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Castelluccio di Norcia, tardo pomeriggio, prima serata
"Castelluccio is a fraction of the municipality of Norcia (PG) in Umbria, one of the highest inhabited centers in the Apennines.
According to ISTAT data, the town is gradually depopulating: in the 2001 census the town was inhabited by 150 residents, while in the 2011 census the number of residents dropped to 120. On 30 October 2016 it was almost completely destroyed by a major seismic event : the bell tower and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta have been completely lost , while some works of considerable historical and artistic value kept in the church had been made safe before the collapses ." (Wikipedia.it, google trad.)
"Nel 2017 si stimano in povertà assoluta 1 milione e 778 mila famiglie residenti in cui vivono 5 milioni e 58 mila individui; rispetto al 2016 la povertà assoluta cresce in termini sia di famiglie sia di individui."
Rapporto ISTAT
Le famiglie italiane spendono più di quanto guadagnano e il loro potere d'acquisto crolla, così come la propensione al risparmio. E' la fotografia di un paese in grossa difficoltà, quella scattata oggi dall'Istat.
L'istituto di statistica, nella sua analisi sul "Reddito e risparmio delle famiglie e profitti delle società”, rivela, infatti, che nel 2010 la propensione al risparmio delle famiglie, definita dal rapporto tra il risparmio lordo e il loro reddito disponibile, si è attestata al 12,1 per cento, registrando una diminuzione di 1,3 punti percentuali rispetto all'anno precedente.
Se infatti, lo scorso anno, la spesa per consumi finali è aumentata rispetto al 2009 (+2,5 per cento), la propensione al consumo degli italiani ha visto un rialzo delle uscite superiore a quello segnato dal reddito lordo disponibile (+0,9 per cento). In parole povere, significa che gli italiani si stanno indebitando sempre di più.
A detta degli analisti, poi, anche il potere di acquisto è sceso. Nel complesso del 2010 le famiglie hanno subito una riduzione dello 0,6 per cento. Anche se nell'ultimo trimestre del 2010 si è registrato un aumento dello 0,8 per cento rispetto al trimestre precedente, facendo tornare il dato ai livelli registrati alla fine del 2009.
Nel 2010, poi, il tasso d’investimento delle famiglie (definito dal rapporto tra gli investimenti fissi lordi, che comprendono gli acquisti di abitazioni e gli investimenti strumentali delle piccole imprese classificate nel settore, e il reddito disponibile lordo) si è attestato all'8,9 per cento, 0,2 punti percentuali in più rispetto al 2009, grazie alla crescita del 3,8 per cento degli investimenti. Nel quarto trimestre 2010 il tasso d’investimento, calcolato sui dati destagionalizzati, si è invece attestato all'8,9 per cento, 0,2 punti percentuali in meno rispetto al trimestre precedente, a causa della riduzione dello 0,4 per cento degli investimenti delle famiglie.
In ogni caso, il reddito delle famiglie ha registrato un aumento dello 0,9 per cento rispetto al 2009. Un reddito che però ha dovuto per far fronte a una crescita della spesa per consumi "più consistente" rispetto all'anno precedente (+2,5 per cento). E' con questi dati che l'Istat spiega la riduzione della propensione al risparmio degli italiani, che si è attestata al 12,1 per cento, registrando una diminuzione di 1,3 punti percentuali rispetto al 2009.
Una nota positiva, però, arriva dalla quota di profitto delle società non finanziarie, data dal rapporto tra il risultato lordo di gestione e il valore aggiunto lordo a prezzi base, che si è attestata al 41,5 per cento, 0,5 punti percentuali in più rispetto al 2009. La lieve ripresa riguarda il comparto di tutte le società di persone e di capitale e le imprese individuali con oltre 5 addetti che svolgono la loro attività nei settori diversi da quelli finanziari.
Cari amici, alcuni impegni professionali, di natura solidale, non mi consentono di commentare con continuità, le vostre immagini. Ringrazio coloro che, passando, lasceranno traccia.
Cordialmente simansi :-))
Ricordo al team e ai discenti che la strada del commento via e-mail, è sempre aperta, così da poter consentire anche esplicazioni riservate.
Nelle mie immagini, in molte circostanze, sono presenti persone riconoscibili. Se non ti è gradito, contattami e la rimuoverò.
Si prega di non utilizzare le mie immagini su siti web, blog o altri mezzi senza il mio permesso!
Please don't use my images on websites, blogs or other media without my permission!
Por favor, no use mis imágenes en los sitios web, blogs u otros medios de comunicación sin mi permiso!
SI CONSIGLIA LA VISIONE GRANDE E SU SFONDO NERO
A beautiful smart creature and a badass with a steady smile.
She is the Director on the National Italian Statistics Institute (ISTAT)
In the hope she will soon become our new Economy Ministry ;-)
Notice: Prof. Linda Laura Sabbadini has orange curly hair ;-)
I made this digital painting from my macro photo of a sunflower that I've personally sown and grown in my backyard.
Art by ©White Angel. All rights reserved.
Entered at the July 2023 Explore TakeOver Contest on Flickr SocialMedia,
personally chosen by the jurors and explored in July 27 in the Selection with topic #Orange colour # 235 => 234
Borghetto è una frazione del comune di Tuoro sul Trasimeno (PG).
La frazione si trova sull'insenatura nord-ovest del lago Trasimeno, a 259 m s.l.m., in direzione di Castiglione del Lago; secondo i dati Istat del censimento del 2001, gli abitanti sono 258.
Borghetto is a village in the municipality of Tuoro sul Trasimeno (PG).
The village is located in the inlet north-west of Lake Trasimeno, 259 m s.l.m., in the direction of Castiglione del Lago; according to Istat data of the 2001 census, the inhabitants are 258.
Quite a twofer; old and new Boeings at the ISTAT (International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading) annual meeting on March 12, 2001. Numerous aircraft, including the Museum of Flight's 247, and a new 767-400 for Delta, were on display at the Pinal Air Park in Marana, Arizona, thanks to the efforts of the late Mike Metcalf.
Castelluccio è una frazione del comune di Norcia (PG) in Umbria ed uno dei centri abitati più elevati dell'Appennino.
Secondo i dati ISTAT il paese si va man mano spopolando: nel censimento del 2001 il paese risultava abitato da 150 residenti, mentre in quello del 2011 i residenti sono scesi a 120.
Il 30 ottobre 2016 il paese di Castelluccio è stato quasi completamente raso al suolo da un importante evento sismico: il campanile e la Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta sono andati completamente perduti, mentre alcune opere di notevole pregio storico-artistico custodite nella chiesa sono state messe in sicurezza prima dei crolli.
Castelluccio is a fraction of the municipality of Norcia (PG) in Umbria and one of the highest inhabited centers of the Apennines.
According to ISTAT data the country is becoming increasingly popular: in the 2001 census, the country was inhabited by 150 residents, while in 2011 the residents were down to 120.
On 30 October 2016 the town of Castelluccio was almost completely razed to the ground by an important earthquake: the bell tower and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta were completely lost, while some works of considerable historical and artistic value kept in the church were put in safety before the collapses.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
When the numbers don't add up, vacations remain a pipe dream. In Italy, 31.4% of people cannot afford a week away from home. Real incomes are falling, the prices of tourist services are rising, and vacations are getting shorter. The freedom to travel is becoming a privilege, not a possibility for everyone.
This image was created using artificial intelligence.
www.idealista.it/news/vacanze/mercato-turistico/2025/08/1...
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
CERCO LAVORO - I AM LOOKING FOR A JOB
Secondo i dati Istat la disoccupazione giovanile in Italia, a febbraio 2016, è pari al 39,1%.
According to Istat data youth unemployment in Italy, in February 2016, it amounted to 39.1%.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Castelluccio è una frazione del comune di Norcia (PG) in Umbria ed uno dei centri abitati più elevati dell'Appennino.
Secondo i dati ISTAT il paese si va man mano spopolando: nel censimento del 2001 il paese risultava abitato da 150 residenti, mentre in quello del 2011 i residenti sono scesi a 120.
Il 30 ottobre 2016 il paese di Castelluccio è stato quasi completamente raso al suolo da un importante evento sismico: il campanile e la Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta sono andati completamente perduti, mentre alcune opere di notevole pregio storico-artistico custodite nella chiesa sono state messe in sicurezza prima dei crolli.
Castelluccio is a fraction of the municipality of Norcia (PG) in Umbria and one of the highest inhabited centers of the Apennines.
According to ISTAT data the country is becoming increasingly popular: in the 2001 census, the country was inhabited by 150 residents, while in 2011 the residents were down to 120.
On 30 October 2016 the town of Castelluccio was almost completely razed to the ground by an important earthquake: the bell tower and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta were completely lost, while some works of considerable historical and artistic value kept in the church were put in safety before the collapses.
Castelluccio è una frazione del comune di Norcia (PG) in Umbria ed uno dei centri abitati più elevati dell'Appennino.
Secondo i dati ISTAT il paese si va man mano spopolando: nel censimento del 2001 il paese risultava abitato da 150 residenti, mentre in quello del 2011 i residenti sono scesi a 120.
Il 30 ottobre 2016 il paese di Castelluccio è stato quasi completamente raso al suolo da un importante evento sismico: il campanile e la Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta sono andati completamente perduti, mentre alcune opere di notevole pregio storico-artistico custodite nella chiesa sono state messe in sicurezza prima dei crolli.
Castelluccio is a fraction of the municipality of Norcia (PG) in Umbria and one of the highest inhabited centers of the Apennines.
According to ISTAT data the country is becoming increasingly popular: in the 2001 census, the country was inhabited by 150 residents, while in 2011 the residents were down to 120.
On 30 October 2016 the town of Castelluccio was almost completely razed to the ground by an important earthquake: the bell tower and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta were completely lost, while some works of considerable historical and artistic value kept in the church were put in safety before the collapses.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
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Abruzzo (UK: /æˈbrʊtsoʊ/,[5] US: /ɑːˈbruːtsoʊ, əˈ-/; Italian: [aˈbruttso]; Abbrùzze [abˈbruttsə], Abbrìzze [abˈbrittsə] or Abbrèzze [abˈbrɛttsə] in Neapolitan Abruzzese; Aquilano: Abbrùzzu) or Abruzzi is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and south-west, Molise to the south-east, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the Gran Sasso d'Italia, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.
Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, history and economy, although geographically it may also be considered central.[8] The Italian Statistical Authority (ISTAT) also deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Abruzzo is known as "the greenest region in Europe" as almost half of its territory, the largest in Europe,[9] is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves. There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of 75% of Europe's living species, including rare species such as the golden eagle, the Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois, the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear.[10] Abruzzo is also home to Calderone, Europe's southernmost glacier.
The visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi (1853–1917) said that the adjectives "forte e gentile" (strong and kind) best describe the beauty of the region and the character of its people. "Forte e gentile" has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants.
Provinces and politics
Abruzzo provinces
Provinces
Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces:
Province Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2)
Chieti 2,588 396,190 153.1
L'Aquila 5,034 308,876 61.3
Pescara 1,225 318,701 260.1
Teramo 1,948 308,769 158.5
Politics
History
Human settlements in Abruzzo have existed since at least the Neolithic times. A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti dates back to 6,540 BC under radiometric dating.[13] The name Abruzzo appears to be derivative of the Latin word "Aprutium". In Roman times, the region was known as Picenum, Sabina et Samnium, Flaminia et Picenum, and Campania et Samnium.[14] The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages, arising from four possible sources: it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo.
Many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and later was renamed Pentima by the Romans. Chieti is built on the site of the ancient city of Teate, Atri was known as Adria. Teramo, known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne, has Roman ruins which attract tourists.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, a string of invasions and rulers dominated the region, including the Lombards, Byzantines, and Hungarians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the region was dominated by the popes. Subsequently, the Normans took over, and Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sicily, later the Kingdom of Naples. Spain ruled the kingdom from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The French Bourbon dynasty took over in 1815, establishing the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento) in 1860.
Until 1963, Abruzzo was part of the combined Abruzzi e Molise region. The term Abruzzi (plural of Abruzzo) derives from the time when the region was part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The territory was administered as Abruzzo Citeriore (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ulteriore I and II (farther Abruzzo I and II) from Naples, the capital of the kingdom.[14] Abruzzo Citeriore is now Chieti province. Teramo and Pescara provinces now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila.
In the twentieth century, war had a great impact on the region. During the Second World War, Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line, part of the German's Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoner of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti,[18] and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War 1; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history.
Geography
Geographically, Abruzzo is located in central Italy and southern Italy, stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso, at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves, and one of the highest densities of Blue Flag beaches.
