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Kellermann CKO 383 Mercedes Benz W 196
Disassembled, rust removed, paint polished, engine lubricated.
Tinplate Büssing buses. The original (2nd to rear left) was made by CKO (Kellermann) in West Germany. The tooling went to Kovap in Czechoslovakia who produced all the others shown here other than possibly the pale green one – that has the name 'Hendrix' pressed on the base and may have been made before Kovap took over production. The three with Czech inscriptions (front left and centre front) have plastic wheels, and the all yellow one at the righthand rear is fitted with a clockwork motor, something CKO never used as far as I am aware.
I know of an original CKO in blue, and several additional Kovap colours and promotional items.
The Hendrix version is something I would like to know more about, I assume that the same company was responsible for the set of three Schuco Piccolo racing car copies which appeared prior to the restarting of that range by Schuco in the 1990s.
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
More Description in French and English on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/collections/7...
My Best ☆ FAVES by you, on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
More Description in French and English on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/collections/7...
My Best ☆ FAVES by you, on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
More Description in French and English on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/collections/7...
My Best ☆ FAVES by you, on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
Straßburg - Place Broglie
Obelisk Leclerc in front of the Opéra national du Rhin
Obélisque Leclerc devant l'Opéra national du Rhin
Obelisk Leclerc vor der Opéra national du Rhin
Place Broglie is one of the main squares of the city of Strasbourg in the French departement of Bas-Rhin.
The square is located on the Grande Île, the ancient city center, and has an elongated rectangular shape that is some 275 metres (902 ft) long and 50 metres (160 ft) wide. It is notable for its prestigious surroundings: the Opera House, the City Hall, the Governor's Palace, the Prefect's Palace, the Strasbourg building of the Banque de France and the historic Mess building. Civilian architecture includes Renaissance (n° 2), Rococo (n°12), Art Nouveau (n° 1), Historicism (n° 22) and Half-timbered Alsatian style (n° 15). At the westernmost point of the square, close to the bridge Pont du Théâtre leading to the Neustadt stands the ″Janus fountain″ (fontaine de Janus), designed by Tomi Ungerer and inaugurated in 1988, for the 2000th anniversary of the first mention of Argentoratum.
At the site of the current Banque de France building (a grand Louis XV style edifice from 1925–1927) once stood the birthplace of Charles de Foucauld as well as the house of Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich where Rouget de l'Isle reportedly sang the Marseillaise for the first time. These former houses and notable events are commemorated on the façade by a set of plaques.
A monument by Georges Saupique close to the Opera House (a sandstone obelisk adorned with bronze statues) commemorates Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque and the Liberation of Strasbourg. It was inaugurated in 1951. A statue of François Christophe de Kellermann by Léon-Alexandre Blanchot (1935) stands nearby. A monument to the Marseillaise, a work by Alfred Marzolff (1922) is located next to the city hall.
Place Broglie is a stop on the Strasbourg tramway, which is served by lines B, C and E.
(Wikipedia)
La place Broglie (Broglieplatz en allemand standard et dialecte alsacien, aussi Rossmärik) est une place située dans le centre historique de Strasbourg.
Le nom « Broglie » se prononce ordinairement [bʁœj] « breuil », selon le prononcé français traditionnel de cette appellation patronymique d'origine italienne. Toutefois, à Strasbourg, le nom de la place est généralement prononcé « broglie » par ses habitants.
Description
Ancienne place du Marché-aux-Chevaux, appelée « Roosmarkt » de Ross, le cheval en dialecte, elle est l'une des principales places de la ville. Située sur la Grande Île, elle se trouve entre la place Kléber, place centrale de la ville, et la place de la République dans la Neustadt. Elle a été nommée en l'honneur du maréchal François-Marie de Broglie, qui la transforma en promenade bordée de tilleuls en 1740 lorsqu'il était gouverneur de Strasbourg. La place prend sa forme actuelle avec la construction du théâtre municipal, entre 1804 et 1821, et le comblement du fossé des Tanneurs en 1832.
Elle est bordée de beaux hôtels particuliers du XVIIIe siècle et flanquée de trois rangées de platanes, deux jets d'eau se trouvent devant l'hôtel de ville. Durant la période de Noël, c'est sur cette place que se tient le Christkindelsmärik, le principal marché de Noël strasbourgeois.
On y trouve également plusieurs statues et monuments :
le monument du maréchal Leclerc (statue en bronze et obélisque en grès des Vosges), qui commémore le serment de Koufra et la libération de Strasbourg ;
la statue du maréchal Kellermann ;
le monument de la Marseillaise d'Alfred Marzolff.
Histoire
L'hymne national français, la Marseillaise, a retenti pour la première fois en avril 1792 sur cette place.
En effet, la Marseillaise écrite par Rouget de Lisle à Strasbourg dans la nuit du 25 au 26 avril 1792 à la suite de la déclaration de guerre à l'empereur d'Autriche fut présentée le lendemain au maire de Strasbourg, le baron Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich (qui avait demandé à Rouget de Lisle en garnison à Strasbourg d'écrire un chant de guerre), à son domicile situé place Broglie. Cette scène a été immortalisée. On trouve le tableau au musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg. Elle y retentit pour la première fois et retentit publiquement pour la première fois par la suite sur la place Broglie, devant l'hôtel de ville de Strasbourg. Lors de l'annexion de l'Alsace-Lorraine, la fontaine du Vater Rhein est installée au bout de la place devant l'opéra. Très décriée par les Strasbourgeois, elle sera démontée lorsque la ville redeviendra française et offerte à la ville de Munich en échange de la fontaine du Meiselocker (qui se trouve aujourd'hui place Saint-Étienne).
Un kiosque à musique a été construit en 1882 au centre de la place. Il a été déplacé, en 1900, au parc du Contades où il se trouve toujours aujourd'hui.
Le 14 juillet 1922, la statue de La Marseillaise d'Alfred Marzolff est inaugurée dans les jardins de l'Hôtel de ville par le maire Jacques Peirotes. Elle comporte deux médaillons du maire Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich et de Rouget de Lisle.
Entre 1940 et 1945, lors de la seconde annexion allemande, les autorités nationales-socialistes la renomment « Adolf-Hitler Platz » (place Adolf Hitler). La statue de La Marseillaise d'Alfred Marzolff est détruite par les nazis.
C'est également depuis l'hôtel de ville situé place Broglie que, le 7 avril 1947, le général de Gaulle a prononcé devant environ cinquante mille personnes le discours de Strasbourg, un des discours fondateurs de la République, lequel marque également la création du Rassemblement du peuple français (RPF).
Le monument du maréchal Leclerc, réalisé par Georges Saupique, est inauguré le 23 novembre 1951, jour anniversaire de la libération de Strasbourg en 1944. Il fait face au palais du Gouverneur militaire et au cercle mess de garnison.
Le monument de La Marseillaise détruit par les nazis est reconstruit, le 7 novembre 1980, à son emplacement initial par les sculpteurs de la Fondation de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame à partir des plâtres d'Alfred Marzolff. Les médaillons du maire Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich et de Rouget de Lisle sont mis sur la façade de la Banque de France.
Tourisme
Chaque année, lors des fêtes de Noël (de fin-novembre à fin décembre), on retrouve place Broglie le célèbre marché de Noël de Strasbourg, appelé Christkindelsmärik ou « marché de l'Enfant-Jésus », qu'organise la ville depuis 1570. Pendant très longtemps, le Christkindelsmärik s'est tenu au pied de la cathédrale, sur le parvis et sur la place du Château. Puis, au XIXe siècle, prenant une importance de plus en plus difficile à contrôler, il a été transféré d'abord sur la place Kléber, épicentre de la vie sociale et économique strasbourgeoise, et dès 1870 place Broglie.
