Pomegranate juice from Turkey.

Exactly 3,500 years ago in the city of Thebes there lived a man called Ineni, with a garden renowned far a wide, much like Luis Borja. Except he wasn't exactly like Luis, because he happened to be the overseer of the building works of the GOD-EMPEROR of the World; the Pharaoh Tuthmosis I. Ineni made sure that in the Hereafter his garden would be just as glorious as in life, for in his tomb his garden was painted in detail, so as that Anubis would make sure to incorporate it in the strange dark eternity that comes to the deserving spirits of the dead in the Afterworld. All the species were neatly inventoried next to the painting, so Anubis wouldn't accidentally forget anything! And so we know how an ancient garden looked like and which species grew within.

Ineni the Builder thought 5 pomegranate trees would just about do the trick (he likes palms the best, he needs 321 of those; afterwards his favourite is Ficus species. Another difference between Luis and Ineni is that although Aloe (pronounced 'ht-'w3') was well known to the ancient Egyptians, Ineni didn't seem to think they were interesting enough to garden for the rest of eternity (Ineni is probably thinking: 'dammit! I knew I forgot something!' right now)).

Akkadian:

---Old Akkadian [~2500-2000BC]: Possibly* ? pronounced 'armannu', but this may mean 'fruit tree' in general.

---Assyrian Neo-Akkadian [~1300BC]: '...' pronounced 'nurmû', alternatively sometimes called ? pronounced 'lurimtu'.

Amharic: ሩማን transliterated 'ruman' (pronounced 'roman' according to some)

Ancient Egyptian: see here, pronounced 'in-hmn'

Arabic: رمان, pronounced 'ram-an' (Old Andalusian Arabic), ﺎن‎مـ‎ر‎, pronounced 'rummân' (Modern Egypt)

Aramaic: ...?**, ? pronounced 'rummānā'

Armenian: Նուռ transliterated 'nowo' (ISO9985 (divergent from older schemes))

---Classical Armenian [405-1800AD]: Նուրն pronounced 'nurn' (?, bad source, re-transliterated by me using Hübschmann-Meillet)

Avestan [~1000BC]: ? pronounced 'hadhânaêpatayå' (for tree), ? pronounced 'baresman' (for twigs); (?, unclear, names 'in Zand', may be 12-13th century Pazend or Avesta): رورمنا pronounced 'rormanā', رومنا pronounced 'romnā'

Azeri: Nar Kolu (fruit), Nar Ağacı (tree)

Coptic: Ⲉⲣⲙⲁⲛ, pronounced 'irman'

Corsican: Mela granata

Farsi: انار pronounced 'anār' (fruit) or pronounced 'ana'ra' (tree), نار pronounced 'nār' (fruit), درخت انار pronounced 'nār-pestan' (tree), ناربن pronounced 'nār-bon' (tree), رمان pronounced 'romman' or 'rummān' (fruit), رانا pronounced 'rānā' (fruit, rare (eastern?) synonym), ناردان pronounced 'nār-dan' (seeds, dried arils), فرند pronounced 'firind' (seed), ارمنین pronounced 'armanīn' (wild pomegranate), ضبر ẓabr' (pomegranate, among many other meanings), انحفطینا pronounced 'anḥaft̤īnā' (flower), اونانیس pronounced 'aunānīs' (bud)

Ge'ez: ኣሩራን pronounced 'ʿarurān' (for tree; may also mean a field, a big tree, or wild date palm. Traditionally believed to be derived from Greek ... ('arouran'= field), however, this may not be the root for all meanings of the word, see Coptic, Akkadian). The word ጵርዮን (pronounced 'pəryon') has been misunderstood to mean 'pomegranate', but actually means 'saw' or 'holm oak' (Quercus ilex).

Greek:

---Attic: Ῥοἀ, sometimes Ῥοιἀ (tree), Κύτινος pronounced 'khootinos' (flower). From Theophrastus [~340–290BC], who admittedly was from Lesbos and has been criticized on his use of Attic (Leontion).

---Koine Greek: βαλαύστιον pronounced 'balaústion' (for flower of wild plant). Attested in Dioscorides, Galen and papyri [1-130AD];

------Egyptian Koine [130-200AD, names from Egyptian papyri]: Ῥόα pronounced 'rhóa' (tree), Κύτινος pronounced 'khootinos' (flower), Σίσιον pronounced 'sísion' (rind of fruit).

