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Little River Landcare group is undertaking a Machinery Conversion for Increased Soil Carbon project. This is a photo from a field day to four farms in the Cumnock area of central-west New South Wales.
This project is supported by the Little River Landcare Group Inc., through funding from the Australian Government's Caring for our Country.
Increasing the potential to supplement supplies of wild-caught fish with aquaculture is important for long-term sustainability. Source: Coretext
Under the mild and genial climate of the Southern States and the increasing care and attention for the well-being and comfort of the laboring class, dictated alike by interest and humanity, the African slaves had augmented in number from about 600,000, at the date of the adoption of the constitutional compact, to upward of 4,000,000.
In moral and social condition they had been elevated from brutal savages into docile, intelligent, and civilized agricultural laborers, and supplied not only with bodily comforts but with careful religious instruction.
Under the supervision of a superior race, their labor had been so directed as not only to allow a gradual and marked amelioration of their own condition, but to convert hundreds of thousands of square miles of wilderness into cultivated lands covered with a prosperous people; towns and cities had sprung into existence, and had rapidly increased in wealth and population under the social system of the South; the white population of the Southern slaveholding States had augmented form about 1,250,000 at the date of the adoption of the Constitution to more than 8,500,000 in 1860; and the productions of the South in cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, for the full development and continuance of which the labor of African slaves was and is indispensable, had swollen to an amount which formed nearly three-fourths of the exports of the whole United States and had become absolutely necessary to the wants of civilized man.
With interests of such overwhelming magnitude imperiled, the people of the Southern States were driven by the conduct of the North to the adoption of some course of action to avert the danger with which they were openly menaced. With this view the Legislatures of the several States invited the people to select delegates to conventions to be held for the purpose of determining for themselves what measures were best adapted to meet so alarming a crisis in their history.
Here it may be proper to observe that from a period as early as 1798 there had existed in all of the States of the Union a party almost uniterruptedly in the majority based upon the creed that each State was, in the last resort, the sole judge as well of its wrongs as of the mode and measure of redress. Indeed, it is obvious that under the law of nations this principle is an axiom as applied to the relations of independent sovereign States, such as those which had united themselves under the constitutional compact. The Democratic party of the United States repeated, in its successful canvass in 1856, the declaration made in numerous previous political contests, that it would "faithfully abide by and uphold the principles laid down in the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to the Virginia Legislature in 1799; and that it adopts those principles as constituting one of the main foundations of its political creed."
The principles thus emphatically announced embrace that to which I have already averted-- the right of each State to judge of and redress the wrongs of which it complains. These principles were maintained by overwhelming majorities of the people in all the States of the Union at different elections, especially in the elections of Mr. Jefferson in 1805, Mr. Madison in 1809, and Mr. Pierce in 1852.
In the exercise of a right so ancient, so well-established, and so necessary for self-preservation, the people of the Confederate States, in their conventions, determined that the wrongs which they had suffered and the evils with which they were menaced required that they should revoke the delegation of powers to the Federal Government which they had ratified in their several conventions. They consequently passed ordinances resuming all their rights as sovereign and independent States and dissolved their connection with the other States of the Union.
from Message of Jefferson Davis to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America, Montgomery, April 29, 1861
Mayor Ed Murray and Councilmember Tim Burgess unveiled a proposal that increases sidewalk construction throughout Seattle by utilizing more cost-effective designs and materials. Additionally, the City is proposing to develop new public-private partnerships to incentivize sidewalk construction.
“To be a truly walkable city, we need to provide safer pathways to schools, parks, transit and shops,” said Murray. “This innovative approach stretches our dollars to meet this need across Seattle by significantly reducing sidewalk construction costs. Everyone – from schoolkids to seniors – should have the opportunity to walk their neighborhoods safely.”
Using lower-cost materials, such as stamped and stained asphalt, sidewalk construction costs can be reduced dramatically. A traditional concrete sidewalk with curbs and storm sewers can cost $300,000 per block-face or more.
Over the next nine years, the Seattle Department of Transportation is planning to construct 250 blocks of new sidewalks – both lower-cost and traditional – for the same price as 150 blocks of concrete sidewalks. The plan is contingent on new revenue.
SDOT will install new low-cost sidewalks at the following locations in 2016:
* North Seattle: At least seven blocks on 30th Ave. NE between NE 130th St. and NE 137th St.
* Southwest Seattle: Two blocks near Arbor Heights Elementary School
* Broadview Neighborhood: Partnering with Seattle Public Utilities on sidewalk improvements and storm water control elements
* Southeast Seattle: Two blocks (locations under evaluation)
Global warming and increased human activity in the far north are changing the Arctic in dramatic ways. A unique interactive mapping application combined with a multitouch table allows visitors to better visualize the changes that are occurring in the Arctic. Multiple users can interact simultaneously, changing the display of the map. Additionally, a magnifier feature allows visitors to see details on the map such as the location of Inuit communities.
The Arctic Choices software uses high-resolution custom map overlays that demonstrate everything from animal migration paths to the diminishing extent of winter ice sheets. Sleek "iPhone-like" dials allow visitors to intuitively select from years of data. The custom dials are programmed to give them a more realistic feel as they are manipulated on the touchscreen.
The magnifying "glass" feature can be dragged over any point on the map, allowing visitors to view detail on the map, including in the changing overlays. The Arctic Choices exhibit is part of Vancouver Aquarium's Canada's Arctic - In the Grip of Change exhibition.
This application was built with the GestureWorks multitouch Flash Framework.
This multitouch, multiuser application was exhibit was developed by Ideum with the Vancouver Aquarium. To learn more about this exhibit please visit our portfolio.
Do you want to grow love in your relationship? But due to one reason or the other, there is some problem in your relationship. If so, then you can use Dua For Husband Love To Wife. It is the best dua for a happy life with a husband.
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Ayyappan (also called Sastavu, Manikandan or Sasta) is a Hindu deity who is believed to be the son of Harihara, a rigvedic deity fused with both Shiva andVishnu. He is generally depicted in a yogic posture, wearing a jewel around his neck, hence named Manikandan, Literally meaning "With bell around the neck".
By the 20th century, there has been an increase in the number of worshipers of Ayyappan from many different groups, spurred by vast improvements in transport and communication in southern India.[2]
Ayyappan's annual festival is a time of pilgrimage for ever-growing numbers of men from throughout South India. The most prominent and famous Ayyappan shrine is the one at Sabarimala, in the hills of Pathanamthitta in Kerala, with over 30 million devotees visiting it every year,[3] making it one of the largestpilgrimage sites in the world. These devotees fast and engage in austerities under the leadership of a Periya Swami (one who has undertaken the pilgrimage to Sabarimala for 18 years) for weeks barefoot and then travel in groups to the shrine for a glimpse of Ayyappan. Bus tickets are hard to obtain for several weeks as masses of elated men, clad in distinctive ritual dhotis of saffron, black and light blue colors, throng public transportation during their trip to the shrine.[4]
The name "Sri Ayyappan" is used as a respectful form of address in Malayalam and Sanskrit. The equivalent of Sri is "Thiru" in Tamil. The mantra Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa is translated in English as, "Lord Ayyappa, I seek refuge in you".[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 Legends surrounding Ayyappan
2.1
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Etymology[edit]
Ayyappan is known as "Hariharasutan" because he is the son of Hari (Vishnu), the saviour and Hara (Shiva), the destroyer. His most common name is "Manikandan" because when the king Rajasekara Pandiyan of Pandalam found little Ayyappan in a forest there was a "mani" (bell, in Malayalam) tied around his "kanda" (neck, in Sanskrit).[6][7]
As Dharma Sastha, many of them consider him to be born out of the union between Mohini (an avatar of Vishnu) andShiva.[8]
Legends surrounding Ayyappan[edit]
An ancient idol of Shasta Dharma, a form of Ayyappan
[edit]
The asura Mahishi was burning up with anger at the trick the gods had pulled on her brother, the asura king Mahishasura. As Mahishasura was blessed with invulnerability to all men, the gods had sent goddess Durga, to fight and kill him. Thus, Mahishi began performing a fearsome set of austerities, and pleased the creator god Brahma. She asked for the boon of invulnerability, but Brahma said it was not possible so Mahishi planned and asked invulnerability to all men except by the son of Shiva and Vishnu (Both are male & no possibility to give birth to any one). He granted her the boon of ruling the universe and being invulnerable except by the son of Shiva and Vishnu. Since such a person did not exist, she thought she was safe and began conquering and plundering the world.
The gods implored Shiva and Vishnu to save them from this catastrophe. Vishnu found a possible solution to the problem. When Vishnu had taken on the KurmaAvatar, he also had to manifest himself as Mohini, the enchantress, to save the nectar of immortality (ambrosia or amrit) from the demons who were not willing to share it with the gods. If he became Mohini again, then the female Mohini and the male Shiva could have the divine child who would combine the powers of Durga as per Brahmand Purana and beat Mahishi. Skanda purana states that Durga took birth in masculine form as Dharamshasta.[9]
Some versions give a slightly more detailed version of the union of Shiva with Vishnu. One version tells that the asura Bhasmasura (Bhasma means 'Ashes') had so pleased Lord Shiva with his austerities that Shiva gave him a boon of anything he wished. So Bhasmasura asked for the ability to burn to ashes anything which he placed his hand over. No sooner had Shiva granted this, than Bhasmasura ran after the god, threatening to turn him to ashes.
Shiva called to Lord Vishnu for help. He hide himself in a peepal tree as Bhasmasura ran here and there searching for the god. Vishnu became aware of the events, and decided that he would take the female form Mohini, "the Enchanting", and try to trump the asura's powers. When Bhasmasura saw Vishnu in this form, he was bewitched by her beauty. He earnestly tried to court her. So Vishnu instructed Bhasmasura to hold his hand over his head, and vow fidelity. With this act, Bhasmasura was reduced to ashes.
Vishnu found Shiva and explained the whole affair to him. Shiva asked if he too could see Vishnu in this female form. When Vishnu appeared thus, Shiva was overcome with passion, and united with her. The two gods thus became "Harihara Murthi", that is a composite form of Shiva and Vishnu as one god.
From this union, Lord Sree Dharma Sastha was born. He combined in himself the powers of Vishnu and Shiva. Lord Ayyappan is an incarnation of Lord Sree Dharma Sastha and Lord Ayyappan is a visible embodiment of their essential identity. Sri Ayyappa belongs to Pandya Royal Community. He was the head of a clan. It is believed Sri Ayyappa merged to sri dharma sastha. Lord Vishnu gifted the new-born deity with a little bejeweled bell necklace, so this god is called Manikantha. He is also Known as Dharma Shastha.
There are many popular stories associated with Him among the devotees. The stories differ, but there are certain common elements:
Ayyappa lived in the Pandalam Palace as the son / savior of the King.
He had super-human or divine knowledge, wisdom, and courage and loved the King and his people.
He protected the King and the kingdom from the attacks of enemies.
At the end of His life in Pandalam, He vanished into the forests and is ever since worshiped at the Sabarimala temple.
The most popular and widely accepted story tells that Lord Ayyappa had His human sojourn as the son of the Raja of Pandalam. At that time, Raja Rajasekhara Pandiyan ruled the kingdom of Pandalam. During one of his hunting expeditions, the Raja was puzzled to hear the wails of a child on the banks of the river Pampa, and was surprised to find a resplendent infant there. The beautiful baby with radiant face wore a bead ('mani') around his neck. The King, though pious, charitable, just, and God-fearing, had no children. He accepted the child as God's gracious response to his fervent prayer for an heir to his throne. Manikandan grew into a boy well versed in academic lore and martial arts. Meanwhile the Rani gave birth to a son. The King regarded Manikandan as his elder son. He decided to crown him as the Yuvaraja. The King's corrupt Minister had a deep dislike for Manikandan, and made the innocent Queen believe that ill would befall her if Manikandan was crowned Yuvaraja and that the kingdom actually belonged to her son.
They conspired to get rid of Manikandan by hook or crook. They bribed the royal physician into becoming an accomplice of theirs. The Rani pretended to be afflicted with severe pain in the stomach, and the physician prescribed the milk of a tigress as the only cure. The King knew that none could be deputed for a mission that was so patently suicidal. However, the youthful and valiant Manikandan stepped forth and volunteered to fetch the milk. Despite the worried protestations of his foster-father, he set out for the fearful forests.
Days later, Manikandan entered the palace precincts riding a fierce tigress and followed by a pack of its cubs. The schemers were frightened into confessing their nefarious plot. They and others now knew that Manikandan was no ordinary being. They were convinced of His divine origins, and prayed to Him to be with them for their own salvation and for the safety of the kingdom. However, Manikandan was now determined to leave the place.
Filled with happiness, grief, fear, wonder and bhakti and self-surrender, the king prayed for the mercy and blessings of Manikandan. He repented he could not fully visualize the truth of the divine powers of the Lord and repeatedly requested Him to forgive him for behaving as if He were only his son. The Lord lovingly embraced the King who continued to pray: " Lord, kindly bless me by freeing me from my egos and the worldly life of birth and rebirth and grant me ' moksha’ (salvation). Kindly continue to be the saviour of my family and stay eternally in my kingdom.” Manikandan then enlightened the King on the path of attainment of 'moksha'. These words of the Lord are contained in ‘Bhuthanathageetha'. To the King who is by now mentally cleansed and completely immersed in 'bhakthi', Lord Ayyappa said: "I am to free you from all worldly sorrows & worries and to grant you 'moksha'. All those who are and would be born in your family shall have my blessings unfailingly. I am always accessible to 'bhakthi' and only 'bhakthi." The Lord told the King that he could construct a temple at Sabarimala, north of the holy river Pampa and install His deity there. Ayyappa also explained how the Sabarimala pilgrimage shall be undertaken, emphasizing the importance of 'vrutham' and what the devotees can attain by His 'darshan'.