Climate
The Abruzzo region has two types of climate that are strongly influenced by the Apennine Mountains, dividing the climate of the coastal and sub-Apennine hills from the interior's high mountain ranges. Coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters and rainy hills with a sublittoral climate where temperatures decrease progressively with increasing altitude and precipitation with altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain ridges of the region; it increases with the proportion being more abundant in the field and on the slopes exposed to the west, instead of decreasing towards the east and east-facing slopes. Often the Adriatic coast are sidelined rainfall from the west to the barrier effect of the Apennines undergoing the action of gentle winds descending from it (or Libeccio).[21] The minimum annual rainfall, however, is found in some inland valleys, sheltered from much disturbance to the blocking action of mountain ridges, such as the Peligna Valley, or the valley of the river Tirino, which in some places (Ofena, Capestrano) showed barely 500 millimetres (19.7 inches), and not along the coast where it never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches); for if Teramo is relatively little watered by rain (Teramo less than 800 millimetres (31.5 inches)), the metre is exceeded in Chieti, reaching maximum levels in the Adriatic, while between Ortona and Vasto in Costa dei Trabocchi decrease again.[21] The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on the border with Lazio; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical (Pescara in 2010 showed a value close to 2,800 millimetres (110.2 inches)).
Flora and fauna
As with many Mediterranean regions, Abruzzo's vegetation is characterized by different Mediterranean ecosystems. The coast and the surrounding areas are characterized by the presence of typical plants of Mediterranean shrubland, such as myrtle, heather and mastic, while in the hilly areas other species grow, including olive, pine, willow, oak, poplar, alder, arbutus, broom, acacia, capers, rosemary, hawthorn, licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there is sub-montane vegetation, mainly characterized by mixed forests of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper. Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech trees. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species include alpine orchid, mountain juniper, silver fir, black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss.
The fauna of Abruzzo is highly varied, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata), which has recovered from near-extinction. Animals typical of this region include: marsican brown bear, along with Italian wolf, deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.
The natural parks of the region include the Abruzzo National Park, the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park,[24] the Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas.
Economy
Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a region of poverty in Southern Italy; over the past decades, however, it has developed to such an extent that it has escaped from the spiral of underdevelopment to become the 'first' region of the 'Italian Mezzogiorno'. This confirms its pivotal role in the national economic system. Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has had steady economic growth. In 1951, Abruzzo per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of Northern Italy, the nation's richest region. By 1971, Abruzzo was at 65% and, by 1994, per capita income was at 76% of Northern Italy's per capita income, giving Abruzzo the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy and surpassing the growth of every other region of Italy. The construction of autostrade (motorways) from Rome to Teramo (A24) and Rome to Pescara (A25) opened Abruzzo to easy access. State and private investment in the region increased, and Abruzzo attained higher per capita education levels and greater productivity growth than the rest of the South. As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181 and well outpacing that of the South (€15,808). The region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR.
The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, it seems that the economy of Abruzzo is recovering, despite the negative on regarding employment.[28] In fact, at the end of 2010, Abruzzo's growth was 1.47%, which placed it fourth among the Italian regions with the highest annual growth rates after Lazio, Lombardy and Calabria.[30] In 2011 Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.[31] The region is also the richest region of Southern Italy, with a GDP per capita of €25,700.[21]
Travel poster from the 1920s.
Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering, transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. Although industry has developed strongly, it retains weak points due to the existence of only a few large businesses alongside a huge fabric of small and medium-sized businesses. Both pure and applied research are carried out in the region, where there are major institutes and factories involved in research in the fields of pharmaceutics, biomedicine, electronics, aerospace and nuclear physics. The industrial infrastructure is spread throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. A further activity worthy of note is seaside and mountain tourism, which is of considerable importance to the economy of the region.[33] Agriculture, involving small holdings, has succeeded in modernising and offering high-quality products. The mostly small, agricultural holdings produce: wine, cereals, sugar beet, potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Traditional products are saffron and liquorice. Most famous in the world is Abruzzo's wine Montepulciano d'Abruzzo; in the late 20th and early 21st century, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo earned a reputation as being one of the most widely exported DOC classed wine in Italy.[34]
In the past decade, tourism has increased, in particular by internal and European arrivals. Abruzzo is world-famous for its wildlife parks (Abruzzo National Park, Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, Maiella National Park) and regional park (Sirente Velino), and 38 protected areas between oasis, regional reserves, and state reserves. The inland mountainous region contains several ski resorts, and coastal tourism is also well-developed, in particular, the Trabocchi Coast. Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns, especially around the town of L'Aquila, have earned it in some quarters the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", by analogy with the "Chiantishire", nickname sometimes used to refer to the Chianti area of Tuscany, but Abruzzo is still off the beaten path for most visitors to Italy.[35]
Chieti
Although the population density of Abruzzo has increased over recent decades, it is still well below the Italian national average: in 2008, 123.4 inhabitants per km2, compared to 198.8. In the provinces, the density varies: as of 2008 Pescara is the most densely populated with 260.1 inhabitants per km2, whereas L'Aquila is the least densely populated with 61.3 inhabitants per km2, although it has the largest area. After decades of emigration from the region, the main feature of the 1980s is immigration from third world countries. The population increase is due to the positive net migration. Since 1991 more deaths than births were registered in Abruzzo (except for 1999, when their numbers were equal).[36] In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 59,749 foreign-born immigrants live in Abruzzo, equal to 4.5% of the total regional population.
The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost complete urbanization of the entire coastal strip especially in the province of Teramo and Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures. In the coastal strip, however, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto, Avezzano, Carsoli, Gissi, Val Vibrata, Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara, L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones of Sulmona and Guardiagrele have turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.
Main settlements
L'Aquila is both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila and second largest city (pop. 73,000). L'Aquila was hit by an earthquake on 6 April 2009, which destroyed much of the city centre. The other provincial capitals are Pescara, which is Abruzzo's largest city and major port (pop. 123,000); Teramo (pop. 55,000) and Chieti (pop. 55,000). Other large municipalities in Abruzzo include the industrial and high tech center Avezzano (pop. 41,000), as well as three important industrial and touristic centers such as Vasto (pop. 40,636), Lanciano (pop. 36,000), and Sulmona (pop. 25,000).
Transport
Airports
Abruzzo International Airport is the only international airport in the region. Open to civilian traffic since 1996, the number of passengers has increased over the years because of low-cost air carriers' use of the facility. Today, the airport has a catchment area of over 500,000 passengers annually and connects the city of Pescara and the entire region with many Italian and Europe destinations.
L'Aquila-Preturo Airport is located in the nearby village of Courts and was recently renovated and modernized to accommodate presidential flights for G8 activities.
Ports
There are four main ports in Abruzzo: Pescara, Ortona, Vasto and Giulianova.
Over the years the Port of Pescara became one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and the Adriatic Sea. Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent some sixty years of major restoration and was reborn as a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been honored with the European Union's blue flag for the quality of services offered. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery and aquaculture activities are thriving.[38]
Railways
There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular, the Rome-Pescara line.
Existing railway lines:
Adriatic railway runs through the whole of Italy from north to south, along the Adriatic Sea.
Train Rome – Sulmona – Pescara
Sulmona – Carpinone
Sulmona–Terni railway
Avezzano railroad – Roccasecca
Giulianova – Teramo
Sangritana (Lanciano – Castel di Sangro)
Highways
There are three highways that serve the region:
Highway A24 Rome – L'Aquila – Teramo, was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with Lazio and more specifically to the Abruzzo Teramo via L'Aquila. It performs an important liaison function of the region, both Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic, due to the presence of several interchanges of connecting roads and highways. The Gran Sasso tunnel, the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984. It connects L'Aquila and Teramo on the A24 making the northern Abruzzo coast reachable within two hours from Rome.
Highway A25 Turin – Avezzano – Pescara makes the connection between Rome and Pescara. The road running out of Turin begins its journey where it branches off the A24, runs into the Conca del Fucino, crosses the Abruzzo Apennines, comes to the valley of Peligna, and ends at the exit for Pescara-Villanova to join the A14.
Motorway A14 Bologna – Taranto known as the A14 "Adriatica", includes 743 km (461.68 mi) of road, including lengths in the cities of Bologna and Taranto. Opened to traffic in 1965, it is now a major tourist road, running through the coastal towns of Emilia Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, and Apulia.
Culture
Castel del Monte, one of Abruzzo's little-known hill towns
Gabriele d'Annunzio from Pescara
Abbazia di San Liberatore a Majella (Serramonacesca)
Ovid from Sulmona
Cathedral of San Giustino (Chieti)
Fishing trabucco of San Vito Chietino
The museum Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo in Chieti houses the famed warrior statue Warrior of Capestrano which was found in a necropolis from 6th century B.C. Of cultural importance are: Teramo Cathedral, its archeological museum and Roman theater, the Castello della Monica, the Collurania-Teramo Observatory, the famous L'Aquila Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio (which holds the remains of Pope Celestine V), the Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Santa Maria del Suffragio, the Forte Spagnolo, the Fountain of 99 Spouts, Gabriele D'Annunzio's house in Pescara, Campli's Scala Sancta and its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata in Sulmona, the cathedrals of Chieti, Lanciano, Guardiagrele, Atri and Pescara along with the castles of Ortona, Celano and Ortucchio.
Every 28–29 August, L'Aquila's Santa Maria di Collemaggio commemorates the Perdonanza Celestiniana, the indulgence issued by Pope Celestine V to any who, "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August.[39] Sulmona's Holy Week is commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as 'La Madonna che Scappa in Piazza', where a large statue of the Madonna, carried by a group of Sulmonesi part of Confraternities, is taken through the square towards her resurrected Son.[40] Cocullo, in the province of L'Aquila, holds the annual 'Festa dei serpari' (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages, Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires.[41] In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for the transumanza, the migratory movement of sheep principally south to the region of Puglia during the cold winter months.[42] The Feast of St. Biagio, protector of wool dealers, is the most widespread in Abruzzo. On the third of February in Taranta Peligna every year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is carried out, entailing the distribution of panicelle, which are small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, which are distributed to the faithful.
Historical figures include: the Roman orator Asinius Pollio; Latin poets Sallust and Ovid, who were born in L'Aquila and Sulmona respectively, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman senator and leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar; and Pontius Pilate, who was born in the province of Teramo and is best known for authorizing the crucifixion of Jesus. Abruzzo's religious personalities include Saint Berardo; John of Capistrano, who led a crusade against the Ottoman Empire; Thomas of Celano, author of three hagiographies about Saint Francis of Assisi; and Alessandro Valignano, who introduced Catholicism to the Far East and Japan. The Polish Pope John Paul II loved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca. When he died, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, gave the local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.[43] The greatest Italian poet of the 20th century Gabriele D'Annunzio was from Pescara; other notable Abruzzo personalities in the field of humanities include: poet Ignazio Silone, director Ennio Flaiano who co-wrote La dolce vita, philosopher Benedetto Croce, composer Sir Paolo Tosti and the sculptor Venanzo Crocetti.
American artists and celebrities such as: Madonna, Dean Martin, Bradley Cooper, Perry Como, Henry Mancini, Nancy Pelosi, Rocky Marciano, Rocky Mattioli, Bruno Sammartino, Mario Batali, John and Dan Fante, Tommy Lasorda, Dan Marino, Mario Lanza, Garry Marshall, Penny Marshall, Al Martino, Ariana Grande and Canadian Michael Bublé have Abruzzo origins.
Some international movies shot in Abruzzo include The American, Jean-Jacques Annaud's The Name of the Rose, Fellini's La Strada and I Vitelloni, Schwarzenegger's Red Sonja, Ladyhawke, King David, Francesco, Keoma, The Barbarians, The Fox and the Child and Krull.
Medieval and Renaissance hill towns
The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in Abruzzo
For most of its history, a large number of the Abruzzese people have been hill people, often working as shepherds in mountainous areas, or establishing hill towns, especially in the parts of Abruzzo further from the Adriatic coast.[citation needed] Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy, but it still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are among The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy.[44] These awards are not only for aesthetic beauty but also for art and culture, historical importance and livability.
The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century saved some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional and national parks. Among the most well preserved are Castel del Monte and Santo Stefano di Sessanio, which lie in the Gran Sasso National Park on the edge of the high plain of Campo Imperatore and nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by the Medicis for over a century-and-a-half, have relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sits Rocca Calascio, the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. Both Monteferrante and Roccascalegna are two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within the Gran Sasso National Park is also found Castelli, an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the royal houses of Europe.