Aujourd'hui plusieurs marchés de Noël, souvent thématiques, sont organisés dans tout le centre-ville mais le Christkindelsmärik de la place Broglie est le plus important et le plus emblématique. Il regroupe des centaines d’artisans, lesquels proposent entre autres des spécialités culinaires locales, telles les Bredle ou Bredela, délicieux petits gâteaux que l’on prépare traditionnellement pendant la période de l’Avent.
(Wikipedia)
Ein privilegierter Standort im Herzen Straßburgs
Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts erweiterte Straßburg seine Verteidigungsmauer; der neu geschützte Bereich schloss von da an auch diesen weitläufigen Platz mit ein, der sich rasch zu einem beliebten Ort für Messen und Märkte entwickelte. In der mittelalterlichen Stadt war solch ein Platz ein Luxus, der den reichen Patriziern vorbehalten war: Sie bauten hier folglich ihre ersten Häuser und hatten bei den hier abgehaltenen Turnieren den besten Logenplatz. Einige von diesen Turnieren wurden berühmt, so wie das, das 1418 zu Ehren des Kaisers des Heiligen Römischen Reichs Deutscher Nation veranstaltet wurde.
Die Place Broglie, zentraler Platz des Weihnachtsmarkts
Seitdem hat sich der Platz stark verändert. Das Frauenkloster der Klarissen, das den Platz auf einer Seite abschloss, wurde im 16. Jahrhundert in ein Arsenal umgewandelt und schließlich zur Offiziersmesse; deren Fassade mit elf Kanonenlafetten unterstrich ihre militärische Bestimmung. 1740 ließ der Maréchal de Broglie hier Bäume pflanzen und gab der neu entstandenen Promenade seinen Namen. Im 18. Jahrhundert wurden hier schöne Stadtpalais erbaut (insbesondere das Hôtel du Gouverneur militaire und die monumentale Rathausfassade), die den Platz säumen und ihm sein aktuelles Aussehen geben.
Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde das Stadttheater, die heutige Rheinoper, vollendet: Der Platz wurde so zu seinem Vorplatz. 1870 zog der Weihnachtsmarkt auf die Place Broglie. 1951 schließlich errichtete man hier das Leclerc-Denkmal im Gedenken an die Befreiung der Stadt am 23. November 1944. Die Place Broglie ist ebenfalls berühmter Marktplatz.
(strasbourg.eu)
Der Obelisk Leclerc auf dem Place Broglie wurde 1951 von dem Künstler Saupique geschaffen und erinnert an General Leclerc, der Strassburg im November 1944 befreite.
(strassburg.eu)
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
More Description in French and English on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/collections/7...
My Best ☆ FAVES by you, on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
Early 1900s studio portrait of a well-dressed man with mustache in formal suit, photographed in Pancsova, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The picture was taken by photographer Kellermann.
Reissue of CKO Kellermann Büssing bus. The originals had friction motors, this does not. I assume this was made by Kovap, although it has no markings on the base.
Although there was also similar yellow version by Kovap with Czech inscriptions, that had a cream roof and red bumper: www.flickr.com/photos/adrianz-toyz/27656462486
A later plain yellow one was also produced with a clockwork motor, although that had metal wheels and a yellow roof: www.flickr.com/photos/adrianz-toyz/48741996198
I really don't know why I never uploaded this. Close but no cigar, back in December.
One SB600, right.
Taken with the Nikon D300.
Ici, à la hauteur du boulevard Kellermann et du boulevard Masséna, c'est toujours le secteur de la Porte d'Italie, qui s'étend en fait entre les boulevards des maréchaux et le boulevard périphérique.
Miss Annette Kellermann, from Mina Wylie, her family, swimming colleagues and friends - travelling, holidays and swimming competitions, photographed from ca.1883-1930s, PXE 1028, digital.sl.nsw.gov.au/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?emb...
From the collection of the State Library of New South Wales www.sl.nsw.gov.au
Miss Annette Kellermann, from Mina Wylie, her family, swimming colleagues and friends - travelling, holidays and swimming competitions, photographed from ca.1883-1930s, PXE 1028, digital.sl.nsw.gov.au/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?emb...
From the collection of the State Library of New South Wales www.sl.nsw.gov.au
© Mathias Kellermann 2010 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
My Best ☆ FAVES by you, on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
© Mathias Kellermann 2013 - All rights reserved - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI d'une peine allant jusqu’à 3 ans de prison et 300 000 euros d’amende.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
My best pics on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
To visit my personal website :
mathiaskellermann.wix.com/photography
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
Looking east of Johannisberg to the ravine carrying Ansbach.
"Johannisberg is a village in Hessen, Germany. It is part of the city of Geisenheim in the Rheingau, on the right bank of the Rhine, 6 m. S. of Rüdesheim by railway.
The place is mainly celebrated for the beautiful castle, Schloss Johannisberg, which crowns a hill overlooking the Rhine valley, and is surrounded by vineyards yielding the famous Johannisberger wine. The Schloss, built in 1757–1759 by the abbots of Fulda on the site of a Benedictine monastery founded in 1090, was bestowed, in 1808, by Napoleon upon Marshal Kellermann. In 1816 it was given by Francis I of Austria, to Prince Metternich, in recognition of his services as Austrian Foreign Minister.
Rheingau is one of 13 designated German wine regions (Weinbaugebiete) producing quality wines (QbA and Prädikatswein). It was named after the traditional region of Rheingau (meaning "Rhine district"), the wine region is situated in the state of Hesse, where it constitutes part of the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis administrative district. Although, making up only 3 percent of the total German vineyard area, Rheingau has been the source of many historically important innovations in German wine making, and contains many wine producers of international reputation, such as Schloss Johannisberg. Rheingau, with 3,125 hectares (7,720 acres) of vineyards in 2016, also boasts a higher proportion of Riesling (77.7%) than any other German wine-growing region, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) making up most of the rest (12.2%), followed by Müller-Thurgau.
The geography of the Rheingau is very distinct. Around Wiesbaden, the river Rhine detours from its northward flow west for about 30 km before it flows north again. The greater part of the Rheingau is situated here on the river's right bank, but the region also includes the stretch along Rhine after it turns northward again, around the villages Assmannshausen and Lorch. The vineyards in Hochheim on the Main river are also included, just before it flows into Rhine. The Rheingau spans about 50 km from end to end. North of the Rheingau rises the Taunus mountain range, so most of the Rheingau's vineyards are on south-facing slope between hills and streams, which provides excellent wine-growing conditions in these northerly latitudes.
Since the Verona donation in 983, the Rheingau belonged to the archbishopric of Mainz. Legend has it that Charlemagne let the first vineyards be planted in the region, close to present-day Schloss Johannisberg. However finds like a Roman origin grapevine cutting knife point to even earlier cultivation. Better documented is the early influence of the church on Rheingau winemaking, which was controlled from Eberbach Abbey. Augustinians and Benedictines are known to have inhabited the area of the later abbey from 1116, and in 1135 the Cistercians arrived, sent out from Clairvaux. Legend has it that the Cistercians, which are also credited with having founded the wine industry in Burgundy, brought Pinot noir with them to Rheingau, although the earliest record of the grape variety in Rheingau is from 1470. The slopes down from the Taunus mountains belonging to Eberbach Abbey were planted as vineyards in the 12th century, and early in the 13th century the vineyards had reached their present area. In medieval times, more red than white wine was produced, usually as Gemischter Satz, i.e. the vineyards were planted with mixed varieties which were vinified together.
Rheingau Wine Official Classification of 1867
In 2011 it was unveiled, that the Official Wine Classification in the Rheingau has a 150 years history. The classification was the basis for taxation of wineries after the annexation of the Duchy of Nassau by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866. In the book Der nassauische Weinbau published in 1867 by Friedrich Wilhelm Dünkelberg a historical map Weinbau-Karte des nassauischen Rheingaus (Viticultural map of the Rheingau in the Duchy of Nassau), all known vineyards at that time had been marked up by colour, evaluated and classified in first class vineyards (I. Klasse), second class vineyards (II. Klasse) and the remaining vineyards." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior permission.