------Byzantine Koine [1020's, names from the Suda]: Ῥοιά (tree, fruit), Σίδειος Καρπός (fruit)

---Modern Greek: In modern Greek the plant is known as Ροδιά, pronounced 'rothiá'.

Harari: ? pronounced 'rummán', ?ማን pronounced 'roman', ?ማን? pronounced 'romanách' (pl.) (Arabic, á, as in "father.", or Adaric)

Hebrew:

---Modern Hebrew: רימון מצוי , pronounced 'rimun m'u'? (tree), הרימון נגזר, pronounced 'h'rimun ngzr'? (fruit).

Hittite: The logogram orthography is more attested in the corpus than the syllabic equivalent. Pomegranate is only attested in later writings.

---New-Hittite [~1430–1180BC]:

------Logogramic: 'giš-NU-ÚR-MA', or 'giš-NURMA' pronounced 'nurati' ('giš' is a 'determinant' used in the cuneiform script to denote the word is a fruit from a woody tree/shrub, and is not pronounced). An akkadogram.

------Syllabic: '...', 'nu-ra-ti-i-in' or 'nu-ra-ti-in', pronounced 'nurati' (stem?) or 'nuratin' (sing.?)

Hurrian [~2100-1300BC]: ? pronounced 'nuranti'

Italian: Melograno

---Venetian: Malgaragno, also Magragno, Pomoingranà, Pomogranà

Kurdish:

---Kurmanji: Hinar, Henar, Énar***

---Sorani: ھەنار pronounced 'h'nar'

Latin: Malum Punicum, Malum Granatum, Balaustium (for flower)

Mazanderani/Tabari: انار

Oromo: Romaanii

Pashto: انار

Portuguese: Romã, Romãzeira, Romanzeira, Romanzeiro

Sidetic/Pamphylian [~500BC]: '...' (Sidetic script is as yet undeciphered) pronounced 'side'

Tigrinya:? pronounced 'remmān' (from Schwienfurth [1880's-90's] as 'Abyssinian', very possibly Tigré, but based on demographics and dominant languages in Italian administered areas and the relatively restricted extent of Schweinfurths travels in Abyssinia (he only visited northwest Eritrea) most, if not all, the plant names he recorded were almost certainly in Tigrinya).

Turkish: Nar

*Apparently known by Hopf, Maria and Zohary, Daniel. in 'Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley' (3rd ed.); Oxford University Press; 2000, pp. 171. ISBN 0-19-850356-3. The source I have used is rather bad

**In the Babylonian Talmud.

***? from 1910's German work

Note: The writing of names/words in non-Akkadian/Sumerian languages using cuneiform, such as Hurrian or Hittite, can be tricky in that they may be written either phonetically/syllabically or as ideograms/logograms. In this latter case the Akkadian/Sumerian spelling of a word is substituted for the native one, these are known as 'akkadograms' or 'sumerograms'. It is like one would write "I have an POMME" in English, but read this as "I have an apple": The sequence of letters P, O, M, M & E have combined into a symbol for "apple". "&" is actually an ideogram used in English for "and". Huzvarishn are analogous ideograms based on Aramaic found in pahlavi script used to write middle Persian. Furthermore, words are written with the addition of a further 'determinant' or 'determiner', another logogramic symbol. This is not pronounced but used to denote the type of word. These determinants are themselves a subset of ancient sumerograms. What one reads is thus often completely different from what one pronounces. In modern transliterations of cuneiform into the Latin alphabet, logogram words are written in capitals -normal for sumerograms or italic for akkadograms, while determinants are written in superscript in front of the word.

Note 2: These names came with the qualifier "in Zand" in the Persian dictionary I used. The word 'pazend' is now known to mean the 1,800-1,350 years old commentary in Middle Persian upon the Avesta written in the same script used to write the (dead) Avestan language some 1,800 years ago. However, when these works were first transcribed into western European languages 200 years ago the term was confused= 'zand' was used to mean Avestan language itself and 'Pa-zand' was used as the name of the Middle Persian language. Although the dictionary I used here was written 100 years ago, after the mistake became apparent, it is most likely written according to the old paradigm, thus these words are supposed to be Avestan. I must still corroborate these words with the actual text. The words are problematic; I do not see them in my copies of newer Avestan dictionary, and the clear later Semitic nature of the names makes it unlikely to actually be Avestan, but more likely Middle or New Persian, or even Pahlavi ideograms (in Aramaic). Zand in the Persian context might also refer to the (brief) Zand dynasty or the region of Zand, where the Luri language is spoken to some extent, thus these words might conceivably be Luri words from Zand, but this seems unlikely in respect to the rest of the text of the dictionary (it doesn't explain the occurrence of 'in Zand' so often in entries, nor the occurrence of the word 'Pa-zand').