Civitella del Tronto played a crucial role in the history of the unification of Italy. The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in the Abruzzo region today.[45] Other medieval hill towns located fully within Abruzzo's park system are Pacentro in the Maiella National Park and Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo National Park. Pacentro, which features a 14th-century castle with two intact towers, has been little touched by modernisation. The Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, in the province of Teramo, which attracts some two million visitors per year, is one of the 15 most-visited sanctuaries in the world.[46] Capestrano, a small town in the province of L'Aquila, is the hometown of Saint John of Capistrano, Franciscan friar and Catholic priest, as well as the namesake of the Franciscan missions San Juan Capistrano in Southern California, the mission Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas) and the city of San Juan Capistrano in Orange County. Giulianova is a notable example of a Renaissance "ideal city."
The proximity to Rome, the protected natural reserves and landscapes which make the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of some of the most beautiful Italian villages, its rich and heterogeneous gastronomy, along with a long history of deep-rooted local tradition and authentic Italian culture, make Abruzzo fifth among Italian regions for tourist visits after Calabria, Marche, Sardinia and Trentino. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.
In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more. In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in Orlando (USA). One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.
Universities
There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:
University of L'Aquila
D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara
University of Teramo
Harvard University bases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program in Vasto, a resort town on Abruzzo's southern coast.
Science
Between the province of Teramo and L'Aquila, under the Gran Sasso Tunnel, is the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of the INFN, one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.
The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale", which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.
The Gran Sasso Science Institute, located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.
Sports
Interamnia World Cup, the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.[51]
There are several football clubs in Abruzzo. Delfino Pescara 1936 is a Serie B club; based in Pescara, its home stadium is Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia.
Dialects
The regional dialects of Abruzzo include Teramano, Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico and Abruzzese Occidentale. The first two form part of the dialect of southern Italy also known simply as "Neapolitan" since the region has been part of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while Aquilano is related to the Central Italian dialects including Romanesco. The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:
Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (central Italian dialects)
Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province of Ascoli Piceno (southern Italian dialects)
Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (southern Italian dialects)
Cuisine
Renowned for its variety and richness due to the heterogeneity of its territory, Abruzzo's cuisine is among the best in Italy. In 2013 an Italian organization Confesercenti survey of foreign tourists showed that Abruzzo is the best Italian region to eat in. Both the agricultural and coastal aspects of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was isolated from international influence until the 20th century. As a result, the region's cuisine remained unique.
Popular dishes
One of the most popular regional dishes is spaghetti alla chitarra which is made by pressing or cutting pasta through a chitarra, an implement to form long thin noodles similar to spaghetti. The pasta is served with a tomato-based sauce, often flavored with peppers, pork, goose, or lamb. This dish is complemented by regional side dishes, such as the bean and noodle soup, sagne e fagioli. This soup is traditionally flavored with tomatoes, garlic, oil, and peperoncini. In terms of common ingredients, cuisine in Abruzzo often includes:
Lamb and mutton, primarily in the mountains.[54] Sheep's milk (or ricotta) is an important source of Abruzzese cheese, and lamb intestines are used as sausage casing or for stuffed meat rolls.[54][55] Mountain goat meat is also common in Abruzzo.
Truffles and mushrooms, particularly wild mushrooms from the forests and hills
Garlic, especially red garlic
Rosemary
Hot chili pepper or peperoncini, regionally known as diavolilli or diavoletti, is common in Abruzzese cuisine and often used to add spice to dishes. Abruzzo residents are well known for frequently adding peperoncini, or hot peppers, to their meals.
Vegetables such as lentils, grasspeas and other legumes, artichoke, eggplant, and cauliflower[54][55][56][57]
Other popular dishes include:
Gnocchi carrati, flavored with bacon, eggs and pecorino cheese
Scrippelle, a rustic French-style crêpe served either mbusse (a type of soup) or used to form a sort of soufflé with some ragù and stuffed with chicken liver, meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
Pastuccia, a polenta stew with sausage, eggs, and cheese
Across the region, roast lamb is enjoyed in several variations. Some of these variations include:
Arrosticini, a skewered lamb dish
Pecora al cotturo, lamb stuffed with a variety of mountain herbs and cooked in a copper pot
Lamb cooked whole in a bread oven
Agnello cacio e ovo, a lamb-based fricassee
Mazzerella: lamb intestines stuffed with lamb, garlic, marjoram, lettuce, and spices
Le virtù: a soup from Teramo filled with legumes, vegetables and pork, usually eaten in the spring at celebrations
Timballo abruzzese: lasagna-like dish with pasta sheets (scrippelle) layered with meat, vegetables and rice; often served for Christmas and Easter[58]
Porchetta abruzzese: moist boneless-pork roast, slow-roasted with rosemary, garlic, and pepper[58]
Seafood is also popular, especially in coastal areas. The variety of fish available to the area has resulted in several fish-based Brodetti (broths), coming from such places as Vasto, Giulianova, and Pescara. These broths are often made by cooking fish, flavored with tomatoes, herbs, and peperoncino, in an earthenware pot. Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:
Easter Pizza, a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from the Teramo area
Fiadoni from Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses, ricotta, vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.
Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. The ventricina from the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers and fennel all encased in the dehydrated stomach of the pig itself. Atri and Rivisondoli are famous for cheeses. Mozzarella, either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.
Sweets
The Abruzzo's sweets are world-famous and include:
Confetti, sugar-coated almonds, from Sulmona
Torrone Nurzia, a chocolate nougat from L'Aquila
Parrozzo , a cake-like treat made from a mixture of crushed almonds, and coated in chocolate.
Ferratelle (also known as Pizzelle). A wafer cookie, often flavored with anise
Croccante, a type of nougat made from almonds and caramelized suger, often flavored with lemon[59]
A Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine labelled as being made from old vines.
Olive oil
The extra-virgin olive oil produced in Colline Teramane (Teramo hills) is marked by the DOP.[60]
The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.[61]
Wines and liquors
Renowned wines like Montepulciano DOCG and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC are judged to be amongst the world's finest.[62] In 2012, a bottle of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo ranked No. 1 in the top 50 Italian wine awards.[63] In recent decades these wines have been joined, particularly, by wines from lesser known (heritage) white grapes, such as, Pecorino, Cococciola, Passerina, Montonico Bianco and Fiano.[64]
The region is also well known for the production of liquors such as Centerbe, Limoncello, Ratafia and Genziana.
Pensioni sotto al confine della soglia di povertà. E' questo il dato eclatante fornito dall'Istat: un pensionato su due vive con meno di 1.000 euro. Mentre uno su tre percepisce tra i 500 e i 1.000 euro, il 14,4% è “povero” visto che l'assegno è inferiore a 500 euro.
Più in generale, nel 2010 la spesa complessiva per prestazioni pensionistiche, pari a 258,4 miliardi, è aumentata dell'1,9% rispetto all'anno precedente; in diminuzione, invece, risulta la sua incidenza sul Pil (16,64% a fronte di un valore di 16,69% registrato nel 2009). Le pensioni di vecchiaia assorbono il 71% della spesa pensionistica totale, quelle ai superstiti il 14,9%, quelle di invalidità il 4,5%; le pensioni assistenziali pesano per il 7,9% e le indennitarie per l'1,7%.
Il 47,9% delle pensioni è erogato al Nord, il 20,5% nelle regioni del Centro e il restante 31,6% nel Mezzogiorno.
In totale i pensionati sono 16,7 milioni e percepiscono, in media, 15.471 euro all'anno. Il 14,4% dei pensionati riceve meno di 500 euro mensili; il 31% (5,2 milioni di individui) un importo tra 500 e 1.000 euro, il 23,5% tra 1.000 e 1.500 euro e il restante 31,1% più di 1.500 euro. Il 67,3% dei pensionati percepisce una sola pensione, il 24,8% ne percepisce due e il 6,5% tre; il restante 1,4% è titolare di quattro o più pensioni. Secondo i calcoli del Codacons, dal 1993 ad oggi il potere d'acquisto di chi percepisce una pensione medio/bassa è calato di oltre il 50%.
Per il presidente del Codacons Carlo Rienzi: “I pensionati italiani si confermano i più poveri d'Europa. Dal 1993 ad oggi il potere d'acquisto di chi percepisce una pensione medio/bassa è calato di oltre il 50%”. Secondo l'associazione dei consumatori “A pesare è soprattutto la pressione fiscale, che nel nostro paese resta elevatissima, mentre altri paesi europei non prevedono alcuna tassazione sulle pensioni. A peggiorare la situazione le ultime misure introdotte in Italia, che hanno determinato un aumento dei prezzi e delle tariffe e una conseguente perdita del potere d'acquisto, già crollato negli ultimi anni”. Rienzi punta poi l'attenzione su un dato preciso dell'Istat, secondo il quale 2,4 milioni di pensionati percepiscono meno di 500 euro: “Ci chiediamo come faranno a sopravvivere quei 2,4 milioni di italiani quando ad ottobre scatterà il nuovo rincaro dell'Iva e il conseguente aumento dei prezzi in tutti i settori”.
simansi
L'INTERVISTA
Il parroco: Cari fedeli, non pagate le tasse decise dal governo Monti
L'editoriale del sacerdote brianzolo don Ferdinando Mazzoleni nel bollettino parrocchiale
Don Ferdinando Mazzoleni, da 26 anni parroco di Villasanta, in Brianza, nel suo editoriale sulla prima pagina del bollettino parrocchiale scrive che le tasse introdotte da questo governo non andrebbero pagate. «Mi chiedo se posso tranquillamente dire in questa situazione — spiega — se è obbligatorio pagare le tasse. Che lo sia è certo, ma sempre? Tutte? È difficile dire quando siano giuste, ma sono di certo ingiuste quando solo alcuni vengono controllati e costretti a farlo, mentre altri se la spassano beatamente».
Cos’ha di sbagliato questa tassazione?
«Colpisce i più deboli e lascia intatti i patrimoni dei benestanti. C’è un’ingiustizia sociale spaventosa».
Come si mettono a posto le cose?
«Intanto che la smettano di prenderci in giro. Ci dicono che il peggio è passato, che l’Italia è salva, ma la realtà è fatta di gente normale che non arriva alla fine del mese. Di famiglie con l’acqua alla gola cui si chiedono sempre più sacrifici, tasse su tasse. L’Imu, la Tarsu, la benzina che aumenta un giorno sì e quello dopo pure. Devo continuare?».
Cosa dovrebbe fare il governo per uscire da questa situazione?
«Avessero messo al posto di Mario Monti un ragioniere avrebbe fatto meglio. E poi mi devono spiegare come mai i politici non hanno rinunciato ai loro privilegi. La gente è arrabbiata».
Qual è il pericolo?
«È dietro l’angolo e si chiama rivoluzione sociale».
Sembra non ci sia proprio modo di uscirne.
«C’è, ma ci vuole coraggio. Per adesso ci stanno solo svuotando le tasche. Il nostro Paese è sulla porta di una pericolosa involuzione. O si abbattono i privilegi e con quei soldi si fa ripartire l’economia o rischiamo di andare a gambe all’aria».
Non sembra avere molta fiducia in questo esecutivo.
«Lei ne avrebbe in un uomo che viene dal mondo bancario e decide di esentare le banche dal pagamento dell’Imu?».
Il cardinale Bagnasco, presidente della Cei, dice che le tasse vanno pagate.
«Faccia un giro tra quelli che non riescono a mettere insieme il pranzo e la cena, poi ne riparliamo».
Cereda
(27 aprile 2012) © Riproduzione riservata
++++ from WIKIPEDIA ++++++
Abruzzo (UK: /æˈbrʊtsoʊ/,[5] US: /ɑːˈbruːtsoʊ, əˈ-/; Italian: [aˈbruttso]; Abbrùzze [abˈbruttsə], Abbrìzze [abˈbrittsə] or Abbrèzze [abˈbrɛttsə] in Neapolitan Abruzzese; Aquilano: Abbrùzzu) or Abruzzi is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and south-west, Molise to the south-east, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the Gran Sasso d'Italia, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.
Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, history and economy, although geographically it may also be considered central.[8] The Italian Statistical Authority (ISTAT) also deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Abruzzo is known as "the greenest region in Europe" as almost half of its territory, the largest in Europe,[9] is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves. There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of 75% of Europe's living species, including rare species such as the golden eagle, the Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois, the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear.[10] Abruzzo is also home to Calderone, Europe's southernmost glacier.
The visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi (1853–1917) said that the adjectives "forte e gentile" (strong and kind) best describe the beauty of the region and the character of its people. "Forte e gentile" has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants.