Click on the image to see with black picture frame.
Le lac Tsomoriri est un des plus grand et des plus fascinant lac d'altitude du Cahemire. Situé à 4500 mètres d'altitude, il fait plus de 30km de long sur 8km de large. Gelé sur toute sa surface en hiver, les nomades le traversent avec leurs troupeaux de yaks pour atteindre les montagnes et aller chercher le bois nécessaire à leur survie. En mars, lorque la couche de glace se restreint, il est de plus en plus fréquent de voir toute ou partie du troupeau disparaître sous leur poids dans le lac aux eaux gelées. C'est qu'ici comme ailleur, le réchauffement climatique a des conséquences terribles sur les habitudes millénaires des hommes, des animaux et de la nature. la légende veut qu'il y a quelques milliers d'années, une femme nommée "Tsomo" (prénom très commun chez les bouddhistes ladakhis) a découvert ce lac avec son âne et s'y est perdu. Cette femme, très petite "riri" a finallement donné son nom à cet endroit exceptionnel.
En 2010, alors que je me rendais en Indonésie en tant que volontaire de l'ONG Kalaweit au ceour de la jungle de Borneo, tout ou partie de l'Asie du Sud est connaissait une pénurie de pluie sans précédent. La mousson ne venait pas. Au même moment, du 14 au 18 aôut, cette partie de l'Hymalaya qui s'ouvre vers le Pakistan et la vallée de L'indus connu la plus grande innondation de mémoire d'homme dans la région (les textes les plus anciens écrits par les moines datent de mille ans). Ce sont des milliards de mètres cubles d'eaux qui se sont abattus sur le haut des montagnes entraînant boues et milliards de tonnes de rochers vers les vallées, dévastant tout sur leur passage, village, cultures, vies humaines et animales. le bilan officiel n'a jamais été communiqué.
Tsomoriri Lake is one of the largest and most fascinating high altitude lake of Cahemire. Located at 4500 meters altitude, it is more than 30km long and 8km wide. Frozen over its entire surface in winter, nomads cross it with their yak herds to reach the mountains and get wood for their survival. In March, When the course is restricted ice, it is increasingly common for all or part of the herd disappear under the lake. Here as everywhere else, global warming has a devastating effect on the habits of humans, animals and nature.
According to the legend, few thousand years ago, a woman named "Tsomo" (very common name among Ladakhi Buddhists) found that lake with his donkey and got lost. This woman, very small "riri" has finally given her name to this special place.
In 2010, when I went to Indonesia as a volunteer for the Kalaweit NGO in the Borneo's jungle, all or part of Southeast Asia was experiencing a shortage of unprecedented rain. The monsoon did not came. At the same time, from 14 to 18 August, this part of the Himalayas that opens to Pakistan and the Indus valley experienced the largest flood in living memory in the region (the oldest texts written date by the monks a thousand years never told about such disaster). Cubles billion meters of water that hit the top of the mountains causing sludge and billions of tons of rocks to the valleys, devastating everything in their way, village, crops, human and animal lives. The official death toll has never been reported.
More description in French & English will follow on the album page : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157630...
My best pics on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
To visit my personal website :
mathiaskellermann.wix.com/photography
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
The Classic Remise in Düsseldorf is a business complex specialising in classic cars. Since 2006 several companies selling and restoring classic cars are housed in the building. The building is an old railway roundhouse built around 1930. This part was added in 2006 by RKW Rhode Kellermann Wawrowsky Architektur.
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
More Description in French and English on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/collections/7...
My Best ☆ FAVES by you, on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
Reissue of CKO Kellermann Büssing bus. The originals had friction motors, this does not. This is in a livery introduced by Kovap, and has plastic wheels rather than metal. There are various colour combinations of this.
Unusually this one just has the CKO logo pressed on the base. Most Kovap versions add the word 'Replica', or have no lettering at all. The clockwork one has the Kovap logo added and I have one with 'Hendrix'. This links to a photo of different base inscriptions: www.flickr.com/photos/adrianz-toyz/24985971110
sur la ligne Tram T3 à destination de Pont du Garigliano (Paris), station Stade Charléty, boulevard Kellermann, Paris (13ème arrondissement, Île-de-France, France, FR)
Deutschland / Nordrhein-Westfalen - Allendorf
Spring in the village park
Frühling im Dorfpark
Fickeltünnesweg / Geschichtswanderweg
Allendorf is a part of the town of Sundern in North Rhine-Westphalia. It used to be in the Hanseatic League. Allendorf has about 1678 residents, and it is at 320 meters above sea level. It is south of the municipality, to the south of Langscheid, not far from the town of Plettenberg, between Selbecke and a reservoir.
(Wikipedia)
Allendorf ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Sundern (Sauerland) im Hochsauerlandkreis. Er besitzt heute über 1500 Einwohner. Patronin der politischen Gemeinde ist die Hl. Agatha, Patron der Kirchengemeinde der Hl. Antonius der Einsiedler. Ortsbildprägend ist die Pfarrkirche St. Antonius.
Zu den frühesten Spuren der Besiedlung zählen Hügelgräber aus der Bronzezeit. Die erste sichere urkundliche Erwähnung fällt in das Jahr 1296. Die Ortschaft gehörte zur Grafschaft Arnsberg und wurde 1368 bei den Arnsberger Freiheiten aufgezählt. Im Jahr 1407 wurde der Ort befestigt und galt seitdem als Stadt. 1424 verlieh der Kölner Erzbischof Dietrich II. von Moers der "Stat" die gleichen Rechte, wie sie die anderen Städte und Schlösser der Grafschaft Arnsberg besaßen. Um diese Zeit sind Bürgermeister und Rat nachweisbar.
Am 7. November 1629 vermachte der Bürger Kaspar Kellermann, welcher vom Richter Nietenstein der Hexerei für schuldig gesprochen war und an diesem Tag auf dem Scheiterhaufen lebendig verbrannt wurde, sein Haus und Gut zugunsten der Schule, damit die Kinder zukünftig den Unfug des Hexen- und Zaubererglaubens einsehen sollten.
1747 brannte etwa die Hälfte des Ortes (37 Häuser) ab. Zu dieser Zeit bestand im Ort eine Tuchmacherzunft. In vielen Häusern wurde Wollspinnerei betrieben.
Bis zum Ende des Herzogtums Westfalen behielt Allendorf seine Stellung als Stadt. 1801 hatte der Ort 68 Häuser. 1802 kam Allendorf mit dem Herzogtum Westfalen zu Hessen-Darmstadt und 1816 an Preußen. In dieser Zeit gehörte die Stadt zum Amt Eslohe. 1811 noch zum Amt Balve zugeordnet wurde der Ort in preußischer Zeit selbst Sitz eines Amtes, das zum Kreis Arnsberg gehörte. 1858 gab der Ort die Bezeichnung „Stadt“ endgültig auf, als er als Landgemeinde eingestuft worden war. 1906 wurde das Amt nach Sundern verlegt. 1961 hatte Allendorf auf einer Fläche von 13,37 km² 1004 Einwohner. Allendorf wurde am 1. Januar 1975 nach Sundern eingemeindet.
Die Sehenswürdigkeiten werden seit dem Juni 2002 durch den 18 km langen Geschichtswanderweg erschlossen. Zu den Traditionen gehört bis heute der Schnadegang.
(Wikipedia)
Dieser Wanderweg ist mit einem weißen H auf blauem Grund gekennzeichnet und beginnt am kleinen Marktplatz von Allendorf. Der Geschichtswanderweg in Allendorf bei Sundern wurde im Jahr 2002 mit 15 Stationen angelegt, im Jahr 2013 wurde er als Rundweg am Sauerland-Höhenflug anerkannt und markiert. Der Fickeltünnes-Wanderweg führt Sie zu Kapellen, Zechen, Hügelgräber und zu geschichtsträchtigen Orten. An dicken Holzstelen werden Geschichten, Lustiges, Trauriges und Kurioses aus der Vergangenheit erläutert.