The Lord further consoled the King saying that the devotees who held him and his descendants in 'bhakthi' shall happen to be devoted to Him as well. Manikandan then blessed the King and all others assembled there, and vanished. The King duly constructed the temple at Sabarimala, dedicated to Him.
There are various tales connected with Lord Ayyappa: the discovery of the child at Pampa, Manikandan's youthful days in the Pandalam palace, bestowing the power of hearing and speaking upon the deaf and dumb son of His teacher as Guru-dakshina, His friendship with Vavar, bringing the tigress's milk, accomplishing His divinely destined mission of annihilation of the demoness Mahishi, eliminating the forest-thug Udayanan, bestowing moksha on Sabari, blessing His foster-father with moksha and so on. Legend also goes to say that Manikandan was the incarnation of Lord Dharma Sastha. Raja Rajasekhara was in his previous birth a rich and pious 'Brahmin ' by name Vijayan who was a very strong believer and devotee of Lord Dharma Sastha.
Another tale goes like this: Lord Ayyappan as Manikandan born to Pandala Maharaja is set to conquer the King Udayan who is a strong Buddhist and has been harassing the people of Pamba region. Maharaja sends Manikandan to learn martial artsKalari to Cheerappanchira, the Muhamma of today in Alappuzha district. The panicker there trains him of Kalari. It is here where the Guru's daughter Nila falls in love with Lord Ayyappa (Manikandan) but He refuses to marry telling he is a Bhrammachari and has a mission. She offers a sweet made out in a function in their family which Lord likes. This sweet payasam was what turned out to be the Aravanapayasam today.
The 2012 album of P. Unnikrishnan on Lord Ayyappan in Tamil called SABARIMALAI VA CHARANAM SOLLI VA has a song on the Ayyappan temple at Mukkal vettom (Cheerappanchira) where the current priest, of the vamsam of Lord's Guru who trained him Kalari, still performs the poojas for the Lord who poses with the war attire.
A Holy Song that is used to wake up Ayyappan in Sabarimala temple is known as Ayyappa Suprabhatham, an another song which for making ayyappa sleep is the famous song Harivarasanam.
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BC Minister of State John Yap celebrates with seniors in Richmond that now have increased access to affordable housing at The Maple Residences, a new building providing 144 units of seniors housing, funded by the governments of Canada and British Columbia along with community partners.
Through an amendment to the Canada-British Columbia Affordable Housing Agreement, the federal and provincial governments contributed a combined total of almost $4 million for the construction of 30 seniors' rental housing suites within the Maple Residences project in Richmond, a new building providing 144 units of seniors housing. The Government of B.C. also provided approximately $34.4 million in financing. Steveston Unit 284 of the Army, Navy and Air Force Veterans Association provided the land, valued at approximately $8.3 million.
The Global Chamber Platform (GCP), an initiative led by EUROCHAMBRES President and GCP Chair, Christoph Leitl, the United Nations Industrial Development Organisations (UNIDO), the Club of Rome and the Energy Globe Foundation adopted an international Declaration of Intent for vigorous promotion and implementation of the principles of a Circular Economy across the globe.
The signature happened during the world’s most important environmental award ceremony, the 20th edition of the Energy Globe World Awards, that took place in Espoo, Finland. The main objective of this declaration is to increase the promotion and to boost the implementation of circular economy across the globe through sustainable solutions for the business community.
I increased a shoe size after my pregnancy with all the extra fluid that I was carrying around. So I needed a new pair of shoes for the winter. I worked out this is my 7th pair of Chucks that I have had in my life.
Explored #126.
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Sedentarism and physical inactivity is highly prevalent globally, and are associated with a wide range of chronic diseases and premature deaths. The interest in sedentary behaviour is justified by a growing body of evidence that points to a relationship between this lifestyle and the increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has been known throughout history that being inactive is unhealthy, but nowadays almost one-third of the world's population is inactive, thus representing a major public health problem.
El sedentarismo y la inactividad física son altamente prevalentes globalmente y están asociados a un amplio rango de enfermedades crónicas y muerte prematura. El interés en la conducta sedentaria está justificado por la creciente evidencia que apunta hacia una relación entre esta conducta y el incremento en la prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular. A través de la historia es bien conocido que ser inactivo no es saludable, pero hoy día casi un tercio de la población del mundo es inactiva, lo que representa un serio problema de salud pública.
Many readers will be aware of the dose/response relationship that exists between exercise and health: the greater the physical activity (PA), the better the individual's overall health. However, few studies have focused on the consequences of lack of PA, and this will be the main subject of this article.
It is easier to understand the significance of the change in human beings from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle by looking back on our evolutionary history.
About 3.7 million years ago, one of the first hominids to walk on two feet appeared in Ethiopia: Australopithecus afarensis. Bipedalism allowed these hominids to use their hands to grasp branches and stones as tools or weapons, and to gather food (fruits, seeds, roots, etc.), while their long legs allowed them to travel farther and depend less on trees. In addition, their slightly curved hands, shorter fingers, and arched feet allowed them to climb trees, while the medial arch of the foot allowed them to run after their prey or flee from predators or enemy tribes.1
The design of the human organism (encoded in its genes) is known to be the result of millions of years of biological evolution. Nearly all the human genome was formed before the transition from hunting and gathering to farming, and this is believed to have been the optimal genome - the one that enabled us to adapt to the changing environmental conditions faced by our ancestors at each stage of our evolution.
In nature, obtaining food always requires high muscle energy expenditure. This is true of both carnivores (running in pursuit of prey) or herbivores (looking for the best foliage and, in smaller animals, watching out for predators). The capacity of our metabolism to adapt to cycles of abundance and food shortage (the thrifty genotype) was a beneficial factor in the evolution of our ancestors.2 When food was abundant, our thrifty metabolism took over, allowing us to accumulate large amounts of energy in the form of fatty deposits and muscle glycogen. Individuals with the thrifty phenotype were less likely to die out during periods of famine, since they were more efficient at using the energy stored in their body. Muscle proteins were conserved, and muscle contraction was more efficient, increasing their likelihood of finding food and surviving the crisis.2
It is also interesting to note the impact on the central nervous system, which controls all bodily movements at all time variables, from milliseconds to hours, days, months and years, leading to the evolutionary-induced expansion of certain regions of our cerebral cortex.1 As a result, PA strengthened both muscle and brain cells.
Homo sapiens (“wise man”, because he had certain skills absent in his predecessors) appeared in Africa 300,000 years ago and ranged over the continent for 200,000 years before spreading to the rest of the world, even as far as Australia. It was this expansion that sparked a major cognitive revolution about 70,000 years ago, further expanding our ecological niches, defined as the way in which we interact with our environment. In fact, this intellectual “big bang” facilitated the development of amazing cognitive skills, such as the ability to learn, understand and anticipate complex phenomena, memorise a great deal of detail, and establish multiple communications with the environment, particularly with other humans.3 About 10,000 years ago, several human groups discovered ways to produce certain foods, compelling them to create settlements and abandon their nomadic lifestyle.3
This summary of our evolution shows that human beings are active by nature. They spent most of their evolutionary history wandering over the land, and only transitioned to sedentary lifestyle about 10,000 years ago, when they became farmers.
Even the most ancient civilisations knew that reducing the amount of physical effort made in our daily life causes the organs that govern bodily movement to lower their output and adapt their operative capacity to the lower demands of their social group. However, Hippocrates (377 b.c.) believed in the benefits of PA, and warned that4: “All parts of the body which have a function, if used in moderation and exercised in labors in which each is accustomed, become thereby healthy, well developed and age more slowly, but if unused they become liable to disease, defective in growth and age quickly”.
However, reliable scientific evidence of the relationship between physical inactivity and the risk of chronic disease only began to emerge in the mid 1950s5, sparking interest in research into the four basic aspects of the problem6–10:
a.
The increased use of technology to accomplish daily tasks, making humans more sedentary.
b.
The physiological evidence of specific effects that sedentary behaviour has on our metabolism and health.
c.
Instruments, such as accelerometers and questionnaires, can now be used to objectively and reliably measure the time spent physically inactive.
d.
The difficulties involved in motivating individuals to become more active and engage in more strenuous PA in order to reduce sitting time. This is the most pressing area of study.
The situation is further complicated by the fact that sedentary behaviour does not simply mean less PA, but involves a set of individual attitudes in which sitting or lying becomes the predominant postural form, thus greatly reducing energy expenditure. Furthermore, sedentary behaviour is found in a multitude of places and situations: at work, at school, at home, in our means of transport and our leisure activities, and is accompanied by other harmful habits, such as increased caloric intake or smoking.
In recent decades, sedentary behaviour has become a serious problem that has been aggravated over time by the introduction of new technological inventions. These devices, which are designed to make our lives easier, have ultimately increased our immobility, since working, playing, shopping or doing housework no longer requires the same physical effort needed 50 years ago. Today, everything can be done using a computer, a washing machine, a dryer, a car and other devices developed to reduce our muscle activity and increase our sedentary behaviour.The morbidity associated with sedentary behaviour came increasingly under the spotlight in the 1990s, through programmes introduced in several countries to encourage PA and health. These programmes, which were basically devised to disseminate PA and health recommendations, are based on the notion that the general population is unaware of the importance and need for PA, and, therefore, do not engage in such activities.
Given the scale of the problem, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a report in 2004,11 subsequently updated in 2010,12 that lists sedentary behaviour as the fourth greatest risk factor for mortality (6% of deaths recorded worldwide).
A more recent report estimated that physical inactivity is responsible for:13
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6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease (CHD).
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7% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).
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10% of breast cancer.
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10% of colon cancer.
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Inactivity is responsible for 9% of premature mortality or >5.3% of the 57 million deaths that occurred worldwide in 2008.
If inactivity were decreased by 10% or 25%, >533,000 and >1.3 million deaths, respectively, may be averted each year.13 By eliminating physical inactivity, the life expectancy of the world's population is estimated to increase by 0.68 (0.41 to 0.95) years.13
Physical inactivity also carries a heavy economic burden. A report published in 2016 with data from 142 countries (93.2% of the world's population) estimated the direct health costs and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for various diseases:14
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Physical inactivity cost health-care systems 53.8 billion international dollars (Int’l$) in 2013.
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Physical inactivity-related deaths contribute to Int’l$ 13.7 billion in productivity losses.
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Physical inactivity was responsible for 13.4 million DALYs worldwide.
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High-income countries bear a larger proportion of economic burden (80.8% of health-care costs and 60.4% of indirect costs), whereas low-income and middle-income countries have a larger proportion of the disease burden (75.0% of DALYs).
As for prevalence, a recent study estimates that more than one in four adults (28% or 1.8 billion people) are physically inactive (one in three in some countries)15, and women are less active than men, with more than 8% difference between the sexes (32% in men vs. 24% in women). High-income countries have the highest levels of inactivity (32%) compared to 26% and 16%, respectively, in middle- and low-income countries. These results highlight the urgent need to prioritise actions aimed at creating an environment conducive to increasing PA.
Sedentary behaviour as a risk factor
The extent of the problem and the role of PA as a risk factor for disease is outlined in the WHO report published in 2014.16 Briefly:
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The risk of death from any cause is higher among adults with insufficient PA compared with those who practise at least the minimum recommendation of 150minutes of moderate physical exercise per week or equivalent.
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23% of adults aged 18 years or older did not do enough PA. Women were less active than men, and older people were less active than young people.
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Worldwide, 81% of adolescents (aged 11 to 17) did not do enough PA in 2014, with girls being less active than boys; and 84% and 78%, respectively, did not meet the WHO global recommendations on physical activity for health.
The clinical consequences of sedentary behaviour on various bodily systems are wide-ranging and inter-related (Fig. 1). They can be summarised as functional and/or organic alterations:8,10,17–28
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Metabolic: obesity, insulin resistance, DM2, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, hyperuricaemia.
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Cardiovascular diseases: CHD, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, intermittent claudication, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, increased arterial stiffness.
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Pulmonary alterations: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Neurological diseases: intellectual dysfunction, dementia, depression, mood disorder and anxiety, Alzheimer's disease.
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Musculoskeletal disorders: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and osteopenia, sarcopenia.
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Greater physical frailty, especially in the elderly, which, in turn, increases the risk of morbidity and mortality.
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Quality of life: decreased psychological well-being, psychological frailty, inability to perform activities of daily living and social interactions, functional restriction, loss of balance, flexibility and reaction and sleep irregularities (difficulty falling asleep, frequent waking during the night, or waking up very early in the morning).
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Constipation and changes in the gut microbiota.
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Malignancies, such as cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, prostate, pancreas and melanomas.
–
Shorter life expectancy.
In anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism[1]) is the practice of living in one place for a long time. As of 2025, the large majority of people belong to sedentary cultures. In evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, sedentism takes on a slightly different sub-meaning, often applying to the transition from nomadic society to a lifestyle that involves remaining in one place permanently. Essentially, sedentism means living in groups permanently in one place.[2] The invention of agriculture led to sedentism in many cases, but the earliest sedentary settlements were pre-agricultural. For small-scale nomadic societies it can be difficult to adopt a sedentary lifestyle in a landscape without on-site agricultural or livestock breeding resources, since sedentism often requires sufficient year-round, easily accessible local natural resources.Logically, metabolic and cardiovascular alterations are the most common and the most characteristic of the burden of disease, because once established they gradually progress, despite aggressive treatment. The other alterations, however, can be reversed or improved by exercise programmes and pharmacological therapy, if necessary.