Provinces and politics
Abruzzo provinces
Provinces
Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces:
Province Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2)
Chieti 2,588 396,190 153.1
L'Aquila 5,034 308,876 61.3
Pescara 1,225 318,701 260.1
Teramo 1,948 308,769 158.5
Politics
History
Human settlements in Abruzzo have existed since at least the Neolithic times. A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti dates back to 6,540 BC under radiometric dating.[13] The name Abruzzo appears to be derivative of the Latin word "Aprutium". In Roman times, the region was known as Picenum, Sabina et Samnium, Flaminia et Picenum, and Campania et Samnium.[14] The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages, arising from four possible sources: it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo.
Many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and later was renamed Pentima by the Romans. Chieti is built on the site of the ancient city of Teate, Atri was known as Adria. Teramo, known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne, has Roman ruins which attract tourists.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, a string of invasions and rulers dominated the region, including the Lombards, Byzantines, and Hungarians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the region was dominated by the popes. Subsequently, the Normans took over, and Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sicily, later the Kingdom of Naples. Spain ruled the kingdom from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The French Bourbon dynasty took over in 1815, establishing the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento) in 1860.
Until 1963, Abruzzo was part of the combined Abruzzi e Molise region. The term Abruzzi (plural of Abruzzo) derives from the time when the region was part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The territory was administered as Abruzzo Citeriore (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ulteriore I and II (farther Abruzzo I and II) from Naples, the capital of the kingdom.[14] Abruzzo Citeriore is now Chieti province. Teramo and Pescara provinces now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila.
In the twentieth century, war had a great impact on the region. During the Second World War, Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line, part of the German's Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoner of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti,[18] and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War 1; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history.
Geography
Geographically, Abruzzo is located in central Italy and southern Italy, stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso, at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves, and one of the highest densities of Blue Flag beaches.
Climate
The Abruzzo region has two types of climate that are strongly influenced by the Apennine Mountains, dividing the climate of the coastal and sub-Apennine hills from the interior's high mountain ranges. Coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters and rainy hills with a sublittoral climate where temperatures decrease progressively with increasing altitude and precipitation with altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain ridges of the region; it increases with the proportion being more abundant in the field and on the slopes exposed to the west, instead of decreasing towards the east and east-facing slopes. Often the Adriatic coast are sidelined rainfall from the west to the barrier effect of the Apennines undergoing the action of gentle winds descending from it (or Libeccio).[21] The minimum annual rainfall, however, is found in some inland valleys, sheltered from much disturbance to the blocking action of mountain ridges, such as the Peligna Valley, or the valley of the river Tirino, which in some places (Ofena, Capestrano) showed barely 500 millimetres (19.7 inches), and not along the coast where it never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches); for if Teramo is relatively little watered by rain (Teramo less than 800 millimetres (31.5 inches)), the metre is exceeded in Chieti, reaching maximum levels in the Adriatic, while between Ortona and Vasto in Costa dei Trabocchi decrease again.[21] The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on the border with Lazio; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical (Pescara in 2010 showed a value close to 2,800 millimetres (110.2 inches)).
Flora and fauna
As with many Mediterranean regions, Abruzzo's vegetation is characterized by different Mediterranean ecosystems. The coast and the surrounding areas are characterized by the presence of typical plants of Mediterranean shrubland, such as myrtle, heather and mastic, while in the hilly areas other species grow, including olive, pine, willow, oak, poplar, alder, arbutus, broom, acacia, capers, rosemary, hawthorn, licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there is sub-montane vegetation, mainly characterized by mixed forests of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper. Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech trees. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species include alpine orchid, mountain juniper, silver fir, black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss.
The fauna of Abruzzo is highly varied, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata), which has recovered from near-extinction. Animals typical of this region include: marsican brown bear, along with Italian wolf, deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.
The natural parks of the region include the Abruzzo National Park, the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park,[24] the Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas.
Economy
Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a region of poverty in Southern Italy; over the past decades, however, it has developed to such an extent that it has escaped from the spiral of underdevelopment to become the 'first' region of the 'Italian Mezzogiorno'. This confirms its pivotal role in the national economic system. Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has had steady economic growth. In 1951, Abruzzo per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of Northern Italy, the nation's richest region. By 1971, Abruzzo was at 65% and, by 1994, per capita income was at 76% of Northern Italy's per capita income, giving Abruzzo the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy and surpassing the growth of every other region of Italy. The construction of autostrade (motorways) from Rome to Teramo (A24) and Rome to Pescara (A25) opened Abruzzo to easy access. State and private investment in the region increased, and Abruzzo attained higher per capita education levels and greater productivity growth than the rest of the South. As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181 and well outpacing that of the South (€15,808). The region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR.
The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, it seems that the economy of Abruzzo is recovering, despite the negative on regarding employment.[28] In fact, at the end of 2010, Abruzzo's growth was 1.47%, which placed it fourth among the Italian regions with the highest annual growth rates after Lazio, Lombardy and Calabria.[30] In 2011 Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.[31] The region is also the richest region of Southern Italy, with a GDP per capita of €25,700.[21]
Travel poster from the 1920s.
Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering, transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. Although industry has developed strongly, it retains weak points due to the existence of only a few large businesses alongside a huge fabric of small and medium-sized businesses. Both pure and applied research are carried out in the region, where there are major institutes and factories involved in research in the fields of pharmaceutics, biomedicine, electronics, aerospace and nuclear physics. The industrial infrastructure is spread throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. A further activity worthy of note is seaside and mountain tourism, which is of considerable importance to the economy of the region.[33] Agriculture, involving small holdings, has succeeded in modernising and offering high-quality products. The mostly small, agricultural holdings produce: wine, cereals, sugar beet, potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Traditional products are saffron and liquorice. Most famous in the world is Abruzzo's wine Montepulciano d'Abruzzo; in the late 20th and early 21st century, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo earned a reputation as being one of the most widely exported DOC classed wine in Italy.[34]
In the past decade, tourism has increased, in particular by internal and European arrivals. Abruzzo is world-famous for its wildlife parks (Abruzzo National Park, Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, Maiella National Park) and regional park (Sirente Velino), and 38 protected areas between oasis, regional reserves, and state reserves. The inland mountainous region contains several ski resorts, and coastal tourism is also well-developed, in particular, the Trabocchi Coast. Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns, especially around the town of L'Aquila, have earned it in some quarters the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", by analogy with the "Chiantishire", nickname sometimes used to refer to the Chianti area of Tuscany, but Abruzzo is still off the beaten path for most visitors to Italy.[35]
Chieti
Although the population density of Abruzzo has increased over recent decades, it is still well below the Italian national average: in 2008, 123.4 inhabitants per km2, compared to 198.8. In the provinces, the density varies: as of 2008 Pescara is the most densely populated with 260.1 inhabitants per km2, whereas L'Aquila is the least densely populated with 61.3 inhabitants per km2, although it has the largest area. After decades of emigration from the region, the main feature of the 1980s is immigration from third world countries. The population increase is due to the positive net migration. Since 1991 more deaths than births were registered in Abruzzo (except for 1999, when their numbers were equal).[36] In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 59,749 foreign-born immigrants live in Abruzzo, equal to 4.5% of the total regional population.
The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost complete urbanization of the entire coastal strip especially in the province of Teramo and Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures. In the coastal strip, however, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto, Avezzano, Carsoli, Gissi, Val Vibrata, Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara, L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones of Sulmona and Guardiagrele have turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.
Main settlements
L'Aquila is both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila and second largest city (pop. 73,000). L'Aquila was hit by an earthquake on 6 April 2009, which destroyed much of the city centre. The other provincial capitals are Pescara, which is Abruzzo's largest city and major port (pop. 123,000); Teramo (pop. 55,000) and Chieti (pop. 55,000). Other large municipalities in Abruzzo include the industrial and high tech center Avezzano (pop. 41,000), as well as three important industrial and touristic centers such as Vasto (pop. 40,636), Lanciano (pop. 36,000), and Sulmona (pop. 25,000).
Transport
Airports
Abruzzo International Airport is the only international airport in the region. Open to civilian traffic since 1996, the number of passengers has increased over the years because of low-cost air carriers' use of the facility. Today, the airport has a catchment area of over 500,000 passengers annually and connects the city of Pescara and the entire region with many Italian and Europe destinations.
L'Aquila-Preturo Airport is located in the nearby village of Courts and was recently renovated and modernized to accommodate presidential flights for G8 activities.
Ports
There are four main ports in Abruzzo: Pescara, Ortona, Vasto and Giulianova.
Over the years the Port of Pescara became one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and the Adriatic Sea. Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent some sixty years of major restoration and was reborn as a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been honored with the European Union's blue flag for the quality of services offered. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery and aquaculture activities are thriving.[38]
Railways
There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular, the Rome-Pescara line.
Existing railway lines:
Adriatic railway runs through the whole of Italy from north to south, along the Adriatic Sea.
Train Rome – Sulmona – Pescara
Sulmona – Carpinone
Sulmona–Terni railway
Avezzano railroad – Roccasecca
Giulianova – Teramo
Sangritana (Lanciano – Castel di Sangro)
Highways
There are three highways that serve the region:
Highway A24 Rome – L'Aquila – Teramo, was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with Lazio and more specifically to the Abruzzo Teramo via L'Aquila. It performs an important liaison function of the region, both Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic, due to the presence of several interchanges of connecting roads and highways. The Gran Sasso tunnel, the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984. It connects L'Aquila and Teramo on the A24 making the northern Abruzzo coast reachable within two hours from Rome.
Highway A25 Turin – Avezzano – Pescara makes the connection between Rome and Pescara. The road running out of Turin begins its journey where it branches off the A24, runs into the Conca del Fucino, crosses the Abruzzo Apennines, comes to the valley of Peligna, and ends at the exit for Pescara-Villanova to join the A14.
Motorway A14 Bologna – Taranto known as the A14 "Adriatica", includes 743 km (461.68 mi) of road, including lengths in the cities of Bologna and Taranto. Opened to traffic in 1965, it is now a major tourist road, running through the coastal towns of Emilia Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, and Apulia.
Culture
Castel del Monte, one of Abruzzo's little-known hill towns
Gabriele d'Annunzio from Pescara
Abbazia di San Liberatore a Majella (Serramonacesca)
Ovid from Sulmona
Cathedral of San Giustino (Chieti)
Fishing trabucco of San Vito Chietino
The museum Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo in Chieti houses the famed warrior statue Warrior of Capestrano which was found in a necropolis from 6th century B.C. Of cultural importance are: Teramo Cathedral, its archeological museum and Roman theater, the Castello della Monica, the Collurania-Teramo Observatory, the famous L'Aquila Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio (which holds the remains of Pope Celestine V), the Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Santa Maria del Suffragio, the Forte Spagnolo, the Fountain of 99 Spouts, Gabriele D'Annunzio's house in Pescara, Campli's Scala Sancta and its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata in Sulmona, the cathedrals of Chieti, Lanciano, Guardiagrele, Atri and Pescara along with the castles of Ortona, Celano and Ortucchio.
Every 28–29 August, L'Aquila's Santa Maria di Collemaggio commemorates the Perdonanza Celestiniana, the indulgence issued by Pope Celestine V to any who, "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August.[39] Sulmona's Holy Week is commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as 'La Madonna che Scappa in Piazza', where a large statue of the Madonna, carried by a group of Sulmonesi part of Confraternities, is taken through the square towards her resurrected Son.[40] Cocullo, in the province of L'Aquila, holds the annual 'Festa dei serpari' (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages, Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires.[41] In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for the transumanza, the migratory movement of sheep principally south to the region of Puglia during the cold winter months.[42] The Feast of St. Biagio, protector of wool dealers, is the most widespread in Abruzzo. On the third of February in Taranta Peligna every year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is carried out, entailing the distribution of panicelle, which are small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, which are distributed to the faithful.
Historical figures include: the Roman orator Asinius Pollio; Latin poets Sallust and Ovid, who were born in L'Aquila and Sulmona respectively, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman senator and leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar; and Pontius Pilate, who was born in the province of Teramo and is best known for authorizing the crucifixion of Jesus. Abruzzo's religious personalities include Saint Berardo; John of Capistrano, who led a crusade against the Ottoman Empire; Thomas of Celano, author of three hagiographies about Saint Francis of Assisi; and Alessandro Valignano, who introduced Catholicism to the Far East and Japan. The Polish Pope John Paul II loved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca. When he died, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, gave the local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.[43] The greatest Italian poet of the 20th century Gabriele D'Annunzio was from Pescara; other notable Abruzzo personalities in the field of humanities include: poet Ignazio Silone, director Ennio Flaiano who co-wrote La dolce vita, philosopher Benedetto Croce, composer Sir Paolo Tosti and the sculptor Venanzo Crocetti.