Beginn ist der Marktplatz in Allendorf. Hier finden Sie auch Wanderinformationen über das örtliche Wandernetz, über den Rundweg selber und aktuelle Informationen vom SGV.
Vom Parkplatz aus wenden Sie sich rechts und gehen durch die Marktgasse (Drei-Königs-Weg) in die Altstadtstraße und kommen am Namensgeber dieses Weges vorbei, dem Fickeltünnes. Der hl. Antonius wird oft mit einem Schwein (plattdeutsch: Fickel) abgebildet und ist der Schutzheilige der Allendorfer Kirche.
Über den Kreuzweg führt der Fickeltünnes-Wanderweg hinauf auf den Kaukenberg. Hier haben Sie die ersten schönen Aussichten über das Sauerland. Drei Stationen liegen auf diesem Weg, bevor der Rundweg im großzügigen Park von Allendorf mit Spielplatz angekommt. Weiter geht es über den Stationsweg „Die sieben Schmerzen Mariens“, eine Einmaligkeit im Sauerland, zum Krusenberg. Hier trifft der blau markierte Rundweg auf den gelb markierten Sauerland-Höhenflug, dem Sie nun in Richtung Affeln folgen. Wunderschöne schmale Pfade durch Wälder und Freiflächen und herrliche Aussichten erwarten Sie auf dem Sauerland-Höhenflug bis zum Hagener Kreuz. Unterwegs haben Wanderer die Steine am Wegesrand zu interessanten Skulpturen aufeinandergeschichtet - mitmachen erwünscht! Am Hagener Kreuz selber lädt ein runder Tisch mit Bank lädt zu einer entspannten Rast ein.
Nun verlassen Sie den Sauerland-Höhenflug und es geht hinunter in das Tal der ‚Krähe’, wo der kleine Bach zauberhaft durch eine Wiese mäandert. Entlang des kleinen Flusses verläuft der Rundweg über einen kleinen Pfad durch einen Fichtenwald und erreicht die Landstraße L 619, die sie überqueren müssen. Der Fickeltünnes-Wanderweg führt nun entlang der ehemaligen Grube Hermann, die heute unter Naturschutzgebiet steht, und durch Fichtenwälder bis zur Landstraße L 842, der Sie kurz in Richtung des kleinen Örtchens Hüttebrüchen folgen müssen. Nach nur wenigen Metern biegt der Wanderweg aber wieder links in einen Forstweg ab. Nun wird die Landschaft offener. Wiesen, Felder und Baumreihen wechseln sich ab und eröffnen immer wieder wunderbare Weitsichten. Auch der sogenannte ‚Allendorfer Bahnhof’ am Ödenberg liegt in einer riesigen Kyrillfläche. Eine Schutzhütte bietet Ihnen eine weitere Rastmöglichkeit. Durch das ‚Alte Feld’ und am ‚Eichenberg’ entlang begleitet Sie eine prächtige Aussicht. Bald kommen Sie zum Naturschutzgebiet an der ‚Steinert’. Im Frühjahr blühen hier zahllose Märzenbecher und Schlüsselblumen.
Seid dem Frühjahr 2014 ist das Naturschutzgebiet Steinert um eine Attraktion reicher. Seit über 70 Jahren beweiden erstmals wieder Ziegen das Naturschutzgebiet, die Büsche und Sträucher verbeisen und so die Steinert vor der drohenden Verwaldung schützen. Diese Arbeit übernehmen die Walliser Schwarzhalsziegen, eine vom Aussterben bedrohte Ziegenrasse. Der Fickeltünnes-Wanderweg führt über einen Stichweg in das Ziegengehege hinein bis zum Gipfelkreuz, wo sich Ihnen wieder ein wunderschöner Ausblick auf Allendorf und die gesamte Wanderstrecke eröffnet. Auch der Pfad, der in einem Bogen um die Steinert herum führt, verläuft teilweise durch das Ziegengehege.
(sundern-sorpesee.de)
Uniforme d'un soldat de l'armée révolutionnaire qui a combattu à Valmy (reconstitution)
Le centre historique de Valmy, intégré dans la colline, présente le contexte révolutionnaire qui a précédé la bataille de Valmy et décrit précisément les mouvements des troupes qui ont eu lieu lors de celle-ci.
Quelques objets militaires sont exposés dans le centre ainsi que le canon Gribeauval dont était équipée l'armée révolutionnaire et qui a été un atout important pour les français.
Le moulin de Valmy est devenu le symbole de la victoire (20 septembre 1792) de l'armée révolutionnaire française commandée par les généraux Dumouriez et Kellermann sur les armées de l'Autriche et de la Prusse commandées par le duc de Brunswick.
Cette victoire obtenue sur les hauteurs du village de Valmy a arrêté l'invasion étrangère qui avait pour but de restaurer la monarchie en France et de mettre fin à la Révolution.
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_Kellermann
Un centre d'interprétation historique a été ouvert sur la colline du moulin de Valmy par les collectivités territoriales soutenues par différents partenaires dont le musée de l'Armée.
Le centre historique Valmy 1792
La bataille de Valmy sur Wikipedia
Note: Annette Kellerman (1886-1975), swimmer, aquatic performer and film actress, was born on 6 July 1886 at Marrickville, Sydney. She became a long distance swimmer and made a career of her swimming and diving show on stage and later in films. Her arrest in Boston in 1907 for wearing an "indecent" one piece swimming costume helped change the law for swimwear. Esther Williams later made a film based on her life called Million Dollar Mermaid and made her own career in aquatic entertainment on film.
Format: Photographic postcard
Notes: Find more detailed information about this photographic collection: acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=889225
Search for more great images in the State Library's collections: acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/search/SimpleSearch.aspx
From the collection of the State Library of New South Wales www.sl.nsw.gov.au
© Mathias Kellermann 2012 - This work is protected under international copyright laws and agreements. No part of this photostream may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system (except Flickr Expo system and Faves) , or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without my prior written permission.
L'exploitation et la reproduction à des fins commerciales ou non commerciales d'une oeuvre sans autorisation ecrite de son auteur constitue un acte de contrefaçon pénalement sanctionné au titre des articles L.122-4, L335-2 et L335-3 du CPI.
Click on the image to see with black frame.
More Description in French and English on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/collections/7...
My Best ☆ FAVES by you, on : www.flickr.com/photos/matkeller-as-titus1st/sets/72157625...
Thank you all for your comments, invitations and support :)
The Weltstadthaus ("global city building"), housing a department store in Cologne (Germany). was designed by Renzo Piano and completed in 2005, following a lengthy legal battle concerning the structural engineering of the core building. It covers up a main traffic artery, the Nord-Süd-Fahrt, and faces Europe's most frequented shopping mile, the Schildergasse.
With its usual, organic shape reminiscent of a ship, but also of a stranded whale -- Kölners have dubbed it the Walfisch--it provides 14.400 m² floor space, on a length of 130 m and a width of 60 m. The atrium offers a view of five stories with a height of 36 m. The 4900 m² glass façade is constructed from 6800 individual panes and 66 massive laminated beams of Siberian larch. The northern façade consists of 4.400 m² of natural stone.
Wedged between a late Gothic church, the Antoniterkirche, and nondescript post-war concrete, it consists of two distinct parts. A rectangular block of stone takes up the rhythms of the surrounding seventies' angular forms, while the partially encircling wood-and-glass construction flows toward the church that had looked somewhat displaced previously. Municipal regulations prevent the cupola from being accessible to the general public, but it is opened on special occasions. The department store is operated by the German chain Peek & Cloppenburg, who commissioned the Piano design, which has won several prizes.