A recently identified consequence of sedentary behaviour is the loss of metabolic flexibility,8,29,30 that is, the ability to adapt substrate oxidation rates in response to changes in fuel availability. The inability to switch between the oxidation of lipids and carbohydrates appears to be an important feature of chronic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Evidence has shown that high levels of physical activity predict metabolic flexibility, while physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours trigger a state of metabolic inflexibility, even in subjects who meet PA recommendations.8,29,30
Definition of terms
In their Terminology Consensus Project,31 the Sedentary Behaviour Research Network established and defined the following terms:
–
PA: any body movement generated by the contraction of skeletal muscles that raises energy expenditure above resting metabolic rate. It is characterised by its modality, frequency, intensity, duration, and context of practice.
–
Physical inactivity: the non-achievement of physical activity guidelines.
–
Exercise: a subcategory of PA that is planned, structured, repetitive, and that favours physical fitness maintenance or development.
–
Sport: part of the PA spectrum and corresponds to any institutionalised and organised practice, based on specific rules.
–
Sedentary behaviours: any waking behaviours characterised by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 METs, while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture.
Table 1 lists some activities with an energy expenditure of less than 1.5 METs, and, therefore, classed as sedentary. These activities should be borne in mind when estimating sedentary behaviour, as patients will not usually consider them to be sedentary.It is important to note that although the terms sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity are used indistinctly, there is a clear distinction between them. Sedentary behaviour involves spending a great deal of time engaging in low-energy-expenditure activities (<1.5 MET), whereas physical inactivity is an almost total absence of PA.16,17
It is interesting to note that an increase in the time devoted to sedentary behaviours correlates with an increase in cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. The effect of sedentary behaviours on these markers is independent of sociodemographic factors, diet, body mass index and PA.17 These findings are important, since they show that the effect of sedentary behaviours on these variables is not modulated by a higher caloric intake, but by a reduction in energy expenditure.17
As sedentarism is a learned behaviour of human beings that has increased exponentially during the 21st century, the risk factors or conditions that favour it are not yet known. However, various lines of research have identified the following general factors, particularly in younger individuals:32–35
a.
Demographic: demographic factors include sex, age and ethnicity. Numerous publications show that women are less active than men and older children, and adolescents are less active than younger children. Among women, those of African descent are less active than Caucasians.
b.
Personal: certain personal factors, such as underlying diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, chronic orthopaedic diseases) or disability, predispose to sedentary behaviours due to the child's tendency to remain sedentary or to their preference for activities that demand less energy expenditure. Other factors include: self-perceived lack of time, inappropriate relationship with peers and an activity they find boring or unattractive. Individual factors that are positively associated with PA are: self-confidence to engage in exercise, personal ability, positive attitude towards PA, interest in self-improvement and ability to enjoy PA. Age is an important factor in this category, since research has revealed that children up to the age of 8engage in moderate to vigorous PA, but start to become less active from the age of 1136, making this a crucial period for PA interventions.
c.
Family: this is perhaps the most important factor, since the preferences and habits of the parents will affect the extent to which the child is encouraged to engage in PA or certain motor activities. Watching TV is more influenced by the parents’ attitude towards this activity than by the number of TVs in the home. Other situations, such as both parents’ growing commitment to their jobs, and single-parent families, may affect the possibility of engaging in extracurricular PA.
d.
Social and environmental: the lack of, or difficulty in accessing, green spaces and safe sports facilities in large cities, restrictions on supervision by qualified personnel, education budget limitations, changes in curricular priorities, impoverishment and civil insecurity are some of the many factors that discourage participation in and limit access to PA both during and out of school hours.
The “chair effect” and its repercussions on health
As mentioned above, our modern lifestyle reduces the time we spend doing PA. In fact, over the last decade, several studies have shown that excessive sitting time can increase the risk of death, irrespective of whether or not we do exercise.
A review published in 201237 used data from 2002 to 2011 to estimate the proportion of deaths attributable to the “chair effect” in the population of 54 countries, with the following results:
–
More than 60% of people worldwide spend more than three hours a day sitting (the average in adults is 4.7hours/day).
–
Sitting time is responsible for 3.8% of deaths (approximately 433,000 deaths/year).
–
Among the territories studied, mortality due to sitting time was higher in countries from the Western Pacific region, followed by countries in Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, America and Southeast Asia.
The authors calculated that reducing sitting time by about two hours (that is, 50%) would result in a 2.3% decrease in mortality (3 times less), although there is no conclusive proof of a causal relationship. Even a more modest reduction in sitting time, of 10% or half an hour a day, could have an immediate impact on all-cause mortality (0.6%) in the countries evaluated, and eliminating sitting time would increase life expectancy by 0.20 years in the countries studied.
In 2017, the “Termómetro del sedentarismo en España: Informe sobre la inactividad física y el sedentarismo en la población adulta española” [Thermometer of sedentary behaviour in Spain: Report on physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour in Spanish adults] published by the Fundación España Activa [Active Spain Foundation] and the Centro de Estudios del Deporte [Sports Studies Centre] of the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos38 showed an alarming upward trend:
–
Physical inactivity is responsible for 13.4% (over 52,000) of deaths per year in Spain. This means that 6.6 people die every hour from this cause compared to 3.7 deaths reported in the meta-analysis carried out by Rezende et al.37
–
Nearly half of all Spanish adults do not practise any sport and do not do any exercise or any other physically demanding activity in their spare time.
–
The least qualified social classes (lower occupational category) are less active in their free time, while those with higher qualifications are less active during their working hours. In other words, the greater the economic development, the higher the level of sedentary behaviour, and, therefore, the greater the associated health risks.
Population impact
Although sedentary behaviour affects all age groups, the extreme age groups are the most affected for the following reasons:13,15,16,39–41
a.
Schoolchildren and adolescents: logically, due to the impact on health in adulthood, which increases the risk of obesity, DM2 and hypertension. Because of the size of this age group, more effort is obviously needed to ensure adequate levels of PA in all social classes.
b.
Women are the most affected, since inactivity rate among women is 8% higher than in men. This gender gap has widened steadily over the 21st century, perhaps as a result of cultural norms, traditional roles, or lack of social and community support from an early age.
c.
The elderly: as older people tend to be more physically inactive, the economic costs of inactivity are likely to increase notably and place a heavy burden on healthcare budgets. In a study conducted in Germany, the potential effects of interventions aimed at promoting PA in the over-65s compensated for the negative effect of ageing and reduced inactivity-related healthcare costs.41 In other words, this single action was doubly beneficial.
Cultural differences also affect levels of physical activity. An example of this is Switzerland, where the population is divided into three distinct language groups: French, Italian and German.42 An analysis of regional differences showed that the per capita burden of physical inactivity is nearly double in French and Italian speaking regions compared to the German speaking population, perhaps due to a higher prevalence of physical inactivity, higher per capita healthcare spending, and higher disease prevalence.
Of course, the foregoing is also true of the correlation between physical inactivity and social strata or the stage of development of the country. The higher the population density and the human development index (HDI), the greater the percentage of physical inactivity in the population. For example, estimates have shown that in low- and middle-income countries, individuals working in the white-collar industry compared to agriculture were 84% more likely to be physically inactive, and greater economic development in these countries brings about changes in their occupational structure, resulting in increased physical inactivity levels.43,44 Moreover, between 2001 and 2016, the percentage of inactivity in high-income countries (where sedentary behaviour is most harmful) increased from 31.6 to 36.8%. In the same period, inactivity in low-income countries remained at 16%.15
Conclusion and recommendations
Sedentary behaviour is increasing rapidly in most countries, and is now a public health problem that will worsen over the coming years. An analysis of the time spent doing PA in five major countries (China, the USA, the United Kingdom, Brazil and India) showed a significant decrease compared to previous years, and this downward trend is expected to increase in the future.45 In the USA, for example, the average sitting time increased from 26hours per week in 1965 to 38hours per week in 2009, and from 30hours per week in 1960 to 42hours per week in 2005 in the United Kingdom.
Although public policies and research into PA are much more developed today than they were decades ago, strategies to change sedentary behaviour are timid and only just emerging, and little progress has been made in recent years.
The universal recommendation is for adults to engage in moderate-intensity PA for 30minutes per day, preferably most days of the week46, although “usual” PA has now been included as a strategy to reduce sedentary behaviour3,9,16,46.
In view of the benefits of PA, physicians should recommend a minimum level of daily exercise. Even a low level of PA, if strenuous, can also be beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk, especially for those with risk factors or a history of vascular disease. The following are just some of the recommendations published by working groups engaged in promoting PA, both individually and at the community level3,9,16,46:
a.
Organise large-scale, intensive campaigns in prominent locations in the community.
b.
Encourage people to use the stairs instead of lifts or escalators.
c.
Promote physical education/sports in schools and universities.
d.
Organise social activities (such as walking groups).
e.
Introduce individually-tailored behavioural change programmes; specifically, limit recreational screen time in children and adolescents.
f.
Facilitate access to locations suitable for PA.
g.
Motivate people to reduce sitting time to two hours or less, with active pauses every hour and short stretching sessions or walks.
In summary, in the fight against sedentary behaviour, remember that: “A little PA is better than none. More PA is better than less PA”, and that doctors are under the obligation of setting an example in their community by living a more active, healthier lifestyle, and “walking their talk”.
Funding
None.
Conflicts of interest
The author declares that this review has received no commercial or financial contributions that could represent a potential conflict of interest.
www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinica-e-investigacion-arteri...
Non-agricultural sedentism requires good preservation and storage technologies, such as smoking, drying, and fermentation, as well as good containers such as pottery, baskets, or special pits in which to securely store food whilst making it available. It was only in locations where the resources of several major ecosystems overlapped that the earliest non-agricultural sedentism occurred. For example, people settled where a river met the sea, at lagoon environments along the coast, at river confluences, or where flat savanna met hills, and mountains with rivers.
Forced sedentism or sedentarization occurs when a dominant group restricts the movements of a nomadic group. Nomadic populations have undergone such a process since the first cultivation of land; the organization of modern society has imposed demands that have pushed aboriginal populations to adopt a fixed habitat.
At the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century many previously nomadic tribes turned to permanent settlement. It was a process initiated by local governments, and it was mainly a global trend forced by the changes in the attitude to the land and real property and also due to state policies that complicated border crossing. Among these nations are Negev Bedouin in Jordan, Israel and Egypt,[13] Bashkirs, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Evenks, Evens, Sakha in the Soviet Union, some Kurdish tribes in Turkey, Tibetan nomads in China,[14] Babongo in Gabon, Baka in Cameroon,[15] Innu in Canada, Romani in Romania and Czechoslovakia, etc.
As a result of forced sedentarization, many rich herdsmen in Siberia have been eliminated by deliberate overtaxation or imprisonment, year-round mobility has been discouraged, many smaller sites and family herd camps have been shut down, children have been separated from their parents and taken to boarding schools. This caused severe social, cultural and psychological issues to Indigenous peoples of Siberia.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.007 | Medline
dx.doi.org/10.15310/2334-3591.1061
dx.doi.org/10.5027/reinnec.V1.I1.5
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.06.001
History
Thalidomide was created by Grünenthal in 1953 and was used in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a "wonder drug" to treat morning sickness, headaches, coughs, insomnia and colds. Thalidomide was marketed in the UK under the name Distaval in 1958, and advertisements emphasized the drug's complete safety, using phrases such as “non-toxic” and “no known toxicity”.
However, in 1961 an Australian doctor, William McBride, wrote to the Lancet after noticing an increase in deformed babies being born at his hospital – all to mothers who had taken Thalidomide.
Between 1958 and 1962 tens of thousands of women throughout Europe found that the baby they were carrying unaccountably miscarried, or, worse, after they gave birth were told it was stillborn. Thousands more discovered that their babies had severe birth defects, missing arms, legs, or with severe reductions to these limbs, or even worse, damage to their internal organs, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, genitals, etc. During 1962 record keepers began to count all of the children living who were born damaged by the drug. The only complete records are of those who survived long enough to participate in the national compensation schemes, which were established in Germany, Britain, Japan, Sweden and Australia in the 1970s. The difficulty in uncovering the full toll of the disaster begins with the unknown numbers of miscarriages and stillbirths (possibly up to ten times the number of live births), and the widespread practice of infanticide.
The Thalidomide injuries did not stop once the babies were born. At the age of fifty, the Thalidomide Trust’s records show that around half of all survivors are coping with chronic pain – mainly from muscles and joints (musculo-skeletal pain), largely as a result of the challenges of living with missing or damaged limbs. For many, their bodies are deteriorating far faster than able-bodied people. Several have been told words to the effect “your body is getting the problems of someone in their seventies”, which at forty to fifty years of age is not good news. At least a quarter are coping with developing neurological problems, tingling, numbness, and pain in their affected limbs. This means that a person may be holding a cup, for instance, and the next thing they know is it has fallen to the floor and broken, because of the numbness in their hand. For these survivors, the disaster is still slowly unfolding in their day-to-day lives.
Grünenthal scientists were not only negligent in failing to withdraw the drug when reports of problems came in, or for failing to test it according to the standards of the time, but more than most companies they were very well placed to anticipate the possibility that Thalidomide would cause birth defects.
Grünenthal initially denied claims that the drug hadn’t been extensively tested according to the standards of the time, but once the scandal became undeniable, they sought to deflect blame and limit damage.
In 1961 Thalidomide was eventually withdrawn after being found to be a teratogan - a cause of birth defects. 12 years later, the UK company Distillers Biochemicals Limited (now Diageo) – which was responsible for distributing the drug in the UK – reached a compensation settlement following a legal battle by the families of those affected.
Based on incomplete medical evidence and unrealistic expectations of Thalidomide survivors future needs this settlement has turned out to be at an inadequate level. With all Thalidomide survivors in the UK now over the age of 50, it is no longer sufficient to deal with their rising cost of living, and the dramatic deterioration of their health.
