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Stollwerck's Chocolate "Inventors" (series V issued c1898)
#4 Werner von Siemens, 1816-1892, inventor of electrical machines
A high speed Christie Cruiser.
J Walter Christie was a cantankerous American inventor devoted to the development of high speed tanks. He made very little progress at home but managed to sell some prototypes to Russia. In 1936 the British General Wavell, accompanied by Colonel Martel, visited the Red Army manoeuvres and they were amazed by the number of tanks the Russians had, and the speed of their Christie machines. Once home they persuaded Lord Nuffield to purchase a tank from Christie and from that time all British cruiser tanks up to 1945 had Christie suspension.
This is the Cruiser Mark III with an up-armoured turret, bringing its appearance close to that of the Cruiser Mark IV. The additional armour on the turret sides was spaced from the body of the turret in an effort to defeat rounds from anti-tank rifles. However it is possible to tell them apart, if the front lower corners of the additional armour do not form a continuous line, as on our exhibit, then it is an uparmoured Mk III, on a Mark IV this section forms one straight line. Large diameter road wheels are a characteristic of Christie tanks; each wheel is on a short swinging arm, bearing against a long coil spring (hidden behind the armour) which permits considerable freedom of movement. It makes the tank fast and gives a comfortable ride.
Our exhibit is painted to represent the tank commanded by one of our volunteers, Mr Ron Huggins, of 10th Royal Hussars in 1st Armoured Division with the British Expeditionary Force in France, 1940. The 1st Armoured Division operated mainly in western France and was still in action for some time after the Dunkirk evacuation.
Developed by Nuffield Mechanisation and Aero and Chief Superintendent of Design from an original Christie vehicle purchases from U.S.A. First British tank to use Christie suspension. Hull is double skinned. Vehicles of this type saw action in France in 1940 and early campaigns in the Western Desert (1941).
Precise Name: Tank, Cruiser Mark III; the correct number of this exhibit is T4425 and before the war it carried civil registration HMC778. It was built under Contract number T.5114 of 22 January 1938 by Nuffield Mechanization & Aero Ltd.
Other Name: A13
DESCRIPTION
The Tank, Cruiser Mark III is notable as the first of a long line of British tanks to use the Christie suspension. The last was the Comet of 1944, (See E 1952.35, Tank, Cruiser Comet). An eccentric American tank designer, J. Walter Christie, developed this novel suspension during the 1920s and early 1930s.
Although Christie only managed to sell a few prototypes to the US Army his ideas were taken up in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and were applied to the BT series of fast light/medium tanks. In essence the tank ran on large road wheels attached to swing arms that were controlled by big coil compression springs, mounted within a double wall that formed the sides of the hull. Christies’ designs also had powerful lightweight aero-engines which when combined with his suspension allowed the tanks to achieve high speeds of up to 50mph (80kph) on roads and 30mph (50kph) across country.
The British Army was apparently unaware of Christie’s work until Lt. Colonel G le Q Martel saw BT series tanks when he attended the 1936 army manoeuvres in the Soviet Union as an observer. Impressed by the performance of the BT tanks Martel persuaded the General Staff that a tank greatly superior to the A9, then under development, could be produced using the Christie suspension and an aero engine. (See E1949.352 Tank, Cruiser Mark I).
After evaluating the Christie prototyps the War Office decided to develop a new tank that used the principles of the Christie suspension married to a new hull and a turret that was essentially similar to that of the Tank Cruiser Mark I, the A9. It mounted the 2pdr (40mm) gun that was found on all British Cruiser tanks of this period. The new tank (given the designation A13, Tank Cruiser Mark III) was to be powered by a variant of a World War I aero engine, the American Liberty. This gave the new tank a power to weight ratio 2.5 times better than that of the A9. Its’ armour was like that of the A9 with a maximum thickness of 14mm; too thin to keep out anything larger than a rifle bullet.
The existing UK design teams (at Vickers and the Royal Ordnance Factories) were fully committed to other projects so the design of the Cruiser Mark III was entrusted to a new team at Morris Motors. Funds were allocated to build two prototypes as the A13E2 and A13E3 and the first of these was running by October 1937. It demonstrated a top speed of 35mph (56kph) but suffered from many teething problems. These were soon rectified, in part by limiting the top speed to 30mph, and an order for 65 vehicles placed with Nuffield Mechanisations and Aero Ltd, a new arms manufacturing plant set up by Morris as part of the British rearmament programme. These tanks were all delivered by the summer of 1939, less than two years from the debut of the prototype.
The Tank Museum’s example has an up-armoured turret, similar to that fitted to the Cruiser Mark IV. Additional sloped armour was added to the turret sides in an effort to defeat rounds from anti-tank rifles. The tank is painted to represent the vehicle commanded by one of the Museum’s volunteers, Mr. Ron Huggins, of the 10th Royal Hussars, the 1st Armoured Division, France 1940.
The first Armoured Division fought on in Western France in June 1940 after the Dunkirk evacuation until the surviving personnel were evacuated to Britain at the end of June 1940. A small number Cruiser Mark III tanks also served with the 7th Armoured Division in the Western Desert of Egypt in 1941.
Period of Service : 1939-1941
FURTHER READING
P. Chamberlain and C. Ellis 1969. British and American Tanks of World War 2. SBN 85368 033 7, Arms and Armour Press, London 1969.
D. Fletcher 1991. Mechanised Force. British tanks between the wars. ISBN 0 11 290487 4, HMSO, London 1991.
D. Fletcher 1989. The Great Tank Scandal, British Armour in the Second World War, Part I. ISBN 0 11 290460 2, HMSO, London 1989.
R.P. Hunnicutt, 1994. Sherman. A history of the American medium tank. ISBN 0-89141-080-5, Presidio Press, Novato, CA. USA. [A good account of J. Walter Christie’s early vehicles and of their testing by the US Army.]
J.P Harris, (in J.P Harris and F.N. Toase editors), 1990. Armoured Warfare. ISBN 0 7134 5962 X, B.T. Batsford, London 1990.
Summary text by Mike Garth V1.0
Other Numbers
NumberType
34749Original Accession
T9143 (previously listed as T4425)Serial
1949.1014Original Entry
Main utility type
Medium/Cruiser
Military unit
Royal Armoured Corps
Country of Use
U.K. (1939)
Production
Object Production
RoleAttributionDatePlaceNotes
Manufactured1939Nuffield Mechanisation & Aero Ltd.United KingdomBirmingham
Era
World War 2
Nationality
British
Location
Current Location
BOVTM - B18F - The Tank Story - Blitzkrieg (Moved here on 21/07/2009)
Physical
Features
Part NameDescriptionNotes
Tracks/WheelsFull Tracked
Armament - Main Weapon TypeGun - 2 Pounder Gun Mark IX-XA (40mm)
Armament - Secondary Weapon Type.303" Vickers Machine Gun
EngineNuffield Liberty, Mark I and Mark II, V-12 single OHC, liquid cooled 27 litre, 340bhp
Transmission4 Forward, 1 Reverse
SuspensionChristie Type
Power to Weight Ratio23.9 bhp/ton
Dimensions
Part NameDimensionValueUnitPrecisionNotes
CrewNumber4
OverallWeight14.2tons14.43 tonnes
Speed - RoadMaximum30mph48.3kph
Main GunCalibre2pdr
Engine OutputPower340 bhp@ 1500 rpm
FuelTypePetrol
FuelVolume110gall500 litres
RangeRadius90ml
Armour ThicknessMaximum14mm0.55in
OverallLength6.01m19ft 8.5in
OverallWidth2.54m8ft 4in
OverallHeight2.59m8ft 6in
ProjectileNumber87rounds
FuelConsumption0.8mpgRoad345 l/100km
info from www.tankmuseum.org/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSS_=_IXMENU_%3dVehi...
If I had to choose, I would rather have birds than airplanes
Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), nicknamed Slim,[1] Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist.
As a 25-year-old U.S. Air Mail pilot, Lindbergh emerged suddenly from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20–21, 1927, made from Roosevelt Field[N 1] in Garden City on New York's Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France, a distance of nearly 3,600 statute miles (5,800 km), in the single-seat, single-engine purpose-built Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis. As a result of this flight Lindbergh was the first person in history to be in New York one day and Paris the next. Lindbergh, a U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve officer, was also awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his historic exploit.
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Lindbergh used his fame to promote the development of both commercial aviation and Air Mail services in the United States and the Americas. In March 1932, his infant son, Charles, Jr., was kidnapped and murdered in what was soon dubbed the "Crime of the Century". It was described by journalist H.L. Mencken, as "... the biggest story since the resurrection."[2] The kidnapping eventually led to the Lindbergh family being "driven into voluntary exile" in Europe to which they sailed in secrecy from New York under assumed names in late December 1935 to "seek a safe, secluded residence away from the tremendous public hysteria" in America. The Lindberghs returned to the United States in April 1939.
Before the United States formally entered World War II, Lindbergh had been an outspoken advocate of keeping the U.S. out of the world conflict, as had his father, Congressman Charles August Lindbergh, during World War I. Although Lindbergh was a leader in the anti-war America First movement, he nevertheless strongly supported the war effort after Pearl Harbor and flew many combat missions in the Pacific Theater of World War II as a civilian consultant even though President Franklin D. Roosevelt had refused to reinstate his Army Air Corps colonel's commission that he had resigned in April 1941.
In his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist.
"As the pianist played a tune, brackets of notes closed electric relays which switched various coloured lights on, illuminating a small scene. The inventor used certain combinations of coloured electric light bulbs to express certain bands of sound. The effect was quite interesting. There were no electronic aids to help the inventor." (Ted Hood, 11/10/1988)
Format: Glass photonegative
Find more detailed information about this photograph: acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=8538
From the collection of the State Library of New South Wales www.sl.nsw.gov.au
Dr. Barba’s patented method of inducing early flowering in mango trees revolutionized the Filipino mango industry and made the prized fruit one of its top export items. Watch the video.
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Jean-François Arrou-Vignod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
GP500.Org Part # 71300 Triumph motorcycle windshields
Triumph Motorcycle History
Triumph is a privately-owned British company with over 100 years of history. Triumph has always had its own distinctive character and a history of creating bikes that become design classics since they first came to market in the 1900s. Like the rest of the British motorcycle industry, Triumph went out of business by the 1980s. But the brand was resurrected in the 1990s by British industrialist John Bloor who has built a lineup of cutting-edge sportbikes to nostalgia-themed throwbacks. .1883
Siegfried Bettmann moves to Coventry, England from Nuremberg, Germany. 1884
Bettmann starts an import-export company. He imports German sewing machines and also sells bicycles badged with the name “Bettmann.” 1887
Bettmann changes the name of his company to New Triumph Co. Ltd. (Later it will be changed again to Triumph Cycle Co. Ltd.) His principal investor is John Dunlop, a Scottish veterinarian who, albeit briefly, holds the patent for the pneumatic tire. Nice idea, too bad he didn’t really have it first! (Another Scot, R. W. Thompson, was the real inventor.) In any case, Dunlop is the first to successfully commercialize the invention.
A German engineer, Mauritz Schulte, joins Triumph. He convinces Bettmann that Triumph should design and produce its own products.
1888
The company buys an old ribbon-making factory in Coventry and sets it up to make bicycles. 1895
Schulte imports one of the first “practical” motorcycles, made by Hildebrand and Wolfmuller, to study the machine. Triumph considers making it under license, but under English law, powered vehicles are subject to a 4-mph speed limit. A man must walk ahead of each vehicle waving a red flag. This is bound to limit commercial appeal, and Triumph chooses not to get into the motorcycle business. 1902
With the repeal of those onerous sections of the Locomotive Act at the end of the 19th century, Schulte sets out to design his own motorcycle. First Triumph is produced – known as No. 1. This is basically one of the company’s bicycles, fitted with a 2-hp Minerva engine made in Belgium. 1903
Triumph opens a subsidiary in Germany to build and sell motorcycles there. Better engines are sourced from JAP (the initials of James A. Prestwich.) 1905
Triumph produces its first motorcycle completely in-house. It’s powered by a 3-hp engine and has a top speed of 45 mph. 1907
Annual production reaches 1,000 units. A new 450cc motor makes 3.5 hp. 1908
A new model comes with a variable pulley to help with difficult inclines. To change gears, the rider comes to a complete stop, gets off the bike and moves the belt by hand. Jack Marshall wins the single-cylinder class at the TT (on the old Peel course) averaging about 45 mph. It’s not known if he stopped to change gears or just pedaled his ass off, too. 1910
Triumph makes a big advance with the ‘free engine’ device (basically, the first practical clutch), which allows the user to start the engine with the bike on its stand and ride away from a standing start. There are two models in the lineup, and sales hit 3,000 units! 1911
Most bikes are fitted with footpegs only, not pedals. 1913
Schulte builds a prototype 600cc vertical Twin. 1914
Despite its strong connection to Germany, Triumph is chosen by Col. Claude Holbrook to supply the Type H motorcycle for military Allied military service. Triumph will sell 30,000 motorcycles to the military over the course of WWI. 1919
Schulte leaves the company, with a (very!) generous severance package. He’s replaced by none other than Col. Holbrook. 1920
Triumph produces the 550cc Type SD, the company’s first bike to feature a chain-driven rear wheel. SD stands for Spring Drive – it’s an early version of a cush drive. 1921
Bicycle-style rim brakes are replaced by drum brakes. The new bikes need better brakes, as they now make a lot more power – especially the prototype 20-hp Model R, with four-valve head. It is known as the “Riccy” after one of its designers, Frank Ricardo. 1923
The 350cc Model LS is the first Triumph with an oil pump driven by the motor. (Until then, the rider had to pump oil by hand.) 1925
The 500cc Model P is affordable and a commercial success – at first. Triumph sells a heck of a lot of them, but owners are disappointed by poor build quality and the company’s reputation is harmed. Towards the end of the year, Triumph improves things. 1927
Production hits 30,000 units. 1929
Wall Street stock market crashes. Triumph sells its German subsidiary. 1930
Under pressure from creditors, Bettmann is deposed as head of the company. A small two-stroke, the Model X, is the first Triumph with unit construction. 1932
The noted engine designer Val Page joins the firm. Page quickly creates several new motors, including a 150cc two-stroke and 250, 350 and 500cc four-strokes. 1933
Page’s first attempt at a 650cc Twin is a commercial failure; the public seems to want V-Twins. 1935
A foot-change gearshift is available as an option on 650 Twins. 1936
Triumph’s car and motorcycle businesses are split. Jack Sangster, who had owned Ariel, buys the motorcycle business and immediately hires Edward Turner (who had previously created the Ariel Square Four) as chief designer. Sangster reinstitutes Bettmann as the company chairman. 1937
Turner unveils the 498cc Speed Twin (T100) that has a top speed of over 90 mph. It is the definitive British motorcycle and establishes a pattern for Triumph bikes that will last more than 40 years. 1938
Bill Johnson buys an interest in British and American Motors, a bike shop in Pasadena. (Johnson Motors will later distribute Triumph motorcycles across the American West.) 1940
All motorcycle production is geared towards the war effort. With a new bike in the works, the Triumph factory is demolished in the blitz of Coventry. 1942
A new plant opens in Meriden, England. 1945
Over the course of the war, Triumph has sold 50,000 motorcycles to the military. With the return of peace, the company focuses on three models, the Tiger 100, the Speed Twin and the smaller touring 349cc 3T. All models feature a telescopic front fork. 1946
Ernie Lyons wins the Manx Grand Prix on a redesigned Tiger 100, using a lightweight all-alloy motor that Triumph designed for use on aircraft during the war. (The motor powered a radio generator.) 1947
A rear “sprung hub” is optional. 1949
The off-road 500cc TR5 “Trophy” and big-bore 649cc Thunderbird are released. The Trophy is named in honor of the British team that uses the bike to win the ISDT. It’s powered by a version of the “aircraft” motor. 1950
Triumph sells more bikes in the U.S. than any other market, including Britain. 1951
Jack Sangster sells Triumph to BSA for £2.5 million. 1953
The 149cc OHV Terrier is released. 1954
The Tiger 110 is released, which is basically a tuned (40+hp) version of the Thunderbird, with a rear swingarm.
Marlon Brando rides a ’50 Thunderbird in the film “The Wild One.”
1955
Johnny Allen goes 193 mph on the Bonneville Salt Flats in a streamliner powered by a tuned 650cc T-bird motor.
The TR6 “Trophy” is the first Triumph built expressly for the U.S. market. It will prove popular with desert racers.
1957
The exquisitely styled 350cc “Twenty one” may be an aesthetic success, but it proves a commercial failure. 1958
Mike Hailwood teams with Dan Shorey to win the Thruxton 500, which is one of the most important races in the UK, from a commercial perspective. 1959
The very popular T120 Bonneville 650 is introduced. It’s an evolution of the Tiger, fitted with twin carbs – something American dealers have long been asking for. It will remain in production until 1983. 1961
Bert Hopwood moves from AMC to Triumph, where he conceives a three-cylinder motor. 1962
Triumph design staff is further strengthened with the arrival of Doug Hele, from Norton. He finalizes the design of the Triple motor (though it will not appear for several years). Hele also designs a stiffer, double-cradle frame for the Bonneville, but it was not adopted. 1963
All the 650 Twins now feature unit construction. With the encouragement of Johnson Motors, a stripped-for-racing version of the Bonneville is produced for the U.S. market only. The T120C “TT” will become one of the most sought-after Triumphs of the period. 1966
Buddy Elmore wins the Daytona 200 on a factory-prepped 500cc Tiger. The Gyronaut X-1, a streamliner powered by two Triumph 650cc motors, goes 245 mph on the Bonneville Salt Flats. 1967
Gary Nixon proves that last year’s Daytona 200 win was no fluke by repeating the feat. 1968
The 750cc Triple finally makes an appearance, powering both the Triumph Trident and the BSA Rocket 3. Although the motor is powerful by the standards of the day, it is too little, too late. Within weeks, the world will be buzzing with news of the Honda 750-Four, which has overhead cams, a front disc brake and electric start to boot. 1969
Malcolm Uphill wins the Production TT on a Bonneville. In the process he puts in the first-ever lap over 100 mph on a production motorcycle.
Rob North, an expatriate Englishman based in San Diego, designs a stiffer frame for the Triples, just in time for Daytona.