From P&C's point of view, this is one in a series of Weltstadthäuser, each designed by a different architect: in Berlin (Gottfried Böhm), Düsseldorf (Richard Meier), Frankfurt (RKW Rhode Kellermann Wawrowsky), Cologne (Renzo Piano), Leipzig (Moore Ruble Yudell), Mannheim (Richard Meier again), Stuttgart (Josef Paul Kleihues), Vienna (David Chipperfield, completed late 2011).
Colonia (Alemania) 5/7/2016
Torino - Domenica 20-02-2022
Mario Soldati (Torino, 17 novembre 1906 – Tellaro, 19 giugno 1999) è stato uno scrittore, giornalista, saggista, regista, sceneggiatore e autore televisivo italiano.
it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Soldati
it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jucci_Kellermann
YASHICA FX-3 SUPER 2000
Yashica Lens 50mm f 1,9
ILFORD HP5+ 400
ILFORD ID-11 1+1 13':00'' 20°
TETENAL SUP/FIX 1+4 5':00' 20°'
Scanner EPSON V600 - 2400 dpi
The Phrygian cap is a soft conical cap with the top pulled forward, associated in antiquity with several peoples in Eastern Europe and Anatolia, including Phrygia, Dacia and the Balkans. In early modern Europe it came to signify freedom and the pursuit of liberty through a confusion with the pileus, the felt cap of manumitted (emancipated) slaves of ancient Rome. Accordingly, the Phrygian cap is sometimes called a liberty cap; in artistic representations it signifies freedom and the pursuit of liberty.By the 4th century BC (early Hellenistic period) the Phrygian cap was associated with Phrygian Attis, the consort of Cybele, the cult of which had by then become graecified. At around the same time, the cap appears in depictions of the legendary king Midas and other Phrygians in Greek vase-paintings and sculpture.Such images predate the earliest surviving literary references to the cap.By extension, the Phrygian cap came to be applied to several other non-Greek-speaking peoples ("barbarians" in the classical sense) as well. Most notable of these extended senses of "Phrygian" were the Trojans and other western Anatolian peoples, who in Greek perception were synonymous with the Phrygians, and whose heroes Paris, Aeneas, and Ganymede were all regularly depicted with a Phrygian cap. Other Greek earthenware of antiquity also depict Amazons and so-called "Scythian" archers with Phrygian caps. Although these are military depictions, the headgear is distinguished from "Phrygian helmets" by long ear flaps, and the figures are also identified as "barbarians" by their trousers. The headgear also appears in 2nd-century BC Boeotian Tanagra figurines of an effeminate Eros, and in various 1st-century BC statuary of the Commagene, in eastern Anatolia. Greek representations of Thracians also regularly appear with Phrygian caps, most notably Bendis, the Thracian goddess of the moon and the hunt, and Orpheus, a legendary Thracian poet and musician.
While the Phrygian cap was of wool or soft leather, in pre-Hellenistic times the Greeks had already developed a military helmet that had a similarly characteristic flipped-over tip. These so-called "Phrygian helmets" (named in modern times after the cap) were usually of bronze and in prominent use in Thrace, Dacia, Magna Graecia and the rest of the Hellenistic world from the 5th century BC up to Roman times. Due to their superficial similarity, the cap and helmet are often difficult to distinguish in Greek art (especially in black-figure or red-figure earthenware) unless the headgear is identified as a soft flexible cap by long earflaps or a long neck flap. Also confusingly similar are the depictions of the helmets used by cavalry and light infantry (cf. Peltasts of Thrace and Paeonia), whose headgear – aside from the traditional alopekis caps of fox skin – also included stiff leather helmets in imitation of the bronze ones.The Greek concept passed to the Romans in its extended sense, and thus encompassed not only to Phrygians or Trojans (which the Romans also generally associated with the term "Phrygian"), but also the other near-neighbours of the Greeks. On Trajan's Column, which commemorated Trajan's epic wars with the Dacians (101–102 and 105–106 AD), the Phrygian cap adorns the heads of Trajan's Dacian prisoners. Parthians appear with Phrygian caps in the 2nd-century Arch of Septimius Severus, which commemorates Roman victories over the Parthian empire. Likewise with Phrygians caps, but for Gauls, appear in 2nd-century friezes built into the 4th-century Arch of Constantine.The Phrygian cap reappears in figures related to the 1st-4th century Roman Mithraic Mysteries. This astrology-centric mystery cult (cultus) projected itself with pseudo-oriental trappings (known as perserie in scholarship) in order to distinguish itself from both traditional Roman religion and from the other mystery cults. In the artwork of the cult (e.g. in the so-called "tauroctony" cult images), the figures of the god Mithras as well as those of his helpers Cautes and Cautopates are routinely depicted with a Phrygian cap. The function of the Phrygian cap in the cult are unknown, but it is conventionally identified as an accessory of its perserie.
Early Christian art (and continuing well into the Middle Ages) build on the same Greco-Roman perceptions of (Pseudo-)Zoroaster and his "Magi" as experts in the arts of astrology and magic, and routinely depict the "three wise men" (that follow a star) with Phrygian caps.In late Republican Rome, a soft felt cap called the pileus served as a symbol of freemen (i.e. non-slaves), and was symbolically given to slaves upon manumission, thereby granting them not only their personal liberty, but also libertas— freedom as citizens, with the right to vote (if male). Following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, Brutus and his co-conspirators instrumentalized this symbolism of the pileus to signify the end of Caesar's dictatorship and a return to the (Roman) republican system.[2][not in citation given]. These Roman associations of the pileus with liberty and republicanism were carried forward to the 18th-century, when the pileus was confused with the Phrygian cap, with the Phrygian cap then becoming a symbol of those values.
France's bonnet rouge.French revolutionaries wearing bonnets rouges and tricolor cockades.In revolutionary France.In 1675, the anti-tax and anti-nobility Stamp-Paper revolt erupted in Brittany and north-western France, where it became known as the bonnets rouges uprising after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents. Although the insurgents are not known to have preferred any particular style of cap, the name and color stuck as a symbol of revolt against the nobility and establishment. Robespierre would later object to the color, but was ignored.
The use of a Phrygian-style cap as a symbol of revolutionary France is first documented in May 1790, at a festival in Troyes adorning a statue representing the nation, and at Lyon, on a lance carried by the goddess Libertas.[4] To this day the national allegory of France, Marianne, is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap.By wearing the bonnet rouge and sans-culottes ("without silk breeches"), the Parisian working class made their revolutionary ardour and plebeian solidarity immediately recognizable. By mid-1791, these mocking fashion statements included the bonnet rouge as Parisian hairstyle, proclaimed by the Marquis de Villette (12 July 1791) as "the civic crown of the free man and French regeneration." On 15 July 1792, seeking to suppress the frivolity, François Christophe Kellermann, 1st Duc de Valmy, published an essay in which the Duke sought to establish the bonnet rouge as a sacred symbol that could only be worn by those with merit. The symbolic hairstyle became a rallying point and a way to mock the elaborate wigs of the aristocrats and the red caps of the bishops. On 6 November 1793, the Paris city council declared it the official hairstyle of all its members.The bonnet rouge on a spear was proposed as a component of the national seal on 22 September 1792 during the third session of the National Convention. Following a suggestion by Gaan Coulon, the Convention decreed that convicts would not be permitted to wear the red cap, as it was consecrated as the badge of citizenship and freedom. In 1792, when Louis XVI was induced to sign a constitution, popular prints of the king were doctored to show him wearing the bonnet rouge.[6] The bust of Voltaire was crowned with the red bonnet of liberty after a performance of his Brutus at the Comédie-Française in March 1792.During the period of the Reign of Terror (September 1793–July 1794), the cap was adopted defensively even by those who might be denounced as moderates or aristocrats and were especially keen to advertise their adherence to the new regime. The caps were often knitted by women known as Tricoteuse, who sat beside the guillotine during public executions in Paris and supposedly continued knitting in between executions.[2][not in citation given] The spire of Strasbourg Cathedral was crowned with a bonnet rouge in order to prevent it from being torn down in 1794.In 1814, the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur decision formally deposed the Bonapartes and restored the Bourbon regime, who in turn proscribed the bonnet rouge, La Marseillaise and Bastille Day celebrations. The symbols reappeared briefly in March–July 1815 during "Napoleon's Hundred Days", but were immediately suppressed again following the second restoration of Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815.The symbols resurfaced again during the July Revolution of 1830, after which they were re-instated by the liberal July Monarchy of Louis Philippe I, and the revolutionary symbols—anthem, holiday, and bonnet rouge—became "constituent parts of a national heritage consecrated by the state and embraced by the public."Mariannes with bonnets rouges demonstrate against same-sex marriage in Paris on 13 January 2013, organised by the group "Manif pour tous”In modern France?The republican associations with the bonnet rouge were adopted as the name and emblem of a French satirical republican and anarchist periodical published between 1913 and 1922 by Miguel Almereyda that targeted the Action française, a royalist, counter-revolutionary movement on the extreme right.