To this day, Grünenthal have never accepted responsibility for the suffering caused by Thalidomide. On September 1st 2012, The Grünenthal Group released a statement containing an apology, stating that it "regrets" the consequences of the drug, which led to babies being born without limbs during the 1950s and 1960s. Although the statement was welcomed by some Thalidomide survivors, it is still not an acceptance of responsibility. They just want to live a comfortable life, and that means Grünenthal should be held accountable and pay for their mistake financially.
Spanish
Historia
La talidomida fue creado por Grünenthal en 1953 y fue utilizado a finales de 1950 y principios de 1960 como una "droga milagrosa" para el tratamiento de las náuseas, dolores de cabeza, tos, insomnio y resfriados. La talidomida fue comercializada en el Reino Unido bajo el nombre Distaval en 1958, y destacó los anuncios de seguridad completa del medicamento, utilizando frases como "no tóxico" y "no hay toxicidad conocida".
Sin embargo, en 1961 un médico australiano, William McBride, escribió a la revista The Lancet después de notar un aumento en los bebés que nacen deformes en su hospital - todo a las madres que habían tomado Talidomida.
Entre 1958 y 1962, decenas de miles de mujeres de toda Europa descubrieron que el bebé que llevaban inexplicablemente abortado, o, peor aún, después de dar a luz se les dijo que estaba muerto. Miles de personas descubrieron que sus bebés nacieron con defectos congénitos graves, los brazos, las piernas, que faltan o con reducciones severas a estos miembros, o peor aún, el daño a sus órganos internos, cerebro, corazón, riñones, intestinos, genitales, etc Durante 1962 guardianes de los registros empezó a contar toda la vida los niños que nacieron dañado por la droga. Los únicos registros completos son de los que sobrevivieron lo suficiente como para participar en los sistemas nacionales de indemnización, que se establecieron en Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Japón, Suecia y Australia en la década de 1970. La dificultad para descubrir el número de víctimas del desastre comienza con los números desconocidos de abortos involuntarios y mortinatos (posiblemente hasta diez veces el número de nacidos vivos), y la práctica generalizada del infanticidio.
Las lesiones de la talidomida no se detuvo una vez que los bebés nacieron. A la edad de cincuenta años, los registros de la confianza talidomida muestran que cerca de la mitad de todos los sobrevivientes están lidiando con el dolor crónico - principalmente de músculos y articulaciones (dolor musculoesquelético), en gran parte como resultado de los desafíos de vivir con la falta o ramas dañadas. Para muchos, sus cuerpos se deterioran mucho más rápido que las personas sanas. Algunos han dicho palabras en el sentido de "su cuerpo está recibiendo los problemas de alguien en los setenta", que a los cuarenta o cincuenta años de edad no es una buena noticia. Al menos una cuarta están lidiando con el desarrollo de problemas neurológicos, hormigueo, entumecimiento y dolor en las extremidades afectadas. Esto significa que una persona puede ser la celebración de una taza, por ejemplo, y lo siguiente que sé es que ha caído al suelo y se rompe, debido a la sensación de adormecimiento en la mano. Para estos sobrevivientes, el desastre está siendo poco a poco se desarrolla en su día a día.
Grünenthal científicos no sólo fueron negligentes al no haber retirado la droga cuando los informes de problemas de vino, o por no probarlo de acuerdo a los estándares de la época, pero más que la mayoría de las empresas que estaban muy bien situados para prever la posibilidad de que la talidomida haría causar defectos de nacimiento.
Grünenthal inicialmente negó las acusaciones de que el medicamento no ha sido ampliamente probado de acuerdo con los estándares de la época, pero una vez que el escándalo se hizo innegable, trataron de desviar la culpa y limitar el daño.
En 1961, la talidomida fue finalmente retirada después de haber sido encontrado para ser un teratogan - una de las causas de los defectos congénitos. 12 años después, el Reino Unido, Distillers Company Limited (ahora Bioquímicos Diageo) - encargada de la distribución de la droga en el Reino Unido - llegó a un acuerdo de compensación después de una batalla legal por las familias de los afectados.
Sobre la base de evidencia incompleta médica y expectativas poco realistas de la talidomida futuro sobrevivientes necesita esta solución ha resultado ser en un nivel adecuado. Con todos los sobrevivientes de la talidomida en el Reino Unido ahora más de 50 años de edad, ya no es suficiente para hacer frente a su creciente costo de vida, y el dramático deterioro de su salud.
A día de hoy, Grünenthal nunca ha aceptado la responsabilidad por el sufrimiento causado por la talidomida. El 1 de septiembre de 2012, el Grupo Grünenthal emitió una declaración que contenga una disculpa, diciendo que "lamenta" las consecuencias de la droga, lo que llevó a los bebés que nacen sin extremidades durante los años 1950 y 1960. Aunque la declaración fue bien recibida por algunos sobrevivientes de la talidomida, no es todavía una aceptación de responsabilidad. Ellos sólo quieren vivir una vida cómoda, y eso quiere decir Grünenthal deben rendir cuentas y pagar por su error financieramente.
Italian
Storia
La talidomide è stato creato da Grünenthal nel 1953 ed è stato utilizzato alla fine del 1950 e 1960 come un "farmaco miracoloso" per curare la malattia di mattina, mal di testa, tosse, insonnia e raffreddori. La talidomide è stato commercializzato nel Regno Unito con il nome di Distaval nel 1958, e la pubblicità ha sottolineato sicurezza del farmaco, con frasi come "non tossico" e "nessuna tossicità conosciuto".
Tuttavia, nel 1961 un medico australiano, William McBride, ha scritto al Lancet dopo aver notato un aumento delle nascite di bimbi malformati essendo nati a suo ospedale - tutti da madri che avevano assunto talidomide.
Tra il 1958 e il 1962 decine di migliaia di donne in tutta Europa ha scoperto che il bambino che portavano inspiegabilmente abortito, o, peggio, dopo che ha dato alla luce hanno detto che era morto. Altre migliaia hanno scoperto che i loro bambini hanno gravi difetti di nascita, braccia, gambe, mancanti o con gravi riduzioni a queste arti, o peggio ancora, danni ai loro organi interni, cervello, cuore, reni, intestino, genitali, ecc Nel 1962 custodi record cominciò a contare tutta la vita i bambini che sono nati danneggiati dal farmaco. Le uniche registrazioni complete sono di coloro che sono sopravvissuti abbastanza a lungo per partecipare ai sistemi di indennizzo nazionali, che sono stati stabiliti in Germania, Gran Bretagna, Giappone, Svezia e Australia nel 1970. La difficoltà nello scoprire il bilancio del disastro inizia con i numeri sconosciuti di aborti spontanei e nati morti (forse fino a dieci volte il numero di nati vivi), e la pratica diffusa di infanticidio.
Le lesioni Talidomide non si è fermata una volta che i bambini sono nati. All'età di 50, del Trust talidomide i tabulati mostrano che circa la metà di tutti i sopravvissuti stanno affrontando con dolore cronico - principalmente da muscoli e le articolazioni (il dolore muscoloscheletrico), soprattutto a causa delle sfide della vita con mancanti o arti danneggiati. Per molti, i loro corpi si stanno deteriorando molto più veloce di persone abili. Molti hanno detto parole per l'effetto "il tuo corpo è sempre il problema di qualcuno nei loro anni settanta", che a 40-50 anni di età non è una buona notizia. Almeno un quarto stanno affrontando con lo sviluppo di problemi neurologici, formicolio, intorpidimento e dolore a carico degli arti colpiti. Ciò significa che una persona può essere in possesso di un tazza, per esempio, e la prossima cosa che so è che è caduto a terra e rotto, a causa del torpore in mano. Per questi sopravvissuti, il disastro è ancora lentamente svolgendo nel loro giorno per giorno la vita.
Grünenthal scienziati non erano solo negligenza nel non ritirare il farmaco quando i report di problemi è venuto in, o per non aver testarlo secondo gli standard del tempo, ma più che la maggior parte delle aziende erano molto ben disposti ad anticipare la possibilità che Thalidomide avrebbe causare difetti di nascita.
Grünenthal inizialmente smentito che il farmaco non era stato ampiamente testati secondo gli standard del tempo, ma una volta che lo scandalo è diventata innegabile, hanno cercato di deviare la colpa e di limitare i danni.
Nel 1961 talidomide è stata infine ritirata dopo essere stato trovato per essere un teratogan - una causa di difetti di nascita. 12 anni dopo, i Distillers Company Limited, Regno Unito Biochemicals (ora Diageo) - incaricata di distribuire il farmaco nel Regno Unito - ha raggiunto un accordo di compensazione a seguito di una battaglia legale da parte delle famiglie delle persone colpite.
Sulla base di prove mediche incomplete e le aspettative non realistiche del futuro Thalidomide sopravvissuti ha bisogno di questa soluzione si è rivelata essere ad un livello insufficiente. Con tutti i sopravvissuti Talidomide nel Regno Unito ora di età superiore ai 50 anni, non è più sufficiente per affrontare la loro crescente costo della vita, e il drammatico deterioramento della loro salute.
Fino ad oggi, la Grünenthal non hanno mai accettato la responsabilità per la sofferenza causata dal talidomide. Il 1 ° settembre 2012, il Gruppo Grünenthal ha rilasciato una dichiarazione che contiene delle scuse, affermando che esso "deplora" le conseguenze della droga, che ha portato a bambini nati senza arti nel corso del 1950 e 1960. Anche se la dichiarazione è stata accolta da alcuni sopravvissuti talidomide, non è ancora una assunzione di responsabilità. Vogliono solo vivere una vita comoda, e questo significa che Grünenthal dovrebbero essere ritenuti responsabili e pagare per il loro errore finanziario.