1970
Uphill wins the proddie TT on a Triple, which is nicknamed “Slippery Sam.” Not because of its well-designed fairing, but because it leaked oil all over Uphill’s boots. 1971
A new frame appears for the Bonneville. It is a Rob North design based on the Trackmaster dirt-track frame and it carries the oil in the large-diameter top tube. 1973
The BSA group, which includes Triumph, posts a huge financial loss. The decision is made to shut down BSA and focus resources and energy on Triumph. Craig Vetter’s freelance “American hotrod” design for the Triple, which was to be a BSA model, is produced as the Triumph X75 Hurricane.
Bert Hopwood designs a modular engine based on an overhead-cam, 200cc Single that can be produced as a 1,000cc across-the-frame Five. It will never see the light of day.
By the end of the year, the writing is on the wall for the British motorcycle industry. Triumph merges with Norton and is put under the control of financier Dennis Poore.
1975
This is the final year of production for the Trident. Bonneville production continues after the workers form a co-op to keep the Meriden factory going. 1977
NVT goes bankrupt. The Meriden Co-op introduces the Bonneville Jubilee Special in honor of the Queen’s 50th birthday. It’s 750cc and has cast wheels. 1980
Although the British government is willing to write off a substantial debt, the Meriden factory is still deep in the hole. There are a few interesting bikes on the drawing boards but no capital to develop them, nor is there any reason to think the work force could or would produce machines capable of rivaling the ascendant Japanese manufacturers, which are going from strength to strength. 1983
After some lean years, the Meriden factory closed its doors. English property developer John Bloor bought the remains later that year, saving the Triumph name. Bloor licensed the Triumph name to a small shop that continued to assemble a couple of Bonnevilles a day until 1985. 1985
Bloor, an unlikely savior, builds a subdivision on the site of the old Meridan factory, but he also acquires a new site, in nearby Hinckley. There, he outfits a new factory with new prototyping tools. 1987
The first “new Triumph” motor, a 1200cc Four, runs on the test bench. 1989
Bloor stakes at least $60 million of his own money on new mass-production tooling for the Hinckley plant. 1990
Triumph unveils six new models at the Cologne Show in September: The unfaired Trident 750 and 900 Triples, the touring Trophy 900 Triple and 1200 Four and the sports-oriented Daytona 750 Triple and 1000 Four. The machines are, by and large, better than most industry pundits expected. That said, they’re a step or two behind the best that Japan has to offer. 1994
The Speed Triple is introduced. It’s not trying to be a Japanese bike, and it’s the first of the new Triumphs to earn several unqualified positive reviews. The under-rated Tiger “adventure bike” also appears this year. Triumph Motorcycles of America is founded. 1995
Exports of new Triumphs to America begins. 1997
The 50,000th new Triumph is produced. 1998
The fine Sprint ST sports-touring bike is launched. 1999
Triumph serves notice that it will enter the ultra-competitive 600cc supersport market by creating the TT600. It will be good, but not quite good enough. 2002
A massive fire guts the main Hinckley assembly plant. The smoke clouds definitely have a silver lining, however. The company’s insurance claim funds a “do over.” The design and R&D shops are undamaged and continue new-bike development while the factory is rebuilt and refitted with state-of-the-art tooling. Triumph releases the four-cylinder Daytona 600 supersports bike. 2004
The Triumph Rocket III is released, which is the first production motorcycle to displace over 2000cc. It works better than most test riders expect it will. Still, it’s an answer to a question that few real motorcyclists are asking. 2005
Triumph bores out the Daytona 600 to 650cc. The change bars the bike from competition in the 600 Supersport class, but it was not having success there, anyway, despite a popular win at the Isle of Man in 2003.) The change makes the bike a great “real world middleweight,” especially for taller riders. 2006
The Daytona is re-released as an all-new 675cc triple. It’s class-legal in European supersport racing (and in Formula Xtreme here in the U.S.). With this bike, the new Triumph company has truly come of age. 2007
A “mini Speed Triple” is introduced in the Street Triple. Powered by the same 675cc three-cylinder in the Daytona 675, the Street Triple provides Speed Triple-type entertainment in a smaller package. Though the similarity in names leads to much confusion. 2008
The Bonneville lineup finally receives fuel injection — one year after Europe. 2010
In a bid to challenge the market normally dominated by a certain brand from Milwaukee, the Thunderbird cruiser is launched. Powered by a 1600cc parallel-Twin, it’s the largest production engine in this layout.
The Tiger 800, featuring a bored-out Daytona 675 engine, harkens back to the Tiger’s roots as a dual-purpose motorcycle.
FBI Stolen motorcycles
gp500.org/FBI_stolen_motorcycles.html
Motorcycles VIN Decoder
Masonic Broken Column.
www.phoenixmasonry.org/broken_column.htm
THE BROKEN COLUMN:
Short Talk Bulletin - Vol. 34, February 1956,
No. 2 - Author Unknown
The story of the broken column was first illustrated by Amos Doolittle in the "True Masonic Chart" by Jeremy Cross, published in 1819.
Many of Freemasonry's symbols are of extreme antiquity and deserve the reverence which we give to that which has had sufficient vitality to live long in the minds of men. For instance, the square, the point within a circle, the apron, circumambulation, the Altar have been used not only in Freemasonry but in systems of ethics, philosophy and religions without number.
Other symbols in the Masonic system are more recent. Perhaps they are not the less important for that, even without the sanctity of age which surrounds many others.
Among the newer symbols is that usually referred to as the broken column. A marble monument is respectably ancient - the broken column seems a more recent addition. There seems to be no doubt that the first pictured broken column appeared in Jeremy Cross's True Masonic Chart, published in 1819, and that the illustration was the work of Amos Doolittle, an engraver, of Connecticut.
That Jeremy Cross "invented" or "designed" the emblem is open to argument. But there is legitimate room for argument over many inventions. Who invented printing from movable type? We give the credit to Gutenberg, but there are other claimants, among them the Chinese at an earlier date. Who invented the airplane? The Wrights first flew a "mechanical bird" but a thousand inventors have added to, altered, changed their original design, until the very principle which first enabled the Wrights to fly, the "warping wing", is now discarded and never used.
Therefore, if authorities argue and contend about the marble monument and broken column it is not to make objection or take credit from Jeremy Cross; the thought is that almost any invention or discovery is improved, changed, added to and perfected by many men. Edison is credited with the first incandescent lamp, but there is small kinship between his carbon filament and a modern tungsten filament bulb. Roentgen was first to bring the "x-ray" to public notice-the discoverer would not know what a modern physician's x-ray apparatus was if he saw it!
In the library of the Grand Lodge of Iowa in Cedar Rapids, is a book published in 1784; "A BRIEF HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY" by Thomas Johnson, at that time the Tiler of the Grand Lodge of England (the "Moderns"). In this book the author states that he was "taken the liberty to introduce a Design for a Monument in Honor of a Great Artist." He then admits that there is no historical account of any such memorial but cites many precedents of "sumptuous Piles" which perpetuate the memories and preserve the merits of the historic dead, although such may have been buried in lands far from the monument or "perhaps in the depth of the Sea".
In this somewhat fanciful and poetic description of this monument, the author mentions an urn, a laurel branch, a sun, a moon, a Bible, square and compasses, letter G. The book was first published in 1782, which seems proof that there was
at that time at least the idea of a monument erected to the Master Builder.
There is little historical material upon which to draw to form any accurate conclusions. Men write of what has happened long after the happenings. Even when faithful to their memories, these may be, and often are, inaccurate. It is with this thought in mind that a curious statement in the Masonic newspaper, published in New York seventy-five years ago, must be considered. In the issue of May 10, 1879, a Robert B. Folger purports to give Cross' account of his invention, or discovery, an inclusion, of the broken column into the marble monument emblem.
The account is long, rambling and at times not too clear. Abstracted, the salient parts are as follows. Cross found or sensed what he considered a deficiency in the Third Degree which had to be filled in order to effect his purposes. He consulted a former Mayor of New Haven, who at the time was one of his most intimate friends. Even after working together for a week, they did not hit upon any symbol which would be sufficiently simple and yet answer the purpose. Then a Copper-plate engraver, also a brother, was called in. The number of hieroglyphics which had be this time accumulated was immense. Some were too large, some too small, some too complicated, requiring too much explanation and many were not adapted to the subject.
Finally, the copper-plate engraver said, "Brother Cross, when great men die, they generally have a monument." "That's right!" cried Cross; "I never thought of that!" He visited the burying-ground in New Haven. At last he got an idea and told his friends that he had the foundation of what he wanted. He said that while in New York City he had seen a monument in the southwest corner of Trinity Church yard erected over Commodore Lawrence, a great man who fell in battle. It was a large marble pillar, broken off. The broken part had been taken away, but the capital was lying at the base. He wanted that pillar for the foundation of his new emblem, but intended to bring in the other part, leaving it resting against the base. This his friends assented to, but more was wanted. They felt that some inscription should be on the column. after a length discussion they decided upon an open book to be placed upon the broken pillar. There should of course be some reader of the book! Hence the emblem of innocence-a beautiful virgin-who should weep over the memory of the deceased while she read of his heroic deeds from the book before her.
The monument erected to the memory of Commodore Lawrence was placed in the southwest corner of Trinity Churchyard in 1813, after the fight between the frigates
Chesapeake and Shannon, in which battle Lawrence fell. As described, it was a beautiful marble pillar, broken off, with a part of the capital laid at its base. lt remained until 1844-5 at which time Trinity Church was rebuilt. When finished, the corporation of the Church took away the old and dilapidated Lawrence monument and erected a new one in a different form, placing it in the front of the yard on Broadway, at the lower entrance of the Church. When Cross visited the new monument, he expressed great disappointment at the change, saying "it was not half as good as the one they took away!"
These claims of Cross-perhaps made for Cross-to having originated the emblem are disputed. Oliver speaks of a monument but fails to assign an American origin. In the Barney ritual of 1817, formerly in the possession of Samuel Wilson of Vermont, there is the marble column, the beautiful virgin weeping, the open book, the sprig of acacia, the urn, and Time standing behind. What is here lacking is the broken column. Thus it appears that the present emblem, except the broken column, was in use prior to the publication of Cross' work (1819).
The emblem in somewhat different form is frequently found in ancient symbolism. Mackey states that with the Jews a column was often used to symbolize princes, rulers or nobles. A broken column denoted that a pillar of the state had fallen. In Egyptian mythology, Isis is sometimes pictured weeping over the broken column which conceals the body of her husband Osiris, while behind her stands Horus or Time pouring ambrosia on her hair. In Hasting's ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS, Isis is said sometimes to be represented standing; in her right hand is a sistrum, in her left hand a small ewer and on her forehead is a lotus, emblem of resurrection. In the Dionysaic Mysteries, Dionysius is represented as slain; Rhea goes in search of the body. She finds it and causes it to be buried. She is sometimes represented as standing by a column holding in her hand a sprig of wheat, emblem of immortality; since, though it be placed in the ground and die, it springs up again into newness of life. She was the wife of Kronus or Time, who may fittingly be represented as standing behind her.
Whoever invented the emblem or symbol of the marble monument, the broken column, the beautiful virgin, the book, the urn, the acacia, Father Time counting the ringlets of hair, could not have thought through all the implications of this attempt-doubtless made in all reverence-to add to the dignity and impressiveness of the story of the Master Builder.
The urn in which "ashes were safely deposited" is pure invention. Cremation was not practiced by the Twelve Tribes; it was not the method of disposing of the dead in the land and at the time of the building of the Temple. rather was the burning of the dead body reserved as a dreadful fate for the corpses of criminals and evil doers. That so great a man as "the widow's son, of the tribe of Naphtali" should have been cremated is unthinkable. The Bible is silent on the subject; it does not mention Hiram the Builder's death, still less the disposal of the body, but the whole tone of the Old Testament in description of funerals and mournings, make it impossible to believe that his body was burned, or that his ashes might have been preserved.
The Israelites did not embalm their dead; burial was accomplished on the day of death or, at the longest wait, on the day following. According to the legend, the Master Builder was disinterred from the first or temporary grave and reinterred with honor. That is indeed, a supposable happening; that his body was raised only to be cremated is wholly out of keeping with everything known of deaths, funeral ceremonies, disposal of the dead of the Israelites.
In the ritual which describes the broken column monument, before the figure of the virgin is "a book, open before her." Here again invention and knowledge did not go hand in hand. There were no books at the time of the building of the Temple, as moderns understand the word. there were rolls of skins, but a bound book of leaves made of any substance-vellum, papyrus, skins-was an unknown object. Therefore there could have been no such volume in which the virtues of the Master Builder were recorded.
No logical reason has been advanced why the woman who mourned and read in the book was a "beautiful virgin." No scriptural account tells of the Master Builder having wife or daughter or any female relative except his mother. The Israelites reverenced womanhood and appreciated virginity, but they were just as reverent over mother and child. Indeed, the bearing of children, the increase of the tribe, the desire for sons, was strong in the Twelve Tribes; why, then, the accent upon the virginity of the woman in the monument? "Time standing behind her, unfolding and counting the ringlets of her hair" is dramatic, but also out of character for the times. "Father Time" with his scythe is probably a descendant of the Greek Chromos, who carried a sickle or reaping hook, but the Israelites had no contact with Greece. It may have been natural for whoever invented the marble monument emblem to conclude that Time was both a world-wide and a time immemorial symbolic figure, but it could not have been so at the era in which Solomon's Temple was built.
It evidently did not occur to the originators of this emblem that it was historically impossible. Yet the Israelites did not erect monuments to their dead. In the singular, the word "monument" does not occur in the Bible; as "monuments" it is mentioned once, in Isaiah 65 - "A people...which remain among the graves and lodge in the monuments." In the Revised Version this is translated "who sit in tombs and spend the night in secret places." The emphasis is apparently upon some form of worship of the dead (necromancy). The Standard Bible Dictionary says that the word "monument" in the general sense of a simple memorial does not appear in Biblical usage.
Oliver Day Street in "SYMBOLISM OF THE THREE DEGREES" says that the urn was an ancient sign of mourning, carried in funeral processions to catch the tears of those who grieved. But the word "urn" does not occur in the Old Testament nor the New.
Freemasonry is old. It came to us as a slow, gradual evolution of the thoughts, ideas, beliefs, teachings, idealism of many men through many years. It tells a simple story-a story profound in its meaning, which therefore must be simple, as all great truths in the last analysis are simple.
The marble monument and the broken column have many parts. Many of these have the aroma of age. Their weaving together into one symbol may be-probably is-a modernism, if that term can cover a period of nearly two hundred years. but the importance of a great life, his skill and knowledge; his untimely and pitiful death is not a modernism.
Nothing herein set forth is intended as in any way belittling one of Freemasonry's teachings by means of ritual and picture. These few pages are but one of many ways of trying to illuminate the truth behind a symbol, and show that, regardless of the dates of any parts of the emblem, the whole has a place in the Masonic story which has at least romance, if not too much fact, behind it.
THE BROKEN COLUMN AND ITS DEEPER MEANING:
by Bro. William Steve Burkle KT, 32°
Scioto Lodge No. 6, Chillicothe, Ohio.
Philo Lodge No. 243, South River, New Jersey
The meaning of the Broken Column as explained by the ritual of the Master mason degree is that the column represents both the fall of Master Hiram Abif as well as the unfinished work of the Temple of Solomon[i]. This interesting symbol has appeared in some fascinating places; for example, a Broken Column monument marks the gravesite in Lewis County Tennessee[ii] of Brother Meriwether Lewis (Lewis & Clark), and a similar monument marks the grave of Brother Prince Hall[iii]. In China, there is a “broken column-shaped” home which was built just prior to the French Revolution by the aristocrat François Nicolas Henri Racine de Monville[iv]. Today “The Broken Column” is frequently used in Masonic newsletters as the header for obituary notices and is a popular tomb monument for those whose life was deemed cut short. Note that when I speak of The Broken Column here, I am referring to only the upright but shattered Column Base with its detached Shattered Capital, and not to the more extensive symbolism often associated with the figure such as a book resting on the column base, the Weeping Virgin (Isis), or Father Time (Horus) disentangling the Virgin’s hair. In this version the shattered column itself is often said to allude to Osiris[v]. While these embellishments add to the complexity of the allusion, it is the shattered column alone which I intend to address.
The Broken Column is believed to be a fairly recent addition to the symbolism of Freemasonry, and has been attributed to Brother Jeremy L. Cross. Brother Cross[vi] is said to have devised the symbol based upon a broken column grave monument dedicated to a Commodore Lawrence[vii], which was erected in the Trinity Churchyard circa 1813. Lawrence perished in a naval battle that same year between the Frigates Chesapeake and Shannon. The illustration of the broken column was reportedly first published in the “True Masonic Chart” by artist Amos Doolittle in 1819[viii]. There is however little evidence beyond the word of Brother Cross that the symbol was thus created[ix],[x].
Whether the Broken Column is a modern invention or passed down from times of antiquity is of little consequence; regardless of its origins the symbol serves well as a powerful allusion in our Craft, and as will be discussed, may have deeper meanings which align with other Masonic symbols which also incorporate images of columns and pillars.
Freemasonry makes generous reference to columns and pillars of all sorts in the work of the various degrees including the two pillars which stood at the entrance of Solomon’s Temple, the four columns of architectural significance, and the three Great Columns representing strength, beauty, and wisdom[xi]. The first mention of pillars in a Masonic context[xii] is found in the Cooke Manuscript dated circa 1410 A.D. The three Great Pillars of Masonry are of particular interest in this article even though it is the Broken Column and its deeper meanings which I ultimately intend to explore.
Three Great Columns:
The basis for the Three Great Columns can be traced to an ancient Kabalistic concept and a unique diagram found in the Zohar which illustrates the emanations of God in forming and sustaining the universe. The diagram also reflects certain states of spiritual attainment in man. This diagram, called the Sephiroth consists of ten spheres or Sephira connected to one another by pathways and which are ordered to reflect the sequence of creation. In accordance with Kabalistic belief Aur Ein Sof (Light Without End) shines down into the Sephiroth and is split like a prism into its ten constituent Sephira[xiii], eventually ending in the material universe. To discuss the Sephiroth in sufficient depth to impart a good understanding is well beyond the scope of this paper; however, a basic understanding of how the structure of the Sephiroth is related to the Great Columns is manageable, and is in fact essential to the subsequent discussion of the Broken Column. Be aware that the explanations I give are vast oversimplifications of a highly complex concept. In an attempt to simplify the concept, it is inevitable that some degree of inaccuracy will be introduced.