American artists and celebrities such as: Madonna, Dean Martin, Bradley Cooper, Perry Como, Henry Mancini, Nancy Pelosi, Rocky Marciano, Rocky Mattioli, Bruno Sammartino, Mario Batali, John and Dan Fante, Tommy Lasorda, Dan Marino, Mario Lanza, Garry Marshall, Penny Marshall, Al Martino, Ariana Grande and Canadian Michael Bublé have Abruzzo origins.
Some international movies shot in Abruzzo include The American, Jean-Jacques Annaud's The Name of the Rose, Fellini's La Strada and I Vitelloni, Schwarzenegger's Red Sonja, Ladyhawke, King David, Francesco, Keoma, The Barbarians, The Fox and the Child and Krull.
Medieval and Renaissance hill towns
The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in Abruzzo
For most of its history, a large number of the Abruzzese people have been hill people, often working as shepherds in mountainous areas, or establishing hill towns, especially in the parts of Abruzzo further from the Adriatic coast.[citation needed] Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy, but it still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are among The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy.[44] These awards are not only for aesthetic beauty but also for art and culture, historical importance and livability.
The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century saved some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional and national parks. Among the most well preserved are Castel del Monte and Santo Stefano di Sessanio, which lie in the Gran Sasso National Park on the edge of the high plain of Campo Imperatore and nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by the Medicis for over a century-and-a-half, have relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sits Rocca Calascio, the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. Both Monteferrante and Roccascalegna are two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within the Gran Sasso National Park is also found Castelli, an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the royal houses of Europe.
Civitella del Tronto played a crucial role in the history of the unification of Italy. The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in the Abruzzo region today.[45] Other medieval hill towns located fully within Abruzzo's park system are Pacentro in the Maiella National Park and Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo National Park. Pacentro, which features a 14th-century castle with two intact towers, has been little touched by modernisation. The Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, in the province of Teramo, which attracts some two million visitors per year, is one of the 15 most-visited sanctuaries in the world.[46] Capestrano, a small town in the province of L'Aquila, is the hometown of Saint John of Capistrano, Franciscan friar and Catholic priest, as well as the namesake of the Franciscan missions San Juan Capistrano in Southern California, the mission Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas) and the city of San Juan Capistrano in Orange County. Giulianova is a notable example of a Renaissance "ideal city."
The proximity to Rome, the protected natural reserves and landscapes which make the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of some of the most beautiful Italian villages, its rich and heterogeneous gastronomy, along with a long history of deep-rooted local tradition and authentic Italian culture, make Abruzzo fifth among Italian regions for tourist visits after Calabria, Marche, Sardinia and Trentino. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.
In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more. In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in Orlando (USA). One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.
Universities
There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:
University of L'Aquila
D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara
University of Teramo
Harvard University bases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program in Vasto, a resort town on Abruzzo's southern coast.
Science
Between the province of Teramo and L'Aquila, under the Gran Sasso Tunnel, is the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of the INFN, one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.
The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale", which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.
The Gran Sasso Science Institute, located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.
Sports
Interamnia World Cup, the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.[51]
There are several football clubs in Abruzzo. Delfino Pescara 1936 is a Serie B club; based in Pescara, its home stadium is Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia.
Dialects
The regional dialects of Abruzzo include Teramano, Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico and Abruzzese Occidentale. The first two form part of the dialect of southern Italy also known simply as "Neapolitan" since the region has been part of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while Aquilano is related to the Central Italian dialects including Romanesco. The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:
Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (central Italian dialects)
Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province of Ascoli Piceno (southern Italian dialects)
Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (southern Italian dialects)
Cuisine
Renowned for its variety and richness due to the heterogeneity of its territory, Abruzzo's cuisine is among the best in Italy. In 2013 an Italian organization Confesercenti survey of foreign tourists showed that Abruzzo is the best Italian region to eat in. Both the agricultural and coastal aspects of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was isolated from international influence until the 20th century. As a result, the region's cuisine remained unique.
Popular dishes
One of the most popular regional dishes is spaghetti alla chitarra which is made by pressing or cutting pasta through a chitarra, an implement to form long thin noodles similar to spaghetti. The pasta is served with a tomato-based sauce, often flavored with peppers, pork, goose, or lamb. This dish is complemented by regional side dishes, such as the bean and noodle soup, sagne e fagioli. This soup is traditionally flavored with tomatoes, garlic, oil, and peperoncini. In terms of common ingredients, cuisine in Abruzzo often includes:
Lamb and mutton, primarily in the mountains.[54] Sheep's milk (or ricotta) is an important source of Abruzzese cheese, and lamb intestines are used as sausage casing or for stuffed meat rolls.[54][55] Mountain goat meat is also common in Abruzzo.
Truffles and mushrooms, particularly wild mushrooms from the forests and hills
Garlic, especially red garlic
Rosemary
Hot chili pepper or peperoncini, regionally known as diavolilli or diavoletti, is common in Abruzzese cuisine and often used to add spice to dishes. Abruzzo residents are well known for frequently adding peperoncini, or hot peppers, to their meals.
Vegetables such as lentils, grasspeas and other legumes, artichoke, eggplant, and cauliflower[54][55][56][57]
Other popular dishes include:
Gnocchi carrati, flavored with bacon, eggs and pecorino cheese
Scrippelle, a rustic French-style crêpe served either mbusse (a type of soup) or used to form a sort of soufflé with some ragù and stuffed with chicken liver, meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
Pastuccia, a polenta stew with sausage, eggs, and cheese
Across the region, roast lamb is enjoyed in several variations. Some of these variations include:
Arrosticini, a skewered lamb dish
Pecora al cotturo, lamb stuffed with a variety of mountain herbs and cooked in a copper pot
Lamb cooked whole in a bread oven
Agnello cacio e ovo, a lamb-based fricassee
Mazzerella: lamb intestines stuffed with lamb, garlic, marjoram, lettuce, and spices
Le virtù: a soup from Teramo filled with legumes, vegetables and pork, usually eaten in the spring at celebrations
Timballo abruzzese: lasagna-like dish with pasta sheets (scrippelle) layered with meat, vegetables and rice; often served for Christmas and Easter[58]
Porchetta abruzzese: moist boneless-pork roast, slow-roasted with rosemary, garlic, and pepper[58]
Seafood is also popular, especially in coastal areas. The variety of fish available to the area has resulted in several fish-based Brodetti (broths), coming from such places as Vasto, Giulianova, and Pescara. These broths are often made by cooking fish, flavored with tomatoes, herbs, and peperoncino, in an earthenware pot. Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:
Easter Pizza, a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from the Teramo area
Fiadoni from Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses, ricotta, vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.
Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. The ventricina from the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers and fennel all encased in the dehydrated stomach of the pig itself. Atri and Rivisondoli are famous for cheeses. Mozzarella, either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.
Sweets
The Abruzzo's sweets are world-famous and include:
Confetti, sugar-coated almonds, from Sulmona
Torrone Nurzia, a chocolate nougat from L'Aquila
Parrozzo , a cake-like treat made from a mixture of crushed almonds, and coated in chocolate.
Ferratelle (also known as Pizzelle). A wafer cookie, often flavored with anise
Croccante, a type of nougat made from almonds and caramelized suger, often flavored with lemon[59]
A Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine labelled as being made from old vines.
Olive oil
The extra-virgin olive oil produced in Colline Teramane (Teramo hills) is marked by the DOP.[60]
The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.[61]
Wines and liquors
Renowned wines like Montepulciano DOCG and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC are judged to be amongst the world's finest.[62] In 2012, a bottle of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo ranked No. 1 in the top 50 Italian wine awards.[63] In recent decades these wines have been joined, particularly, by wines from lesser known (heritage) white grapes, such as, Pecorino, Cococciola, Passerina, Montonico Bianco and Fiano.[64]
The region is also well known for the production of liquors such as Centerbe, Limoncello, Ratafia and Genziana.
L’Italia dell’Istat
I dati dell’Annuario statistico italiano: nel 2009 sono aumentati gli inattivi e i disoccupati. Boom della cassa integrazione, quadruplicata nel giro di un anno. Siamo 60 milioni, ma la popolazione invecchia. Le donne meglio degli uomini all'università
Occupazione in calo per la prima volta dal 1994, popolazione sempre più vecchia e che aumenta solo grazie ai migranti, ma anche il leggero calo del tasso di scolarità e la conferma di un trend negativo nelle iscrizioni all'università. Sono soltanto alcuni dati dell’Annuario statistico italiano diffuso oggi (19 novembre), il ponderoso volume dell'Istat che in oltre ottocento pagine e 26 capitoli fornisce l'istantanea completa e aggiornata del paese alla fine del 2009. L’Italia, afferma l'annuario, conta oggi 60.340.328 residenti, circa 291.000 in più rispetto all’anno precedente. Un attivo "dovuto al movimento migratorio che, seppure in calo, neutralizza l’effetto negativo del saldo naturale". Gli stranieri hanno superato quota quattro milioni, il 7% della popolazione totale. Altri dati riferiscono della battuta d’arresto della fecondità, del calo dei matrimoni e della carica degli over65: un italiano su cinque è ultrassessantacinquenne e i “grandi vecchi” (dagli ottanta anni in su) rappresentano ormai il 5,8% della popolazione italiana.
LAVORO. Brutte notizie, come c'era da aspettarsi, sul fronte del lavoro: dopo 14 anni di crescita consecutiva, l’occupazione fa segnare per la prima volta un passo indietro: nel 2009 gli occupati sono 23.025.000, in calo di 380.000 unità rispetto all’anno precedente. Questo risultato è la sintesi di una riduzione marcata della componente italiana controbilanciata dall’aumento di quella straniera, il cui ritmo di crescita è comunque inferiore rispetto agli anni precedenti. La quota degli stranieri sul totale degli occupati raggiunge l’8,2% (7,5% nel 2008). Molto marcato l'aumento delle persone in cerca di occupazione, ben 253.000 in più rispetto al 2008 (+15%). Ne deriva che il tasso di disoccupazione sale al 7,8% dal 6,7% e quello di inattività al 37,6% dal 37% di un anno prima. Nella media del 2009, si apprende acnora dall'annuario, "300.000 occupati sono stati coinvolti dalla cassa integrazione, un valore quattro volte superiore a quello registrato l’anno precedente".
ISTRUZIONE. In leggero calo il tasso di scolarità nelle scuole superiori: sono 8.952.852 gli studenti iscritti all’anno scolastico 2008/2009, 7.459 in meno rispetto a quello precedente, invertendo il trend positivo avviato nel biennio 2000/2001. Il tasso di scolarità, comunque, si attesta ormai da qualche anno intorno al cento per cento per le scuole dell’infanzia, primaria e secondaria di primo grado, "un aumento che ha prodotto, nel corso degli anni, un costante innalzamento del livello di istruzione della popolazione italiana". Quanto all’università, è più frequentata dai giovani del Centro-Sud e dalle donne, anche se in generale si conferma la fase di flessione delle immatricolazioni iniziata nel 2004 che riguarda tutte le tipologie di corsi. Nel complesso la popolazione universitaria è composta da 1.812.454 studenti. Le donne sono più propense a proseguire gli studi (le diplomate che s’iscrivono a un corso universitario sono circa 69 su 100, i diplomati circa 57), ma anche a portare a termine il percorso accademico (le laureate sono circa 22 ogni 100 venticinquenni contro i 15 laureati ogni 100 maschi della stessa età).
WELFARE E SALUTE. Aumenta la spesa pubblica per la protezione sociale, arrivata a circa 453 miliardi di euro pari al il 29,8% del prodotto interno lordo. Alla previdenza va la fetta più grande di risorse, quasi due terzi della spesa. Alla sanità è destinato il 25,5% e all’assistenza il restante 8,4%. Oltre metà della spesa è coperta da contributi sociali. Quanto a sanità e salute, sette italiani su dieci si definiscono "in buone condizioni", ma nel frattempo calano le strutture sanitarie. L’abitudine al fumo risulta stabile negli ultimi anni: nel 2010, gli “schiavi” della sigaretta rappresentano il 22,8% della popolazione di 14 anni e più, percentuale che sale al 32,3% fra i 25-34enni. A fumare sono soprattutto gli uomini (29,2%) rispetto alle donne (16,9%).