The anti-tax associations with the bonnet rouge were revived in October 2013, when a French tax-protest movement called the bonnets rouges used the red revolution-era Phrygian cap as a protest symbol. By means of large demonstrations and direct action, which included the destruction of many highway tax portals, the movement successfully forced the French government to rescind the tax.
In the United States: A Phrygian cap on the Seal of the U.S. Senate.In the years just prior to the American Revolutionary War of independence from Great Britain, the symbol of republicanism and anti-monarchial sentiment reappeared in the United States as headgear of Columbia,[8] who in turn was visualized as a goddess-like female national personification of the United States and of Liberty herself. The cap reappears in association with Columbia in the early years of the republic, for example on the obverse of the 1785 Immune Columbia pattern coin, which shows the goddess with a helmet seated on a globe holding in a right hand a furled American flag topped by the liberty cap.Starting in 1793, U.S. coinage frequently showed Columbia/Liberty wearing the cap. The anti-federalist movement likewise instrumentalized the figure, as in a cartoon from 1796 in which Columbia is overwhelmed by a huge American eagle holding a Liberty Pole under its wings.[8] The cap's last appearance on circulating coinage was the Walking Liberty Half Dollar, which was minted through 1947 (and reused on the current bullion American Silver Eagle).The U.S. Army has, since 1778, utilized a "War Office Seal" in which the motto "This We'll Defend" is displayed directly over a Phrygian cap on an upturned sword. It also appears on the state flags of West Virginia (as part of its official seal), New Jersey, and New York, as well as the official seal of the United States Senate, the state of Iowa, the state of North Carolina (as well as the arms of its Senate,[9]) and on the reverse side of the Seal of Virginia.In 1854, when sculptor Thomas Crawford was preparing models for sculpture for the United States Capitol, Secretary of War Jefferson Davis (later to be the President of the Confederate States of America) insisted that a Phrygian cap not be included on a Statue of Freedom, on the grounds that "American liberty is original and not the liberty of the freed slave". The cap was not included in the final bronze version that is now in the building.
In Latin America: The coat of arms of Haiti includes a Phrygian cap on top of a palm tree, commemorating that country's foundation in a slave revolt.Many of the anti-colonial revolutions in Latin America were heavily inspired by the imagery and slogans of the American and French Revolutions. As a result, the cap has appeared on the coats of arms of many Latin American nations. The coat of arms of Haiti includes a Phrygian cap to commemorate that country's foundation by rebellious slaves.The cap had also been displayed on certain Mexican coins (most notably the old 8-reales coin) through the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. Today, it is featured on the coats of arms or national flags of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_cap
The revolutionaries are wearing a Phrygian cap. In this article we will be interested in the origin of this bonnet. The cap was worn for the first time in France at the Procope, a coffee shop where revolutionaries used to gather. It resembles the cap worn by freed slaves in the Roman Empire; slaves whose masters had endowed them with freedom and whose descendants became fully-fledged Roman citizens. The Phrygian cap was thus a symbol of freedom as early as Antiquity already. The oldest traces of this bonnet date back to Mithra, the Iranian divinity of the Sun, of friendship, oath, and contracts. Mithraism was the most widespread religion in Europe before Christianity. The statues of Mithra, which have survived to present day, represent Mithra wearing a Phrygian cap and a floating cape; he is kneeling on the primordial bull, holding a dagger in the right hand and drawing the bull's head towards the back with the left.
Original West German CKO tinplate Ford Taunus 20M taxi no. 416 with friction motor.
Although some, if not all of the tooling for CKO vehicles went to Kovap in Czechoslovakia when the company closed, far from all of the range were re-issued and as far as I know this was never produced by Kovap.
I also have this in the later cream colour: www.flickr.com/photos/adrianz-toyz/47202977642
Strasbourg (/ˈstræzbɜrɡ/, French pronunciation: [stʁaz.buʁ, stʁas.buʁ]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in north eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace were historically Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name.[5] In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 759,868 inhabitants in 2010, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.[6]
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is also the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine and the International Institute of Human Rights.[7]
Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.[8]
Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, and river transportation. The port of Strasbourg is the second largest on the Rhine after Duisburg, Germany.
Etymology and Names
The city's Gallicized name (Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is of Germanic origin and means "Town (at the crossing) of roads". The modern Stras- is cognate to the German Straße and English street, all of which are derived from Latin strata ("paved road"), while -bourg is cognate to the German Burg and English borough, all of which are derived from Proto-Germanic *burgz ("hill fort, fortress").
Geography
Strasbourg seen from Spot Satellite
Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.
The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, at between 132 metres (433 ft) and 151 metres (495 ft) above sea level, with the upland areas of the Vosges Mountains some 20 km (12 mi) to the west and the Black Forest 25 km (16 mi) to the east. This section of the Rhine valley is a major axis of north-south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself, and major roads and railways paralleling it on both banks.
The city is some 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Paris. The mouth of the Rhine lies approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the north, or 650 kilometres (400 mi) as the river flows, whilst the head of navigation in Basel is some 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, or 150 kilometres (93 mi) by river.
Climate
In spite of its position far inland, Strasbourg's climate is classified as Oceanic (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with warm, relatively sunny summers and cold, overcast winters. Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, totaling 631.4 mm (24.9 in) annually. On average, snow falls 30 days per year.
The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) in August 2003, during the 2003 European heat wave. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −23.4 °C (−10.1 °F) in December 1938.
Strasbourg's location in the Rhine valley, sheltered from the dominant winds by the Vosges and Black Forest mountains, results in poor natural ventilation, making Strasbourg one of the most atmospherically polluted cities of France.[10][11] Nonetheless, the progressive disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution.
Prehistory
The first traces of human occupation in the environs of Strasbourg go back many thousands of years.[16] Neolithic, bronze age and iron age artifacts have been uncovered by archeological excavations. It was permanently settled by proto-Celts around 1300 BC. Towards the end of the third century BC, it developed into a Celtic township with a market called "Argentorate". Drainage works converted the stilthouses to houses built on dry land.[17]
From Romans
The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.[18]) The name "Argentoratum" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. "Argentorate" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.
The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo: current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman "castrum" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were (found in 1911–12) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current Église Saint-Étienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.
The Alemanni fought the Battle of Argentoratum against Rome in 357. They were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their King Chonodomarius was taken prisoner. On 2 January 366, the Alemanni crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers to invade the Roman Empire. Early in the fifth century, the Alemanni appear to have crossed the Rhine, conquered, and then settled what is today Alsace and a large part of Switzerland.
In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.[19]
A major commercial centre, the town came under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 923, through the homage paid by the Duke of Lorraine to German King Henry I. The early history of Strasbourg consists of a long conflict between its bishop and its citizens. The citizens emerged victorious after the Battle of Oberhausbergen in 1262, when King Philip of Swabia granted the city the status of an Imperial Free City.