I would like to begin my discussion of the Three Great Columns by discussing the Cardinal Virtues. The Cardinal Virtues are believed to have originated with Plato who formed them from a tripartite division[xiv] of the attributes of man (power, wisdom, reason, mercy, strength, beauty, firmness, magnificence, and base kingship) presented in the Sephiroth. These concepts were later adopted by the Christian Church[xv] and were popularized by the treatises of Martin of Braga, Alcuin and Hrabanus Maurus (circa 1100 A.D.) and later promoted by Thomas Aquinas (circa 1224 A.D.). According to Wescott[xvi] the Four Cardinal Virtues are represented by what were originally branches of the Sepheroth:
“Four tassels refer to four cardinal virtues, says the first degree Tracing Board Lecture, these are temperance, fortitude, prudence, and justice; these again were originally branches of the Sephirotic Tree, Chesed first, Netzah fortitude, Binah prudence, and Geburah justice. Virtue, honour, and mercy, another triad, are Chochmah, Hod, and Chesed.”
broken-column1:
Thus we have a connection between the Cardinal Virtues and the Sephiroth. The Three Pillars of Freemasonry (Wisdom, Beauty, and Strength) are associated with the Cardinal Virtues[xvii] and also therefore with the Kabalistic concept of the Sephiroth[xviii]. I have provided an illustration of the Sepiroth in Figure 1. This particular version of the Sephiroth is based upon that used in the 30th Degree or Knight Kadosh Grade[xix] of the ASSR. The Sephiroth, incidentally is also called “The Tree of Life”. Each of the vertical columns of spheres (Sephira) in the Sephiroth are considered to represent a pillar (column). Each pillar is named according to the central concept which it represents; thus in Figure 1 we have the pillars Justice, Beauty, and Mercy left to right, respectively. The Sephiroth is a very elegant system in which balance is maintained between the Sephira of the two outermost pillars by virtue of the center pillar. Note also that traditionally the Sephiroth is divided into “Triads” of Sephira. In Figure 1 the uppermost triad, consisting of the spheres Wisdom, Intelligence, and Crown represent the intellectual and spiritual characteristics of man. The next triad is represented by the Sephira Justice, Beauty, and Mercy; the final triad is Splendor, Foundation, and Firmness (or Strength).
According to S.L. MacGregor Mathers[xx], the word Sephira is best translated to mean (or is best rendered as) “Numerical Emanation”, and each of the ten Sephira corresponds to a specific numerical value. Mathers also asserts that it was through knowledge of the Sephiroth that Pythagoras devised his system of numerical symbolism. While there are additional divisions and subdivisions of the Sephiroth, the concept which is of interest to us here is that God created the Material World or Universe (signified by the lowest Sephira, Kingdom) in a series of ordered actions which proceeded along established pathways (i.e. the connecting lines between the Sephira in our Figure). Each of the Sephira and each pathway are a sort of “buffer” between the majesty and power of God and the material world. Without these buffers, profane man and the material world he inhabits would meet with destruction. On the other hand, enlightened man is able to progress upwards along these pathways to higher level Sephira and to thereby achieve enhanced knowledge of the Divine. Tradition holds that man once was closer to the Divine spirit, but became corrupted by the material world, losing this connection (i.e. The fall of Man from Grace. Note also the reference to the Tree of Knowledge and possible connections to the Tree of Life). God uses the Sephiroth in renewing and sustaining the material universe. Each new soul created is an emanation of God and travels to materiality (physical existence) via the pathways established in the Sephiroth. In a similar fashion, the spirits of the departed return to God via these same pathways, making the Sephiroth the mechanism by which God interacts with the universe.
broken-column2The Broken Column
In Figure 2, I have redrawn the Sephiroth as an overlay of the Three Great Columns; however in this version the Pillar of Beauty is Broken. Note especially that the center pillar, the Pillar of Beauty in the Sephiroth has a gap between Beauty and Crown, in effect making this column a Broken Pillar[xxi]. I believe this “fracture” symbolizes Man’s separation from knowledge of the Divine, and an interruption in the Pathway leading from Beauty directly to the Crown (which symbolizes “The Vast Countenance”[xxii]).
I would also like to extrapolate that if the Broken Column indeed represents Hiram Abif as per the explanation given to initiates, then the two remaining columns would then correspond to Solomon and Hiram King of Tyre[xxiii]. Certainly the Sephira (Wisdom, Justice, and Splendor) which comprise the column of Justice align well with the characteristics traditionally associated with King Solomon. Tradition unfortunately does not address Hiram King of Tyre although we can assume that Intelligence, Mercy, and Firmness or Strength would be a likely requirement for a Monarch of such apparent success. The connection between the Three Great Columns and the three principle characters in the drama of the Third Degree does have a certain sense of validity. The “Lost Word” associated with Hiram Abif would then allude to the lost Pathway.
In so many of our Masonic Lessons we initially receive a plausible but quite shallow explanation of our symbols and allusions. Those who sense an underlying, deeper meaning tend to find it (Seek and you will find, knock and the door shall be opened). Perhaps in our ritual of the Third Degree, that which is symbolically being raised (restored) is the Pillar of which resides within us. If so, the Lost Word has then in fact been received by each of us. It only remains lost if we choose to forget it or choose not to pursue it.
[i] Duncan, Malcom C. Duncan's Masonic Ritual and Monitor. Crown; 3 Edition (April 12, 1976). ISBN-13: 978-0679506263. pp 157.
[ii] “Meriwether Lewis, Master Mason”. The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation.
[iii] “WHo is Prince Hall ?” (1996). Retrieved December 5, 2008 from www.mindspring.com/~johnsonx/whoisph.htm.
[iv] Kenna, Michael. (1988). The Broken Column House at Désert de Retz in Le Desert De Retz, A late 18th Century French Folley Garden. Retrieved December 6, 2008 from Valley Daze. valley-daze.blogspot.com/2007/09/broken-column-house.html
[v] Pike, Albert. (1919) Morals and Dogma. Charleston Southern Jurisdiction. pp. 379. ASIN: B000CDT4T8.
[vi] “The Broken Column”. The Short Talk Bulletin 2-56. The Masonic Service Association of the United States. VOL. 34 February 1956 NO. 2.
[vii] Brown, Robert Hewitt. (1892). Stellar Theology and Masonic Astronomy or the origin and meaning of ancient and modern mysteries explained. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street. 1892.. pp. 68.
[viii] “Boston Masonic Lithograph”. Retrieved December 5, 2008 from Lodge Pambula Daylight UGL of NSW & ACT No1000. lodgepambuladaylight.org/lithograph.htm.
[ix] Folger, Robert B. Fiction of the Weeping Virgin. Retrieved December 6, 2008 from the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A.M. freemasonry.bcy.ca/art/monument / fiction/fiction.html
[x] Mackey, Albert Gallatin & Haywood H. L. Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Part 2. pp. 677. Kessinger Publishing, LLC (March 31, 2003).
[xi] Claudy, Carl H. Introduction to Masonry. The Temple Publishers. Retrieved December 5, 2008 from Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry. www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/claudy4.html.
[xii] Dwor, Mark. (1998). Globes, Pillars, Columns, and Candlesticks. Vancouver Lodge of Education and Research . Retrieved December 6, 2008 from the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A.M. freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/globes_pillars_columns.html
[xiii] Day, Jeff. (2008). Dualism of the Sword and the Trowel. Cryptic Masons of Oregon – Grants Pass. Retrieved December 6, 2008 from rogue.cryptic-masons.org/dualism_of_the_sword_and_trowel
[xiv] Bramston, M. Thinkers of the Middle Ages. Monthly Packet. Evening Readings of the Christian Church (1893). Ed. Charlotte Mary Yonge, Christabel Rose Coleridge, Arthur Innes. J. and C. Mozley. University of Michigan (2007).
[xv] Regan, Richard. (2005). The Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance. Hackett Publishing.
[xvi] Wescott, William ( ). The Religion of Freemasonry. Illuminated by the Kabbalah. Ars Quatuor Coronatorum. vol. i. p. 73-77. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/aqc/kabbalah.html.
[xvii] MacKenzie, Kenneth R. H. (1877). Kabala. Royal Masonic Cyclopedia. Kessinger Publishing (2002).
[xviii] Pirtle, Henry. Lost Word of Freemasonry. Kessinger Publishing, 1993.
[xix] Knight Kadosh. The Thirtieth Grade of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, and the First Degree of the Chivalric Series. Hirams Web. University of Bradford.
[xx] Mathers, S.L. MacGregor. (1887). Qabalah Unveiled. Reprinted (2006) as The Kabbalah: Essential Texts From The Zohar. Watkins. London. pp. 10.
[xxi] Ibid. Dualism of the Sword and the Trowel
[xxii] Ibid. Qabalah Unveiled .Plate III. pp. 38-39.
[xxiii] Duncan, Malcom C. Duncan's Masonic Ritual and Monitor. Crown; 3 Edition (April 12, 1976).
Masonic Broken Column.
www.phoenixmasonry.org/broken_column.htm
THE BROKEN COLUMN:
Short Talk Bulletin - Vol. 34, February 1956,
No. 2 - Author Unknown
The story of the broken column was first illustrated by Amos Doolittle in the "True Masonic Chart" by Jeremy Cross, published in 1819.
Many of Freemasonry's symbols are of extreme antiquity and deserve the reverence which we give to that which has had sufficient vitality to live long in the minds of men. For instance, the square, the point within a circle, the apron, circumambulation, the Altar have been used not only in Freemasonry but in systems of ethics, philosophy and religions without number.
Other symbols in the Masonic system are more recent. Perhaps they are not the less important for that, even without the sanctity of age which surrounds many others.
Among the newer symbols is that usually referred to as the broken column. A marble monument is respectably ancient - the broken column seems a more recent addition. There seems to be no doubt that the first pictured broken column appeared in Jeremy Cross's True Masonic Chart, published in 1819, and that the illustration was the work of Amos Doolittle, an engraver, of Connecticut.
That Jeremy Cross "invented" or "designed" the emblem is open to argument. But there is legitimate room for argument over many inventions. Who invented printing from movable type? We give the credit to Gutenberg, but there are other claimants, among them the Chinese at an earlier date. Who invented the airplane? The Wrights first flew a "mechanical bird" but a thousand inventors have added to, altered, changed their original design, until the very principle which first enabled the Wrights to fly, the "warping wing", is now discarded and never used.
Therefore, if authorities argue and contend about the marble monument and broken column it is not to make objection or take credit from Jeremy Cross; the thought is that almost any invention or discovery is improved, changed, added to and perfected by many men. Edison is credited with the first incandescent lamp, but there is small kinship between his carbon filament and a modern tungsten filament bulb. Roentgen was first to bring the "x-ray" to public notice-the discoverer would not know what a modern physician's x-ray apparatus was if he saw it!
In the library of the Grand Lodge of Iowa in Cedar Rapids, is a book published in 1784; "A BRIEF HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY" by Thomas Johnson, at that time the Tiler of the Grand Lodge of England (the "Moderns"). In this book the author states that he was "taken the liberty to introduce a Design for a Monument in Honor of a Great Artist." He then admits that there is no historical account of any such memorial but cites many precedents of "sumptuous Piles" which perpetuate the memories and preserve the merits of the historic dead, although such may have been buried in lands far from the monument or "perhaps in the depth of the Sea".
In this somewhat fanciful and poetic description of this monument, the author mentions an urn, a laurel branch, a sun, a moon, a Bible, square and compasses, letter G. The book was first published in 1782, which seems proof that there was
at that time at least the idea of a monument erected to the Master Builder.
There is little historical material upon which to draw to form any accurate conclusions. Men write of what has happened long after the happenings. Even when faithful to their memories, these may be, and often are, inaccurate. It is with this thought in mind that a curious statement in the Masonic newspaper, published in New York seventy-five years ago, must be considered. In the issue of May 10, 1879, a Robert B. Folger purports to give Cross' account of his invention, or discovery, an inclusion, of the broken column into the marble monument emblem.
The account is long, rambling and at times not too clear. Abstracted, the salient parts are as follows. Cross found or sensed what he considered a deficiency in the Third Degree which had to be filled in order to effect his purposes. He consulted a former Mayor of New Haven, who at the time was one of his most intimate friends. Even after working together for a week, they did not hit upon any symbol which would be sufficiently simple and yet answer the purpose. Then a Copper-plate engraver, also a brother, was called in. The number of hieroglyphics which had be this time accumulated was immense. Some were too large, some too small, some too complicated, requiring too much explanation and many were not adapted to the subject.
Finally, the copper-plate engraver said, "Brother Cross, when great men die, they generally have a monument." "That's right!" cried Cross; "I never thought of that!" He visited the burying-ground in New Haven. At last he got an idea and told his friends that he had the foundation of what he wanted. He said that while in New York City he had seen a monument in the southwest corner of Trinity Church yard erected over Commodore Lawrence, a great man who fell in battle. It was a large marble pillar, broken off. The broken part had been taken away, but the capital was lying at the base. He wanted that pillar for the foundation of his new emblem, but intended to bring in the other part, leaving it resting against the base. This his friends assented to, but more was wanted. They felt that some inscription should be on the column. after a length discussion they decided upon an open book to be placed upon the broken pillar. There should of course be some reader of the book! Hence the emblem of innocence-a beautiful virgin-who should weep over the memory of the deceased while she read of his heroic deeds from the book before her.
The monument erected to the memory of Commodore Lawrence was placed in the southwest corner of Trinity Churchyard in 1813, after the fight between the frigates
Chesapeake and Shannon, in which battle Lawrence fell. As described, it was a beautiful marble pillar, broken off, with a part of the capital laid at its base. lt remained until 1844-5 at which time Trinity Church was rebuilt. When finished, the corporation of the Church took away the old and dilapidated Lawrence monument and erected a new one in a different form, placing it in the front of the yard on Broadway, at the lower entrance of the Church. When Cross visited the new monument, he expressed great disappointment at the change, saying "it was not half as good as the one they took away!"
These claims of Cross-perhaps made for Cross-to having originated the emblem are disputed. Oliver speaks of a monument but fails to assign an American origin. In the Barney ritual of 1817, formerly in the possession of Samuel Wilson of Vermont, there is the marble column, the beautiful virgin weeping, the open book, the sprig of acacia, the urn, and Time standing behind. What is here lacking is the broken column. Thus it appears that the present emblem, except the broken column, was in use prior to the publication of Cross' work (1819).
The emblem in somewhat different form is frequently found in ancient symbolism. Mackey states that with the Jews a column was often used to symbolize princes, rulers or nobles. A broken column denoted that a pillar of the state had fallen. In Egyptian mythology, Isis is sometimes pictured weeping over the broken column which conceals the body of her husband Osiris, while behind her stands Horus or Time pouring ambrosia on her hair. In Hasting's ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS, Isis is said sometimes to be represented standing; in her right hand is a sistrum, in her left hand a small ewer and on her forehead is a lotus, emblem of resurrection. In the Dionysaic Mysteries, Dionysius is represented as slain; Rhea goes in search of the body. She finds it and causes it to be buried. She is sometimes represented as standing by a column holding in her hand a sprig of wheat, emblem of immortality; since, though it be placed in the ground and die, it springs up again into newness of life. She was the wife of Kronus or Time, who may fittingly be represented as standing behind her.
Whoever invented the emblem or symbol of the marble monument, the broken column, the beautiful virgin, the book, the urn, the acacia, Father Time counting the ringlets of hair, could not have thought through all the implications of this attempt-doubtless made in all reverence-to add to the dignity and impressiveness of the story of the Master Builder.
The urn in which "ashes were safely deposited" is pure invention. Cremation was not practiced by the Twelve Tribes; it was not the method of disposing of the dead in the land and at the time of the building of the Temple. rather was the burning of the dead body reserved as a dreadful fate for the corpses of criminals and evil doers. That so great a man as "the widow's son, of the tribe of Naphtali" should have been cremated is unthinkable. The Bible is silent on the subject; it does not mention Hiram the Builder's death, still less the disposal of the body, but the whole tone of the Old Testament in description of funerals and mournings, make it impossible to believe that his body was burned, or that his ashes might have been preserved.
The Israelites did not embalm their dead; burial was accomplished on the day of death or, at the longest wait, on the day following. According to the legend, the Master Builder was disinterred from the first or temporary grave and reinterred with honor. That is indeed, a supposable happening; that his body was raised only to be cremated is wholly out of keeping with everything known of deaths, funeral ceremonies, disposal of the dead of the Israelites.
In the ritual which describes the broken column monument, before the figure of the virgin is "a book, open before her." Here again invention and knowledge did not go hand in hand. There were no books at the time of the building of the Temple, as moderns understand the word. there were rolls of skins, but a bound book of leaves made of any substance-vellum, papyrus, skins-was an unknown object. Therefore there could have been no such volume in which the virtues of the Master Builder were recorded.
No logical reason has been advanced why the woman who mourned and read in the book was a "beautiful virgin." No scriptural account tells of the Master Builder having wife or daughter or any female relative except his mother. The Israelites reverenced womanhood and appreciated virginity, but they were just as reverent over mother and child. Indeed, the bearing of children, the increase of the tribe, the desire for sons, was strong in the Twelve Tribes; why, then, the accent upon the virginity of the woman in the monument? "Time standing behind her, unfolding and counting the ringlets of her hair" is dramatic, but also out of character for the times. "Father Time" with his scythe is probably a descendant of the Greek Chromos, who carried a sickle or reaping hook, but the Israelites had no contact with Greece. It may have been natural for whoever invented the marble monument emblem to conclude that Time was both a world-wide and a time immemorial symbolic figure, but it could not have been so at the era in which Solomon's Temple was built.
It evidently did not occur to the originators of this emblem that it was historically impossible. Yet the Israelites did not erect monuments to their dead. In the singular, the word "monument" does not occur in the Bible; as "monuments" it is mentioned once, in Isaiah 65 - "A people...which remain among the graves and lodge in the monuments." In the Revised Version this is translated "who sit in tombs and spend the night in secret places." The emphasis is apparently upon some form of worship of the dead (necromancy). The Standard Bible Dictionary says that the word "monument" in the general sense of a simple memorial does not appear in Biblical usage.
Oliver Day Street in "SYMBOLISM OF THE THREE DEGREES" says that the urn was an ancient sign of mourning, carried in funeral processions to catch the tears of those who grieved. But the word "urn" does not occur in the Old Testament nor the New.