GIUSTIZIA. Sempre più diffuso il ricorso al giudice di pace. Nel confronto con l’anno precedente, spiega l'Istat, aumentano nel 2008 i procedimenti civili sopravvenuti in primo grado (+0,8%), mentre diminuiscono quelli esauriti (-0,7%) e i pendenti a fine anno (-0,3%). Oltre un terzo dei procedimenti sopravvenuti in primo grado viene trattato dal giudice di pace, i restanti casi sono in capo ai tribunali. Cresce la popolazione carceraria, è straniero un detenuto su tre. Al 31 dicembre 2009 sono 64.791 i detenuti presenti negli istituti di prevenzione e pena, in crescita dell’11,5% rispetto a un anno prima. Si tratta di tossicodipendenti per un quarto dei casi, mentre appena il 4,2% è costituito da donne. Tra i detenuti gli stranieri rappresentano il 37,1%.
++++ from WIKIPEDIA ++++++
Abruzzo (UK: /æˈbrʊtsoʊ/,[5] US: /ɑːˈbruːtsoʊ, əˈ-/; Italian: [aˈbruttso]; Abbrùzze [abˈbruttsə], Abbrìzze [abˈbrittsə] or Abbrèzze [abˈbrɛttsə] in Neapolitan Abruzzese; Aquilano: Abbrùzzu) or Abruzzi is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and south-west, Molise to the south-east, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the Gran Sasso d'Italia, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.
Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, history and economy, although geographically it may also be considered central.[8] The Italian Statistical Authority (ISTAT) also deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Abruzzo is known as "the greenest region in Europe" as almost half of its territory, the largest in Europe,[9] is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves. There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of 75% of Europe's living species, including rare species such as the golden eagle, the Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois, the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear.[10] Abruzzo is also home to Calderone, Europe's southernmost glacier.
The visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi (1853–1917) said that the adjectives "forte e gentile" (strong and kind) best describe the beauty of the region and the character of its people. "Forte e gentile" has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants.
Provinces and politics
Abruzzo provinces
Provinces
Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces:
Province Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2)
Chieti 2,588 396,190 153.1
L'Aquila 5,034 308,876 61.3
Pescara 1,225 318,701 260.1
Teramo 1,948 308,769 158.5
Politics
History
Human settlements in Abruzzo have existed since at least the Neolithic times. A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti dates back to 6,540 BC under radiometric dating.[13] The name Abruzzo appears to be derivative of the Latin word "Aprutium". In Roman times, the region was known as Picenum, Sabina et Samnium, Flaminia et Picenum, and Campania et Samnium.[14] The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages, arising from four possible sources: it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo.
Many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and later was renamed Pentima by the Romans. Chieti is built on the site of the ancient city of Teate, Atri was known as Adria. Teramo, known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne, has Roman ruins which attract tourists.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, a string of invasions and rulers dominated the region, including the Lombards, Byzantines, and Hungarians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the region was dominated by the popes. Subsequently, the Normans took over, and Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sicily, later the Kingdom of Naples. Spain ruled the kingdom from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The French Bourbon dynasty took over in 1815, establishing the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento) in 1860.
Until 1963, Abruzzo was part of the combined Abruzzi e Molise region. The term Abruzzi (plural of Abruzzo) derives from the time when the region was part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The territory was administered as Abruzzo Citeriore (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ulteriore I and II (farther Abruzzo I and II) from Naples, the capital of the kingdom.[14] Abruzzo Citeriore is now Chieti province. Teramo and Pescara provinces now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila.
In the twentieth century, war had a great impact on the region. During the Second World War, Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line, part of the German's Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoner of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti,[18] and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War 1; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history.
Geography
Geographically, Abruzzo is located in central Italy and southern Italy, stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso, at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves, and one of the highest densities of Blue Flag beaches.
Climate
The Abruzzo region has two types of climate that are strongly influenced by the Apennine Mountains, dividing the climate of the coastal and sub-Apennine hills from the interior's high mountain ranges. Coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters and rainy hills with a sublittoral climate where temperatures decrease progressively with increasing altitude and precipitation with altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain ridges of the region; it increases with the proportion being more abundant in the field and on the slopes exposed to the west, instead of decreasing towards the east and east-facing slopes. Often the Adriatic coast are sidelined rainfall from the west to the barrier effect of the Apennines undergoing the action of gentle winds descending from it (or Libeccio).[21] The minimum annual rainfall, however, is found in some inland valleys, sheltered from much disturbance to the blocking action of mountain ridges, such as the Peligna Valley, or the valley of the river Tirino, which in some places (Ofena, Capestrano) showed barely 500 millimetres (19.7 inches), and not along the coast where it never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches); for if Teramo is relatively little watered by rain (Teramo less than 800 millimetres (31.5 inches)), the metre is exceeded in Chieti, reaching maximum levels in the Adriatic, while between Ortona and Vasto in Costa dei Trabocchi decrease again.[21] The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on the border with Lazio; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical (Pescara in 2010 showed a value close to 2,800 millimetres (110.2 inches)).
Flora and fauna
As with many Mediterranean regions, Abruzzo's vegetation is characterized by different Mediterranean ecosystems. The coast and the surrounding areas are characterized by the presence of typical plants of Mediterranean shrubland, such as myrtle, heather and mastic, while in the hilly areas other species grow, including olive, pine, willow, oak, poplar, alder, arbutus, broom, acacia, capers, rosemary, hawthorn, licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there is sub-montane vegetation, mainly characterized by mixed forests of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper. Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech trees. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species include alpine orchid, mountain juniper, silver fir, black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss.
The fauna of Abruzzo is highly varied, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata), which has recovered from near-extinction. Animals typical of this region include: marsican brown bear, along with Italian wolf, deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.
The natural parks of the region include the Abruzzo National Park, the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park,[24] the Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas.
Economy
Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a region of poverty in Southern Italy; over the past decades, however, it has developed to such an extent that it has escaped from the spiral of underdevelopment to become the 'first' region of the 'Italian Mezzogiorno'. This confirms its pivotal role in the national economic system. Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has had steady economic growth. In 1951, Abruzzo per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of Northern Italy, the nation's richest region. By 1971, Abruzzo was at 65% and, by 1994, per capita income was at 76% of Northern Italy's per capita income, giving Abruzzo the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy and surpassing the growth of every other region of Italy. The construction of autostrade (motorways) from Rome to Teramo (A24) and Rome to Pescara (A25) opened Abruzzo to easy access. State and private investment in the region increased, and Abruzzo attained higher per capita education levels and greater productivity growth than the rest of the South. As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181 and well outpacing that of the South (€15,808). The region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR.
The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, it seems that the economy of Abruzzo is recovering, despite the negative on regarding employment.[28] In fact, at the end of 2010, Abruzzo's growth was 1.47%, which placed it fourth among the Italian regions with the highest annual growth rates after Lazio, Lombardy and Calabria.[30] In 2011 Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.[31] The region is also the richest region of Southern Italy, with a GDP per capita of €25,700.[21]
Travel poster from the 1920s.
Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering, transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. Although industry has developed strongly, it retains weak points due to the existence of only a few large businesses alongside a huge fabric of small and medium-sized businesses. Both pure and applied research are carried out in the region, where there are major institutes and factories involved in research in the fields of pharmaceutics, biomedicine, electronics, aerospace and nuclear physics. The industrial infrastructure is spread throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. A further activity worthy of note is seaside and mountain tourism, which is of considerable importance to the economy of the region.[33] Agriculture, involving small holdings, has succeeded in modernising and offering high-quality products. The mostly small, agricultural holdings produce: wine, cereals, sugar beet, potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Traditional products are saffron and liquorice. Most famous in the world is Abruzzo's wine Montepulciano d'Abruzzo; in the late 20th and early 21st century, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo earned a reputation as being one of the most widely exported DOC classed wine in Italy.[34]
In the past decade, tourism has increased, in particular by internal and European arrivals. Abruzzo is world-famous for its wildlife parks (Abruzzo National Park, Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, Maiella National Park) and regional park (Sirente Velino), and 38 protected areas between oasis, regional reserves, and state reserves. The inland mountainous region contains several ski resorts, and coastal tourism is also well-developed, in particular, the Trabocchi Coast. Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns, especially around the town of L'Aquila, have earned it in some quarters the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", by analogy with the "Chiantishire", nickname sometimes used to refer to the Chianti area of Tuscany, but Abruzzo is still off the beaten path for most visitors to Italy.[35]
Chieti
Although the population density of Abruzzo has increased over recent decades, it is still well below the Italian national average: in 2008, 123.4 inhabitants per km2, compared to 198.8. In the provinces, the density varies: as of 2008 Pescara is the most densely populated with 260.1 inhabitants per km2, whereas L'Aquila is the least densely populated with 61.3 inhabitants per km2, although it has the largest area. After decades of emigration from the region, the main feature of the 1980s is immigration from third world countries. The population increase is due to the positive net migration. Since 1991 more deaths than births were registered in Abruzzo (except for 1999, when their numbers were equal).[36] In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 59,749 foreign-born immigrants live in Abruzzo, equal to 4.5% of the total regional population.
The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost complete urbanization of the entire coastal strip especially in the province of Teramo and Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures. In the coastal strip, however, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto, Avezzano, Carsoli, Gissi, Val Vibrata, Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara, L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones of Sulmona and Guardiagrele have turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.
Main settlements
L'Aquila is both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila and second largest city (pop. 73,000). L'Aquila was hit by an earthquake on 6 April 2009, which destroyed much of the city centre. The other provincial capitals are Pescara, which is Abruzzo's largest city and major port (pop. 123,000); Teramo (pop. 55,000) and Chieti (pop. 55,000). Other large municipalities in Abruzzo include the industrial and high tech center Avezzano (pop. 41,000), as well as three important industrial and touristic centers such as Vasto (pop. 40,636), Lanciano (pop. 36,000), and Sulmona (pop. 25,000).
Transport
Airports
Abruzzo International Airport is the only international airport in the region. Open to civilian traffic since 1996, the number of passengers has increased over the years because of low-cost air carriers' use of the facility. Today, the airport has a catchment area of over 500,000 passengers annually and connects the city of Pescara and the entire region with many Italian and Europe destinations.
L'Aquila-Preturo Airport is located in the nearby village of Courts and was recently renovated and modernized to accommodate presidential flights for G8 activities.
Ports
There are four main ports in Abruzzo: Pescara, Ortona, Vasto and Giulianova.
Over the years the Port of Pescara became one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and the Adriatic Sea. Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent some sixty years of major restoration and was reborn as a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been honored with the European Union's blue flag for the quality of services offered. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery and aquaculture activities are thriving.[38]
Railways
There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular, the Rome-Pescara line.
Existing railway lines:
Adriatic railway runs through the whole of Italy from north to south, along the Adriatic Sea.
Train Rome – Sulmona – Pescara
Sulmona – Carpinone
Sulmona–Terni railway
Avezzano railroad – Roccasecca
Giulianova – Teramo
Sangritana (Lanciano – Castel di Sangro)
Highways
There are three highways that serve the region:
Highway A24 Rome – L'Aquila – Teramo, was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with Lazio and more specifically to the Abruzzo Teramo via L'Aquila. It performs an important liaison function of the region, both Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic, due to the presence of several interchanges of connecting roads and highways. The Gran Sasso tunnel, the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984. It connects L'Aquila and Teramo on the A24 making the northern Abruzzo coast reachable within two hours from Rome.
Highway A25 Turin – Avezzano – Pescara makes the connection between Rome and Pescara. The road running out of Turin begins its journey where it branches off the A24, runs into the Conca del Fucino, crosses the Abruzzo Apennines, comes to the valley of Peligna, and ends at the exit for Pescara-Villanova to join the A14.
Motorway A14 Bologna – Taranto known as the A14 "Adriatica", includes 743 km (461.68 mi) of road, including lengths in the cities of Bologna and Taranto. Opened to traffic in 1965, it is now a major tourist road, running through the coastal towns of Emilia Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, and Apulia.
Culture
Castel del Monte, one of Abruzzo's little-known hill towns
Gabriele d'Annunzio from Pescara
Abbazia di San Liberatore a Majella (Serramonacesca)
Ovid from Sulmona
Cathedral of San Giustino (Chieti)
Fishing trabucco of San Vito Chietino
The museum Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo in Chieti houses the famed warrior statue Warrior of Capestrano which was found in a necropolis from 6th century B.C. Of cultural importance are: Teramo Cathedral, its archeological museum and Roman theater, the Castello della Monica, the Collurania-Teramo Observatory, the famous L'Aquila Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio (which holds the remains of Pope Celestine V), the Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Santa Maria del Suffragio, the Forte Spagnolo, the Fountain of 99 Spouts, Gabriele D'Annunzio's house in Pescara, Campli's Scala Sancta and its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata in Sulmona, the cathedrals of Chieti, Lanciano, Guardiagrele, Atri and Pescara along with the castles of Ortona, Celano and Ortucchio.