Note 3: Flickr won't display unicode for cuneiform...

Note 4: Pronunciation and orthography for Ancient Greek is all wrong. I transliterated using Modern Greek, and Ancient Greek script lacked minuscules, having only capital letters. Also check Latin orthography (no letter 'U', right?).

Native Distribution: Thought to be native to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, & India (Kashmir, Himalayas).

Nepal? Turkmenistan?

The plant was probably first brought into cultivation in what is now Iran (based on land-race/cultivar diversity), at least some time before 4,500 years ago, when it was first mentioned in Sumerian cuneiform tablets in modern day Iraq. From Mesopotamia it seems to have spread west into the Levant, where it was eaten in the city of Jericho (now in the West Bank, Palestine) 4,000 years ago and north into the southern Caucasus by 3,000 years ago. It is first attested in Egypt about 3,900 years ago, but 3,500 years ago it was still seen pretty novel in Thebes (the Pharaoh Tuthmosis III is said to have introduced the fruit from Palestine after he conquered the lands of the Canaanites 3,400 years ago, although that story is untrue), so Ineni was a collector of some sort!

Alternatively, according to the Talmud, spies sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan brought clusters of grapes, pomegranates and figs back with them.

According to Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287BC), in Egypt new and sweeter varieties were bred.

Phoenicians traders possibly spread the fruit further across the Mediterranean area by 3,000 years ago.

Note that a similar diffusion occurred towards the east to China and Siam, the pomegranate arrived in China from Central Asia in about the second century B.C..

hong kong, 1972

calligraphy art

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

O Todo é maior que a soma das partes. // The Whole is bigger than the sum of the parts.

hong kong, 1972

calligraphy art

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

hong kong, 1972

calligraphy art

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

زیست‌نامه نويسنده

محمد ناصري فرد در شهرستان خمين ديده به جهان گشود. وي داراي تحصيـلات دكتراي

باستان شناسي هنر با تجربه يازده سال پژوهش هاي مستمر ميداني در غـارها و كوه هاي ايران

)با پايــي كه تركـش خورده، حـدود 730000 كيـلومتر « بيش از ده دور بـه گرد كـره زمين»

پيــاده و سواره به عشق سـربلندي ايـران عزيز راه ها رفتـه) و ديگر نقاط جهان كه منتج به كسب دانـش تـخـصـصي در مطـالـعه بر روي نـقـوش صـخـره اي ( نقاشي هاي كهن درون غارها و كوه هاي ايران و جهان) شده است. وي با ديگر محافل علمي بيرون از ايران همكاري و تعامل مطالعاتي داشته و اين امر سبب شده تا سنگ نگاره هاي ايران به ديگر نقاط جهان بيشتر معرفي شوند. لازم به ذكر است كه نامبرده هم اكنون در رشته ي هنر باستان، مشغول به تدريس و همكاري با محافل علمي بيرون و داخل ايران است.

وي موفق به انتشار بيش از بيست مقاله علمي(Prehistoric Petroglyphs in Iran ) در جرايد، بيش از90 مصاحبه ي خبري اختصاصي در ارتباط با هنرهاي صخره اي ايران و تأليف شش جلد كتاب در زمينه هاي مختلف شده است كه سه جلد از آنها به نام هاي:

(موزه هاي سنگي- هنرهاي صخره اي) و نيز كتاب ( سنگ نگاره هاي ايران- نمـادهاي انديشه نگـار)، مرتبط با سنگ نگاره هاي ايران و جهان است. قسمت هايي از محتواي سريال مستند يازده قسمتي سنگ نگاره هاي تيمره که از شبكه چهار سيما بارها پخش شد، برگرفته از کتاب هاي اشاره شده است.