Japanese
サリドマイドは1953年にGrünenthalによって作成されたとつわり、頭痛、咳、不眠や風邪を治療するための「特効薬」として、1950年代後半から1960年代初頭に使用された。サリドマイドは1958年に名称Distavalの下に英国で販売された、と広告はそのような「非毒性」と「知られていない毒性」などのフレーズを使用して、薬剤の完全な安全性を強調した。
サリドマイドを取っていた母親にすべて - しかし、1961年にオーストラリアの医師、ウィリアム·マクブライドは、彼の病院で生まれた赤ちゃん変形の増加に気付いた後、Lancet誌に手紙を書いた。
1958と1962の間で十ヨーロッパ全土の女性の何千人もの彼らは誕生それは死産だったと言われたた後に、彼らがどういうわけか運んでいた赤ちゃんが、悪化し流産し、またはことがわかった。もっと自分の赤ちゃんは1962レコードキーパーの間に脚、またはなど彼らの内臓、脳、心臓、腎臓、腸、生殖器、これらの手足、またはさらに悪いことに、ダメージに深刻な減少を伴う重度の先天性欠損、不足している武器を持っていたことを発見した何千も薬剤によって損傷生まれた生きたすべての子を数えるようになった。唯一の完全な記録は、1970年代にドイツ、イギリス、日本、スウェーデン、オーストラリアで設立された国家補償方式、に参加するのに十分な長生き残った人々のである。災害を完全に通行料を暴くの難しさは、流産や死産の未知数（おそらく生児出生の10倍の数まで）、および嬰児の広範な練習から始まる。
赤ちゃんが生まれた後にサリドマイドの怪我は停止しませんでした。主に筋肉や関節（筋骨格痛）から、大部分が欠落しているか損傷し手足と共に生きるの挑戦の結果として - 50歳の時、サリドマイドトラストの記録は、すべての生存者の約半数が慢性疼痛に対処していることを示している。多くの人にとって、自分の体は健常人よりもはるかに速く悪化している。いくつかは、年齢の四〇から五〇歳で良いニュースではない、「あなたの体は70代の誰かの問題を得ている」旨の言葉を言われている。少なくとも、四半期には、彼らの影響を受けた四肢の発達神経学的な問題、うずき、しびれ、痛みに対処されています。これは、人が、たとえば、カップを保持することができ、彼らが知っている次の事は、それが原因で彼らの手のしびれのため、床に落ちたし、壊れていることを意味します。これらの生存者のために、災害はまだゆっくりと彼らの日々の生活の中で展開されている。
Grünenthalの科学者は問題の報告が入ってきたときだけでなく、薬剤を撤回することができないで怠慢だったか、失敗するのは時間の基準に従ってそれをテストするための、より多くの企業よりも、彼らは非常によく可能性を予想するために置かれたサリドマイドだろうと先天性欠損症を引き起こす。
Grünenthalは当初、薬物が広く、時間の基準に従ってテストされていなかったの主張を否定したが、スキャンダルは否定できないとなったら、それらを非難し、限界ダメージを偏向しようとした。
先天性欠損症の原因は - 1961年にサリドマイドは、最終的にteratoganであることが判明された後に撤回された。 12年後、英国の会社ラーズ·バイオケミカルズ·リミテッド（現ディアジオ） - 英国で薬物を分配するための責任があった - 被災者の家族による法廷闘争以下の補償和解に達した。
この和解は、不十分なレベルであることが判明した不完全な医学的証拠とサリドマイド生存者の将来の非現実的な期待に基づいている必要がありますベース。英国内のすべてのサリドマイドの生存者で、今50歳以上、それはもはや彼らの生活費の上昇、そして自分の健康の劇的な悪化に対処するのに十分ではありません。
この日に、Grünenthalはサリドマイドによって引き起こされる苦しみの責任を受け入れたことがありません。 9月1日2012年、Grünenthalグループは、赤ちゃんへ導いたそれを "後悔"薬の影響は、1950年代と1960年代に手足ずに生まれていることを示す、謝罪を含む声明を発表した。文はいくつかのサリドマイド生存者に歓迎されたものの、それはまだ責任の受け入れではありません。彼らはただ、快適な生活をしたい、それがGrünenthalが責任を負うと財政的に自分の過ちのために支払うべきであることを意味します。
Saridomaido wa 1953-nen ni Grünenthal ni yotte sakusei sa reta to tsuwari, zutsū, seki, fumin ya kaze o chiryō suru tame no `tokkōyaku' to shite, 1950-nendai kōhan kara 1960-nendai shotō ni shiyō sa reta. Saridomaido wa 1958-nen ni meishō Distaval no shita ni Igirisu de hanbai sa reta, to kōkoku wa sono yō na `hi dokusei' to `shira rete inai dokusei' nado no furēzu o shiyō shite, yakuzai no kanzen'na anzen-sei o kyōchō shita. Saridomaido o totte ita hahaoya ni subete - shikashi, 1961-nen ni ōsutoraria no ishi, U~Iriamu· makuburaido wa, kare no byōin de umareta akachan henkei no zōka ni kidzuita nochi, ransetto-shi ni tegami o kaita. 1958 To 1962 no ma de jū yōroppa zendo no josei no nan sen-ri mo no karera wa tanjō soreha shizandatta to iwa retata nochi ni, karera ga dō iu wake ka hakonde ita akachan ga, akka shi ryūzan shi, matawa koto ga wakatta. Motto jibun no akachan wa 1962 rekōdokīpā no ma ni ashi, matawa nado karera no naizō, nō, shinzō, jinzō, chō, seishokki, korera no teashi, matawa saraniwaruikoto ni, damēji ni shinkokuna genshō o tomonau jūdo no senten-sei kesson, fusoku shite iru buki o motte ita koto o hakken shita nan sen mo yakuzai ni yotte sonshō umareta ikita subete no ko o kazoeru yō ni natta. Yuiitsu no kanzen'na kiroku wa, 1970-nendai ni Doitsu, Igirisu, Nihon, suu~ēden, ōsutoraria de setsuritsu sa reta kokka hoshō hōshiki, ni sanka suru no ni jūbun'na naga ikinokotta hitobito nodearu. Saigai o kanzen ni tsūkō-ryō o abaku no muzukashi-sa wa, ryūzan ya shizan no michisū (osoraku nama-ji shussei no 10-bai no kazu made), oyobi midorigo no kōhan'na renshū kara hajimaru. Akachan ga umareta nochi ni Saridomaido no kega wa teishi shimasendeshita. Omoni kin'niku ya kansetsu (suji kokkaku-tsū) kara, daibubun ga ketsuraku shite iru ka sonshō shi teashi to tomoniikiru no chōsen no kekka to shite - 50-sai no toki, saridomaidotorasuto no kiroku wa, subete no seizon-sha no yaku hansū ga mansei tōtsū ni taisho shite iru koto o shimeshite iru. Ōku no hito ni totte, jibun no karada wa kenjō hito yori mo haruka ni hayaku akka shite iru. Ikutsu ka wa, nenrei no shi rei kara go rei-saide yoi nyūsude wanai, `anata no karada wa 70-dai no dareka no mondai o ete iru' mune no kotoba o iwa rete iru. Sukunakutomo, shihanki ni wa, karera no eikyō o uketa shishi no hattatsu shinkeigakutekina mondai, uzuki, shibire, itami ni taisho sa rete imasu. Kore wa, hito ga, tatoeba, kappu o hoji suru koto ga deki, karera ga shitte iru tsugi no koto wa, sore ga gen'in de karera no te no shibire no tame, yuka ni ochitashi, kowarete iru koto o imi shimasu. Korera no seizon-sha no tame ni, saigai wa mada yukkuri to karera no hibi no seikatsu no naka de tenkai sa rete iru. Grünenthal no kagaku-sha wa mondai no hōkoku ga haitte kita toki dakedenaku, yakuzai o tekkai suru koto ga dekinaide taimandatta ka, shippai suru no wa jikan no kijun ni shitagatte sore o tesuto suru tame no, yori ōku no kigyō yori mo, karera wa hijō ni yoku kanōsei o yosō suru tame ni oka reta Saridomaidodarou to senten-sei kesson-shō o hikiokosu. Grünenthal wa tōsho, yakubutsu ga hiroku, jikan no kijun ni shitagatte tesuto sa rete inakatta no shuchō o hitei shitaga, sukyandaru wa hiteidekinai to nattara, sorera o hinan shi, genkai damēji o henkō shiyou to shita. Senten-sei kesson-shō no gen'in wa - 1961-nen ni Saridomaido wa, saishūtekini teratogandearu koto ga hanmei sa reta nochi ni tekkai sa reta. 12-Nen-go, Igirisu no kaisha rāzu· baiokemikaruzu· rimiteddo (gen diajio) - Igirisu de yakubutsu o bunpai suru tame no sekinin ga atta - hisai-sha no kazoku ni yoru hōtei tōsō ika no hoshō wakai ni tasshita. Kono wakai wa, fujūbun'na reberudearu koto ga hanmei shita fukanzen'na igaku-teki shōko to Saridomaido seizon-sha no shōrai no higenjitsutekina kitai ni motodzuite iru hitsuyō ga arimasu bēsu. Igirisu-nai no subete no Saridomaido no seizon-sha de, ima 50-sai ijō, sore wa mohaya karera no seikatsu-hi no jōshō, soshite jibun no kenkō no gekitekina akka ni taisho suru no ni jūbunde wa arimasen. Kono Ni~Tsu ni, Grünenthal wa Saridomaido ni yotte hikiokosa reru kurushimi no sekinin o ukeireta koto ga arimasen. 9 Tsuki 1-nichi 2012-nen, Grünenthal gurūpu wa, akachan e michibiita sore o" kōkai"-yaku no eikyō wa, 1950-nendai to 1960-nendai ni teashizu ni umarete iru koto o shimesu, shazai o fukumu seimei o happyō shita. Bun wa ikutsu ka no Saridomaido seizon-sha ni kangei sa reta mono no, sore wa mada sekinin no ukeirede wa arimasen. Karera wa tada, kaitekina seikatsu o shitai, sore ga Grünenthal ga sekininwoou to zaisei-teki ni jibun no ayamachi no tame ni shiharaubekidearu koto o imi shimasu.
Welsh
Thalidomid ei greu gan Grünenthal ym 1953 ac fe'i defnyddiwyd yn y 1950au hwyr a'r 1960au cynnar fel "cyffur rhyfeddod" i drin salwch bore, cur pen, peswch, anhunedd ac annwyd. Thalidomid ei farchnata yn y DU o dan yr enw Distaval ym 1958, a hysbysebion yn pwysleisio diogelwch cyflawn y cyffur, gan ddefnyddio ymadroddion megis "heb fod yn wenwynig" a "dim gwenwyndra hysbys".
Fodd bynnag, yn 1961 meddyg Awstralia, William McBride, ysgrifennodd at y Lancet ar ôl sylwi cynnydd mewn babanod deformed cael eu geni yn ei ysbyty - i gyd i famau a oedd wedi cymryd Thalidomide.
Rhwng 1958 a 1962 degau o filoedd o ferched ledled Ewrop gwelwyd bod y baban eu bod yn cario miscarried anesboniadwy, neu, yn waeth, ar ôl iddynt roi genedigaeth Dywedwyd wrthym ei fod yn farw-anedig. Mae miloedd mwy darganfod bod gan eu babanod namau geni difrifol, breichiau goll, coesau, neu gyda gostyngiadau difrifol i aelodau hyn, neu hyd yn oed yn waeth, difrod i'w organau mewnol, yr ymennydd, y galon, yr arennau, coluddion, organau cenhedlu, ac ati Yn ystod 1962 geidwaid record dechreuodd i gyfrif pob un o'r plant sy'n byw a anwyd niweidio gan y cyffur. Yr unig cofnodion cyflawn yn y rhai a oroesodd yn ddigon hir i gymryd rhan yn y cynlluniau iawndal cenedlaethol, a sefydlwyd yn yr Almaen, Prydain, Japan, Sweden ac Awstralia yn y 1970au. Yr anhawster mewn datgelu y doll llawn y drychineb yn dechrau gyda nifer anhysbys o gamesgor a marw-enedigaethau (o bosibl hyd at ddeg gwaith y nifer o enedigaethau byw), ac mae'r arfer cyffredin o babanladdiad.
Nid oedd yr anafiadau Thalidomide oedd yn rhoi'r gorau unwaith y bydd y babanod eu geni. Ar hanner cant oed, cofnodion yr Ymddiriedolaeth Thalidomid yn dangos bod tua hanner yr holl goroeswyr yn ymdopi â phoen cronig - yn bennaf o gyhyrau a chymalau (poen cyhyrysgerbydol), yn bennaf o ganlyniad i heriau o fyw gyda aelodau goll neu wedi'u difrodi. I lawer, mae eu cyrff yn dirywio yn llawer gyflymach na phobl abl. Mae nifer wedi cael gwybod y geiriau i'r perwyl "eich corff yn cael y problemau y bydd rhywun yn eu saithdegau", a oedd yn 40-50 mlwydd oed nad yw newyddion da. Mae o leiaf chwarter yn ymdopi â datblygu problemau niwrolegol, pinnau bach, diffyg teimlad, a phoen yn eu coesau yr effeithir arnynt. Mae hyn yn golygu y gall person gael ei dal cwpan, er enghraifft, a'r peth nesaf eu bod yn gwybod ei fod wedi disgyn i'r llawr ac yn torri, oherwydd y diffyg teimlad yn eu llaw. Ar gyfer goroeswyr hyn, mae'r drychineb yn dal yn datblygu yn araf yn eu bywydau o ddydd i ddydd.
Gwyddonwyr Grünenthal oedd nid yn unig yn esgeulus wrth fethu i dynnu'r cyffur pan ddaeth adroddiadau am broblemau mewn, neu am fethu i brofi ei fod yn ôl y safonau ar y pryd, ond yn fwy na'r rhan fwyaf o gwmnïau eu bod mewn sefyllfa dda iawn i ragweld y posibilrwydd y byddai Thalidomide achosi namau geni.
Grünenthal i ddechrau gwadu honiadau nad oedd y cyffur wedi cael ei brofi'n helaeth yn ôl y safonau ar y pryd, ond unwaith y bydd y sgandal daeth yn ddiymwad, maent yn ceisio symud y bai a therfyn difrod.
Ym 1961 Thalidomide ei dynnu'n ôl yn y pen draw ar ôl ei gael i fod yn teratogan - un o achosion o namau geni. 12 mlynedd yn ddiweddarach, mae'r DU Distillers Biochemicals cwmni Limited (Diageo erbyn hyn) - a oedd yn gyfrifol am ddosbarthu'r cyffur yn y DU - cyrraedd setliad iawndal yn dilyn brwydr gyfreithiol gan deuluoedd y rhai yr effeithir arnynt.
Yn seiliedig ar dystiolaeth feddygol anghyflawn a disgwyliadau afrealistig o oroeswyr Thalidomide anghenion y dyfodol setliad hwn wedi troi allan i fod ar lefel annigonol. Gyda'r holl goroeswyr Thalidomid yn y DU bellach dros 50 oed, ei bod yn ddigonol i ddelio â'u cynnydd mewn costau byw, ac mae'r dirywiad dramatig ar eu hiechyd mwyach.
Hyd heddiw, erioed Grünenthal wedi derbyn cyfrifoldeb am y dioddefaint a achosir gan Thalidomide. Ar 1 Medi 2012, rhyddhawyd y Grŵp Grünenthal datganiad sy'n cynnwys ymddiheuriad, gan ddweud ei fod yn "difaru" y canlyniadau y cyffur, a arweiniodd at fabanod yn cael eu geni heb aelodau yn ystod y 1950au a'r 1960au. Er bod y datganiad yn ei groesawu gan rai goroeswyr Thalidomid, nid yw'n dal i fod yn derbyn cyfrifoldeb. Maent yn unig yn awyddus i fyw bywyd cyfforddus, ac mae hynny'n golygu y dylai Grünenthal fod yn atebol ac yn talu am eu camgymeriad yn ariannol.
The British Columbia government is increasing staffing levels in residential care homes to make sure seniors are getting the quality care they need and deserve. By investing $240 million over three years, government will increase the direct care seniors receive to 3.36 hours per-resident day, on average, in each health authority, by 2021. Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/18116
HUD Secretary Fudge, HHS Secretary Becerra Announce Joint Effort to Increase Access to COVID-19 Vaccinations
Remembering the victims of communism in Cuba: Oswaldo Paya Sardiñas
From John Suarez’s series remembering the victims of communism in Cuba at Notes from the Cuban Exile Quarter:
Remembering some of the victims of Cuban communism: Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas
“When one man dies it’s a tragedy. When thousands die it’s statistics.” – Josef Stalin
Some psychologists argue that as the number of victims increase into the hundreds, and thousands that compassion
collapses out of the human fear of being overwhelmed. In the case of Cuba the communist regime has killed tens
of thousands, and many have become numb in the face of this horror. Therefore on the 100th anniversary of the
founding of the first communist regime in Russia, that caused so much harm around the world, will focus on the
small corner of Cuba and on an infinitesimal sampling of some of the victims of Cuban communism. These took
place during my years of activism, and I knew some of the victims personally, and remain outraged at the
injustice and continuing impunity. The first entry concerned a humble bricklayer turned courageous human rights
defender who paid the ultimate price for speaking truth to power. This entry focuses on a Catholic lay activist,
nonviolence icon, husband, father of three and the founder of a Cuban opposition movement that shook the
foundation of the Castro regime with a simple demand that human rights be respected and reformed in Cuba using
the existing constitution. This audacious action and continuing speaking truth to power led to a suspicious
death that appears to have been a political assassination by the communist regime in Cuba.
Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas never held political office. He was born into a Catholic family on February 29, 1952 that
did not side with either the Batista or Castro dictatorships. Oswaldo was just 6 years old when Fidel Castro
took power in January of 1959. The Payá family was considered an enemy of the regime simply because they refused
to renounce their Catholic faith as the communist dictatorship demanded or to remain silent before glaring
injustices.
In 1961 during the Bay of Pigs invasion there home was subjected to what would later become known as an “act of
repudiation” where a mob surrounded their home shouting insults, death threats, and for the family to be taken
to the firing squad. All the adult males had been detained leaving the women and children alone to face the
harassment and threats. Until 1992 the regime was officially atheist, violently hostile to religion and the
continued fealty of the Payá family to their Catholic faith meant that they were targeted, their home under
constant surveillance, and occasionally searched.
Forced Labor Camp at age 16
Oswaldo was the only child in his class who refused to join the young communists and its precursor the young
pioneers. During the 1968 invasion at age 16 he demonstrated his sympathy with the people of Czechoslovakia and
openly criticized the Soviet invaders. When other students sided with Oswaldo’s support of the Czechs, the
school authorities saw the 16 year old as a threat and sent him to a punishment camp to forced labor from May of
1969 until 1972.
Returning home in 1972 he enrolled at the University of Havana in the Physics program. There he is also targeted
for being practicing Christian and for openly rejecting Marxism, a stance unthinkable for anyone at that time.
Because of this he is forced to enter night school. Since the Communist Party decided who could or could not
work he was repeatedly denied employment until he found humble work as a carpenter’s assistant. Sometime later
he was able to obtain a position as a high school teacher for night school while completing a program in
telecommunications engineering but since he refuses to politically indoctrinate students he is forced to end his
teaching career.
In the early 1980s Oswaldo begins to work in Public Health as a specialist in repairing electromedical
equipment. Meanwhile he is constantly harassed and kept under the watchful eye of state security. State security
agents begin to visit his work place and follow him everywhere. While Oswaldo traveled to different work
assignments on bicycle he is followed by various cars. At the entrance to his home state security would set up a
check point requesting and examining the identification of anyone who approached the house.
Oswaldo and Ofelia wanted their children to grow up free in Cuba
Marries Ofelia in 1986
In 1986 Oswaldo participated as a delegate for the Diocese of Havana in a National Ecclesiastical Encounter
(ENEC) where he gave a presentation titled “Faith and Justice” in which he defended the rights of Cuban
Catholics to practice their faith with absolute freedom and that this was only possible in an atmosphere of
justice and reconciliation. He also called on the Church to defend the rights of Cubans and to denounce
injustice.
In 1986 he also marries Ofelia Acevedo Maura, a civil engineer, and practicing catholic with whom he forges a
happy home out of which Oswaldo José, the oldest, Rosa María, the middle child and Reynaldo Isaías, the youngest
of three would grow up in an environment of love and faith.
Together with a group of lay people, Oswaldo organizes regular gatherings in their parish of the Cerro on Cuban
Thought. Out of these conversations and presentations Oswaldo edits, “The People of God,” the first autonomous
and independent publication that defends freedom, not only for believers but for all Cubans.
Coordinators of the Varela Project
Founding of the Christian Liberation Movement
Oswaldo, in an interview years later, explained that it was upon the nearing of the birth of their first child,
Oswaldo José that he and Ofelia decided:
“When our first child was going to be born, we have three children, we said that our children cannot live in a
country without liberty and we are not going to another country to seek freedom. Therefore we have to fight for
our children to live free here in Cuba and everyone else’s children and their parents too.”
Oswaldo José was born on February 17, 1988 and the Christian Liberation Movement (MCL) came into existence that
same year on September 8, 1988 on the Feast Day for Cachita, Our Lady of Charity. The founding of the Christian
Liberation Movement began a new phase of nonviolent civic struggle for national reconciliation. In March of 1990
Oswaldo is detained for several days and interrogated by the political police of the regime and threatened that
if he continues his nonviolent civic struggle that he would face several years in prison.
Communist regime's response to call for national dialogue.
Call for a National Dialogue: action and reaction Following his release from detention Oswaldo Payá and the MCL
make public a "Call to a National Dialogue" to Cubans inside and outside the island. The movement begins a
campaign to collect 10,000 signatures, with the intention of giving this citizen’s initiative the status of a
Bill covered in Article 86 of the Cuban Constitution in force, before it was partially reformed in 1992.
The petition campaign began by extending itself across Cuba. All that came to a halt on June 11, 1991 when a mob
organized by the Castro regime, raided his home, which Oswaldo had opened to the public to collect signatures,
in the days leading up to the attack hundreds of Cuban citizens began to visit him to support the National
Dialogue initiative. Mobs of government elements and State Security organized an act repudiation, raided and
looted the house, located at Santa Teresa # 63, in the Cerro district. Mobs painted vandalized the front of the
Payá home, where his two small children and pregnant wife lived. The facade of the house remained with phrases,
painted with asphalt, saying: "Payá agent of the CIA", "worm", "Viva Fidel", "Down with Payá”. Those slanders
remained on the front of his home for nearly eight years. Oswaldo, after this act of cruelty against his family,
moved his wife and children to his in-laws, and remained for eight years in an internal exile persecuted day by
day.
Oswaldo Payá and his family in happier times in Cuba.
Setting Out a Vision For a Democratic Transition in Cuba
Payá, beginning in 1992, wrote the Transitional Program, which proposed a way to transform Cuban society
peacefully. In 1993, he and supporters began collecting signatures for a referendum on the Transitional Program.
The July 13, 1994, 13 de Marzo tugboat massacre and the August 5, 1994, Maleconazo uprising, which stimulated an
exodus in the summer of 1994, however, halted the petition drive.
In 1995, Oswaldo was one of the first to call on the United States to lift the embargo on foods and medicines
without conditions and for a review of their policy towards Cuba. That year, he was also one of the five
organizers of the Cuban Council, drafting the only document of unity that embodied the positions of its members.
State Security detained him and threatened him, asking him to discourage the meeting. Oswaldo refused, and they
surrounded his home with state security agents until the Council was unable to be held due to repressions and
the shooting down of two Brothers to the Rescue planes in international airspace.
In 1997, Oswaldo, together with 10 other members of the Christian Liberation Movement, collected hundreds of
signatures in support of their candidacies for deputies in the National Assembly. It was the first time that
citizens presented themselves as candidates with popular support and without being of the government. The
electoral commissions did not accept the nominations, once again demonstrating how the regime fails to abide by
its own laws.
In 1997, Payá presented a claim to the National Assembly of People’s Power demonstrating that the electoral law
was unconstitutional and anti-sovereign and demanded its repeal and change for another democratic law.
The official press in Cuba sought to slander and defame him in order to stimulate provocations and create a
cover for government attacks against him. An example of this took place just days after the September 11, 2001,
attacks in New York City; a group of agents and provocateurs screamed at Oswaldo on the street as he walked with
his wife and two children: “They too need to be finished off with a bomb.”
When Oswaldo was killed in 2012, hundreds turned out for his funeral to pay their respects, despite state
security harassing and detaining people.
Turning in Project Varela on May 10, 2002
The Varela Project
From 1996 to 1997, Oswaldo drafted the Varela Project, a campaign to reform the Cuban legal system. During the
Pope’s visit to Cuba in 1998, he was closely watched and guarded by state security — but that same year he and
the Christian Liberation Movement still publicly launched the Varela Project and started collecting signatures
for a referendum.
In 1999, he drafted the ”All United” manifesto and proposed the first meeting of the opposition, held under
strong repression, which resulted in a movement of unity. Oswaldo was appointed coordinator of the “Rapporteur
Committee for All United,” and in March, 2001, All United re-launched the call to collect 10,000 signatures for
the referendum on the Varela Project.
Oswaldo Payá meets with Secretary of State Colin Powell on January 7, 2003
On May 10, 2002, representatives of All United, led by Oswaldo, turned 11,020 signatures of electors into the
National Assembly of Popular Power, in that way turning Project Varela into a bill under the prevailing Cuban
Constitution. This obliged the Assembly of Popular Power to publicly discuss the Varela Project and to vote in
favor or against it. Furthermore, the government was obliged to promote a public discussion of Project Varela in
the mass media that it controlled (and still does).
Once again, instead of following its own rules as laid out in the Cuban government’s own laws and regulations,
the regime’s response was to organize its own petition drive to make the “socialist” aspect of the current
Constitution untouchable. This supposed law was presented and approved by the Assembly in violation of its own
regulations, since the Varela Project by precedence should have been considered first. Then on July 5, 2002, the
Assembly “indefinitely” suspended its ordinary session to avoid discussing the Varela Project. The regime also
responded with acts of repression and intransigence against members of the civic, nonviolent movement — but
project Varela organizers continued to collect signatures and the civic movement grew.
The thousands of signatures gathered catches the attention of the international community, because it
demonstrates that the Cuban civic opposition has a popular base of support.
Oswaldo Payá and Vaclav Havel in 2002 in Prague
Czech President Vaclav Havel launched a campaign to support Oswaldo’s nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize for
his nonviolent efforts towards freedom and democracy in Cuba. Oswaldo was nominated on four occasions. In
October 2002, the European Parliament awarded him the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought. Members of
the European Union, led by Havel and Aznar pressured the Cuban government into allowing Oswaldo to travel to
Europe to collect the Sakharov Prize. In December of 2002, they granted him permission to travel to the
ceremonies in Strasbourg, France, but not before attacking his home and leaving death threats there.
Oswaldo Payá receives the Sakharov Prize in 2002
Oswaldo did travel to Strasbourg, and on December 17, 2002, he accepted the Sakharov Prize. In the course of a
twenty minute speech, he outlined his nonviolent political philosophy.
The first victory we can claim is that our hearts are free of hatred. Hence we say to those who persecute us and
who try to dominate us: “You are my brother. I do not hate you, but you are not going to dominate me by fear. I
do not wish to impose my truth, nor do I wish you to impose yours on me. We are going to seek the truth
together.” This is the liberation which we are proclaiming.
Oswaldo traveled across Europe, the United States, and Latin America meeting world leaders and representing the
nonviolent civic movement in Cuba. He received an audience with His Holiness Pope John Paul II, President Aznar
in Spain, and Havel in the Czech Republic, along with the Prime Minister of Slovakia and the Secretary of State
of the United States, Colin Powell, in Washington, DC. He visited Mexico and met with President Fox, and in his
final stop was the Dominican Republic, where he was received by President Mejías.
Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas returns home to Cuba in early 2003
He returned home to a warm welcome in February of 2003 with a large crowd of family, friends, and international
media waiting for him at the airport.
Black Spring Crackdown
The Castro regime responded on March 18, 2003, with the beginning of the Black Cuban Spring. Over a 100
activists were detained and seventy-five were sentenced to prison in show trials with sentences ranging from
twelve years up to twenty-eight years in prison. More than forty of the imprisoned activists had worked on the
Varela Project.
The Cuban government announced, at the time, that the dissident movement had been destroyed. However, the
remaining activists who were still free continued to gather signatures, and Oswaldo turned in another 14,384
petition signatures on October 5, 2003. Furthermore, the wives, sisters, and daughters of the activists who had
been detained and imprisoned organized themselves into the Ladies in White. A movement that sought the freedom
of their loved ones and organized regular marches through the streets of Cuba, despite regime organized violence
upon them.
Catholic nun lays flowers before photos of 75 prisoners of conscience of the Black Spring
Oswaldo would refocus his efforts on campaigning for the freedom of these prisoners of conscience. It took over
eight years, but the last of the group of the 75 were eventually released. Many were driven into exile but a
core group remains in Cuba and are still defiant. Others lost their lives defending human rights and dignity by
gathering signatures for the Varela Project, such as Orlando Zapata Tamayo, who died on hunger strike on
February 23, 2010.
Oswaldo continued defending human rights with well thought out projects demanding specific rights like the
Heredia Project — it campaigned for Cubans to have the freedom to travel inside and outside of Cuba — and The
People’s Path in 2011, which sought to lay the framework for a nonviolent democratic transition.
At the same time, Oswaldo in April 2012 denounced the campaign to marginalize the democratic opposition and the
Cuban government’s efforts, along with unscrupulous allies, to carry out a fraudulent change at the expense of
the freedom of the Cuban people.
Suspicious Deaths point to extrajudicial executions by State Security
On July 22, 2012, while heading to Santiago de Cuba in a car with Harold Cepero and two international youth
leaders, on a solidarity visit, another car struck theirs. The end result was that both Harold and Oswaldo died
in Bayamo, Cuba.
The Cuban government attempted to engage in a cover up and invented a story that did not line up with the known
facts. It is for that reason that the victims’ families are demanding an international investigation to learn
the truth of what happened.
Ofelia Acevedo mourns the death of her husband Oswaldo Payá
On February 23, 2016 at the 8th edition of the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy Rosa María Payá
addressed what happened to her dad Oswaldo Payá and friend Harold Cepero, on July 22, 2012:
"On July 22, 2012, my father was extrajudicially executed by agents of the political police, together with my
dear friend Harold Cepero, staging a car crash that never took place, in a location of Cuba that remains to be
determined. Not satisfied with this double crime, my family was threatened with death..."In the summer of 2015 a
special report was released by Human Rights Foundation, where all evidences indicate that this was a crime
against humanity, with the involvement of Cuban authorities. We’ll never give up on justice, because there can
be no reconciliation without the recognition of the whole truth. A nation that pretends to forget the violence
against its innocent people will remain a captive nation. And it will be a nation condemned to suffer such
violence over and over again."