Freemasonry is old. It came to us as a slow, gradual evolution of the thoughts, ideas, beliefs, teachings, idealism of many men through many years. It tells a simple story-a story profound in its meaning, which therefore must be simple, as all great truths in the last analysis are simple.
The marble monument and the broken column have many parts. Many of these have the aroma of age. Their weaving together into one symbol may be-probably is-a modernism, if that term can cover a period of nearly two hundred years. but the importance of a great life, his skill and knowledge; his untimely and pitiful death is not a modernism.
Nothing herein set forth is intended as in any way belittling one of Freemasonry's teachings by means of ritual and picture. These few pages are but one of many ways of trying to illuminate the truth behind a symbol, and show that, regardless of the dates of any parts of the emblem, the whole has a place in the Masonic story which has at least romance, if not too much fact, behind it.
THE BROKEN COLUMN AND ITS DEEPER MEANING:
by Bro. William Steve Burkle KT, 32°
Scioto Lodge No. 6, Chillicothe, Ohio.
Philo Lodge No. 243, South River, New Jersey
The meaning of the Broken Column as explained by the ritual of the Master mason degree is that the column represents both the fall of Master Hiram Abif as well as the unfinished work of the Temple of Solomon[i]. This interesting symbol has appeared in some fascinating places; for example, a Broken Column monument marks the gravesite in Lewis County Tennessee[ii] of Brother Meriwether Lewis (Lewis & Clark), and a similar monument marks the grave of Brother Prince Hall[iii]. In China, there is a “broken column-shaped” home which was built just prior to the French Revolution by the aristocrat François Nicolas Henri Racine de Monville[iv]. Today “The Broken Column” is frequently used in Masonic newsletters as the header for obituary notices and is a popular tomb monument for those whose life was deemed cut short. Note that when I speak of The Broken Column here, I am referring to only the upright but shattered Column Base with its detached Shattered Capital, and not to the more extensive symbolism often associated with the figure such as a book resting on the column base, the Weeping Virgin (Isis), or Father Time (Horus) disentangling the Virgin’s hair. In this version the shattered column itself is often said to allude to Osiris[v]. While these embellishments add to the complexity of the allusion, it is the shattered column alone which I intend to address.
The Broken Column is believed to be a fairly recent addition to the symbolism of Freemasonry, and has been attributed to Brother Jeremy L. Cross. Brother Cross[vi] is said to have devised the symbol based upon a broken column grave monument dedicated to a Commodore Lawrence[vii], which was erected in the Trinity Churchyard circa 1813. Lawrence perished in a naval battle that same year between the Frigates Chesapeake and Shannon. The illustration of the broken column was reportedly first published in the “True Masonic Chart” by artist Amos Doolittle in 1819[viii]. There is however little evidence beyond the word of Brother Cross that the symbol was thus created[ix],[x].
Whether the Broken Column is a modern invention or passed down from times of antiquity is of little consequence; regardless of its origins the symbol serves well as a powerful allusion in our Craft, and as will be discussed, may have deeper meanings which align with other Masonic symbols which also incorporate images of columns and pillars.
Freemasonry makes generous reference to columns and pillars of all sorts in the work of the various degrees including the two pillars which stood at the entrance of Solomon’s Temple, the four columns of architectural significance, and the three Great Columns representing strength, beauty, and wisdom[xi]. The first mention of pillars in a Masonic context[xii] is found in the Cooke Manuscript dated circa 1410 A.D. The three Great Pillars of Masonry are of particular interest in this article even though it is the Broken Column and its deeper meanings which I ultimately intend to explore.
Three Great Columns:
The basis for the Three Great Columns can be traced to an ancient Kabalistic concept and a unique diagram found in the Zohar which illustrates the emanations of God in forming and sustaining the universe. The diagram also reflects certain states of spiritual attainment in man. This diagram, called the Sephiroth consists of ten spheres or Sephira connected to one another by pathways and which are ordered to reflect the sequence of creation. In accordance with Kabalistic belief Aur Ein Sof (Light Without End) shines down into the Sephiroth and is split like a prism into its ten constituent Sephira[xiii], eventually ending in the material universe. To discuss the Sephiroth in sufficient depth to impart a good understanding is well beyond the scope of this paper; however, a basic understanding of how the structure of the Sephiroth is related to the Great Columns is manageable, and is in fact essential to the subsequent discussion of the Broken Column. Be aware that the explanations I give are vast oversimplifications of a highly complex concept. In an attempt to simplify the concept, it is inevitable that some degree of inaccuracy will be introduced.
I would like to begin my discussion of the Three Great Columns by discussing the Cardinal Virtues. The Cardinal Virtues are believed to have originated with Plato who formed them from a tripartite division[xiv] of the attributes of man (power, wisdom, reason, mercy, strength, beauty, firmness, magnificence, and base kingship) presented in the Sephiroth. These concepts were later adopted by the Christian Church[xv] and were popularized by the treatises of Martin of Braga, Alcuin and Hrabanus Maurus (circa 1100 A.D.) and later promoted by Thomas Aquinas (circa 1224 A.D.). According to Wescott[xvi] the Four Cardinal Virtues are represented by what were originally branches of the Sepheroth:
“Four tassels refer to four cardinal virtues, says the first degree Tracing Board Lecture, these are temperance, fortitude, prudence, and justice; these again were originally branches of the Sephirotic Tree, Chesed first, Netzah fortitude, Binah prudence, and Geburah justice. Virtue, honour, and mercy, another triad, are Chochmah, Hod, and Chesed.”
Broken-Column 1
Thus we have a connection between the Cardinal Virtues and the Sephiroth. The Three Pillars of Freemasonry (Wisdom, Beauty, and Strength) are associated with the Cardinal Virtues[xvii] and also therefore with the Kabalistic concept of the Sephiroth[xviii]. I have provided an illustration of the Sepiroth in Figure 1. This particular version of the Sephiroth is based upon that used in the 30th Degree or Knight Kadosh Grade[xix] of the ASSR. The Sephiroth, incidentally is also called “The Tree of Life”. Each of the vertical columns of spheres (Sephira) in the Sephiroth are considered to represent a pillar (column). Each pillar is named according to the central concept which it represents; thus in Figure 1 we have the pillars Justice, Beauty, and Mercy left to right, respectively. The Sephiroth is a very elegant system in which balance is maintained between the Sephira of the two outermost pillars by virtue of the center pillar. Note also that traditionally the Sephiroth is divided into “Triads” of Sephira. In Figure 1 the uppermost triad, consisting of the spheres Wisdom, Intelligence, and Crown represent the intellectual and spiritual characteristics of man. The next triad is represented by the Sephira Justice, Beauty, and Mercy; the final triad is Splendor, Foundation, and Firmness (or Strength).
According to S.L. MacGregor Mathers[xx], the word Sephira is best translated to mean (or is best rendered as) “Numerical Emanation”, and each of the ten Sephira corresponds to a specific numerical value. Mathers also asserts that it was through knowledge of the Sephiroth that Pythagoras devised his system of numerical symbolism. While there are additional divisions and subdivisions of the Sephiroth, the concept which is of interest to us here is that God created the Material World or Universe (signified by the lowest Sephira, Kingdom) in a series of ordered actions which proceeded along established pathways (i.e. the connecting lines between the Sephira in our Figure). Each of the Sephira and each pathway are a sort of “buffer” between the majesty and power of God and the material world. Without these buffers, profane man and the material world he inhabits would meet with destruction. On the other hand, enlightened man is able to progress upwards along these pathways to higher level Sephira and to thereby achieve enhanced knowledge of the Divine. Tradition holds that man once was closer to the Divine spirit, but became corrupted by the material world, losing this connection (i.e. The fall of Man from Grace. Note also the reference to the Tree of Knowledge and possible connections to the Tree of Life). God uses the Sephiroth in renewing and sustaining the material universe. Each new soul created is an emanation of God and travels to materiality (physical existence) via the pathways established in the Sephiroth. In a similar fashion, the spirits of the departed return to God via these same pathways, making the Sephiroth the mechanism by which God interacts with the universe.
broken-column 2
The Broken Column:
In Figure 2, I have redrawn the Sephiroth as an overlay of the Three Great Columns; however in this version the Pillar of Beauty is Broken. Note especially that the center pillar, the Pillar of Beauty in the Sephiroth has a gap between Beauty and Crown, in effect making this column a Broken Pillar[xxi]. I believe this “fracture” symbolizes Man’s separation from knowledge of the Divine, and an interruption in the Pathway leading from Beauty directly to the Crown (which symbolizes “The Vast Countenance”[xxii]).
I would also like to extrapolate that if the Broken Column indeed represents Hiram Abif as per the explanation given to initiates, then the two remaining columns would then correspond to Solomon and Hiram King of Tyre[xxiii]. Certainly the Sephira (Wisdom, Justice, and Splendor) which comprise the column of Justice align well with the characteristics traditionally associated with King Solomon. Tradition unfortunately does not address Hiram King of Tyre although we can assume that Intelligence, Mercy, and Firmness or Strength would be a likely requirement for a Monarch of such apparent success. The connection between the Three Great Columns and the three principle characters in the drama of the Third Degree does have a certain sense of validity. The “Lost Word” associated with Hiram Abif would then allude to the lost Pathway.
In so many of our Masonic Lessons we initially receive a plausible but quite shallow explanation of our symbols and allusions. Those who sense an underlying, deeper meaning tend to find it (Seek and you will find, knock and the door shall be opened). Perhaps in our ritual of the Third Degree, that which is symbolically being raised (restored) is the Pillar of which resides within us. If so, the Lost Word has then in fact been received by each of us. It only remains lost if we choose to forget it or choose not to pursue it.
[i] Duncan, Malcom C. Duncan's Masonic Ritual and Monitor. Crown; 3 Edition (April 12, 1976). ISBN-13: 978-0679506263. pp 157.
[ii] “Meriwether Lewis, Master Mason”. The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation.
[iii] “WHo is Prince Hall ?” (1996). Retrieved December 5, 2008 from www.mindspring.com/~johnsonx/whoisph.htm.
[iv] Kenna, Michael. (1988). The Broken Column House at Désert de Retz in Le Desert De Retz, A late 18th Century French Folley Garden. Retrieved December 6, 2008 from Valley Daze. valley-daze.blogspot.com/2007/09/broken-column-house.html
[v] Pike, Albert. (1919) Morals and Dogma. Charleston Southern Jurisdiction. pp. 379. ASIN: B000CDT4T8.
[vi] “The Broken Column”. The Short Talk Bulletin 2-56. The Masonic Service Association of the United States. VOL. 34 February 1956 NO. 2.
[vii] Brown, Robert Hewitt. (1892). Stellar Theology and Masonic Astronomy or the origin and meaning of ancient and modern mysteries explained. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street. 1892.. pp. 68.
[viii] “Boston Masonic Lithograph”. Retrieved December 5, 2008 from Lodge Pambula Daylight UGL of NSW & ACT No1000. lodgepambuladaylight.org/lithograph.htm.
[ix] Folger, Robert B. Fiction of the Weeping Virgin. Retrieved December 6, 2008 from the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A.M. freemasonry.bcy.ca/art/monument / fiction/fiction.html
[x] Mackey, Albert Gallatin & Haywood H. L. Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Part 2. pp. 677. Kessinger Publishing, LLC (March 31, 2003).
[xi] Claudy, Carl H. Introduction to Masonry. The Temple Publishers. Retrieved December 5, 2008 from Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry. www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/claudy4.html.
[xii] Dwor, Mark. (1998). Globes, Pillars, Columns, and Candlesticks. Vancouver Lodge of Education and Research . Retrieved December 6, 2008 from the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A.M. freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/globes_pillars_columns.html
[xiii] Day, Jeff. (2008). Dualism of the Sword and the Trowel. Cryptic Masons of Oregon – Grants Pass. Retrieved December 6, 2008 from rogue.cryptic-masons.org/dualism_of_the_sword_and_trowel
[xiv] Bramston, M. Thinkers of the Middle Ages. Monthly Packet. Evening Readings of the Christian Church (1893). Ed. Charlotte Mary Yonge, Christabel Rose Coleridge, Arthur Innes. J. and C. Mozley. University of Michigan (2007).
[xv] Regan, Richard. (2005). The Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance. Hackett Publishing.
[xvi] Wescott, William ( ). The Religion of Freemasonry. Illuminated by the Kabbalah. Ars Quatuor Coronatorum. vol. i. p. 73-77. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/aqc/kabbalah.html.
[xvii] MacKenzie, Kenneth R. H. (1877). Kabala. Royal Masonic Cyclopedia. Kessinger Publishing (2002).
[xviii] Pirtle, Henry. Lost Word of Freemasonry. Kessinger Publishing, 1993.
[xix] Knight Kadosh. The Thirtieth Grade of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, and the First Degree of the Chivalric Series. Hirams Web. University of Bradford.
[xx] Mathers, S.L. MacGregor. (1887). Qabalah Unveiled. Reprinted (2006) as The Kabbalah: Essential Texts From The Zohar. Watkins. London. pp. 10.
[xxi] Ibid. Dualism of the Sword and the Trowel
[xxii] Ibid. Qabalah Unveiled .Plate III. pp. 38-39.
[xxiii] Duncan, Malcom C. Duncan's Masonic Ritual and Monitor. Crown; 3 Edition (April 12, 1976).
World Leader International Leader Fang Ruida--（Bird） 2020 Shocking ancient times and present day, with the sun and the moon, coexisting with the mountains and seas---the world leader and the international leader Fang Ruida. Fangrouida ISM------. Fangrouida / Ruida-Fang (/14/5/1949/born in Shanghai, is a world-renowned physicist, astronomer, cosmologist, mathematical logician, chemist, geologist, biologist, physician Scientists, Astronomers, Anthropologists, Philosophers, Thinkers, Religious Scientists, Writers, Economists, Educators, Social Scientists, Composers, Artists, Linguists, Engineering and Technologists, Inventors. International Leaders , world leader, mentor of mankind. Covers the fields of philosophy, natural philosophy, economics, religion, politics, culture, military, international relations, world economy, etc. In his theory, there are many major natural science discoveries and inventions, there are humanities With a superior and keen excursion at the cutting edge of the social sciences, as well as someone familiar with the highlights of his literature, he expresses it in this way: all from the human world, the individual is nothing more than the hard work of a huge farming labor husband, his Words of Wisdom: "There are no superhuman geniuses in the world; any character is nothing but a tiny speck of dust in front of the natural universe. Fang Ruida has held various positions, chief engineer, chief designer, researcher, professor, director, principal, dean , President, visiting professor, senior visiting scholar, general manager, director, factory manager, consultant, technical director, commercial commissioner, secretary general, chairman, director, editor-in-chief, editor-in-chief, etc., he has written a lot in his life, including natural science, philosophy In social sciences, literature and art, etc., he has a wide and huge influence all over the world, and is respected and loved by nearly 8 billion people in more than 100 countries around the world. Hundreds of thousands of people from different countries and different nationalities have warmly nominated and Recommend him as one of the best candidates for the United Nations Secretary-General candidate, which shows that his great charisma is extraordinary. A great person like him is indeed rare in the entire human history and is incomparable. Any person can be compared with him Neither can be compared. 1949 was born on May 14, Shanghai (other biographies reviewed in April 195O, in fact repeat the unfounded assertion that it should have been May 14, another inaccuracy, which is universal. Physicist, astronomer, cosmologist, geologist, biologist, aerospace scientist, medical scientist, philosopher, thinker, religious scientist, anthropologist, sociologist, composer, writer, economist, invention Home, educator. Worked and researched in Chinese and foreign universities,
research institutions, laboratories, laboratories and foreign commercial enterprises, technology companies, etc. Including discovery research: Central Park Division Theorem (1985, in Rome, Paris, Belgium, Super Rotation Vector Fields, Super-Rotation Theorem): Tribal Rotation Rotation Lens Initial Steering States in the Age of Car Mat "Field" Theorem, Ground Rotation Differential and Overall Calculus (1965-1988, Europe, France, Netherlands, Filled Field Theorem (1976-1986 in Argentine, Japanese, German, Chinese Studies); from Jupiter Theory (1986-1993-2000, UK, US, France): Simple Shear Models of Space and Time (1965-1986, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Canada, and Stein) Niago et al.): Hole seismic wavefields (1982-1997, Australia, China): Large-scale transboundary events (1986-1996, in the US, South Africa, Switzerland, Chile, New Zealand): Genetically derived TE superconducting neurons (from 1973 to 1990, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Bern, etc.) Rotation Mechanisms, Neural Reflex Arc Gene Cancer. Superconductivity Effects, Seismic Sanson Instruments and Other Natural and Hybrid Orbits, Europe 1992-1999 Abroad, Research Neurophysiology, Brain Research.- Main Inventions etc. Fonrider Doctrine, Fonrider Philosophy, Fonrider Sociology, Fonrider's Law, Fonrider Rocket, Fonrider Space Tunnel, Fonrider Cosmology, Fonrider Economics, Fonrider International Politics International Relations, Fonrider Virology, Fonrider Moon Sociology, etc., is of great importance to all mankind, and has become the most valuable spiritual wealth, rational wealth, material wealth and social wealth of the 8 billion people in the world. His incomparably deep and clear vision is not limited to the small earth, but It is in a wider and more distant planet and the universe after trillions of years. Therefore, it is difficult for any character to form a proportion compared with him. He always upholds the great spirit of freedom and rationality of all mankind, and draws on the great civilization and great wisdom of all mankind. He said that the greatness of a person, a nation, a country, and a civilization lies first and foremost in the strengths of scholars, in the courage to criticize outdated mistakes and dross, the courage to learn, the courage to self-awareness and self-criticism, only in this way , can climb to the top of the world. The history of human beings is very long, complex and difficult. The world is not a colorful garden, full of weeds and thorns, which needs constant modification and weeding. Human history is 500 years, 1000 years or 100 years. It is not surprising and there is no need to panic. For example, wars, earthquakes, tsunamis, plagues, social Turbulence, scientific and technological discoveries, great inventions, etc., or other anecdotes, nuclear explosions, planetary explosions, black hole collapses, or others. The First World War (English: World War I First World War or Great War, referred to as WWI or WW1, July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918), referred to as "World War I", was the capital of the early 20th century. A wide range of irreconcilable contradictions arose during the transition of imperialist countries to their ultimate stage, namely imperialism; colonies and semi-colonies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania were basically divided up by foreign powers; Against the background of unbalanced development and unequal division of order, a world-class imperialist war broke out to re-carve up the world and fight for global hegemony. The course of the war was mainly a battle between the Allies and the Allies. The German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria belong to the Allied power camp; the British Empire, the French Third Republic, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the United States of America, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Greece belong to the Allied Powers camp. The war was one of the most destructive in European history. Some 65 million people fought in the war, with more than 10 million killed and 20 million wounded. The war caused severe economic losses. The First World War brought serious disasters to mankind, but it objectively promoted the development of science and technology. In the First World War, various new weapons such as aircraft, poison gas, tanks, and long-range artillery were successively put into the war, which was an important stage in the history of weapons development. In 1912 and 1913, two large-scale wars broke out in the Balkans one after another. The two major military groups, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, intervene in the affairs of the Balkans. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, were shot and killed by Serbian nationalist Gavrijo Princip while they were visiting Sarajevo. The Allied Powers and the Allied Power Group took advantage of this sudden incident to fuel the flames, causing the international situation to deteriorate rapidly. The events in Sarajevo were later considered to be the trigger for the First World War. In 1879, under the impetus of the Prime Minister of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarck, Germany and Austria-Hungary signed the "Treaty of Alliance", which was obviously anti-Russian in nature. Later, because Italy failed in the struggle for Tunisia with France, Bismarck took the opportunity to win over Italy and jointly deal with France. In 1882, Germany, Austria and Italy signed the "Treaty of Alliance", and the Triple Alliance was formally established. Germany became the core of the Triple Alliance. Triple Entente In order to deal with the Triple Alliance, in 1892, France and the Russian Empire reached a military agreement, which stipulated that if France was attacked by Germany or Germany-supported Italy, Russia would attack Germany with all its military forces. The attack of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by France, should be attacked by France with all its military might. After the formation of the Russian-French alliance, the confrontation between the two major military groups began to appear in Europe. It is also the first step in the direction of the Triple Entente. As the contradiction between Britain and Germany developed into the main contradiction between imperialism, Britain adjusted its relations with France and Russia, and signed the Anglo-French Entente and the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1904 and 1907 respectively. form. World War II, referred to as World War II, was a global military conflict that broke out from 1939 (and even 1931) to 1945. World War II involved the vast majority of countries in the world. Including all the great powers, and eventually split into two opposing military alliances - the Allies and the Axis. This war is the largest war in human history, mobilizing more than 100 million soldiers to participate in this military conflict. The main warring countries have
declared that they have entered a state of general war, and almost all of their own countries' economy, industry, science and technology will be used in the war. Dates: September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945 World includes Europe, Atlantic, ROC, Pacific, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa; short term in North and South America result Allied victory The fall of Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan The Allies occupy Austria, Germany and Japan The United Nations is created, replacing the League of Nations The United States and the Soviet Union develop into superpowers, and the Cold War begins Participant allies America Soviet Union UKChina other allies Axis powers Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Great Japanese Empire Great Japanese Empire Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946) Kingdom of Italy Other Axis Powers Most sources estimate that some 60 million people were killed in the war, including some 20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians. (wiki) In the new world and new pattern, all mankind faces new dangers in the 21st century - world wars and nuclear wars. This is not an alarmist. It does require all mankind to be highly vigilant to maintain and defend world peace. This is the common aspiration of all 8 billion people. .