وي حدود 400 دقيقه پژوهش مستندهاي تلويزيوني هنرهاي صخره اي ( Rock Art) ايران را انجام داده است كه پژوهش يكي از آنها در جشنواره ي مراكز راديو تلويزيوني استان ها، در تابسـتان 1387. شيـراز ديپلـم افتخار گـرفت.

در كتاب سنگ نگاره هاي ايران- زبان مشترك جهاني Iran Petroglyphs , Universal Common language براي نخستين بار، نقوش سنگ نگاره هاي ديگر نقاط جهان، طرح روي سفالينه هاي ماقبل تاريخ ايران، با نقوش سنگ نگاره هاي كهن نقاط مختلف ايران تطبيق داده شده است.

وي موفق به كـشف بيش از بيـست كتيبه ي خـطـي از هزاره ي دهـم ق.م تـا دوره ي اسـلامي شده كه به سـيـر تطـوّر خــط در ايران معـروف است. Pictogram-ideogram-logogram-rebus-syllobic-alphabetic كه ريز آنها عبارت است از : خطوط تصويري، انديشه نگار، قبل از ايلام، ايلامي، پهلوي( هام دبيره و نيم گشته )، كوفي، عربي و فارسي؛ لازم به ذكر است كه براي اولين بار درايران سير تطورّ خط از تصويري تا الفبايي كشف شده است كه دركتاب سنگ نگاره هاي ايران- نمادهاي انديشه نگار، گزارش آن موجود است.

جهت مجـموعه ي فـرهنگي تاريخي كاخ نياوران بيش از بيـست مـولاژ (تنديس) از سير پيدايش خطوط اشاره شده با همكاري پژوهشـكـده ي خـط شــناسي و مـركز كتـيـبه شناسي ميـراث فـرهـنگي ايـران تهيه شد. همچنين وي يـافتـه هاي خـود را بـراي نخـستين بار در ايـران، در قـالب سـايت سـنگ نـگاره هـاي ايـران به نشاني www.iranrockart.com در اختيار محافل علمي داخل و خارج ايران قرار مي دهد

Individual Resume:

Mr. Mohammad Naserifard was born in Khomein. He was educated on PHD degree of art archeology with more than 11 years on researches in caves and mountains and other places in the world (he walked and drove about 730000 KM with damaged feet in the war) which led to obtaining especial knowledge on Iran’s rock arts in Iran and world caves and mountains.

He has cooperated with other scientific groups out of Iran and it result in introduction of Iran’s rock art to other places in the world. It is necessary to mention that he is cooperating and teaching at university centers regarding to ancient art and its related fields.

He was successful in publishing more than 20 scientific articles ( prehistoric petroglyphs in Iran) , more than 90 especial interview regarding to Iran’s rock art and writing 5 books in various fields which 2 are related to Iran and world’s rock arts : (IRAN PETROGLYPS, IDEOGRAM SYMBOLS and Rock Museums Rock Arts (Iran Petroglyphs ) . Some parts of documentary film on 4 channels in TV (11 section) were generated from these books. He got Diploma from TV and Radio festival as researcher on summer 1387 in Shiraz (2008 B.C). He is publishing another book as “Amazement of ancient Iran’s rock arts).

He could discover more than 20 handwriting inscriptions from tenth millennium till Islamic period which is famous to “Line Course “; these are introduced in details as followings:

Pictogram, Ideogram, Logogram, Rebus, syllobic, Alphabetic, Kofi, Arabic and Persian. It is necessary to mention that line course is discovered and described for the first time at Iran’s rock art , Ideogram symbols (Prehistoric Rock Art in Iran Amazement of Ancient Iran. Iran's Rock arts) .

He is presenting his findings for the first time in the website of Iran’s Rock arts for scientific inside and outside group

漢字象形取物之形，

漢字本身就是圖，能夠直接表達涵義，是世界上最通行的表義文字，

象形字的山、水、日、氣，就是取自然環境的樣貌所描繪的字，

本作品運用國畫中常見的表現元素構成東方的山水意象，

將古老的漢字用現代的方式呈現，去除裝飾性強的部份，

意圖讓非漢語文化圈的觀看者能夠一眼明瞭:

「這就是漢字的圖文特質」。

A Chinese pictograph is a logogram used in writing with the forms of characters.

The Chinese pictogram is not only a picture to express the meaning of words but also an ideogram to be worldwide used.