Much of the information taken from a biography prepared by Christian Liberation spokesman Regis Iglesias in
2005 with some minor changes and additions.
POSTED BY JOHN SUAREZ AT 4:35 AM
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LABELS: CHRISTIAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT, CUBA, HUMAN RIGHTS, OSWALDO PAYÁ SARDIÑAS, REGIS IGLESIAS RAMÍREZ, ROSA
MARÍA PAYÁ ACEVEDO
This is a photograph from the 3rd annual running of the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 5th February 2017 at 12:00. The race attracted over 1,200 participants which shows a 100% increase on last year's participation. The event shows growth year on year mirroring the growing popularity of the race. The race started on the Trim/Athboy road on the town's ring road and proceded to take an anti-clockwise loop out towards the village of Dunderry and townland of Kilbride before returning back to the Trim Industrial Estate for the finish. The route is held on quiet country roads with some hills at 3, 6, 8 mile segments.
Our full set of photos from mile 1 and the finish are at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157679859593016
The weather for this year's race was perfect for racing. There was a hard frost overnight but this brought clear bright skies and crisp air. There was no real wind to speak of.
Waterstops were provided at the 4.5 and 7 mile marks on the course. All access roads were well stewarded. The event was sponsored by Bewleys 1840 and many local business establishments. Credit must go to the Trim AC team for their flawless organisation. If the first three years of this year are anything to go on then this race will continue to grow. For runners around the North Leinster area this 10 mile race serves as a perfect training progress stepping stone to the Bohermeen Half Marathon which will take place in March 2016 and is located only 15 minutes drive from Trim.
USEFUL LINKS
Our Flickr photographs from the 2016 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157664217257512
Our Flickr photographs from the 2015 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157650166189770
Boards.ie Discussion Thread on the 2017 race: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057673405
10 Mile Road Race Timelapse Video of the Route: www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jp84CrctQM
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
A view of the warehouse of Tangier port during the Morocco – Project to increase the capacity of the Tangier-Marrakesh railway line.
State Senator Carlo Leone speaks with Stamford Police Officer Troy Strauser, who was critically injured while participating in a police chase in May of 2012. The suspect in question later plead guilty to a mere misdemeanor. Today Governor Malloy signed into law increased legal penalties for interference with an officer that results in the death or serious injury of another person.
Dedicated to my dear friend John.
Contrary to the rest of the weekend, the day did not begin well. But as time went on and my excitement about John’s baptism increased, the day got better. I awoke half an hour later than planned, at around 8:30am and pulled open the curtains to see a frost covered ground and clear blue sky. Shivering at the sight of this I quickly closed the curtains and searched amongst the pile of clothes on my floor for something clean to wear.
I hurriedly scoffed down crunchy marmite on toast and gulped at fruit squash, then after packing my bag (and using a jiffy bag to protect my laptop) I managed to lock up and leave the townhouse just after 9:00am.
The next thing which happened amused me slightly, yet in an annoying way. The missing of the 9:18am bus to town was one of those moments where you end up asking yourself a series of “what if ?” questions and silently cursing your failure. I’d stopped at the cash machine, but to my dismay it had no tenners, so I removed my card and tried the next machine along, still no tenners. After withdrawing some money I heard what sounded like a bus engine and so ran down the steps in Alex. Square to the underpass, whereupon I watched as the 2A bus indicated, and pulled away without me. I was left alone in the underpass, staring at the now disappearing bus and thinking “if only I had woken up 2 minutes earlier”, “if only I hadn’t stopped to take a photo of the frost on my way”, “ if only”.
The next bus was half an hour away, so I filled my time with gazing at the books in Waterstones and laughing at their attempt to produce a festive looking window display. Apparently paper snowflakes and polystyrene “s”’s strewn across the books is enough to represent snow and get Lancaster University students feeling in that Christmassy mood!
I walked around the corner just as the free bus to Christians Alive pulled up at the roundabout, mocking the fact I couldn’t go to there today. On my bus journey to town, the wondrous snow-capped mountains of the Lakes shone with beauty at my expense, making me wish even more that I could explore them, and what a day for photography too; with a bright sun and blue sky where only random jet streams pierced the colour.
My day got better as I entered Juicafe, Oli’s pleasantness and warmth radiated and I sat enjoying a large white hot chocolate. Oli spoke about his daughter Alexis, soon to be 1 and his trip to B and Q for a Christmas tree. Money was exchanged, as were “thankyou”s and “goodbye”s, and then I made my way towards the station.
About to listen to my Tom French sermon about making the most of everyday, I came across my neighbour and friend James sitting on a cold bench on platform four. I put my iPod away and decided to put into practice the lessons I had learnt from the very sermon I was about to listen to, I have listened to it many times before. James and I spoke of music, his saxophone (now mine as I purchased it a few weeks back) and how his band doesn’t have a set of music yet, but would love to have me as their photographer. Eventually God invaded the conversation and in my head I did a little dance-if I really performed this joyous jig I am sure I would be quite embarrassed.
*Seeds being sewn*
We shared a cramped vestibule on the train and giggled at the happy ticket collector and train announcer. Everyone seemed so happy despite the full carriage and cold weather, perhaps it is because it’s the last day of November, and nevertheless it was refreshing.
We left the trains at Preston and went our separate ways, James to catch a train to Manchester and I to the bus stop for a replacement coach to Crewe. It soon arrived and the queue of people watched in awe as the driver manoeuvred into a very tight parking spot. Our driver looked in need of some serious dentistry, but had such an immense smile that the need for dentistry was banished by the joy that radiated from him. The sun shone and jazz music played on the radio, and we began the hour journey to Crewe.
Sixty minutes later the coach pulled into Crewe station and I hurriedly found platform 9 for the Chester train, which left 2 minutes after I had jumped on. We arrived in Chester and the sun cast shadows across the red bricks of the station wall, I leaned against them and waited for John’s arrival. Realising John wouldn’t be here for a few minutes I dashed into the shop and bought a Cadburys crème egg, musing at the fact they are out already and it isn’t even December.
John soon arrived in his trusty car and we drove to Wrexham, taking a slight detour to see his house. We then drove to a lovely sounding town called Coedpoeth; here we enjoyed a lovely student lunch with a couple from John’s church and their adorable five kids. With an hour till John’s baptism we drove to his house and worked on his testimony, then at 4:50pm John’s Mum, Stepdad Kevin and Nan arrived. Kevin had to whisper to his wife, asking if I was Becky. He later told me he hadn’t recognised me, and we have now agreed that each time we meet I am going to introduce myself as a completely different person-just for a laugh.
Slightly later than planned we left the house, and arrived at the Church with enough time to gulp down tea and scones. Unfortunately having scones at a Church meeting does mean you spend the rest of the day talking about the pronunciation of the word, whether it is said “scone” with a long “o” or “scone” like “one”. Then somebody always jokes and says “You’d better hurry, or they will soon all be sgone!” and in this case it was John who amused us with his quick wit. As soon as I saw my brother Joe I gave him a massive hug, God has blessed me with such a friendship with him, and it’s brilliant we now have God in common-of all things!
Next was the worship, with Richard Mennear leading on his guitar, something he had never done before, and he did so well; as did the rest of the band. We then listened to a very thought provoking talk from Nigel on Jesus and the ten leapers, who he first called leopards. John then gave his emotional and detailed testimony. It was amazing to see how God has worked in his life, and will continue to do so. Nigel, Paul and John went away to change and the congregation sung another awesome song. Then was his baptism.
If only words could describe John’s baptism, I really feel like describing it like this isn’t going to do it justice, but it must be told and I will do as best as I can. Paul and Nigel got in the pool first; John’s family and friends gathered around, the younger children knelt at the poolside. Paul and Nigel then helped John into the warm water; a silence filled everyone’s hearts, even for the smallest of seconds. Paul then gave John a wrist watch, and asked him to read the make of it.
“Rolex” John proclaimed as he gazed at the watch now on his wrist, and Paul spoke of God’s opinion of us, He loves us so much and would only give us His best watch... a Rolex.
We all watched as John announced his love for Jesus, and “We now baptised you in the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit” was said as John was dunked under the water. He emerged, a huge smile on his face, and I tell you few feelings are better than this. Watching your amazing friend tell his wonderful story of faith and then being baptised is just immense! I can’t believe how blessed I am to have John as such a brilliant friend and helper in my life, he’s always been there for me and it has been wonderful seeing him come to faith in the same Christ I know and love.
We sung another song and then John was given words and prayer from his friends and Church family. Kevin, his stepdad then stepped forward, face crumpling with emotion, I saw this and welled up myself as Kevin said how proud he was of John and shook his hand. The two held gaze for a moment, and everyone was captivated by Kevin’s love for John.
I cried-with happiness.
John went to get changed and the congregation dispersed to discuss what they had just witnessed, what it meant and possibly get more cake. My brother Joe and I then prayed for great friend Dan who has been feeling unwell. Tears rolled down Joe’s cheeks with emotion and I shook with nerves at what we were doing, something which has needed to be done for a long time.
Later, after packing up, people went to “The Turf” for drinks and socialising. Got to know John’s friends a lot more which was brilliant, they’re all lovely and I’m so glad he’s got them. We enjoyed taking pictures with my camera, and I loved taking pictures with Tim’s immense Nikon! You take a picture, and the photo always seems perfect first time! At about 11pm we all seemed to drift into a lull of conversation and we realised this was due to a thing called tiredness. Everyone bar Richard and Tim’s dad Phil watched the tennis match as the two were in deep conversation about the Church today, Mark Driscoll’s teachings and really fundamental stuff about Christianity.
We then drove back to John’s dropping Nia off at her house on the way, and listening to the David Crowder band. For the next three hours, John, Richard and I enjoyed some good discussion about closed handed matters and open handed matters; we watched YouTube clips of Mark Driscoll and listened to worship music. Then it was time for bed, Richard left and John made himself a “Cheese Dream”, which is a lush cheese sandwich fried in egg.
The next morning we had a good breakfast, then an even better time of prayer. We jumped into John’s car and swiftly drove to Chester to catch my 1’o clock train, whereupon we were late by about 2 minutes. So we then drove around Chester trying to find somewhere cheap to park, after about 20 minutes of this we finally found a back road to some terraced houses and so stopped here. I bought John a subway to thank him for using his petrol to collect and bring me back to Chester, and then we walked to the station: I could now get on the 2’o clock train. We exchanged hugs and then went our separate ways.
When I was about to get on my second train from Crewe to Lancaster direct, I came across my housemate Jack who is doing theatre studies like me. He lugged his bags onto the train and told me how he’d had an awful day, consisting of late and cancelled trains, which ultimately meant he missed his deadline for coursework back at uni; thus losing him 5%. Not good. We talked about theatre, his year out teaching English in China and even the topic of God came into the conversation for a brief moment or two. An hour later as the train rolled into cold Lancaster, we said goodbye as Jack was visiting a friend house and I wanted to rush to the Christian bookshop to stock up on worship music.
On the way to the bookshop, I was stopped by an American Mormon on the street who wanted to talk to me. Removing songs from Tim Hughes out of my ears, I told her how I had just returned from my friends baptism, and she then realised I am a Christian by the large cross hung around my neck. She thanked me for my time and I swiftly left, my heart in my mouth and arms shaking with nerves. I soon ran into dear friend Kevin, who told me I was actually going the wrong way for the Christian Bookshop. So we walked together and he helped me pick out a new Bible, and a casting Crowns cd. We then ran to catch the bus and got it just in time.
It has been a brilliant day and a half, at first I was annoyed I couldn’t go to the CU house party; but after seeing my friend declare his love for God and watch as everything of God unfolded neatly in front of me... I wouldn’t have had it any other way. This weekend has given me such a lot to think about, such a lot to thank God for, and such a lot to pray about.
I can’t describe how fantastic and impacting these past 24 or so hours have been, I only hope I’ve shown them to be as amazing as they were.
Love in Christ .
(Just another thing... as soon as I typed that last sentence I got a text from friends band who I will soon be playing alto with, and they want me to take some more gig photography of them tonight. Good timing or what?)
Ecovolis program has proven successful in dramatically increasing bicycle use in Tirana, which, formerly, was a city without a developed bicycle culture. Ecovolis program is the first project in Albania that provides low-income adults with commuter bicycles as well as a donating program for children bicycles. The program recently completed two major steps, opening new bike stations in the city of Durrës and integrating Tourist Information Point Service to the bicycles stations' structure.
History
The Tirana Community Bicycle Albania project won financial support from the George Soros Open Society Foundation Albania (OSFA). An even larger contribution came from the US-based Pedal for Progress organization, which donated 450 bicycles. Sixty of these were used road bikes, which were modified and painted by local technicians to serve as public bikes in the Ecovolis scheme. Another portion was set aside to donate to children and to activists and volunteers at PASS. Still another portion were diverted to the project's Eco Bicycle Shop, a social enterprise which sells bikes for USD 50-150 and reinvests profits for the service and maintenance of Ecovolis bicycles. The main objective of the program was to introduce the community to an inexpensive, environmental friendly form of transport -- the bicycle; to sell used bikes at low prices; to donate bikes to the children of needy families and to PASS volunteers; to establish a bike sharing-scheme in the city (Ecovolis); and to employ financially disadvantaged people and young students to operate the bike-sharing scheme.
System
Each Ecovolis station is staffed by two employees in two shifts and contains 30 -- 60 bicycles. In order to use the bicycles it is required to provide a personal identification document (such as passport or ID card) or by subscribing to the Ecovolis membership Card.