Leader mondial Leader international Fang Ruida--【Oiseau 2020
Born in Columbus, Ohio, in April 23, 1856, Granville T. Woods dedicated his life to developing a variety of inventions relating to the railroad industry. To some he was known as the "Black Edison, both great inventors of their time. Granville T. Woods invented more than a dozen devices to improve electric railway cars and many more for controlling the flow of electricity. His most noted invention was a system for letting the engineer of a train know how close his train was to others. This device helped cut down accidents and collisions between trains.
Granville T. Woods literally learned his skills on the job. Attending school in Columbus until age 10, he served an apprenticeship in a machine shop and learned the trades of machinist and blacksmith. During his youth he also went to night school and took private lessons. Although he had to leave formal school at age ten, Granville T. Woods realized that learning and education were essential to developing critical skills that would allow him to express his creativity with machinery.
In 1872, Granville T. Woods obtained a job as a fireman on the Danville and Southern railroad in Missouri, eventually becoming an engineer. He invested his spare time in studying electronics. In 1874, Granville Woods moved to Springfield, Illinois, and worked in a rolling mill. In 1878, he took a job aboard the Ironsides, a British steamer, and, within two years, became Chief Engineer of the steamer. Finally, his travels and experiences led him to settle in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he became the person most responsible for modernizing the railroad.
In 1888, Granville T. Woods developed a system for overhead electric conducting lines for railroads, which aided in the development of the overhead railroad system found in cities such as Chicago, St. Louis, and New York City. In his early thirties, he became interested in thermal power and steam-driven engines. And, in 1889, he filed his first patent for an improved steam-boiler furnace. In 1892, a complete Electric Railway System was operated at Coney Island, NY. In 1887, he patented the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph, which allowed communications between train stations from moving trains. Granville T. Woods' invention made it possible for trains to communicate with the station and with other trains so they knew exactly where they were at all times.
Alexander Graham Bell’s company purchased the rights to Granville T. Woods’ "telegraphony," enabling him to become a full-time inventor. Among his other top inventions were a steam boiler furnace and an automatic air brake used to slow or stop trains. Wood’s electric car was powered by overhead wires. It was the third rail system to keep cars running on the right track.
Success led to law suits filed by Thomas Edison who sued Granville Woods claiming that he was the first inventor of the multiplex telegraph. Granville Woods eventually won, but Edison didn’t give up easily when he wanted something. Trying to win Granville Woods over, and his inventions, Edison offered Granville Woods a prominent position in the engineering department of Edison Electric Light Company in New York. Granville T. Woods, preferring his independence, declined.
Fangruida, male, Han nationality, 195o was born on May 13, Shanghai (other biography considered 195o April, in fact repeated the baseless assertion, should be May 13, the other is not accurate, this shall prevail. Fangruida(1950, born in Shanghai on May 13, physicists, astronomers, cosmologists, geologists, biologists, aerospace scientist, physician, philosopher, thinker, religion, anthropologists, sociologists, composers, painters, writers, economists, inventors, educators). Fang Rui Da, also known as Fang Rui, Fang Rui, Fangruida, ruida-Fang, male, Han nationality, was born in Shanghai 1950,4-, formerly known as wood south , Ye Hao, luxuriantly, Fonda, deer of Yu, Xu opened tanghaijing, etc., physicists, philosophers, astronomers, writers, economists, cosmologists, who study at universities abroad, Ph.D. Foundation, vistor, senior Seminar, Australia University, Cornell University, Moscow State University, the University of Geneva, University of Technology, National People's Congress, Hunan University, College of agriculture, etc., vistingscholar, once Chinese and foreign universities, research institutes, laboratories, laboratory, and foreign commercial enterprises, technology companies, etc. the work and research, he served in various roles. senior researchers, professors, and now Switzerland, Belgium, and other consulting and technical advisers, technical experts, business director, professor, design experts. including discovery research : Central Park divects Theorem (in 1985, in Rome, Paris, Belgium, super spin vector field, super spin Theorem): in lathepoential "field" theorems times tribal spin spinvector initial steering state, the ground state spin differential and integral calculus , (1965-1988, Europe, France, the Netherlands, fill fields Theorem (1976-1986 years in Argentina, Japan, Germany, China research); from the center of Jupiter theory (1986-1993-2000, UK, USA, France) : space and time simple shear model (1965-1986, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Canada, andsantiago, etc.): hole seismic wave field (1982-1997, Australia, China): large cross-border activities (1986-1996, in the United States, South Africa, Switzerland, Chile, New Zealand): rotary mechanism of gene derived TE superconductivity neurons (from 1973 to 1990, in Copenhagen, Stockholm, Bern, etc.), cancer of the nervous reflex arc gene . superconducting effect, seismic sanrosoy instruments, etc. natural and hybrid orbital trajectory language (in Europe 1992-1999 abroad, study neurophysiology, brain research .- the main invention: medicine treator aid earthquake sanrosoy instrument etc., research papers and inventions, works, works. Nature and Natural <> <>, <>, <>, <> had been a number of international awards nominees or candidates. Scientific discoveries and technological inventions and other writings, and other works. Chinese and foreign celebrity biographies, biographies of Cambridge, the world scientists, the world famous encyclopedia, IBC / AbI celebrities such as dictionaries and the world's main site collection. The main site in the world, international websites have relevant information.
Works, books, poetry and so on. (Electronic version of the main books, papers, studies, work, etc., online, e-books, etc.)
Natural Sciences Proceedings. Natural essence and principle (Research Monographs
Study of spin in the world economic system and ultra-spin particles in the universe
On the large-cell fusion
Criticism of the nature of world criticism 500000000000000000000000 years / nature
A new interpretation of literary theory
Poetry series, Amazon River campfire
Niaofei mangroves
Mars lander / cheat death
Flowery field
Universal ECONOMY through Jesus Christ
5,4,3,2,1 theoretical academic monograph in the world game
Selected famous Fangruida classic / classical poetry 30 square Investor / Fangruida natural philosophical works featured interpretations
Legend Qinhuai
Moonlight night
In the Rose Garden / Fangruida classic quotations Featured
Moving to Mars, vast beautiful paradise awaits you (31 high-tech cutting-edge technology
rainbow. cloud. fog. summer. Rain, and other works, or works.
fangruida life especially beloved of Nature and Science, as a natural scientist a matter of course, his famous "discovery is a natural father, the invention is Mother Nature," "no superman in the world, the only permanent hard work in the vast world of farming Cardiff only "" moving to Mars, vast beautiful kingdom of heaven awaits you. "known all over the world of mankind.
Fangruida, mâle, de nationalité Han, 195o est né le 13 mai, Shanghai (autre biographie considéré 195o Avril, en fait répété l'affirmation sans fondement, devrait être le 13 mai, l'autre est pas exact, ce qui prévaut. Fangruida (1950, né en Shanghai le 13 mai, les physiciens, les astronomes, les cosmologistes, géologues, biologistes, aérospatiale scientifique, médecin, philosophe, penseur, religion, anthropologues, sociologues, compositeurs, peintres, écrivains, économistes, inventeurs, éducateurs). Fang Rui Da, également connu sous le nom Fang Rui, Fang Rui, Fangruida, Ruida-Fang, mâle, de nationalité Han, est né à Shanghai 1950,4-, anciennement connu sous le nom de bois sud, Ye Hao, luxuriance, Fonda, cerfs de Yu, Xu a ouvert tanghaijing, etc., physiciens, philosophes, astronomes, écrivains, économistes, cosmologues, qui étudient dans des universités à l'étranger, Fondation Ph.D., vistor, Séminaire supérieur, Université Australie, Cornell University, Université d'Etat de Moscou, l'Université de Genève, Université de technologie, populaire nationale Congrès, Université du Hunan, Collège de l'agriculture, etc., vistingscholar, une fois les universités chinoises et étrangères, des instituts de recherche, des laboratoires, des laboratoires et des entreprises commerciales étrangères, les sociétés technologiques, etc. le travail et la recherche, il a occupé divers rôles. chercheurs chevronnés, professeurs, et maintenant la Suisse, la Belgique, et d'autres conseillers de conseil et techniques, experts techniques, directeur d'affaires, professeur, experts de conception. y compris la recherche de découverte: Central Park divects Théorème (en 1985, à Rome, Paris, Belgique, super champ de vecteurs de spin, super essorage Théorème): dans lathepoential "terrain" théorèmes fois de spin tribal spinvector état de direction initiale, l'état de spin différentiel de masse et intégrales calcul, (1965-1988, Europe, France, Pays-Bas, remplir les champs Théorème (1976-1986 ans en Argentine, le Japon, l'Allemagne, la recherche de la Chine), du centre de la théorie de Jupiter (1986-1993-2000, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis, France): l'espace et le temps modèle de cisaillement simple (1965-1986, Norvège, Suède, Russie, Canada, andsantiago, etc.): champ d'ondes sismiques de trou (1982-1997, Australie, Chine): grandes activités transfrontalières (1986- 1996, aux États-Unis, Afrique du Sud, Suisse, Chili, Nouvelle-Zélande): mécanisme de rotation du gène dérivé de neurones supraconductivité TE (de 1973 à 1990, à Copenhague, Stockholm, Berne, etc.), le cancer du gène arc réflexe nerveux . effet, les instruments de sanrosoy sismiques, etc. langue de la trajectoire orbitale naturelle et hybride (supraconducteurs en Europe 1992-1999 à l'étranger, l'étude neurophysiologie, recherche sur le cerveau .- l'invention principale: œuvres aide treator instrument séisme sanrosoy médecine, etc., documents de recherche et les inventions, , travaux. Nature et naturel <> <>, <>, <>, <> avait été un certain nombre de candidats ou candidats de bourses internationales. Les découvertes scientifiques et les inventions technologiques et autres écrits, et d'autres œuvres. Chinois et étrangers biographies de célébrités, des biographies de Cambridge, les scientifiques du monde entier, l'encyclopédie de renommée mondiale, des célébrités IBC / abi tels que les dictionnaires et la collecte de site principal du monde. Le site principal dans le monde, les sites Web internationaux ont des informations pertinentes.
Works, des livres, la poésie et ainsi de suite. (Version électronique des principaux livres, papiers, études, travail, etc., en ligne, e-livres, etc.)
Délibérations Sciences naturelles. essence et le principe naturel (Monographies de recherche
particules d'étude de spin dans le système économique mondial et ultra-spin dans l'univers
Sur la fusion à grandes cellules
La critique de la nature de la critique du monde 500000000000000000000000 ans / nature
Une nouvelle interprétation de la théorie littéraire
série Poésie, Amazon River feu
mangroves Niaofei
Mars lander / mort triche
champ fleuri
ÉCONOMIE universelle par Jésus-Christ
5,4,3,2,1 monographie universitaire théorique dans le jeu mondial
Sélectionné célèbre Fangruida classique / poésie classique 30 interprétations carrés Investisseur / Fangruida œuvres philosophiques naturelles en vedette
Légende Qinhuai
nuit de lune
Dans les citations classiques Rose Garden / Fangruida vedette
Moving to Mars, vaste beau paradis vous attend (technologie de pointe 31 high-tech
arc en ciel. nuage. brouillard. été. La pluie, et d'autres ouvrages ou travaux.
vie fangruida particulièrement aimé de la nature et de la science, en tant que scientifique naturel une question de cours, sa fameuse «découverte est un père naturel, l'invention est Mère Nature", "pas superman dans le monde, le seul travail permanent dans le vaste monde de l'agriculture Cardiff ne "" déplacer vers Mars, vaste beau royaume des cieux vous attend. "connu dans le monde de l'humanité.
Fangruida, мужчина, Хан национальности, 195o родился 13 мая, Шанхай (другая биография считается 195o апреля фактически повторил необоснованные утверждения, должно быть 13 мая другой не является точным, это будет иметь преимущественную силу. Fangruida (1950 года рождения Шанхай 13 мая, физики, астрономы, космологи, геологи, биологи, авиакосмической ученый, врач, философ, мыслитель, религия, антропологи, социологи, композиторы, художники, писатели, экономисты, изобретатели, преподаватели). Fang Rui Da, также известный как Fang Rui, Fang Rui, Fangruida, Ruida-Fang, мужчина, Хан национальности, родился в Шанхае 1950,4-, ранее известный как дерево на юг, Е. Хао, пышно, Fonda, олени Ю., Сюй открыл tanghaijing и т.д., физики, философы, астрономы, писатели, экономисты, космологи, которые учатся в университетах за рубежом, доктор философии Фонда, vistor, старший семинар, Австралия университет, Корнельский университет, Московский государственный университет, Женевский университет, технологический университет, Национальный Народный Конгресс, Хунань университет, колледж сельского хозяйства и т.д., vistingscholar после того, как китайские и зарубежные университеты, научно-исследовательские институты, лаборатории, лаборатории и иностранных коммерческих предприятий, технологических компаний и т.д. работы и научных исследований, он служил в различных ролях. старшие научные сотрудники, преподаватели, а теперь Швейцарии, Бельгии и других консультационных и технических консультантов, технических экспертов, бизнес-директор, профессор, проектные эксперты. в том числе исследования открытие: Центральный парк divects теорема (в 1985 году в Риме, Париже, Бельгии, супер поле вектора спина, супер спина теорема): в lathepoential "полевых" Теоремы времен Племенные спина spinvector начальное состояние рулевого управления, основное состояние спин дифференциальных и интегральных исчисление, (1965-1988, Европа, Франция, Нидерланды, заполнить поля теорема (1976-1986 годы в Аргентине, Японии, Германии, Китая исследований), от центра теории Юпитера (1986-1993-2000, Великобритания, США, Франция): пространство и время простая модель сдвига (1965-1986, Норвегия, Швеция, Россия, Канада, andsantiago и т.д.): отверстие поле сейсмических волн (1982-1997, Австралия, Китай): крупные трансграничные мероприятия (1986- 1996, в Соединенных Штатах Америки, Южной Африки, Швейцарии, Чили, Новая Зеландия): поворотный механизм гена происходит сверхпроводимость нейроны ТЕ (с 1973 по 1990 г. в Копенгагене, Стокгольме, Берне и т.д.), рак нервной рефлекторной дуги гена . сверхпроводящие эффект, сейсмические sanrosoy инструменты и т.д. естественный и гибридную орбитальную язык траектории (в Европе 1992-1999 за рубежом, исследование нейрофизиологии, исследования мозга .- основное изобретение: медицина treator помощь землетрясения sanrosoy инструментов и т.д., научно-исследовательских работ и изобретений, работ , работает. Природа и природные <> <>, <>, <>, <> был проведен целый ряд международных наград кандидатов или кандидатов. Научные открытия и технические изобретения и другие произведения, а также другие произведения. Китайские и зарубежные знаменитости биографии, биографии Кембриджа, мировых ученых, всемирно известной энциклопедии, IBC / ABI знаменитости, такие как словари и основного семейства сайтов в мире. Основным местом в мире, международные веб-сайты имеют соответствующую информацию.
Работы, книги, поэзия и так далее. (Электронная версия основных книг, бумаги, исследований, работы и т.д., он-лайн, электронные книги и т.д.)