Moreover,

the Chinese pictogram is described as the natural environment such as mountain, water, sun, and atmosphere.

This work used some elements of traditional Chinese painting to comprise the imagery of Eastern scenery with hills and waters.

Then, it used the modern composition to perform the traditional Chinese characters and to strike some parts with strong emotional decoration.

The purpose of this work is to perform the features of the Chinese characters and to express a clear image to all the viewers who live in the non-Eastern cultures.

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Somehow the Wiki definition does not match the awe and inspiration you get when you see one of them in person.

This is a close up of one of the most incredible petroglyphs in the Eastern Sierras. It is incredibly fascinating to try to guess what these symbols are saying. This site was definitely on my bucket list. It is fitting that there is the culture around this site that in order to truly appreciate it you should find it yourself. I did a ton of research and my friends gave me hints but not the location. It built the anticipation to a peak s that when I first saw it my heart was pounding.

First expedition was not even close. A kind rock climber politely told me "Most people don't access that site from this direction". Translation; I was on the wrong freakin trail. I asked if she knew where it was and she just smiled at me. She then gave me the hint that turned out to be the most important tip I got. So I owe her a great debt of thanks.

Second expedition I found it. I had spent what seemed an eternity hoping rocks, scrambling down mini canyons but still no luck. Was getting frustrated that I was going to come up empty again. Then by chance, I looked to my left and there through a gap between two large rocks I saw the signature outcrop on the edge of the petroglyph that I seen so many times in pictures. For close to five minutes I just stood there looking, smiling with my heart pounding.

I now want to go back for a sunrise just after a heavy snow!

Comments and Favs greatly appreciated!

A letter is a grapheme in an alphabetic system of writing, such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants. Letters compose phonemes and each phoneme represents a phone (sound) in the spoken form of the language.

Written signs in other writing systems are best called syllabograms (which denote a syllable) or logograms (which denote a word or phrase).

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The Petroglyph National Monument is a park running for 17 miles along the west mesa outside of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It features numerous natural resources including volcanoes, archeological sites and an estimated 24,000 carved images. Many of the images are recognizable as animals, people, brands and crosses; others are more complex. These images are inseparable from the cultural landscape, the spirits of the pueblo people who created and who appreciate them. Some areas of the park are off limits but the public can see some of the carvings and wildlife that the park supports. Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Dating back almost 1,000 years they were the "newspapers" of their time. The word "petroglyph" comes from the Greek words petro-, meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve". The local Navajo Indians call the area "Tsé Hane'é " which translates as :" the "rocks that tell stories" October 2006

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Taiwanese coin

Taiwanese coin

Gilmore Car Museum

www.gilmorecarmuseum.org

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as chữ Nôm. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world.

Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the Jōyō kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited use in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (kyūjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are not really used in everyday life and are slowly declining in use.

In Old Chinese, most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese, characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase.

Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sinoxenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.

Centre d'études des religions et croyances de la Chine à Montréal (Centre for the Study of Chinese Religions and Beliefs in Montreal).

1065, rue Bleury, Montréal, 09-24-2016.

hong kong, 1972

calligraphy art

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

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Sacred Language is a logogram language, where each symbol represents a word, the smallest meaningful unit of language. Sundays are dedicated to Research and Experimentation, represented by two symbols which together create tanmoa - new or the birth of som

from Damanhur Spiritual EcoCommunity, ift.tt/1hQ85AQ

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

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Writing whole words mixed with syllables in Maya glyphs, El Gran Museo del Mundo Maya, Merida, December 2012

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Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

漢字象形取物之形，

漢字本身就是圖，能夠直接的表達涵義，是世界上最通行的表義文字，

象形字的眼、耳、鼻、口，就是取人的臉部器官所描繪的字，

當把這些單字拼回原本的位置，呈現的就是一張臉，

將古老的漢字用現代的方式呈現，去除裝飾性強的部份，

意圖讓非漢語文化圈的觀看者能夠一眼明瞭:

「這就是漢字的圖文特質」。

A Chinese pictogram is a logogram used in writing with the forms of characters.

The Chinese pictogram is not only a picture to express the meaning

of words but also an ideogram to

be worldwide used.

Moreover,

the Chinese pictogram is described as the facial appearance such as eye, ear, nose, and mouth. When you put these words at the original places,

a facial imaginary will be displayed.