Every 28–29 August, L'Aquila's Santa Maria di Collemaggio commemorates the Perdonanza Celestiniana, the indulgence issued by Pope Celestine V to any who, "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August.[39] Sulmona's Holy Week is commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as 'La Madonna che Scappa in Piazza', where a large statue of the Madonna, carried by a group of Sulmonesi part of Confraternities, is taken through the square towards her resurrected Son.[40] Cocullo, in the province of L'Aquila, holds the annual 'Festa dei serpari' (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages, Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires.[41] In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for the transumanza, the migratory movement of sheep principally south to the region of Puglia during the cold winter months.[42] The Feast of St. Biagio, protector of wool dealers, is the most widespread in Abruzzo. On the third of February in Taranta Peligna every year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is carried out, entailing the distribution of panicelle, which are small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, which are distributed to the faithful.
Historical figures include: the Roman orator Asinius Pollio; Latin poets Sallust and Ovid, who were born in L'Aquila and Sulmona respectively, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman senator and leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar; and Pontius Pilate, who was born in the province of Teramo and is best known for authorizing the crucifixion of Jesus. Abruzzo's religious personalities include Saint Berardo; John of Capistrano, who led a crusade against the Ottoman Empire; Thomas of Celano, author of three hagiographies about Saint Francis of Assisi; and Alessandro Valignano, who introduced Catholicism to the Far East and Japan. The Polish Pope John Paul II loved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca. When he died, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, gave the local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.[43] The greatest Italian poet of the 20th century Gabriele D'Annunzio was from Pescara; other notable Abruzzo personalities in the field of humanities include: poet Ignazio Silone, director Ennio Flaiano who co-wrote La dolce vita, philosopher Benedetto Croce, composer Sir Paolo Tosti and the sculptor Venanzo Crocetti.
American artists and celebrities such as: Madonna, Dean Martin, Bradley Cooper, Perry Como, Henry Mancini, Nancy Pelosi, Rocky Marciano, Rocky Mattioli, Bruno Sammartino, Mario Batali, John and Dan Fante, Tommy Lasorda, Dan Marino, Mario Lanza, Garry Marshall, Penny Marshall, Al Martino, Ariana Grande and Canadian Michael Bublé have Abruzzo origins.
Some international movies shot in Abruzzo include The American, Jean-Jacques Annaud's The Name of the Rose, Fellini's La Strada and I Vitelloni, Schwarzenegger's Red Sonja, Ladyhawke, King David, Francesco, Keoma, The Barbarians, The Fox and the Child and Krull.
Medieval and Renaissance hill towns
The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in Abruzzo
For most of its history, a large number of the Abruzzese people have been hill people, often working as shepherds in mountainous areas, or establishing hill towns, especially in the parts of Abruzzo further from the Adriatic coast.[citation needed] Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy, but it still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are among The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy.[44] These awards are not only for aesthetic beauty but also for art and culture, historical importance and livability.
The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century saved some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional and national parks. Among the most well preserved are Castel del Monte and Santo Stefano di Sessanio, which lie in the Gran Sasso National Park on the edge of the high plain of Campo Imperatore and nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by the Medicis for over a century-and-a-half, have relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sits Rocca Calascio, the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. Both Monteferrante and Roccascalegna are two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within the Gran Sasso National Park is also found Castelli, an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the royal houses of Europe.
Civitella del Tronto played a crucial role in the history of the unification of Italy. The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in the Abruzzo region today.[45] Other medieval hill towns located fully within Abruzzo's park system are Pacentro in the Maiella National Park and Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo National Park. Pacentro, which features a 14th-century castle with two intact towers, has been little touched by modernisation. The Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, in the province of Teramo, which attracts some two million visitors per year, is one of the 15 most-visited sanctuaries in the world.[46] Capestrano, a small town in the province of L'Aquila, is the hometown of Saint John of Capistrano, Franciscan friar and Catholic priest, as well as the namesake of the Franciscan missions San Juan Capistrano in Southern California, the mission Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas) and the city of San Juan Capistrano in Orange County. Giulianova is a notable example of a Renaissance "ideal city."
The proximity to Rome, the protected natural reserves and landscapes which make the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of some of the most beautiful Italian villages, its rich and heterogeneous gastronomy, along with a long history of deep-rooted local tradition and authentic Italian culture, make Abruzzo fifth among Italian regions for tourist visits after Calabria, Marche, Sardinia and Trentino. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.
In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more. In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in Orlando (USA). One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.
Universities
There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:
University of L'Aquila
D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara
University of Teramo
Harvard University bases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program in Vasto, a resort town on Abruzzo's southern coast.
Science
Between the province of Teramo and L'Aquila, under the Gran Sasso Tunnel, is the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of the INFN, one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.
The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale", which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.
The Gran Sasso Science Institute, located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.
Sports
Interamnia World Cup, the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.[51]
There are several football clubs in Abruzzo. Delfino Pescara 1936 is a Serie B club; based in Pescara, its home stadium is Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia.
Dialects
The regional dialects of Abruzzo include Teramano, Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico and Abruzzese Occidentale. The first two form part of the dialect of southern Italy also known simply as "Neapolitan" since the region has been part of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while Aquilano is related to the Central Italian dialects including Romanesco. The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:
Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (central Italian dialects)
Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province of Ascoli Piceno (southern Italian dialects)
Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (southern Italian dialects)
Cuisine
Renowned for its variety and richness due to the heterogeneity of its territory, Abruzzo's cuisine is among the best in Italy. In 2013 an Italian organization Confesercenti survey of foreign tourists showed that Abruzzo is the best Italian region to eat in. Both the agricultural and coastal aspects of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was isolated from international influence until the 20th century. As a result, the region's cuisine remained unique.
Popular dishes
One of the most popular regional dishes is spaghetti alla chitarra which is made by pressing or cutting pasta through a chitarra, an implement to form long thin noodles similar to spaghetti. The pasta is served with a tomato-based sauce, often flavored with peppers, pork, goose, or lamb. This dish is complemented by regional side dishes, such as the bean and noodle soup, sagne e fagioli. This soup is traditionally flavored with tomatoes, garlic, oil, and peperoncini. In terms of common ingredients, cuisine in Abruzzo often includes:
Lamb and mutton, primarily in the mountains.[54] Sheep's milk (or ricotta) is an important source of Abruzzese cheese, and lamb intestines are used as sausage casing or for stuffed meat rolls.[54][55] Mountain goat meat is also common in Abruzzo.
Truffles and mushrooms, particularly wild mushrooms from the forests and hills
Garlic, especially red garlic
Rosemary
Hot chili pepper or peperoncini, regionally known as diavolilli or diavoletti, is common in Abruzzese cuisine and often used to add spice to dishes. Abruzzo residents are well known for frequently adding peperoncini, or hot peppers, to their meals.
Vegetables such as lentils, grasspeas and other legumes, artichoke, eggplant, and cauliflower[54][55][56][57]
Other popular dishes include:
Gnocchi carrati, flavored with bacon, eggs and pecorino cheese
Scrippelle, a rustic French-style crêpe served either mbusse (a type of soup) or used to form a sort of soufflé with some ragù and stuffed with chicken liver, meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
Pastuccia, a polenta stew with sausage, eggs, and cheese
Across the region, roast lamb is enjoyed in several variations. Some of these variations include:
Arrosticini, a skewered lamb dish
Pecora al cotturo, lamb stuffed with a variety of mountain herbs and cooked in a copper pot
Lamb cooked whole in a bread oven
Agnello cacio e ovo, a lamb-based fricassee
Mazzerella: lamb intestines stuffed with lamb, garlic, marjoram, lettuce, and spices
Le virtù: a soup from Teramo filled with legumes, vegetables and pork, usually eaten in the spring at celebrations
Timballo abruzzese: lasagna-like dish with pasta sheets (scrippelle) layered with meat, vegetables and rice; often served for Christmas and Easter[58]
Porchetta abruzzese: moist boneless-pork roast, slow-roasted with rosemary, garlic, and pepper[58]
Seafood is also popular, especially in coastal areas. The variety of fish available to the area has resulted in several fish-based Brodetti (broths), coming from such places as Vasto, Giulianova, and Pescara. These broths are often made by cooking fish, flavored with tomatoes, herbs, and peperoncino, in an earthenware pot. Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:
Easter Pizza, a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from the Teramo area
Fiadoni from Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses, ricotta, vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.
Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. The ventricina from the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers and fennel all encased in the dehydrated stomach of the pig itself. Atri and Rivisondoli are famous for cheeses. Mozzarella, either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.
Sweets
The Abruzzo's sweets are world-famous and include:
Confetti, sugar-coated almonds, from Sulmona
Torrone Nurzia, a chocolate nougat from L'Aquila
Parrozzo , a cake-like treat made from a mixture of crushed almonds, and coated in chocolate.
Ferratelle (also known as Pizzelle). A wafer cookie, often flavored with anise
Croccante, a type of nougat made from almonds and caramelized suger, often flavored with lemon[59]
A Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine labelled as being made from old vines.
Olive oil
The extra-virgin olive oil produced in Colline Teramane (Teramo hills) is marked by the DOP.[60]
The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.[61]
Wines and liquors
Renowned wines like Montepulciano DOCG and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC are judged to be amongst the world's finest.[62] In 2012, a bottle of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo ranked No. 1 in the top 50 Italian wine awards.[63] In recent decades these wines have been joined, particularly, by wines from lesser known (heritage) white grapes, such as, Pecorino, Cococciola, Passerina, Montonico Bianco and Fiano.[64]
The region is also well known for the production of liquors such as Centerbe, Limoncello, Ratafia and Genziana.
Ferrara es un municipio italiano de la región de Emilia-Romaña, capital de la provincia homónima. Con una población de 129 555 habitantes (ISTAT 2024), está situada sobre el río Po de Volano. La ciudad tiene una estructura urbanística que se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando era gobernada por la familia de los Este. El diseño realizado por Biagio Rossetti la convirtió en la primera ciudad moderna de Europa. De este hecho histórico, además de la conservación del estilo y materiales arquitectónicos en la zona del centro histórico, deriva en gran parte su reconocimiento como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad en 1995 (al centro histórico de Ferrara), ampliado en 1999 al delta del Po.
Ferrara (/fəˈrɑːrə/; Italian: [ferˈraːra]; Emilian: Fràra [ˈfraːra]) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara. As of 2016, it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Le retribuzioni a febbraio, secondo i dati diffusi oggi dall’Istat, sono praticamente ferme. Non poteva giungere notizia più nefasta per l’economia.
Su base annua la crescita sfiora appena l’1,4%. Un livello irrisorio, soprattutto se confrontato con l’aumento di prezzi e tariffe che, nonostante quanto rilevato dall’Istat, non ci risulta registrino alcuna frenata.
Nel biennio 2012-2013 l’aggravio a carico delle famiglie (tra prezzi, tariffe e tassazione) calcolato dall’O.N.F. – Osservatorio Nazionale Federconsumatori, risulta pari a ben +3.823.
A tutto ciò si aggiunge l’incredibile pressione fiscale nel nostro Paese, che ha raggiunto la quota impressionante del 52%. Una situazione che determina una continua perdita del potere di acquisto, ormai incontrastata, di fronte alla quale l’immobilità delle retribuzioni risulta ancora più allarmante.
Le più disagiate sono le famiglie a reddito fisso: al di là del fatto che i dati sul tasso di inflazione sono fortemente sottostimati dall’Istat, la forbice tra la crescita dei prezzi e quella dell’inflazione risulta comunque pari allo 0,5%.
Questo si traduce, per una famiglia media (di 2,5 componenti) monoreddito in una ricaduta di 153 Euro annui. Invece, per una famiglia monoreddito di 3 componenti, il divario equivale ad una diminuzione del potere di acquisto di 184 Euro annui. È evidente che tale situazione è divenuta del tutto insostenibile per le famiglie, che ormai sono costrette a ridurre persino i consumi di prima necessità, come quelli alimentari.
Per non parlare della contrazione dei prestiti attestata da Bankitalia che testimonia l’impossibilità, per molte famiglie, di ricorrere all’indebitamento.
In uno scenario simile le famiglie e l’intero sistema economico hanno bisogno di risposte concrete e rapide.
Per questo bisogna avviare il prima possibile interventi urgenti quali la definizione di un serio piano di rilancio economico, a partire dalla ripresa degli investimenti per lo sviluppo tecnologico e la ricerca; l’allentamento dei patti di stabilità degli Enti Locali, per dare possibilità di intervento per il rilancio occupazionale; nonché l’eliminazione definitiva dell’aumento dell’IVA previsto a partire da luglio, che avrà effetti disastrosi per le famiglie e per il Paese.