Естественные науки Труды. Естественная сущность и принцип (Исследования Монографии
Изучение спина в мировой экономической системе и ультра-частицы со спином во Вселенной
На слиянии крупных клеток
Критика природы мировой критики 500000000000000000000000 лет / природы
Новая интерпретация литературной теории
Поэзия серии, реки Амазонки костра
Niaofei мангровые
Mars Lander / Обман смерти
Флауэри поле
Универсальный ЭКОНОМ через Иисуса Христа
5,4,3,2,1 теоретическая академическая монография в мировой игре
Выбранный знаменитый Fangruida классический / классическая поэзия 30 квадратных Инвестор / Fangruida природные философские произведения признакам интерпретации
Легенда Qinhuai
Лунная ночь
В Rose Garden / Fangruida классических цитат Рекомендуемые
Переезд на Марс, обширный красивый рай ждет вас (31 высокотехнологичную передовые технологии
радуги. облако. туман. лето. Дождь, и другие работы, или работы.
fangruida жизнь особенно любимой природы и науки, как естествоиспытатель вопрос, конечно, его знаменитая "открытие является естественным отец, изобретение мать-природа", "нет сверхчеловек в мире, единственный постоянный упорный труд в огромном мире фермерства Кардифф только "" движется на Марс, огромное красивое царство небесное ждет вас. "известны во всем мире человечества.Fangruida, männlich, Han-Nationalität, 195o wurde am 13. Mai geboren, Shanghai (andere Biographie betrachtet 195o April, in der Tat die unbegründete Behauptung wiederholt, sollten 13. Mai sein, das andere ist nicht korrekt, diese maßgebend. Fangruida (1950, geboren in Shanghai am 13. Mai, Physiker, Astronomen, Kosmologen, Geologen, Biologen, Luft- und Raumfahrt Wissenschaftler, Arzt, Philosoph, Denker, der Religion, Anthropologen, Soziologen, Komponisten, Maler, Schriftsteller, Ökonomen, Erfinder, Lehrer). Fang Rui da, auch bekannt als Fang Rui, Fang Rui, Fangruida, ruida-Fang, männlich, Han-Nationalität, nach Süden in Shanghai 1950,4-, früher bekannt als Holz geboren wurde, Ye Hao, üppig, Fonda, Hirsch von Yu, Xu geöffnet tanghaijing usw. Physiker, Philosophen, Astronomen, Schriftsteller, Ökonomen, Kosmologen, die im Ausland an Universitäten Studie, Ph.D.-Stiftung, vistor, Senior Seminar, Australien University, Cornell University, der Staatlichen Universität Moskau, der Universität Genf, University of Technology, nationalen Volks Kongress, Hunan University, College of Landwirtschaft usw., vistingscholar, einmal chinesischen und ausländischen Universitäten, Forschungseinrichtungen, Laboratorien, Labor-und ausländischen Handelsunternehmen, Technologieunternehmen, usw. die Arbeit und Forschung diente er in verschiedenen Rollen. Senior Forscher, Professoren und jetzt die Schweiz, Belgien und andere Beratung und technische Berater, technischen Experten, Business-Direktor, Professor, Design-Experten. Entdeckungsforschung einschließlich: Central Park divects Satz (1985 in Rom, Paris, Belgien, super Spin Vektorfeld, super Spin Satz): in lathepoential "Feld" Theoreme mal Stammes-Spin spinvector anfänglichen Lenkzustand, der Grundzustand Spin Differential- und Integral Kalkül, (1965-1988, Europa, Frankreich, den Niederlanden, füllen Felder Satz (1976-1986 Jahre in Argentinien, Japan, Deutschland, China Forschung) vom Zentrum von Jupiter Theorie (1986-1993-2000, UK, USA, Frankreich): Raum und Zeit einfach Scher Modell (1965-1986, Norwegen, Schweden, Russland, Kanada, andsantiago usw.): Loch seismische Wellenfeld (1982-1997, Australien, China): große grenzüberschreitende Aktivitäten (1986- 1996 in den Vereinigten Staaten, Südafrika, Schweiz, Chile, Neuseeland): Drehmechanismus von Gen abgeleitet Supraleitung Neuronen TE (1973 bis 1990, in Kopenhagen, Stockholm, Bern, etc.), Krebs des Nervenreflexbogen-Gen . supraleitende Effekt, seismische sanrosoy Instrumente usw. natürliche und Hybrid Sprache Umlaufbahn (in Europa 1992-1999 im Ausland, Studium der Neurophysiologie, Hirnforschung .- die Haupterfindung: Medizin treator Hilfe Erdbeben sanrosoy Instrument usw., Forschungsarbeiten und Erfindungen, Werke arbeitet. Natur und der natürlichen <> <>, <>, <>, <> hatte eine Reihe von internationalen Auszeichnungen Kandidaten oder Kandidaten gewesen. Wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen und technische Erfindungen und andere Schriften, und andere Werke. Chinesische und ausländische Berühmtheit Biographien, Biographien der Cambridge, die Welt Wissenschaftler, der weltberühmten Enzyklopädie, IBC / AbI Berühmtheiten wie Wörterbücher und die Haupt-Website-Sammlung der Welt. Der Hauptstandort der Welt, haben internationale Websites relevante Informationen.
Werke, Bücher, Poesie und so weiter. (Elektronische Version der wichtigsten Bücher, Papiere, Studium, Arbeit, usw., online, e-Bücher, etc.)
Naturwissenschaften Proceedings. Natürliche Wesen und Prinzip (Research Monographien
Studium der Spin in das Weltwirtschaftssystem und ultra Spin-Teilchen im Universum
Auf der großen Zellfusion
Die Kritik an der Natur der Welt Kritik 500000000000000000000000 Jahre / Natur
Eine neue Interpretation der Literaturtheorie
Poetry-Serie, Lagerfeuer Amazonas
Niaofei Mangroven
Mars Lander / Schippe
Blumige Feld
Universal-Wirtschaft durch Jesus Christus
5,4,3,2,1 theoretische wissenschaftliche Monographie in der Welt Spiel
Ausgewählte berühmte Fangruida klassisch / klassische Dichtung 30 Quadrat Investor / Fangruida naturphilosophischen Werke vorsehen Interpretationen
Legend Qinhuai
Moonlight Nacht
Im Rosengarten / Fangruida klassischen Zitaten Hervorgehoben
Der Umzug in Mars, große schöne Paradies erwartet Sie (31 High-Tech-Spitzentechnologie
Regenbogen. Wolke. Nebel. Sommer. Regen und andere Arbeiten oder Arbeiten.
fangruida Leben besonders geliebt von Natur und Wissenschaft, als Naturwissenschaftler selbstverständlich, seine berühmte "Entdeckung ein natürlicher Vater ist, ist die Erfindung von Mutter Natur", "kein Übermensch in der Welt, die einzige dauerhafte harte Arbeit in der weiten Welt der Landwirtschaft Cardiff "nur" auf dem Mars, große schöne Himmelreich bewegen wartet auf Sie. "auf der ganzen Welt der Menschheit bekannt.
Fangruida、男性は、漢族が、195oが5月13日に生まれた、上海195o 4月と考え（他の伝記が、実際には根拠のない主張を繰り返し、5月13日でなければならない、他のは正確ではない、これが優先するものとします。で生まれFangruida（1950、上海5月13日に、物理学者、天文学者、宇宙論、地質学者、生物学者、航空宇宙科学者、医師、哲学者、思想家、宗教、人類学者、社会学者、作曲家、画家、作家、経済学者、発明者、教育関係者）。牙ルイダ、としても知られています牙ルイ、牙ルイ、Fangruida、ruida-牙、男性は、漢族は、以前は南木材として知られ、上海1950,4-で生まれた、イェジンハオは、豊かに、フォンダ、ゆうの鹿は、徐は、などをtanghaijingを開設し、物理学者、海外の大学で学び、哲学者、天文学者、作家、経済学者、宇宙論、博士財団、vistor、シニアセミナー、オーストラリア大学、コーネル大学、モスクワ大学、ジュネーブ大学、技術大学、全国人民代表中国と外国の大学、研究機関、研究室、実験室、等外国の商業企業、技術企業、仕事や研究一旦議会、湖南大学、農業の大学など、vistingscholarは、彼は様々な役割で提供しています。今の上級研究員、教授、スイス、ベルギー、およびその他のコンサルティングおよび技術顧問、技術専門家、ビジネスのディレクター、教授、デザインの専門家。 （ローマ、パリ、ベルギー、スーパースピンベクトル場、スーパースピン定理で1985年、）セントラルパークdivects定理：lathepoential「フィールド」の定理回部族スピンspinvector初期操舵状態、基底状態のスピン微分・積分における創薬研究など、ヨーロッパ、フランス、オランダ、フィールド定理（アルゼンチン、日本、ドイツ、中国の研究で1976から1986年の年を）埋める微積分、（1965から1988;木星理論（1986-1993-2000、イギリス、アメリカ、の中心からフランス）：空間と時間単純せん断モデル（1965から1986、ノルウェー、スウェーデン、ロシア、カナダ、andsantiago、など）：ホールの地震波動場（1982年から1997年、オーストラリア、中国）：大型クロスボーダー活動（1986- 1996年、米国、南アフリカ、スイス、チリ、ニュージーランド）に：遺伝子の回転機構は、コペンハーゲン、ストックホルム、ベルン、など）、神経反射弓遺伝子の癌で、1973年から1990年まで（TE超伝導ニューロンを導出しました。ヨーロッパ1992-1999に効果、地震sanrosoy機器など自然と混成軌道軌道言語を（超伝導海外で、研究神経生理学、脳研究.-主な発明：医学treator援助地震sanrosoy機器など、研究論文や発明、作品、動作します。自然と自然<> <>、<>変化し、<>で5000000000000、 <>国際的な賞の候補者または候補者の数でした。科学的発見や技術的発明やその他の記述、および他の作品。中国と外国の有名人の伝記、ケンブリッジの伝記、世界の科学者、世界的に有名な百科事典、辞書などのIBC /のAblセレブや世界の主要なサイトコレクション。世界の主要なサイトは、国際的なウェブサイトは、関連する情報を持っています。
ように作品、書籍、詩と。 （主な書籍、論文、研究、仕事、など、オンライン、電子書籍の電子版など）
自然科学文集。ナチュラルエッセンスと原則（研究叢書
世界経済システムと宇宙の超スピン粒子のスピンの研究
大細胞融合上
世界の批判500000000000000000000000年/自然の性質を批判
文学理論の新解釈
詩シリーズ、アマゾン川のキャンプファイヤー
Niaofeiのマングローブ
火星着陸船/死をごまかします
花のフィールド
イエス・キリストを通してユニバーサルECONOMY
世界のゲームで5,4,3,2,1理論的学術研究論文
選択された有名なFangruidaクラシック/古典詩30平方投資家/ Fangruida自然哲学的な作品特集解釈
伝説秦
月夜
注目のローズガーデン/ Fangruida古典的な引用で
火星への移行、広大な美しい楽園はあなたに（31ハイテク最先端技術を待ちます
虹。雲。霧。夏。雨、および他の作品、または作品。
自然科学者としての自然科学、特に最愛fangruida生活、当然のことながら、彼の有名な世界では「ノースーパーマン、広大な世界で唯一の永久的なハードワーク "発見は、自然の父である、本発明は、母なる自然、です」 「唯一のカーディフ農業の「火星への移動、天の広大な美しい王国はあなたをお待ちしております。」全人類の世界に知られています。
Fangruida, varón, nacionalidad Han, 195o nació el 13 de mayo, Shanghai (otra biografía considera 195o de abril, de hecho, repitió la afirmación sin fundamento, debe ser de 13 de mayo, el otro no es exacta, esta prevalecerá. Fangruida (1950, nació en Shanghai el 13 de mayo, físicos, astrónomos, cosmólogos, geólogos, biólogos, científico aeroespacial, médico, filósofo, pensador, religión, antropólogos, sociólogos, compositores, pintores, escritores, economistas, inventores, educadores). Colmillo Rui Da, también conocido como Colmillo Rui, fang Rui, Fangruida, ruida-fang, varón, nacionalidad Han, nació en Shanghai 1950,4-, conocida anteriormente como la madera al sur, Ye Hao, exuberante, Fonda, venados de Yu, Xu abrió tanghaijing, etc., físicos, filósofos, astrónomos, escritores, economistas, cosmólogos, que estudian en universidades extranjeras, Ph.D. Fundación, vistor, Seminario de alto nivel, Australia, la Universidad de Cornell, la Universidad Estatal de Moscú, la Universidad de Ginebra, Universidad de Tecnología, Nacional de Personas congreso, la Universidad de Hunan, la universidad de la agricultura, etc., vistingscholar, una vez que las universidades chinas y extranjeras, institutos de investigación, laboratorios, laboratorio, y las empresas comerciales extranjeras, empresas de tecnología, etc. los trabajos e investigaciones, se desempeñó en diversas funciones. investigadores de alto nivel, profesores y ahora Suiza, Bélgica, y otros asesores de consultoría y técnicos, expertos técnicos, el director de negocios, profesor, expertos en diseño. incluyendo la investigación de descubrimiento: Central Park divects Teorema (en 1985, en Roma, París, Bélgica, campo vectorial giro súper, súper teorema espín): en lathepoential "campo" teoremas tiempos de giro tribal SpinVector estatales de dirección inicial, la diferencia de giro estado fundamental e integral cálculo, (1965-1988, Europa, Francia, los Países Bajos, rellene los campos Teorema (1976-1986 años en Argentina, Japón, Alemania, la investigación de china); desde el centro de la teoría de Júpiter (1986-1993-2000, Reino Unido, EE.UU., Francia): el espacio y el modelo de corte simple de tiempo (1965-1986, Noruega, Suecia, Rusia, Canadá, andsantiago, etc.): campo de ondas sísmicas orificio (1982-1997, Australia, china): grandes actividades transfronterizas (1986- 1996, en los Estados Unidos, Sudáfrica, Suiza, Chile, Nueva Zelanda): mecanismo giratorio del gen deriva neuronas superconductividad TE (Desde 1973 a 1990, en Copenhague, Estocolmo, Berna, etc.), el cáncer del gen arco reflejo nervioso efecto., instrumentos sanrosoy sísmicos, etc. lengua trayectoria orbital híbrido natural y (superconductores en Europa desde 1992 hasta 1999 en el extranjero, la neurofisiología estudio, la investigación del cerebro .- la invención principal: la medicina ayuda Treator terremoto sanrosoy del instrumento, etc., documentos de investigación y las invenciones, las obras , trabajos. Naturaleza y natural <> <>, <>, <>, <> habían sido una serie de premios de los candidatos o candidatos internacionales. Los descubrimientos científicos y los inventos tecnológicos y otros escritos, y otras obras. biografías de celebridades chinas y extranjeras, biografías de Cambridge, los científicos del mundo, la enciclopedia famoso, celebridades IBC / ABI, como diccionarios y colección de sitios principal del mundo. El sitio principal en el mundo, sitios web internacionales tienen información relevante.
Las obras, libros, poesía y así sucesivamente. (Versión electrónica de los principales libros, documentos, estudios, trabajo, etc., en línea, libros electrónicos, etc.)
Ciencias Naturales Proceedings. esencia natural y el principio (monografías de la investigación
Estudio de giro en el sistema económico mundial y ultra-espín partículas en el universo
En la fusión de células grandes
Las críticas a la naturaleza de las críticas mundiales 500000000000000000000000 años / naturaleza
Una nueva interpretación de la teoría literaria
serie poesía, fogata río Amazonas
manglares Niaofei
Mars Lander / la muerte del tramposo
campo florido
ECONOMÍA universal por medio de Jesucristo
5,4,3,2,1 monografía académica teórica en el juego mundo
Seleccionado famoso clásico Fangruida / poesía clásica 30 interpretaciones obras filosóficas naturales Inversor / Fangruida cuadrados destacados
Leyenda de Qinhui
noche de luna
En las citas clásicas Rose Garden / Fangruida destacados
Pasando a Marte, vasta hermoso paraíso le espera (tecnología de vanguardia 31 de alta tecnología
arco iris. nube. niebla. verano. Lluvia, y otras obras o trabajos.
fangruida vida de predilección de la Naturaleza y la Ciencia, como un investigador de la naturaleza una cuestión de rutina, su famoso "descubrimiento es un padre natural, la invención es la madre naturaleza", "no superman en el mundo, el único trabajo permanente en el vasto mundo de la agricultura Cardiff única "" mover a Marte, vasta hermoso reino de los cielos le espera. "conocida en todo el mundo de la humanidad.
Fangruida изображения
Fangruida изображения
Famous composer Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) by Italian sculptor Marino Marini (1901-1980). Seen at an exhibition of Marini at Museum De Fundatie Zwolle, the Netherlands.
More Marino Marini at
Old egyptian hieroglyphic painting showing an early instance of a domesticated animal (cow being milked).
[Rights free image - source: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Egyptian_Domesticated_An...]
American artist, designer and inventor L. R. Emerson II may be considered the Thomas Edison of art yet is equally considered among the world’s most unusual artists. L. R. Emerson II may also be one of the most prolific artists the world has ever witnessed. Since 1983, has been personally compelled to develop and express through multi-directional art.
L. R. Emerson II is best known as the leading artist of the Upside-Down Art Movement or Masg Art movement.
Emerson never intended to become a household name in artmaking and the evidence of his effort to avoid selling out is firstly, his diligent efforts to make art that was intentionally against the common trends and secondly to keep his style secret from the world at large for two decades.
Recently, however after Emerson decidedly released some of his work after keeping it suppressed since the 1980’s renowned artist Georg Baselitz called L. R. Emerson's art"...inspiring." Baselitz’ own art has sold for in excess of $4.2 million dollars at recent auction.
In tribute, paying homage to neo-expressionist painter Georg Baselitz, Emerson recently exhibited at Saatchi an work Upside-Down Artwork or also known as Masg art called "Ode to Baselitz". Featured at Saatchionine.com Emerson has presented a work which has garnered the attention of Charles Saatchi himself who personally flagged L. R. Emerson ‘s work as “Liked”. "Ode to Baselitz" is part of L. R. Emerson II's "Heavy Ink" series.