Besides,

it used the modern composition to perform the traditional Chinese characters and to strike some parts with strong emotional decoration.

The purpose of this work is to perform the features of the Chinese characters and to express a clear image to all the viewers who live in the non-Eastern cultures.

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Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

www.ancientscripts.com/oldpersian.html

The palace of king Darius I the Great in Persepolis was built by Darius, but only a small portion of the palace was finished under Darius' rule. It was completed after his death in 486 by his son and successor Xerxes, who called the house a Taçara, "winter palace", in Antiquity. Its ruins are immediately south of the Apadana.

Like many other parts of Persepolis, Tachara Palace has reliefs of tribute-bearing dignitaries. This palace was one of the few structures that escaped destruction in the burning of the complex by Alexander.

The Petroglyph National Monument is a park running for 17 miles along the west mesa outside of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It features numerous natural resources including volcanoes, archeological sites and an estimated 24,000 carved images. Many of the images are recognizable as animals, people, brands and crosses; others are more complex. These images are inseparable from the cultural landscape, the spirits of the pueblo people who created and who appreciate them. Some areas of the park are off limits but the public can see some of the carvings and wildlife that the park supports. Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Dating back almost 1,000 years they were the "newspapers" of their time. The word "petroglyph" comes from the Greek words petro-, meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve". The local Navajo Indians call the area "Tsé Hane'é " which translates as :" the "rocks that tell stories" October 2006

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

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Rémarques philologiques sur les voyages en Chine de M. de Guignes

Montucci, Antonio, 1762-1829

Berlin : L'auteur, 1809

China-Ward collection : 495.1 M769

pem-voyager.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cg...

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

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Back when MB stiil designed beautiful mototrcars.

Labor Day car show, Roseberry, Idaho.

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taipei, taiwan

1972

chinese letters (hanzi)

part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf

© the Nick DeWolf Foundation

Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com

Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logogram images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words petro-, theme of the word "petra" meaning "stone", and glyphein meaning "to carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.

The term petroglyph should not be confused with pictograph, which is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph#.C2.A0United_States

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Taiwanese coin

Taiwanese coin

⛧⛧⛧INFERNAL HOOF BOOTS⛧⛧⛧

Straight from hell! Just to give you an idea what kind of fancy design is possible with my hoof boots.

Killer rivets, skulls, chains, a logogram, lettering… if you bubbling over with ideas let me know them, I can realize your craziest dream.

I´m taking commissions, just contact me by a PM or visit my ETSY shop.

www.etsy.com/shop/Horseking

Die Durchsage Mind the Gap (Vorsicht Spalt!, wörtlich: Denken Sie an den Spalt) ist eine Durchsage in der Underground, die es zu großer Bekanntheit gebracht hat und zum Teil als ebenso typisch für London empfunden wird wie die Doppeldeckerbusse. Die Souvenir-Industrie bietet mittlerweile zahlreiche Accessoires (T-Shirts, Tassen, Taschen und auch String Tangas) mit Aufdruck an. Der Techno-Band Scooter diente die Durchsage als Inspiration für ein gleichnamiges Album.

Ihren Ursprung hatte die Durchsage an der Station Embankment der Northern Line. Weil der Tunnel exakt dem Verlauf der darüberliegenden Straße folgt, liegt diese Station in einer Kurve und der Spalt zwischen Wagen und Bahnsteig ist außerordentlich breit. Mit der Durchsage werden die Fahrgäste daran erinnert, darauf zu achten, wohin sie treten. Weitere Linien mit großen Abständen zwischen Wagen und Bahnsteig sind die Bakerloo Line und die Central Line.

Die Durchsage selbst ist aufgezeichnet und wird von professionellen Sprechern gesprochen. Die erste, sehr markante Aufnahme stammt von Peter Lodge und wurde in den 1960er Jahren - bereits digital - aufgenommen. Diese Durchsage ist in einem harschen Ton gehalten, um ein Überhören unwahrscheinlich zu machen. Zusätzlich ist auch die Bahnsteigkante unübersehbar mit „Mind the Gap“ beschriftet. Seit 2003 wird diese Durchsage nach und nach durch eine andere Version ersetzt. Diese wird von Emma Clarke, einer damals 36-Jährigen freien Synchronsprecherin[, gesprochen und ist in einem vornehmeren, weniger strengen Ton gehalten.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground#Mind_the_Gap

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