Around 1200, Gottfried von Straßburg wrote the Middle High German courtly romance Tristan, which is regarded, alongside Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival and the Nibelungenlied, as one of great narrative masterpieces of the German Middle Ages.
A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city.[20] Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);.[21] A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.[22]
Construction on Strasbourg Cathedral began in the twelfth century, and it was completed in 1439 (though, of the towers, only the north tower was built), becoming the World's Tallest Building, surpassing the Great Pyramid of Giza. A few years later, Johannes Gutenberg created the first European moveable type printing press in Strasbourg.
In July 1518, an incident known as the Dancing Plague of 1518 struck residents of Strasbourg. Around 400 people were afflicted with dancing mania and danced constantly for weeks, most of them eventually dying from heart attack, stroke or exhaustion.
In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
After the reform of the Imperial constitution in the early sixteenth century and the establishment of Imperial Circles, Strasbourg was part of the Upper Rhenish Circle, a corporation of Imperial estates in the southwest of Holy Roman Empire, mainly responsible for maintaining troops, supervising coining, and ensuring public security.
After the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, the first printing offices outside the inventor's hometown Mainz were established around 1460 in Strasbourg by pioneers Johannes Mentelin and Heinrich Eggestein. Subsequently, the first modern newspaper was published in Strasbourg in 1605, when Johann Carolus received the permission by the City of Strasbourg to print and distribute a weekly journal written in German by reporters from several central European cities.
From Thirty Years' War to First World War
The Free City of Strasbourg remained neutral during the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648, and retained its status as a Free Imperial City. However, the city was later annexed by Louis XIV of France to extend the borders of his kingdom.
Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg.[23] Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces,[24] and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace.[25] In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.[26]
This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.
The Duke of Lorraine and Imperial troops crossing the Rhine at Strasbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession, 1744
During a dinner in Strasbourg organized by Mayor Frédéric de Dietrich on 25 April 1792, Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle composed "La Marseillaise". The same year François Christophe Kellermann, a child of Strasbourg was appointed the head of the Mosel Army. He led his company to victory at the battle of Valmy and saved the young French republic. He was later appointed Duke of Valmy by Napoléon in 1808.
During this period Jean-Baptiste Kléber, also born in Strasbourg, led the French army to win several decisive victories. A statue of Kléber now stands in the centre of the city, at Place Kléber, and he is still one of the most famous French officers. He was later appointed Marshal of France by Napoléon.
Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.[27]
In 1805, 1806 and 1809, Napoléon Bonaparte and his first wife, Joséphine stayed in Strasbourg.[28] In 1810, his second wife Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma spent her first night on French soil in the palace. Another royal guest was King Charles X of France in 1828.[29] In 1836, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte unsuccessfully tried to lead his first Bonapartist coup in Strasbourg.
During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg.[30] On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.[31]
In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.
Strasbourg in the 1890s.
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.[32]
Those forts subsequently served the French army (Fort Podbielski/Ducrot for instance was integrated into the Maginot Line[33]), and were used as POW-camps in 1918 and 1945.
Two garrison churches were also erected for the members of the Imperial German army, the Lutheran Église Saint-Paul and the Roman Catholic Église Saint-Maurice.
1918 to the present
A lost, then restored, symbol of modernity in Strasbourg : a room in the Aubette building designed by Theo van Doesburg, Hans Arp and Sophie Taeuber-Arp.
Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a "soviet government" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city.[34][35][36] Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincaré stated that "the plebiscite is done".[37]
In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was annexed by France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections.[38] The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called "les députés protestataires", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France.[39] At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.
In 1920, Strasbourg became the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, previously located in Mannheim, one of the oldest European institutions. It moved into the former Imperial Palace.
When the Maginot Line was built, the Sous-secteur fortifié de Strasbourg (fortified sub-sector of Strasbourg) was laid out on the city's territory as a part of the Secteur fortifié du Bas-Rhin, one of the sections of the Line. Blockhouses and casemates were built along the Grand Canal d'Alsace and the Rhine in the Robertsau forest and the port.[40]
Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand.
After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. When, in July 1940, the first evacuees were allowed to return, only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted. The last Jews were deported on 15 July 1940 and the main synagogue, a huge Romanesque revival building that had been a major architectural landmark with its 54-metre-high dome since its completion in 1897, was set ablaze, then razed.[41]
In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire (The black hand) was created. It was composed by a group of 25 young men aged from 14 to 18 years old who led several attacks against the German occupation. The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner, the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler. In March 1942, Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany. His last words will be: "If I have to die, I shall die but with a pure heart". From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft. While the First World War had not notably damaged the city, Anglo-American bombing caused extensive destruction in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake.[42] In August 1944, several buildings in the Old Town were damaged by bombs, particularly the Palais Rohan, the Old Customs House (Ancienne Douane) and the Cathedral.[43] On 23 November 1944, the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc. He achieved the oath that he made with his soldiers, after the decisive Capture of Kufra. With the Oath of Kuffra, they swore to keep up the fight until the French flag flew over the Cathedral of Strasbourg.
Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will, and were sent to the eastern front, those young men and women were called Malgré-nous. Many tried to escape from the incorporation, join the French Resistance, or desert the Wehrmacht but many couldn't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans. Many of these men, especially those who did not answer the call immediately, were pressured to "volunteer" for service with the SS, often by direct threats on their families. This threat obliged the majority of them to remain in the German army. After the war, the few that survived were often accused of being traitors or collaborationists, because this tough situation was not known in the rest of France, and they had to face the incomprehension of many. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces. Nowadays history recognizes the suffering of those people, and museums, public discussions and memorials have been built to commemorate this terrible period of history of this part of Eastern France (Alsace and Moselle). Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944.
In 1947, a fire broke out in the Musée des Beaux-Arts and devastated a significant part of the collections. This fire was an indirect consequence of the bombing raids of 1944: because of the destruction inflicted on the Palais Rohan, humidity had infiltrated the building, and moisture had to be fought. This was done with welding torches, and a bad handling of these caused the fire.[44]
In the 1950s and 1960s the city was enlarged by new residential areas meant to solve both the problem of housing shortage due to war damage and that of the strong growth of population due to the baby boom and immigration from North Africa: Cité Rotterdam in the North-East, Quartier de l'Esplanade in the South-East, Hautepierre in the North-West. Between 1995 and 2010, a new district has been built in the same vein, the Quartier des Poteries, south of Hautepierre.
In 1958, a violent hailstorm destroyed most of the historical greenhouses of the Botanical Garden and many of the stained glass windows of St. Paul's Church.
In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences.[45] In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.
In 2000, a terrorist plot to blow up the cathedral was prevented thanks to the cooperation between French and German police that led to the arrest in late 2000 of a Frankfurt-based group of terrorists.
On 6 July 2001, during an open-air concert in the Parc de Pourtalès, a single falling Platanus tree killed thirteen people and injured 97. On 27 March 2007, the city was found guilty of neglect over the accident and fined €150,000.[46]
In 2006, after a long and careful restoration, the inner decoration of the Aubette, made in the 1920s by Hans Arp, Theo van Doesburg, and Sophie Taeuber-Arp and destroyed in the 1930s, was made accessible to the public again. The work of the three artists had been called "the Sistine Chapel of abstract art".
Architecture
Strasbourg, Cathedral of Our Lady
The city is chiefly known for its sandstone Gothic Cathedral with its famous astronomical clock, and for its medieval cityscape of Rhineland black and white timber-framed buildings, particularly in the Petite France district or Gerberviertel ("tanners' district") alongside the Ill and in the streets and squares surrounding the cathedral, where the renowned Maison Kammerzell stands out.