The medium of “Ode to Baselitz” is called Digigraph or Digiography (both phrases termed and documented in 2009 in The Purple Tree; Art in a Boundless Age) is a combination of both traditional and tech media. The Digigraph featured at Saatchi is part of L. R. Emerson’s 50+ documented, pioneering inventions for making art - each calling for combinations of traditional and digital technology mediums.
“Ode to Baselitz” is a culmination of pen and ink, and computer aided design. Emerson’s goal with “Ode to Baselitz” is not only to bring attention to the already known upside-down work of Baselitz but moreover for the fact that like Emerson, Baselitz has ridden the critical seas of the public’s reaction to upside down work.
Baselitz, according to Emerson has paved a way for artists, even ones who are not working neo-expressively to express themselves through multi-directional composition – though Baselitz does not intend his upside-down works be hung in two or more directions as Emerson intentionally does.
As Emerson puts it “Baselitz broke the water and I am simply delivering the baby” speaking metaphorically to the aspect of L. A. times featured article from 1984 showing Baselitz’ then Upside-Down painting. By comparison, Emerson’s 1984 series was removed from exhibition during the same time period (’85) as Emerson feared critical rejection and stylistic copying. Thus L. R. Emerson II’s art was selectively hidden from the world for the next two decades.
In 2005 Emerson II exhibited nearly 800 works sharing several signed prints with major museums and galleries in 11 countries, yet he determined it necessary to continue to hold other selections from the public eye. What is seen today in exhibition by Emerson are mere artistic fragments of what he actually creates. With his current work never shown and by only releasing work that is about two years old, Emerson keeps ahead of those who would choose to mimic his style.
With over 100 awards to date and currently working in his third decade, L. R. Emerson II has proven himself worthy of critical appraisal. Nicholas Forrest, contributing writer to Art & Antiques Magazine wrote about L. R. Emerson II stating "An amazing artist, Amazing art!" 2006. L. R. has been actively researching, developing, and inventing methods of making art and specifically Upside-Down art known as Masg Art, from Gaelic meaning to mix; or infuse for 30 years.
To date, Emerson has delivered on his 1983 promises to make “Upside-Down Art” a household name in the very near future. In the aftermath we find now major artists effecting and or following the Upside-Down Art movement which is crossing international lines with artists such as Germany's Georg Baselitz and British Sculptor Anish Kapoor, giving significantly strong visual support.
Emerson's own efforts in leading the Upside-Down Art Movement has thus far have encompassed the following:
•Created Upside-Down Art for nearly thirty years having begun in 1983 and has made more upside-down, multi-directional, ambigram, Masg styled art than any person in history.
•Exhibited at age 18, and worked as a commissioned artist beginning at age of 19 with work appearing in newspaper and magazines by age 19 and for major celebrities by age 23
•First artist ever to offer their art for free; up to $1 million dollars of L. R. Emerson II’s artwork was literally offered for free to anyone in the world. The offer was advertised to the general public in numerous places and stood from 2005 until 2009
•Created in excess of 100,000 works within over 1,000 series
•Engaged 30 years of innovative, experimentation and invention driven research on Upside-Down Art or Multidirectional Art Composition, process and art methodology
•Created Upside-Down, multi-directional Masg Art in the following mediums: airbrush, collography, clayography, etching, lino-cut, oil on linen and canvas, acrylic on canvas, acrylic on board, emulsion transfer, mixed media, photography, digiography, emulsion transfer on metal, pen & ink with watercolor, pencil and ink on paper, oil pastel, collage, digital imaging, vector-based CGI, acetone transfer
•Has been awarded for being considered one of America’s Leading Art Educators, frequently serving as a Lead Art Educator on a variety of curriculum writing and Art Education textbook adoption committees or chairperson capacities. Emerson’s curriculum writing experiences have included practicum, research and committee collaboration to develop Art Education practices and standards for Art Foundation teaching and Cornerstone Assessments which serve as standards or benchmarks to assess a practicing artist’s skills and ability(2008 to 2012)
•Secured exhibition opportunities for student artists - having exhibited several academic thousand works.
•Invented in excess of 50 documented new methods for making Upside-Down Art or Masg Art
•Established a world record in the “Most Digital Works Created in One Hour” with the record set at 86 in 2007 and succeeded to a new record of 87 in 2008, both held by Emerson
•Published The Purple Tree; Art in a Boundless Age, 2009
•2012 Charles Saatchi personally flags Emerson’s online Saatchi Gallery as a “Liked User”
•Among the world’s most accomplished airbrush artists, having been placed in magazines the age of 19 and still today advancing the power of airbrush through invention and exhibition.
•Serving among the world’s most influential 21st Century Artists and Designers
•Created work for numerous patron including Grammy Winning musician/songwriter Leon Russell – who wrote “Superstar” the number one hit song for the late Karen Carpenter , March 2, 1950 – February 4, 1983 (also a Grammy Winner) and living legend Barbara Streisand, born April 24, 1942.
•Donated by Deed the printing, publishing and rights to sale of over $1 million dollars in art.
•Created the first Upside-Down Art/Masg art Portraiture featuring a living person
•Established new art movement named “Pop Not” – genuine Pop Art styled social criticism with Pop styled, collages and punchy graphics but far removed from the kitschy, pseudo Pop Art existing today. L. R. Emerson II documented in the Purple Tree; Art in A Boundless Age the mission of Pop Not artists and the socially critical work they produce.
•Produced 14 Art Education videos highlighting the earmarks of Upside-Down Art
•Achieved in excess of 100 awards including awards for advertising design and photography
•Received critical acclaim from Nicholas Forrest, contributing writer to Art and Antiques Magazine. Forrest wrote about L. R. Emerson II’s Upside-Down Art or Masg Art stating “Amazing art by an amazing artist!” 2006
•Written and published Art History and or Criticism articles about Upside-Down Art
•Exhibited Upside-Down Art or Masg Art at prominent museums such The Museum of Contemporary Art
•Works held in both private estate and public art collections
•Developed, termed and published research about the "Digigraph" art process and art medium - a unique new art medium using traditional art media and technology
•2005, Established e4 Fine Art and an accompanying website e4fineart.com to serve as the exclusive representative for L.R.’s work and the web site to host functional space to not only electronically exhibit my work but moreover to share understanding about the art history related to Upside-Down Art.
•To date www.e4fineart.com.com and its’ counterpart gallery, www.upside-down-art.com has had over 600.000 visitors from across the planet and exists as “The World’s Largest Solo Artist Site” TM
•First artist to call for a change in the current Art Education texts and practices as L. R. Emerson II’s 30 years of pioneering research has proved the merits and validity of Upside-Down Art, or Masg Art as being a worthy alternative to the three common forms of compositional balance.
Because of the work of L. R. Emerson II and other supporting Upside-Down artists the old texts and teaching foundations known as The Principles of Art/Design are outdated and need revision. Museums, Art Critics, Educators, conservators and Historians can no longer ignore the relevance and merit of multi-directional composition or Upside-Down Art.
•In 2005, after having been kept secret for over two decades, Masg or Upside-Down Art was introduced to more than 500 galleries and in excess of 50 renowned museums worldwide including:
National Gallery
Tate Museum, London
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Museum of Modern Art, NYC
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Additionally, several videos were produced in the past three years and subsequently presented to the global community including the following:
Art is Art is Art by L R Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftwMV0kxeuo
L R Emerson II Art
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyekoiK5N4c
Art is Upside-Down by L R Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7R5nuZ-2So
Art 21 L. R. Emerson II: Masg A New Art Movement
www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIYCTL-cnPs
Art History by L. R. Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjlw6iFfnvQ
Math and Art - Music and Art
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks1RKmUodbA
The Purple Tree: Art in a Boundless Age
www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjZwNnWZNLA
“Currently as I continue my research and documentation I look toward an Upside-Down Art group exhibition including myself, Georg Baselitz, and Anish Kapoor. London’s Tate Museum, NYC Guggenheim, MOMA and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art are fine venues for this warranted proposal. The considerably unusual exhibition will likely be presented as the world’s most unusual art of the 20th and 21st Century.
We have come a long way but still have an engaging journey ahead. I am pleased however at our progress so far and know we have truly shattered the proverbial “glass ceiling” or stronghold of art conservators, critics and museums as they too now have accepted our methods of composition and see that we have forever changed the manner in which art is composed.
The more I’ve advocated for Upside-Down Art, the greater the number of artists we (representatives and assistants) find are mimicking my style, however this is rewarding to me. Neither am I displeased to be named ‘Jack the Flipper’ (linguistically spinning Pollack’s ‘… dripper’ nomenclature).” Excerpt: L. R. Emerson II, 2012
Please see the revolutionary art of L. R. Emerson II at www.upside-down-art.com , “The World’s Largest Solo Artist Site” TM, and consider the merit of L. R. Emerson II’s work for inclusion in your presentation, writing, evaluation and discussion of 21st Century Art.
Pride
All photos are vintage gelatin silver prints
1.Anonymous for Associated Pres1937
[Kaufmann twins to have plastic surgery to make them identical]
29 x 20 cm
2. Anonymous for ANP1955
[Jockey at Lingfield Park thrown over hedge by his horse]
12 x 18,2 cm
3. F. Szanto for Pacific & Atlantic1930
[In an asylum, the inventor of a world-liberating dustpan]
24 x 18 cm
4. Anonymous for Epoque1979
[Stonemason Angela Hull atop Westminster Abbey]
15,2 x 20,5 cm
5. Anonymous for TOPIX1966
[Gurkha hero Ram Bahadur Limbu shows his Victoria Cross to his son]
19 x 14 cm
6. Anonymous for Presse-Photo1930s
[Beauty’s torture chamber – Hand massage at salon ”Figaro”]
16,6 x 12,2 cm
7. Max Schirner1936
[UK Olympic high-jumper Dorothy Odam with black squirrel mascot]
24 x 18 cm
8. Anonymous for Paul Popper1955
[Antony Armstrong-Jones signs autograph for young rowing fan]
18 x 13 cm
9. Anonymous for Keystone1946
[UK Marching band in victory parade]
24 x 20 cm
10. Anonymous for ANP1950s
[When the Saints Go Marching – Brass band in Roman seminary]
13 x 18 cm
11. Anonymous for Keystone1948
[Noel Coward and assistant in Paris]
18 x 13 cm
12. Anonymous for Keystone1947
[US champion skater Gretchen Merrill in action at Stockholm]
13 x 18 cm
13. Anonymous for Associated Press1936
[World’s largest wind tunnel in Adlershof]
24,5 x 18 cm
14. Anonymous for Keystone1948
[“My Love” - Young woman launches canoe on a Normandy beach]
13 x 18 cm
15. Anonymous for Presse-Photo1930s
[Not for the faint-hearted! – Wisconsin Dales after Henry Hamilton Bennett]
23 x 17 cm
16. G. Vailia1964
[USSR - Yuri Gagarin, first man in space]
13,5 x 9 cm
17. G. Vailia1964
[USSR - Valentina Tereschkova, first woman in space]
13,5 x 9 cm
18. Anonymous for Paul Popper1961
[Yves Saint Laurent at work]
20 x 14,7 cm
19. Anonymous for Paul Popper1955
[Edwardians at the “Teen Canteen” in Elephant & Castle, London]
20,5 x 15,5 cm
20. Anonymous for Paul Popper1947
[Not running for his life – boxer Dado Marino training in London]
20 x 13 cm
21. Anonymous for Associated Press1933
[Miss Wilma Farwell shopping with her pet lion cub Jingo in Seattle]
20,6 x 15,2 cm
22. Anonymous for Intetnational News Photo 1937
[Klava Kalashnikova, first USSR stewardess, aboard “Voroshilov”]
21,6 x 16,6 cm
23. Alfred Eisenstaedt for Associated PressBerlin c1931
[from “Making a Mask”]
18 x 24 cm
24. Anonymous for Paul Popper1958
[Yves Saint Laurent arrives in London for Blenheim Palace Dior show]
20,8 x 15,4 cm
25. Anonymous for Presse-Berlin1930s
[from “Beauty’s Torture Chamber” – freezing blackheads]
16,5 x 12 cm
26. Anonymous for Topix1968
[First coloured policewoman in London]
13,4 x 18,4 cm
27. Anonymous wirephoto1957
[Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower 2nd inaugural ball]
20 x 15 cm
28. Anonymous fo Paul Popper1958
[Whip-cracking display on Koenigsplatz, Munich]
15,4 x 19,5 cm
29. John Gutmann for PIX1939
[San Francisco police parading with false mustaches]
20 x 25,4 cm
30. Anonymous production still for “Cry-Baby” 1990
[Johnny Depp with Ricki Lake and Amy Locane]
24 x 18 cm
31. Anonymous for Keystone+/-1948
[Spanish rider]
20 x 15 cm
32. Anonymous for Paul Popper+/-1948
[Athletic tableau]
15 x 20 cm
33. Anonymous for Paul Popper +/-1948
[Danish schoolgirl athletes in formation]
18 x 13 cm
34. Anonymous for Associated Press1936
[Massachusetts – Charles Hurley wins Dem Gov Nom]
28 x 20 cm
35. Anonymous for Paul Popper1946
[Scottish drummer boys practicing for victory parade]
15 x 20 cm
36. Anonymous for Associated Press1948
[Newcastle mascot Peter Anderson]
21 x 13 cm
Thomas Parker
Inventor
Dates of interest in Thomas Parker’s life include:-
1881 (Age 38) Responsible for the first electric tramway in the world at Portrush, Northern Ireland. Powered by the first hydro electric generator.
1882 Shared the invention of the Plante Battery
1882 Founded the first company in The Midlands to manufacture electrical equipment in Commercial Road, Wolverhampton - in parnership with Mr Paul Bedford Elwell
1884 Designed electric powered transmission system for collieries
1884/86 Designed equipment for refining copper by electricity
1887 Invented the method of producing phosphorus and chlorate of soda by electricity
1889 Invented the sparking plug
1889 Designed the first electric locomotive for the Birmingham Tramways
1891 Made the first electric omnibus to run in London, from Charing Cross to Victoria, at 7mph
1892 Designed the high voltage direct current system for the City of Oxford
1893 The firm of Elwell and Parker was reconstituted as The Electric Construction Company.
1893 Responsible for the electrification of the South Staffordshire Tramway
1893 Responsible for the electrification of the Liverpool Overhead Railway for which he was awarded the Stephenson Medal and the Telford Premium by The Institute of Civil Engineers.
1894 Founded the firm of Thomas Parker (Ltd) in Wolverhampton
1896 Produced a prototype 'electric dog-cart'
1898 Contested Kingswinford seat of Parliament for the Liberal Party
1899 Responsible for the electrification of the first underground railway in Great Britain, a section of the London Metropolitan Railway, as a result he was invited to join the Board of Directors of this company.1904 Awarded two gold medals by the smoke abatement society for his work against air pollution. One for his invention of the Kyrle Fire Grate and one for his invention of the distillation of coal by low temperature method to produce a smokeless fuel.
1905 He urged the necessity of decimalisation of the English weights, measures and currency and did much to promote a decimal system of his own creation.
1907 Bought Severn House and the Court Works in Madeley
1910 Patented the forerunner of the jeep
Courtesy of The History of the Valley Hotel, Coalbrookdale
Born: 1843
Died: 1915
The Hotel Sacher is located in the first District of Vienna after the Vienna State Opera. Famous specialty of the house is the original Sachertorte. The hotel is a member of the Leading Hotels of the World.
History
Anna Maria Sacher
On the grounds of the demolished Kärntnertortheatre, directly opposite the newly opened imperial Court Opera, was built a Maison meuble. The restaurateur Eduard Sacher bought the house modeled on a Renaissance palace and opened in 1876, Hotel de l' Opera with the restaurant. The son of Franz Sacher, the inventor of the Sachertorte, had however already made a name for himself as a restaurateur, and named the house quickly to Hotel Sacher .
He married 1880 the 21- year-old Anna Fuchs, who henceforth cooperated in the hotel and quickly took over the business because of her husband's deteriorating health . Edward died in 1892, and Anna Sacher now ran the hotel as so-called widow operation. Which at that time was an extremely emancipated woman with cigar and her beloved French Bulldog (in Vienna: " Sacher-Bully" ) was always to be found, continued the business with rigor, but also with kindness. So they talked back then a company health insurance for their employees.
From the beginning, the Sacher was one of the best addresses in the city and in 1871 for the wine and delicatessen for kuk Appointed purveyor. This privilege his widow Anna was once again awarded after the death of Eduard Sacher. Before the opera you enjoyed the exquisite cuisine, they met in the legendary private rooms, and high-ranking representatives from politics always used the house for discreet meetings. The exclusive hotel was already a social institution . But then the economically difficult years after the First World War left its mark on the house.
Shortly before her death in 1930, Anna Sacher withdrew from the guide. Only after her death was announced that the hotel was heavily in debt and assets of the former was not much left. In 1934, finally came to bankruptcy.
The lawyer Hans Gürtler, his wife Poldi and the hotelier couple Joseph and Anna Siller acquired the now dilapidated house and renovated it extensively: from the heating system, electrics, running hot and cold water in all rooms has been adapted all the modern needs. From now on, the earned money should always flow back into the house. First time, the Sachertorte not only in their own premises were offered for consumption, but also sold on the street.
The house was again the meeting place for the growing company. But the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938 brought this to an abrupt end. Swastika flags flying in front of the hotel now. During the Second World War but the house remained largely spared from damage. Immediately after the liberation of Vienna it was occupied by Soviet troops, the Vienna first district around the hotel but was soon jointly managed by the Allies and thus it came six years into British hands.
1951 got the Siller family and Gürtler their property back. Josef Siller had died in 1949. Again, the hotel had to be extensively renovated. As well as new dining venues emerged at the Sacher. Hans Gürtler also laid the foundation for the art collection of the 19th Century. Anna Siller died in 1962, and the hotel was entirely in the possession of the Gürtler family. In 1967 the company received the National Award and since then the federal coat of arms may be used in commercial transactions. The son Rolf Gürtler took over the business in 1970, but shortly thereafter, in an accident, after which he succeeded his son Peter Gürtler. This took over in 1989, the Austrian Court Hotel in Salzburg. This was later renamed the Hotel Sacher Salzburg. Since his death in 1990 his 1983 divorced woman Elisabeth Gürtler-Mauthner leads the family with their daughter Alexandra.
In 2006 the building, which is composed in its buildings of six town houses, refurbished thermally under the direction of architects Frank & Partners, and the loft conversion, in which a spa area was accommodated, provided while preserving the monument idea with a striking bright aluminum roof.
