked to Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Childhood
#pollution #adhd
@NathansOverflo1
@Mad_In_America compare:: those who profit from legal marijuana = those who lied about nutrition and meds ..knowingly a way that = war
How dangerous are cults who worship cloning..science.. so on. Who has motive to use religion as a mask and mock. Locate: man in Russia who
Ponder Israel / numerology based aspects / globally ralien .the group who dressed like shiny aliens and announced cloning success / how
Israel been infiltrating Iran. How did they infiltrate and sabotage Germany after WWII? How they using media..so on.
determine who has motive / while keeping in mind nasa is being used to manipulate Egypt. Egypt ALLOW e others in all important areas after
WWII. Anonymous confrontation with a lone Nazi/ scientology was scripted. Tor F anon provided communication backbone during Arab spring
Anonymous = outside tactic. Not trustworthy. Rooted in politics money and prsm related. Locate successful cloning scientist some say
Left usa with threats, insults and even a bit whiney. TorF the ralien woman (sp?) Is from Iran. Their group. Mentioned Michael Jackson
How dangerous are cults who worship cloning..science.. so on. Who has motive to use religion as a mask and mock. Locate: man in Russia who
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@the_hindu is china behind the sterilization in india with others? population control has always been a mask for murder always will be
@DeptofDefense @usairforce true a woman was arrested for using her cadaver dog as she planted evidence?Also she was called to chkMassGraves
Say No to the TPP @kencampbell66 · 48m48 minutes ago
US Charges Iranians With Coordinated Cyber Attacks on Banks, Companies
ttps://motherboard.vice.com/read/us-charges-iranians-with-coordinated-cyber-attacks-on-banks-companies … via @motherboard
@kencampbell66 @motherboard that's prob communists or others using them too. and who rooted in Egypt after WWII?
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@THEHermanCain did you know - puppet Nazis were used in Germany as a smoke screen to hide executive / political activity - recently?
@THEHermanCain TorF: Putin said %20 of one region in his country is occupied by Nazi's a holpsy is to take all into consideration
2> I am in an area many don't understand
3> I can see how to modernize areas - though
complicated becaues various problems among
all.. myself included from time to time = interacting
starts off great. gradually parts will disentegrate in a
community effort to improve health
each person = a unique equations from equations that are nobody elses equations
in the manner I present for sake of smooth conversation
a bridge of oppurtunity - not of a financial manner. yet.. benefits said.
I get it.. pipe dream accusations.. delusional.. eternal illogical optimist..
unrealistic.. well.. if we thought that way as a whole this entire time, where would we be?
t or f : a divide exists among some professionals when it comes to those in demographics they would
prefer to not be. as in - economically speaking.
SOME professors.. not all. seem to show signs of dysfunction and unrealistice views pertaining to that which
can be shown to be true within their own families too. sadness.. depression.. distancing - judging - shame -
superior mindsets set into motion in a mold of boring and old primitive stage tactics as applied to the modern
world. how embassing is that?
"he can write!!" hehehe ooh ooh ooh ah ah ah - rattle it goot.
=======================================
seen today. as in - delayed introduction of food safety laws - some say for as long as 70 years or more.
this impacted everyone.. not this "Group" not that "group" .. everyone.
as people were filled with crap that made their bodies and brains not funciton correctly the problems were used
justified primitive muddy mucky oozing ways.
good people are ALWAYS taken advantage of. the slaves who came from africa were not the ones ones in chains!!
the white people who came here were seen as sheep... tell me.. .what religion = those who came? Who taught them..
show me EXACTLY what they were taught on a dialy basis. then.. prove your information is accurate. then..
you have to prove their source = accurate. and you CAN'T.. because who educated the forensic arvhive investigators?
who what kind of army does not prepare to protect food / meds / so on.. during WAR.. the cold war came with a body count. .why
could secret service or military NOT intervene and STOP THE @#$#@ SLAUGHTER? How were all laws so manipulated ..
can be shown.. and it will be.
note : I can no longer talk to any family outside immediate. If one day one relative isn't misreading me.. then it's
me misreading them and something always going wrong. I have so much in my head.. I can't have normal conversation and I forget
not everyone can handle it. However. Now I Can walk away and not allow it to go on as we tend to feed into energy. extensively
as that's how close we are.. make sense? I knew I should not be the one to talk. I knew it. I knew it.
and more. it's umbearable to know.. more so when someone who lived through those times are in their final years.
and had the same problems I found the world over. and the same tactics were used to silence their familes too.
it's a never ending chain of primitive.. in modern times.. still.
interesting. let it rain song came on - performed by a lady who could have been misused several ways as she is an important
pawn to those who wanted to use people to connected with. . at times sincere. sincere efforts were twisted and turned. old tactics
can NOT work in the time of mass data / AI / networking
Those who sell pills = helping the network of 70,000 + pedophiles. A group nested across dunlawton bridge in a hotel.
Animal farm at Belluz Farms
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Walt Disney World
The Magic Kingdom
Adventureland
Pirates of the Caribbean
One of the classic WDW dark ride scenes is this one of the three skeletons on the beach with one pinned to the rock with a sword. I’m sure there’s a great story to this particular scene, but since we only see the aftermath, it’s a mystery what happened.
I really need to visit DLR to see the original PotC. From everything I have read and heard, the DLR version eats it’s lunch.
In recent years we sadly have been watching a significant loss of habitat in our neighbourhood as construction of commercial/industrial parks encroaches on some of the last substantial pieces of open fields left south of the highway. In winter you could typically see Snowy Owls and Northern Harriers making a living in these fields, but this past Winter I saw neither of these species as construction ate yet another chunk of the open spaces. In Spring & Summer this also serves as habitat for other birds such as Savannah Sparrows and various shorebirds. :-(
Here's some before/after pics of my weight loss experience. Between August 5th, 2010 and Oct 15th, 2011 I lost 72 pounds, 64 inches, and 5 dress sizes. I gained confidence, accomplishment, energy and self-esteem.
Successful weight loss means losing weight and keeping it off. People who shed pounds rapidly tend to put them all back on. Before you can set out to reach a healthy weight, you must understand how important it is to adopt a whole-lifestyle change. In this article we will tell you how to make...
healthwellnessandlifestyle.com/easy-ideas-for-successful-...