Notable medieval streets include Rue Mercière, Rue des Dentelles, Rue du Bain aux Plantes, Rue des Juifs, Rue des Frères, Rue des Tonneliers, Rue du Maroquin, Rue des Charpentiers, Rue des Serruriers, Grand' Rue, Quai des Bateliers, Quai Saint-Nicolas and Quai Saint-Thomas. Notable medieval squares include Place de la Cathédrale, Place du Marché Gayot, Place Saint-Étienne, Place du Marché aux Cochons de Lait and Place Benjamin Zix.
Maison des tanneurs.
In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played,[49] the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century, the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic Église Saint-Jean, the part Gothic, part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine, etc. The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.
The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall), the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet), the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles[50] and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.[51]
Notable streets of the German district include: Avenue de la Forêt Noire, Avenue des Vosges, Avenue d'Alsace, Avenue de la Marseillaise, Avenue de la Liberté, Boulevard de la Victoire, Rue Sellénick, Rue du Général de Castelnau, Rue du Maréchal Foch, and Rue du Maréchal Joffre. Notable squares of the German district include: Place de la République, Place de l'Université, Place Brant, and Place Arnold
As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.
Place Kléber
The city has many bridges, including the medieval and four-towered Ponts Couverts that, despite their name, are no longer covered. Next to the Ponts Couverts is the Barrage Vauban, a part of Vauban's 17th-century fortifications, that does include a covered bridge. Other bridges are the ornate 19th-century Pont de la Fonderie (1893, stone) and Pont d'Auvergne (1892, iron), as well as architect Marc Mimram's futuristic Passerelle over the Rhine, opened in 2004.
The largest square at the centre of the city of Strasbourg is the Place Kléber. Located in the heart of the city's commercial area, it was named after general Jean-Baptiste Kléber, born in Strasbourg in 1753 and assassinated in 1800 in Cairo. In the square is a statue of Kléber, under which is a vault containing his remains. On the north side of the square is the Aubette (Orderly Room), built by Jacques François Blondel, architect of the king, in 1765–1772.
Parks
The Pavillon Joséphine (rear side) in the Parc de l'Orangerie
The Château de Pourtalès (front side) in the park of the same name
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban;[52] the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel,[53] and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture.[54] The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil.
French postcard, 1920s. Les Vedettes du Cinéma, No. 85. Photo by Fox-Film. Editions Filma.
André Nox (1869-1946) was a French actor who worked in the cinema from 1916 till 1940. During the silent era he starred in French and German films. After the sound film was introduced he mainly played supporting parts.
André Nox was born as Abraham André Nonnes-Lopes in 1869 in Paris, France. He was sometimes credited as André Nonnez. He came from a family of Jewish notables, and was the nephew of dramaturge and author Georges de Porto-Riche. After his studies, he worked in finance before joining the army at the very beginning of the First World War. Demobilised in 1916, when he was about fifty, he abandoned his business to try a career in cinema which was booming at the time. He made his cinema debut for Les Films Succès in the short silent film Sous les phares/Under the lights (1916), directed by André Hugon. He next starred in the silent Western Les chacals/The Jackals (André Hugon, 1917), also starring Louis Paglieri and Musidora. For Huron, he also appeared in Vertige/Vertigo (André Hugon, 1917) starring Régine Marco, the crime film Requins/Sharks (André Hugon, 1917) starring Charles Krauss, Johannes, fils de Johannes/Johannes, son of Johannes (André Huron, Louis Paglieri, 1918) with Musidora, and La Fugitive/The Fugitive (André Hugon, 1920) starring Marie-Louise Derval. He signed a contract with Gaumont and acted in Léon Poirier's Âme de Orient/Soul of the Orien" (1919) filmed in Nice, with Madeleine Sève, Charles Dullin and the very young Josette Day. Then he played in Poirier’s Le Penseur/The thinker (Leon Poirier, 1920), a philosophical drama on an idea of Edmond Fleg, with Marguerite Madys and Armand Tallier. Pascal Donald at CinéArtistes calls it “certainly his best role (…) With his pepper and salt hair often shaggy, his face with powerful features and his dark eyes, he is the perfect interpreter of poignant dramas.” For Germaine Dulac, Nox appeared in her La mort du soleil/The Death of the Sun (1922). He played a musician in Le quinzième prélude de Chopin/The fifteenth prelude of Chopin (Victor Tourjanski, 1922). In 1925, he appeared opposite Conrad Veidt in the French silent historical film Le comte Kostia/Count Kostia (Jacques Rober, 1925), set in Tsarist Russia. He had a supporting part in the drama La femme nue/The Nude Woman (Léonce Perret, 1926) starring Iván Petrovich, Louise Lagrange and Nita Naldi, and based on a play by Henry Bataille. In Germany, he appeared with Carmen Boni, Werner Krauss and S.Z. Sakall in the silent film Der fidele Bauer/The Merry Farmer (Franz Seitz, 1927), based on the 1907 operetta of the same title, and in Die Hölle der Jungfrauen/The hell of virgins (Robert Dinesen, 1928) with Werner Krauss and Elizza LaPorta. Back in France, he appeared with Betty Balfour and Jaque Catelain in the drama Le diable au Coeur/Little Devil May Care (Marcel L'Herbier, 1928). One of his best films is Verdun, visions d'histoire/Verdun, historical visions (Léon Poirier, 1928), a dramatic re-enactment of the battle of Verdun during World War I, as seen by both French and German sides. In Germany he also made the silent drama S.O.S. Schiff in Not/Ship in Distress (Carmine Gallone, 1929) starring Liane Haid, Alphons Fryland and Gina Manès.
André Nox could make the step to sound films. He played Hedy Lamarr’s father in Extase/Ecstasy (Gustav Machatý, 1933), which became a sensation because of a daring sex scene. In 1933 he had a part in the French-German Science Fiction film Le tunnel/The Tunnel (Kurt (Curtis) Bernhardt, 1933), starring Jean Gabin, Madeleine Renaud and Robert Le Vigan. It was the French language version of the German film Der Tunnel, with a different cast and some changes to the plot. Both were followed in 1935 by an English version. Such Multiple-language versions were common in the years immediately following the introduction of sound, before the practice of dubbing had come to dominate international releases. Germany and France made a significant number of films together at this time. The film is an adaptation of Bernhard Kellermann's 1913 novel Der Tunnel about the construction of a vast tunnel under the Atlantic Ocean connecting Europe and America. The film's Jewish director Bernhardt had fled Germany following the Nazi takeover, but returned briefly to shoot exterior scenes after being granted special permission by the German government. Nox also appeared in the drama L'Appel du Silence/The Call of Silence (Léon Poirier, 1936), with Jean Yonnel as the Catholic missionary Charles de Foucauld, who traveled the Sahara and was killed by local bandits. A success was Un grand amour de Beethoven/The Life and Loves of Beethoven (Abel Gance, 1936) a lyrical biography of the classical composer played by Harry Baur. Nox reunited with director-writer Marcel L’Herbier for the dramas Nuits de feu/Nights of Fire (Marcel L'Herbier, 1937), starring Gaby Morlay and La citadelle du silence/The Citadel of Silence (Marcel L'Herbier, 1937), starring Annabella. He also had a supporting part in the war foilm J'accuse! (Abel Gance, 1938) starring Victor Francen. It is a remake of the 1919 film of the same name, which was also directed by Gance. He also appeared with Dita Parlo and Erich von Stroheim in the French historical drama Ultimatum (Robert Wiene, Robert Siodmak, 1938). With his friend Léon Poirier, André Nox made in Equatorial Africa what turned out to be his final film, Brazza ou l'épopée du Congo/Brazza or the epic of Congo (Léon Poirier, 1940). On his return from Africa, France was at war. The defeat in June 1940 and the rise of anti-Semitism forced Nox to withdraw to Brittany. He died on 25 February 1946, a few months after the liberation. He did not get the time to return to the cinema. André Nox was 76. His son was the actor Pierre Nonnez-Lopès (1898-1978), known as Pierre Nay.
Sources: Pascal Donald (CinéArtistes – French), Wikipedia (French and English) and IMDb.
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