The first black and red bicycles, (also the colors of the Albanian flag) were donated from US-organization Pedal for Progress, (which collect and donate used bicycles). As these bicycles were of different types, converting them for safe and comfortable public use took months of work. The price per bicycle varies from 60 US$ to 90 US$ each. The bicycle is equipped with a front bicycle basket, a behind carrier, a comfortable saddle and a public fender with the Ecovolis sign.
The bicycle stations also provide touristic information to the visitors and a list of the city attractions. Moreover, being a non-profit social enterprise, during particular days the program offers free bicycle service, cycling courses, donations of bicycles and helmets for children in need, bike tours and a bicycle recycle program.
The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) held the conference, “Increasing Productivity and Unleashing Growth” at the Serena Hotel in Islamabad on May 26-27th, 2012. This conference also marked the final round of the Competitive Grants Program that was launched by PSSP in January 2012 for Pakistani PhD and graduate students studying locally and abroad on economic development issues of Pakistan. The finalists presented in front of the Research Advisory Committee, donor heads, professors and students from local universities. The event also consisted of plenary sessions on Pakistan’s various economic growth issues by renowned academics from all over the world, such as Dr. Jock Anderson, Dr. Regina Birner and Dr. David Spielman.
Governor Phil Murphy signs legislation establishing goals and incentives for the increase use of plug-in electric vehicles and its infrastructure in New Jersey on January 17, 2019, in Trenton.(Edwin J. Torres/ Governor’s Office)
1969 Porsche 912 Targa
Chassis No. 129010661
The 912 is regarded by an increasing faction of Porsche enthusiasts as a very much worthwhile alternative to a more powerful 911. With its lighter 356-style mechanical components and inherently better weight distribution, the 912 is regarded by many as a more balanced drivers car than the 911.
This 1969 912 Targa is presented strikingly in Royal Blue set off by Fuchs-style wheels, with inviting tan upholstery and a black dashboard. The car has received a considerable amount of attention during its last 17-year period of ownership, with well over $25,000 spent on documented mechanical and cosmetic restoration. An extensive mechanical overhaul in 1996 included an engine rebuild incorporating resurfaced cylinder heads and rebuilt carburetors, while the transmission was replaced with a newly rebuilt four-speed unit.
The car's appearance was freshened both in and out, with paint and bodywork receipts to the tune of $12,000 provided by the vendor. In addition to the extensive repaint, many rubber components such as weatherstripping were replaced, and the undercarriage was sealed, all of which causes this 912 to visually impress. The interior is a lovely driver's office with rebuilt and reupholstered front seats and headrests in tan leather. Virtually every interior component was similarly recovered, including the rear jump seats, door panels, and rear side panels. With the added benefit of elegant tan carpets replaced at the same time, this interior beckons the willing motorist.
With only 2,562 912 Targas produced according to the 912 Registry, this is a rare opportunity indeed to acquire such an attractive and well cared-for example.
* A strong roadworthy car, begging to be driven!
* Beautifully restored inside and out!
* A rare and well cared for example!
Visit our website for more info:
For only: $32,000.00!!
This is a photograph from the 3rd annual running of the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 5th February 2017 at 12:00. The race attracted over 1,200 participants which shows a 100% increase on last year's participation. The event shows growth year on year mirroring the growing popularity of the race. The race started on the Trim/Athboy road on the town's ring road and proceded to take an anti-clockwise loop out towards the village of Dunderry and townland of Kilbride before returning back to the Trim Industrial Estate for the finish. The route is held on quiet country roads with some hills at 3, 6, 8 mile segments.
Our full set of photos from mile 1 and the finish are at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157679859593016
The weather for this year's race was perfect for racing. There was a hard frost overnight but this brought clear bright skies and crisp air. There was no real wind to speak of.
Waterstops were provided at the 4.5 and 7 mile marks on the course. All access roads were well stewarded. The event was sponsored by Bewleys 1840 and many local business establishments. Credit must go to the Trim AC team for their flawless organisation. If the first three years of this year are anything to go on then this race will continue to grow. For runners around the North Leinster area this 10 mile race serves as a perfect training progress stepping stone to the Bohermeen Half Marathon which will take place in March 2016 and is located only 15 minutes drive from Trim.
USEFUL LINKS
Our Flickr photographs from the 2016 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157664217257512
Our Flickr photographs from the 2015 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157650166189770
Boards.ie Discussion Thread on the 2017 race: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057673405
10 Mile Road Race Timelapse Video of the Route: www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jp84CrctQM
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
180808-N-UY653-130..MEDITERRANEAN SEA (Aug. 8, 2018) Electronics Technician 2nd Class Justin Delrosario, left, and Lt. j.g. Rachel Sell maneuver a rigid-hull inflatable boat alongside the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Carney (DDG 64) while participating in a man-overboard drill during exercise Reliant Mermaid 2018. Reliant Mermaid is a maritime search and rescue and anti-terrorism force protection exercise hosted by the Israel Defense Forces designed to increase interoperability by enhancing individual and collective maritime proficiencies of participating nations and promote interoperability, mutual understanding and cooperation. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Ryan U. Kledzik/Released)
From regular to bold by increasing stroke contrast. Work from students from my course Typeface Design 1 as shown at Einblick/Ausblick 2016
Governor Murphy and Mayor Ras Baraka visit Mr. Blackmanâs African American History Class at Science Park High School in Newark to announce that New Jersey will be increasing the number of AP African American Studies classes offered in High School on Tuesday, February 14, 2023(Edwin J. Torres/NJ Governorâs Office).
Increased ridership due to the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow meant that a fair amount of "foreign" rolling stock visited Scotland in late July and early August during the course of the Games in order to provide extra capacity. At Edinburgh Waverly station, First Trans-Pennine EMUs (coupled to the London Midland stock in the next shot) await departure time with an extra-long 18.26 Ayr service via Carstairs, Glasgow Central and Prestwick.
This is a photograph from the 3rd annual running of the Trim AC 10 Mile Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Trim, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 5th February 2017 at 12:00. The race attracted over 1,200 participants which shows a 100% increase on last year's participation. The event shows growth year on year mirroring the growing popularity of the race. The race started on the Trim/Athboy road on the town's ring road and proceded to take an anti-clockwise loop out towards the village of Dunderry and townland of Kilbride before returning back to the Trim Industrial Estate for the finish. The route is held on quiet country roads with some hills at 3, 6, 8 mile segments.
Our full set of photos from mile 1 and the finish are at: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157679859593016
The weather for this year's race was perfect for racing. There was a hard frost overnight but this brought clear bright skies and crisp air. There was no real wind to speak of.
Waterstops were provided at the 4.5 and 7 mile marks on the course. All access roads were well stewarded. The event was sponsored by Bewleys 1840 and many local business establishments. Credit must go to the Trim AC team for their flawless organisation. If the first three years of this year are anything to go on then this race will continue to grow. For runners around the North Leinster area this 10 mile race serves as a perfect training progress stepping stone to the Bohermeen Half Marathon which will take place in March 2016 and is located only 15 minutes drive from Trim.
USEFUL LINKS
Our Flickr photographs from the 2016 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157664217257512
Our Flickr photographs from the 2015 race: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157650166189770
Boards.ie Discussion Thread on the 2017 race: www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057673405
10 Mile Road Race Timelapse Video of the Route: www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jp84CrctQM
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) held the conference, “Increasing Productivity and Unleashing Growth” at the Serena Hotel in Islamabad on May 26-27th, 2012. This conference also marked the final round of the Competitive Grants Program that was launched by PSSP in January 2012 for Pakistani PhD and graduate students studying locally and abroad on economic development issues of Pakistan. The finalists presented in front of the Research Advisory Committee, donor heads, professors and students from local universities. The event also consisted of plenary sessions on Pakistan’s various economic growth issues by renowned academics from all over the world, such as Dr. Jock Anderson, Dr. Regina Birner and Dr. David Spielman.
Ecovolis program has proven successful in dramatically increasing bicycle use in Tirana, which, formerly, was a city without a developed bicycle culture. Ecovolis program is the first project in Albania that provides low-income adults with commuter bicycles as well as a donating program for children bicycles. The program recently completed two major steps, opening new bike stations in the city of Durrës and integrating Tourist Information Point Service to the bicycles stations' structure.
History
The Tirana Community Bicycle Albania project won financial support from the George Soros Open Society Foundation Albania (OSFA). An even larger contribution came from the US-based Pedal for Progress organization, which donated 450 bicycles. Sixty of these were used road bikes, which were modified and painted by local technicians to serve as public bikes in the Ecovolis scheme. Another portion was set aside to donate to children and to activists and volunteers at PASS. Still another portion were diverted to the project's Eco Bicycle Shop, a social enterprise which sells bikes for USD 50-150 and reinvests profits for the service and maintenance of Ecovolis bicycles. The main objective of the program was to introduce the community to an inexpensive, environmental friendly form of transport -- the bicycle; to sell used bikes at low prices; to donate bikes to the children of needy families and to PASS volunteers; to establish a bike sharing-scheme in the city (Ecovolis); and to employ financially disadvantaged people and young students to operate the bike-sharing scheme.
System
Each Ecovolis station is staffed by two employees in two shifts and contains 30 -- 60 bicycles. In order to use the bicycles it is required to provide a personal identification document (such as passport or ID card) or by subscribing to the Ecovolis membership Card.
The first black and red bicycles, (also the colors of the Albanian flag) were donated from US-organization Pedal for Progress, (which collect and donate used bicycles). As these bicycles were of different types, converting them for safe and comfortable public use took months of work. The price per bicycle varies from 60 US$ to 90 US$ each. The bicycle is equipped with a front bicycle basket, a behind carrier, a comfortable saddle and a public fender with the Ecovolis sign.
The bicycle stations also provide touristic information to the visitors and a list of the city attractions. Moreover, being a non-profit social enterprise, during particular days the program offers free bicycle service, cycling courses, donations of bicycles and helmets for children in need, bike tours and a bicycle recycle program.
The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) held the conference, “Increasing Productivity and Unleashing Growth” at the Serena Hotel in Islamabad on May 26-27th, 2012. This conference also marked the final round of the Competitive Grants Program that was launched by PSSP in January 2012 for Pakistani PhD and graduate students studying locally and abroad on economic development issues of Pakistan. The finalists presented in front of the Research Advisory Committee, donor heads, professors and students from local universities. The event also consisted of plenary sessions on Pakistan’s various economic growth issues by renowned academics from all over the world, such as Dr. Jock Anderson, Dr. Regina Birner and Dr. David Spielman.
Increasing access for women and girls to physical education and soccer helps them build confidence and a stronger social integration. Involving girls in soccer alongside with boys can help overcome prejudice that often contribute to social vulnerability of women and girls in a given society.
The Pakistan Strategy Support Program (PSSP) held the conference, “Increasing Productivity and Unleashing Growth” at the Serena Hotel in Islamabad on May 26-27th, 2012. This conference also marked the final round of the Competitive Grants Program that was launched by PSSP in January 2012 for Pakistani PhD and graduate students studying locally and abroad on economic development issues of Pakistan. The finalists presented in front of the Research Advisory Committee, donor heads, professors and students from local universities. The event also consisted of plenary sessions on Pakistan’s various economic growth issues by renowned academics from all over the world, such as Dr. Jock Anderson, Dr. Regina Birner and Dr. David Spielman.
Nearly 400 cyclists hit the road on August 24, 2013 for the Inaugural White Mountain Gran Fondo (WMGF) presented by Bank of New Hampshire, a 100-mile, timed challenge through the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The event raised $75,000 for City Year New Hampshire, an education focused AmeriCorps program working to increase the local and national graduation rate.
Ecovolis program has proven successful in dramatically increasing bicycle use in Tirana, which, formerly, was a city without a developed bicycle culture. Ecovolis program is the first project in Albania that provides low-income adults with commuter bicycles as well as a donating program for children bicycles. The program recently completed two major steps, opening new bike stations in the city of Durrës and integrating Tourist Information Point Service to the bicycles stations' structure.
History
The Tirana Community Bicycle Albania project won financial support from the George Soros Open Society Foundation Albania (OSFA). An even larger contribution came from the US-based Pedal for Progress organization, which donated 450 bicycles. Sixty of these were used road bikes, which were modified and painted by local technicians to serve as public bikes in the Ecovolis scheme. Another portion was set aside to donate to children and to activists and volunteers at PASS. Still another portion were diverted to the project's Eco Bicycle Shop, a social enterprise which sells bikes for USD 50-150 and reinvests profits for the service and maintenance of Ecovolis bicycles. The main objective of the program was to introduce the community to an inexpensive, environmental friendly form of transport -- the bicycle; to sell used bikes at low prices; to donate bikes to the children of needy families and to PASS volunteers; to establish a bike sharing-scheme in the city (Ecovolis); and to employ financially disadvantaged people and young students to operate the bike-sharing scheme.
System
Each Ecovolis station is staffed by two employees in two shifts and contains 30 -- 60 bicycles. In order to use the bicycles it is required to provide a personal identification document (such as passport or ID card) or by subscribing to the Ecovolis membership Card.
The first black and red bicycles, (also the colors of the Albanian flag) were donated from US-organization Pedal for Progress, (which collect and donate used bicycles). As these bicycles were of different types, converting them for safe and comfortable public use took months of work. The price per bicycle varies from 60 US$ to 90 US$ each. The bicycle is equipped with a front bicycle basket, a behind carrier, a comfortable saddle and a public fender with the Ecovolis sign.
The bicycle stations also provide touristic information to the visitors and a list of the city attractions. Moreover, being a non-profit social enterprise, during particular days the program offers free bicycle service, cycling courses, donations of bicycles and helmets for children in need, bike tours and a bicycle recycle program.
Increasing twitter followers is also very interesting task so now you do not need to worry anymore because you can buy twitter followers from us and use it for you. Visit: buyourpromo.com/buy-soundcloud-plays/