Offer
The Hotel Sacher at night
As a member of the Hospitality Association of The Leading Hotels of the World, which ensures quality control in five star hospitality sector, the Hotel Sacher is one of the best addresses in Austria. Since the expansion of 2006 also meets the criteria of a Leading Spa.
In the House, the Anna Sacher restaurant, the Red Bar, the Blue Bar, Confiserie, Café Sacher are and the Sacher Eck (coin). The cafe was founded in 2004 awarded the Golden Coffee Bean Jacobs.
Also in the building, but not as a part of the hotel, is the former imperial Court and chamber Supplier Wilhelm Jungmann & Neffe.
Since 1999, the Original Sacher-Torte is produced in a production office in Vienna Simmering, from where it is exported to the whole world. After a decades-long legal battle with the Imperial Sugar Bakery Demel only the dessert made by Sacher may adorn with the title "original". The Sachertorte is imitated by many coffee houses, bakeries and pastry shops.
Rooms of the Hotel Sacher
The Sacher shop in the Hotel Sacher
The famous Sacher Torte
Famous guests
Main entrance of the hotel in the evening
Many prominent guests had the house in the Philharmonikerstraße. Anna Sacher had a photo gallery of her guests in her boudoir. The signatures of all she embroidered herself on a table cloth. Located in the middle of it Emperor Franz Joseph.
Crowned heads, statesmen, diplomats and politicians lodged at the Sacher: Edward VIII, Wallis Simpson, Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Prince Rainier, Princess Grace, John F. Kennedy, Kofi Annan and many more.
Because of the close proximity to the Opera House of course many artists were under the guests: Herbert von Karajan, Leonard Bernstein, Leo Slezak, Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and Rudolf Nureyev. Music critic Marcel Prawy lived until his death in 2003, even as a permanent guest at the Sacher.
Graham Greene had here the idea for the screenplay of the film The Third Man. A British officer told him about the underground passages of Vienna, whereupon Greene in the bar wrote down the first ideas immediately.
Her role in the Sissi films Romy Schneider owed their similarity with the bust of the Empress, who is at the hotel and was the director Ernst Marischka noticed. During filming, she lived with her mother Magda Schneider at the Sacher.
Invited to an unusual press conference in April 1969, John Lennon and Yoko Ono to the Sacher. They held one of her legendary "Bagism" actions in their hotel rooms to media representatives (including André Heller, who reported for the Ö3 jukebox), in order to express their ideas of world peace.
Traditionally, all suites are named for operas and composers (eg, La Traviata, Carmen, Idomeneo, The Magic Flute, Madame Butterfly, Nabucco, Rigoletto, Leonard Bernstein, etc.). The new suites on the top floor of the house bearing the names of contemporary operas, such as Lulu and Billy Budd named.
Hotel Sacher in film and on stage
The Hotel Sacher has been immortalized in numerous films and stage plays .
Hotel Sacher, 1939
In the German-speaking area, the hotel was also supported by the TV series Hello - Hotel Sacher ... Portier! popular with Fritz Eckhardt .
Literature
Ernst Hagen: Hotel Sacher. Austria slept in your beds. Zsolnay , Vienna , 1976, ISBN 3-552-02827-7
Ingrid Haslinger: customer - Emperor. The history of the former imperial purveyors. Schroll, Vienna 1996 , ISBN 3-85202-129-4 .
János Kalmár , Mella Waldstein: K.u.K. Purveyors of Vienna. Stocker , Graz 2001, ISBN 3-7020-0935-3 . Pp. 10-15 .
Monika Kellermann : The great Sacher-back book. Pastries, cakes and pastries. Seehamer -Verlag, Weyarn 1994, ISBN 3-929626-28-4
Franz Maier- Bruck : The great Sacher Cookbook. The Austrian cuisine. Seehamer -Verlag, Weyarn 1994, ISBN 3-929626-27-6
Leo Mazakarini : The Hotel Sacher in Vienna. Grafe and Unzer, Munich, 1977, ISBN 3-7742-5018-9
Emil Seeliger: Hotel Sacher. World history at supper. Publisher Schaffer, Berlin 1942
William Fraenkel: Establishment Eduard Sacher in Vienna: General Construction Journal, Volume 1877 (online at ANNO)
- Ann Makosinski: yhoo.it/1jxygvI
- Eesha Khare: ti.me/1mUVRYc
- Krtin Nithiyanandam: bit.ly/1O5zU6z
- Anya Pogharian: bit.ly/1zXQyQT
- Jack Andraka: bit.ly/1LE9HLH
- Shubham Banerjee: bit.ly/1hEKvZR
- Azza Faiad: bit.ly/1aoK179
- Kelvin Doe: bit.ly/1fWrOM8
Kiyoshi Amemiya, founder of Yamanashi Hitachi, a company constructing heavy-duty demining machines recalls: “In Cambodia, I met lots of different people … saw people without hands and feet and they pleaded to me saying, 'you are Japanese, do something, please help us,' those words moved me, and even until now that feeling is strongly present within me.” See the Video
Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Jean-François Arrou-Vignod. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.
It was an American inventor named Wallace H. Coulter who was responsible for the theory and design of the Coulter Counter. He first devised the theory behind its operation in 1947 while experimenting with electronics. Coulter determined that electrical charge could be used to determine the size and number of microscopic particles in a solution. This phenomenon is now known as the Coulter Principle.
Due to the simple construction of these devices and the reliable sensing method, Coulter devices have found application in a broad range of particle analyses from blood cells to polymeric beads, DNA, virus particles and even metal ions. Quantitative measurements of the size and concentration of micro and nano scale particles has been accomplished using Coulter counters with reduced microchannel size so that particles pass one by one from one chamber to the other. Because this would substantially extend measurement times, multiple microchannels are used to reduce measurement times by counting particles in parallel with one another.
**VIEW LARGE**View On Black
Condividete questo video con tutti i vostri amici e contatti : Inventori di Malattie
Inventori di Malattie Versione Completa
Il servizio mette in evidenza come l'industria farmaceutica finanziarizzata sia oggi in qualche modo costretta ad ingigantire, spesso con attente strategie di marketing della paura, nuove malattie pur di assicurare un rendimento crescente delle proprie azioni.
I danni a carico della collettività mondiale e della sua salute sono incredibilmente evidenti. In America più di 5 milioni di bambini vengono trattati con psicofarmaci, semplicemente perché "troppo" vivaci.
Type Anchor handling Vessel
Flag United Kingdom
IMO 9753935
MMSI 232013110
Callsign MCJD5
Year Built 2018
Length 138 m
Width 27 m
Draught Avg 6.3 m / ...
Speed Avg/Max 7.3 kn / 13.4 kn
COSCO (Dalian) Shipyard has delivered the third Stingray-class subsea support vessel “Maersk Inventor” to offshore marine contractor Maersk Supply Service (MSS).
The delivery follows the “Maersk Installer” and “Maersk Involver”, who were handed over in October and November last year.
The two vessels are part of the $470-million contract a subsidiary of COSCO Shipyard Group secured back in August 2014 to build four subsea support vessels.
The keel laying ceremony for all four SSVs took place in December 2015.
The vessels are of MT6027 Marin Teknikk-design with length of 137 metres, and a beam of 27 metres. The DP3 vessels feature a 400 t active heave compensated crane and 2 work class ROVs capable of operating in up to 3,000 meters water depth.
The delivery of the fourth and final ‘Stingray SSV’ is also planned for 2018.
American artist, designer and inventor L. R. Emerson II may be considered the Thomas Edison of art yet is equally considered among the world’s most unusual artists. L. R. Emerson II may also be one of the most prolific artists the world has ever witnessed. Since 1983, has been personally compelled to develop and express through multi-directional art.
L. R. Emerson II is best known as the leading artist of the Upside-Down Art Movement or Masg Art movement.
Emerson never intended to become a household name in artmaking and the evidence of his effort to avoid selling out is firstly, his diligent efforts to make art that was intentionally against the common trends and secondly to keep his style secret from the world at large for two decades.
Recently, however after Emerson decidedly released some of his work after keeping it suppressed since the 1980’s renowned artist Georg Baselitz called L. R. Emerson's art"...inspiring." Baselitz’ own art has sold for in excess of $4.2 million dollars at recent auction.
In tribute, paying homage to neo-expressionist painter Georg Baselitz, Emerson recently exhibited at Saatchi an work Upside-Down Artwork or also known as Masg art called "Ode to Baselitz". Featured at Saatchionine.com Emerson has presented a work which has garnered the attention of Charles Saatchi himself who personally flagged L. R. Emerson ‘s work as “Liked”. "Ode to Baselitz" is part of L. R. Emerson II's "Heavy Ink" series.
The medium of “Ode to Baselitz” is called Digigraph or Digiography (both phrases termed and documented in 2009 in The Purple Tree; Art in a Boundless Age) is a combination of both traditional and tech media. The Digigraph featured at Saatchi is part of L. R. Emerson’s 50+ documented, pioneering inventions for making art - each calling for combinations of traditional and digital technology mediums.
“Ode to Baselitz” is a culmination of pen and ink, and computer aided design. Emerson’s goal with “Ode to Baselitz” is not only to bring attention to the already known upside-down work of Baselitz but moreover for the fact that like Emerson, Baselitz has ridden the critical seas of the public’s reaction to upside down work.
Baselitz, according to Emerson has paved a way for artists, even ones who are not working neo-expressively to express themselves through multi-directional composition – though Baselitz does not intend his upside-down works be hung in two or more directions as Emerson intentionally does.
As Emerson puts it “Baselitz broke the water and I am simply delivering the baby” speaking metaphorically to the aspect of L. A. times featured article from 1984 showing Baselitz’ then Upside-Down painting. By comparison, Emerson’s 1984 series was removed from exhibition during the same time period (’85) as Emerson feared critical rejection and stylistic copying. Thus L. R. Emerson II’s art was selectively hidden from the world for the next two decades.
In 2005 Emerson II exhibited nearly 800 works sharing several signed prints with major museums and galleries in 11 countries, yet he determined it necessary to continue to hold other selections from the public eye. What is seen today in exhibition by Emerson are mere artistic fragments of what he actually creates. With his current work never shown and by only releasing work that is about two years old, Emerson keeps ahead of those who would choose to mimic his style.
With over 100 awards to date and currently working in his third decade, L. R. Emerson II has proven himself worthy of critical appraisal. Nicholas Forrest, contributing writer to Art & Antiques Magazine wrote about L. R. Emerson II stating "An amazing artist, Amazing art!" 2006. L. R. has been actively researching, developing, and inventing methods of making art and specifically Upside-Down art known as Masg Art, from Gaelic meaning to mix; or infuse for 30 years.
To date, Emerson has delivered on his 1983 promises to make “Upside-Down Art” a household name in the very near future. In the aftermath we find now major artists effecting and or following the Upside-Down Art movement which is crossing international lines with artists such as Germany's Georg Baselitz and British Sculptor Anish Kapoor, giving significantly strong visual support.
Emerson's own efforts in leading the Upside-Down Art Movement has thus far have encompassed the following:
•Created Upside-Down Art for nearly thirty years having begun in 1983 and has made more upside-down, multi-directional, ambigram, Masg styled art than any person in history.
•Exhibited at age 18, and worked as a commissioned artist beginning at age of 19 with work appearing in newspaper and magazines by age 19 and for major celebrities by age 23
•First artist ever to offer their art for free; up to $1 million dollars of L. R. Emerson II’s artwork was literally offered for free to anyone in the world. The offer was advertised to the general public in numerous places and stood from 2005 until 2009
•Created in excess of 100,000 works within over 1,000 series
•Engaged 30 years of innovative, experimentation and invention driven research on Upside-Down Art or Multidirectional Art Composition, process and art methodology
•Created Upside-Down, multi-directional Masg Art in the following mediums: airbrush, collography, clayography, etching, lino-cut, oil on linen and canvas, acrylic on canvas, acrylic on board, emulsion transfer, mixed media, photography, digiography, emulsion transfer on metal, pen & ink with watercolor, pencil and ink on paper, oil pastel, collage, digital imaging, vector-based CGI, acetone transfer
•Has been awarded for being considered one of America’s Leading Art Educators, frequently serving as a Lead Art Educator on a variety of curriculum writing and Art Education textbook adoption committees or chairperson capacities. Emerson’s curriculum writing experiences have included practicum, research and committee collaboration to develop Art Education practices and standards for Art Foundation teaching and Cornerstone Assessments which serve as standards or benchmarks to assess a practicing artist’s skills and ability(2008 to 2012)
•Secured exhibition opportunities for student artists - having exhibited several academic thousand works.
•Invented in excess of 50 documented new methods for making Upside-Down Art or Masg Art
•Established a world record in the “Most Digital Works Created in One Hour” with the record set at 86 in 2007 and succeeded to a new record of 87 in 2008, both held by Emerson
•Published The Purple Tree; Art in a Boundless Age, 2009
•2012 Charles Saatchi personally flags Emerson’s online Saatchi Gallery as a “Liked User”
•Among the world’s most accomplished airbrush artists, having been placed in magazines the age of 19 and still today advancing the power of airbrush through invention and exhibition.
•Serving among the world’s most influential 21st Century Artists and Designers
•Created work for numerous patron including Grammy Winning musician/songwriter Leon Russell – who wrote “Superstar” the number one hit song for the late Karen Carpenter , March 2, 1950 – February 4, 1983 (also a Grammy Winner) and living legend Barbara Streisand, born April 24, 1942.
•Donated by Deed the printing, publishing and rights to sale of over $1 million dollars in art.
•Created the first Upside-Down Art/Masg art Portraiture featuring a living person
•Established new art movement named “Pop Not” – genuine Pop Art styled social criticism with Pop styled, collages and punchy graphics but far removed from the kitschy, pseudo Pop Art existing today. L. R. Emerson II documented in the Purple Tree; Art in A Boundless Age the mission of Pop Not artists and the socially critical work they produce.
•Produced 14 Art Education videos highlighting the earmarks of Upside-Down Art
•Achieved in excess of 100 awards including awards for advertising design and photography
•Received critical acclaim from Nicholas Forrest, contributing writer to Art and Antiques Magazine. Forrest wrote about L. R. Emerson II’s Upside-Down Art or Masg Art stating “Amazing art by an amazing artist!” 2006
•Written and published Art History and or Criticism articles about Upside-Down Art
•Exhibited Upside-Down Art or Masg Art at prominent museums such The Museum of Contemporary Art
•Works held in both private estate and public art collections
•Developed, termed and published research about the "Digigraph" art process and art medium - a unique new art medium using traditional art media and technology
•2005, Established e4 Fine Art and an accompanying website e4fineart.com to serve as the exclusive representative for L.R.’s work and the web site to host functional space to not only electronically exhibit my work but moreover to share understanding about the art history related to Upside-Down Art.
•To date www.e4fineart.com.com and its’ counterpart gallery, www.upside-down-art.com has had over 600.000 visitors from across the planet and exists as “The World’s Largest Solo Artist Site” TM
•First artist to call for a change in the current Art Education texts and practices as L. R. Emerson II’s 30 years of pioneering research has proved the merits and validity of Upside-Down Art, or Masg Art as being a worthy alternative to the three common forms of compositional balance.
Because of the work of L. R. Emerson II and other supporting Upside-Down artists the old texts and teaching foundations known as The Principles of Art/Design are outdated and need revision. Museums, Art Critics, Educators, conservators and Historians can no longer ignore the relevance and merit of multi-directional composition or Upside-Down Art.
•In 2005, after having been kept secret for over two decades, Masg or Upside-Down Art was introduced to more than 500 galleries and in excess of 50 renowned museums worldwide including:
National Gallery
Tate Museum, London
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Museum of Modern Art, NYC
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Additionally, several videos were produced in the past three years and subsequently presented to the global community including the following:
Art is Art is Art by L R Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftwMV0kxeuo
L R Emerson II Art
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyekoiK5N4c
Art is Upside-Down by L R Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7R5nuZ-2So
Art 21 L. R. Emerson II: Masg A New Art Movement
www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIYCTL-cnPs
Art History by L. R. Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjlw6iFfnvQ
Math and Art - Music and Art
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks1RKmUodbA
The Purple Tree: Art in a Boundless Age
www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjZwNnWZNLA
“Currently as I continue my research and documentation I look toward an Upside-Down Art group exhibition including myself, Georg Baselitz, and Anish Kapoor. London’s Tate Museum, NYC Guggenheim, MOMA and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art are fine venues for this warranted proposal. The considerably unusual exhibition will likely be presented as the world’s most unusual art of the 20th and 21st Century.
We have come a long way but still have an engaging journey ahead. I am pleased however at our progress so far and know we have truly shattered the proverbial “glass ceiling” or stronghold of art conservators, critics and museums as they too now have accepted our methods of composition and see that we have forever changed the manner in which art is composed.
The more I’ve advocated for Upside-Down Art, the greater the number of artists we (representatives and assistants) find are mimicking my style, however this is rewarding to me. Neither am I displeased to be named ‘Jack the Flipper’ (linguistically spinning Pollack’s ‘… dripper’ nomenclature).” Excerpt: L. R. Emerson II, 2012
Please see the revolutionary art of L. R. Emerson II at www.upside-down-art.com , “The World’s Largest Solo Artist Site” TM, and consider the merit of L. R. Emerson II’s work for inclusion in your presentation, writing, evaluation and discussion of 21st Century Art.
The Pathway event honors scientists, engineers, and support professionals for a number of achievements including:
-R&D 100 Awards
-Federal Laboratory Consortium for -Excellence in Technology Transfer Awards
-Software Awards
-Patents Awards
-Key Contributors
At the 2018 event, Steve Ashby named Rob Pratt Inventor of the Year.
Terms of Use: Our images are freely and publicly available for use with the credit line, "Andrea Starr | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"; Please use provided caption information for use in appropriate context.
© All rights are reserved, please do not use my photos without my permission
Name: Maersk Inventor
IMO: 9753935
MMSI: 232013110
Call Sign: MCJD5
Flag: United Kingdom
Type: Offshore Supply
Gross Tonnage: 14908
Deadweight: 9734
Length:137.6mts
Breadth:27mts
Year Built: 2018
Builder:: COSCO (DALIAN) SHIPYARD CO LTD
An old character. She may be making an appearance in The Otherwalls, so I thought I'd sketch her. I've ended up experimenting with colours on her too, trying out a new technique.
Painter X over a sketch.