Wages in February, according to data released today by ISTAT, are practically still. Could not have come more ominous news for the economy.
On-year growth barely touches the 1, 4%. A ridiculously low level, especially when compared with the increase of prices and tariffs that despite the findings by ISTAT, there is no SIGNING braking.
In the years 2012-2013 the burden on families (including rates, fees and taxation) calculated by the ONF - National Observatory Consumers Association, is equal to +3823 well.
To all this is added the incredible tax burden in our country, which has achieved its impressive 52%. A situation that causes a continuous loss of purchasing power, now unopposed, in front of which the immobility of wages is even more alarming.
The most disadvantaged are the fixed-income families: beyond the fact that the data on the rate of inflation are strongly underestimated by Istat, the gap between the growth in prices and that inflation is still 0.5%.
This translates to an average household (2.5 members) earner in a relapse of 153 euros per year. Instead, for a single income family of 3 components, the gap is equivalent to a decrease in the purchasing power of 184 euros per year. It is obvious that this situation has become totally unsustainable for families, who are now forced to reduce consumption even basic necessities, such as food.
Not to mention the decrease in lending attested by Bank of Italy which testifies to the impossibility for many families to borrow.
In this scenario families and the entire economic system in need of prompt and substantive responses.
For this we must start as soon as possible urgent interventions such as the definition of a serious economic recovery plan, starting with the recovery of investment for technology development and research, the loosening of the stability pacts of Local Authorities, to give the possibility of intervention for new job creation, as well as the final elimination of the VAT increase expected in July, which will have disastrous effects for the families and for the country.
Castelluccio è una frazione del comune di Norcia (PG) in Umbria ed uno dei centri abitati più elevati dell'Appennino.
Secondo i dati ISTAT il paese si va man mano spopolando: nel censimento del 2001 il paese risultava abitato da 150 residenti, mentre in quello del 2011 i residenti sono scesi a 120.
Il 30 ottobre 2016 il paese di Castelluccio è stato quasi completamente raso al suolo da un importante evento sismico: il campanile e la Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta sono andati completamente perduti, mentre alcune opere di notevole pregio storico-artistico custodite nella chiesa sono state messe in sicurezza prima dei crolli.
Castelluccio is a fraction of the municipality of Norcia (PG) in Umbria and one of the highest inhabited centers of the Apennines.
According to ISTAT data the country is becoming increasingly popular: in the 2001 census, the country was inhabited by 150 residents, while in 2011 the residents were down to 120.
On 30 October 2016 the town of Castelluccio was almost completely razed to the ground by an important earthquake: the bell tower and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta were completely lost, while some works of considerable historical and artistic value kept in the church were put in safety before the collapses.
Italien / Toskana - Siena
Siena (/siˈɛnə/ see-EN-ə, Italian: [ˈsjɛːna, ˈsjeːna] (listen); Latin: Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena. Siena is the 12th largest city in the region by number of inhabitants, with a population of 53,062 as of 2022.
The city is historically linked to commercial and banking activities, having been a major banking center until the 13th and 14th centuries. Siena is also home to the oldest bank in the world, the Monte dei Paschi bank, which has been operating continuously since 1472. Several significant Renaissance painters were born and worked in Siena, among them Duccio, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Simone Martini and Sassetta, and influenced the course of Italian and European art. The University of Siena, originally called Studium Senese, was founded in 1240, making it one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world.
Siena was one of the most important cities in medieval Europe, and its historic centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which contains several buildings from the 13th and 14th centuries. The city is famous for its cuisine, art, museums, medieval cityscape and the Palio, a horse race held twice a year in Piazza del Campo.
History
Antiquity
Siena, like other Tuscan hill towns, was first settled in the time of the Etruscans (c. 900–400 BC) when it was inhabited by a tribe called the Saina. A Roman town called Saena Julia was founded at the site in the time of the Emperor Augustus.
According to local legend, Siena was founded by Senius and Aschius, two sons of Remus and thus nephews of Romulus, after whom Rome was named. Supposedly after their father's murder by Romulus, they fled Rome, taking with them the statue of the she-wolf suckling the infants (Capitoline Wolf), thus appropriating that symbol for the town. Additionally they rode white and black horses, giving rise to the Balzana, or coat of arms of Siena with a white band atop a dark band. Some claim the name Siena derives from Senius. Other etymologies derive the name from the Etruscan family name Saina, the Roman family name Saenii, or the Latin word senex "old" or its derived form seneo "to be old".
Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It was not sited near any major roads and lacked opportunities for trade. Its insular status meant that Christianity did not penetrate until the 4th century AD, and it was not until the Lombards invaded Siena and the surrounding territory that it knew prosperity.[citation needed] After the Lombard occupation, the old Roman roads of Via Aurelia and the Via Cassia passed through areas exposed to Byzantine raids, so the Lombards rerouted much of their trade between the Lombards' northern possessions and Rome along a more secure road through Siena. Siena prospered as a trading post, and the constant streams of pilgrims passing to and from Rome provided a valuable source of income in the centuries to come.
Middle Ages
The oldest aristocratic families in Siena date their line to the Lombards' surrender in 774 to Charlemagne. At this point, the city was inundated with a swarm of Frankish overseers who married into the existing Sienese nobility and left a legacy that can be seen in the abbeys they founded throughout the Sienese territory. Feudal power waned, however, and by the death of Countess Matilda in 1115 the border territory of the March of Tuscany which had been under the control of her family, the Canossa, broke up into several autonomous regions. This ultimately resulted in the creation of the Republic of Siena.
The Republic existed for over four hundred years, from the 12th century until 1555. During the golden age of Siena before the Black Death in 1348, the city was home to 50,000 people. A major economic centre and among the most important cities in Europe, as well as the main political, economic, and artistic rival of its neighboring city of Florence.
In the Italian War of 1551–59, the republic was defeated by the rival Florence in alliance with the Spanish crown. After 18 months of resistance, Siena surrendered to Spain on 17 April 1555, marking the end of the republic.
Late modern period
After the Napoleonic period and the Risorgimento uprisings, Siena was the first city in Tuscany, in 1859, to vote in favour of annexation to the Kingdom of Italy.
Geography
Siena is located in the central part of Tuscany, in the middle of a vast hilly landscape between the Arbia river valley (south), the Merse valley (south-west), the Elsa valley (north), the Chianti hills (north-east), the Montagnola Senese (west) and the Crete Senesi (south-east). The city lies at 322 m (1,056 ft) above sea level.
Economy
The main activities are tourism, services, agriculture, handicrafts and light industry.
In 2009 agricultural activity comprised 919 companies with a total area of 10.755 square kilometres (4.153 sq mi) for a usable agricultural area of 6.954 square kilometres (2.685 sq mi) or about 1⁄30 of the total municipal area (data ISTAT for the 2000 Agriculture Census V).
There is little manufacturing in the city. One exception is the seasonal confectionery industry, which produces local specialities including panforte, ricciarelli and cavallucci at Christmas, and pane co' santi for I Santi on 1 November and I Morti on the following day.
The area has also seen a growth in biotechnology. The Centenary Institute Sieroterapico Achille Sclavo used to be Swiss-owned, operating under the company name, Novartis Vaccines. Novartis developed and produced vaccines and employed about a thousand people. In 2015, the research plant in Siena became part of Glaxo Smith Kline, as part of a deal between Novartis and this firm.
Culture
Contrade
Siena retains a ward-centric culture from medieval times. Each ward (contrada) is represented by an animal or mascot and has its own boundary and distinct identity. Ward rivalries are most rampant during the annual horse race (Palio) in the Piazza del Campo. There are 17 wards (contrada): Aquila, Bruco, Chiocciola, Civetta, Drago, Giraffa, Istrice, Leocorno, Lupa, Nicchio, Oca, Onda, Pantera, Selva, Tartuca, Torre, Valdimontone.
The Palio
The Palio di Siena is a traditional medieval horse race run around the Piazza del Campo twice each year, on 2 July and 16 August. The event is attended by large crowds, and is widely televised. Ten randomly selected from 17 Contrade (which are city neighbourhoods originally formed as battalions for the city's defence) vie for the trophy: a painted banner, or Palio bearing an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Art
Over the centuries, Siena has had a rich tradition of arts and artists. The list of artists from the Sienese School include Duccio and his student Simone Martini, Pietro Lorenzetti and Martino di Bartolomeo. A number of well-known works of Renaissance and High Renaissance art still remain in galleries or churches in Siena.
The Church of San Domenico contains art by Guido da Siena, dating to the mid-13th century. Duccio's Maestà, which was commissioned by the City of Siena in 1308, was instrumental in leading Italian painting away from the hieratic representations of Byzantine art and directing it towards more direct presentations of reality. And his Madonna and Child with Saints polyptych, painted between 1311 and 1318, remains at the city's Pinacoteca Nazionale.
The Pinacoteca also includes several works by Domenico Beccafumi, as well as art by Lorenzo Lotto, Domenico di Bartolo and Fra Bartolomeo.
Main sights
The Siena Cathedral (Duomo), begun in the 12th century, is a masterpiece of Italian Romanesque–Gothic architecture. Its main façade was completed in 1380 with a nave oriented northeast–southwest. A proposed expansion of the eastern transept would have transformed the church into an ambitiously massive basilica, the largest then in the world, with an east–west nave. However, the scarcity of funds, in part due to war and the Black Death, truncated the project. Two walls of this expanded eastern transept remain; through an internal staircase, visitors can climb for a grand view of the city.
The Siena Cathedral Pulpit is an octagonal 13th-century masterpiece sculpted by Nicola Pisano with lion pedestals and biblical bas-relief panels. The inlaid marble mosaic floor of the cathedral, designed and laboured on by many artists, is among the most elaborate in Italy. The Sacristy and Piccolomini library have well-preserved Renaissance frescos by Ghirlandaio and Pinturicchio respectively. Other sculptors active in the church and in the subterranean baptistry are Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Jacopo della Quercia and others. The Museo dell'Opera del Duomo contains Duccio's famous Maestà (1308–11) and various other works by Sienese masters. More Sienese paintings are to be found in the Pinacoteca, e.g. 13th-century works by Dietisalvi di Speme.
The Piazza del Campo, the shell-shaped town square, unfurls before the Palazzo Pubblico with its tall Torre del Mangia. This is part of the site for the Palio horse race. The Palazzo Pubblico, itself a great work of architecture, houses yet another important art museum. Included within the museum is Ambrogio Lorenzetti's frescoes depicting the Allegory and Effects of Good and Bad Government and also some of the finest frescoes of Simone Martini and Pietro Lorenzetti.
The Palazzo Salimbeni, located in a piazza of the same name, was the original headquarters and remains in possession of the Monte dei Paschi di Siena, one of the oldest banks in continuous existence in Europe.
Housed in the notable Gothic Palazzo Chigi-Saracini on Via di Città is the Accademia Musicale Chigiana, Siena's conservatory of music.
Other churches in the city include:
Basilica dell'Osservanza
San Domenico
San Francesco
San Martino
Santa Maria dei Servi
Santa Petronilla
Santi Niccolo e Lucia
Santo Spirito
Sant'Andrea Apostolo
Sanctuary of Santa Caterina, incorporating the old house of St. Catherine of Siena. It houses the miraculous Crucifix (late 12th century) from which the saint received her stigmata, and a 15th-century statue of St. Catherine.
The historic Siena synagogue is also preserved and open to visitors.
The city's gardens include the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Siena, a botanical garden maintained by the University of Siena.
The Medicean Fortress houses the Siena Jazz School, with courses and concerts throughout the year, and a festival during the International Siena Jazz Masterclasses.
In the neighbourhood are numerous patrician villas, some of which are attributed to Baldassarre Peruzzi:
Villa Chigi
Castle of Belcaro
Villa Celsa
Villa Cetinale
Villa Volte Alte
(Wikipedia)
Siena (italienische Aussprache [ˈsjɛːna]) ist der Name einer italienischen Stadt mit 53.922 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2019) und eines früheren Stadtstaates im Zentrum der Toskana.
Siena ist Hauptstadt der Provinz Siena und gilt als eine der schönsten Städte der Toskana und Italiens. Schon von jeher befindet sie sich in Rivalität mit Florenz, in politischer, wirtschaftlicher oder künstlerischer Hinsicht. Während Florenz als Paradebeispiel einer Renaissance-Stadt vor allem durch die schiere Masse und Größe seiner Bauwerke und Kunstwerke beeindruckt, hat Siena den mittelalterlichen Charakter der italienischen Gotik erhalten. Die historische Altstadt gehört seit 1995 zum UNESCO-Welterbe. Die Universität Siena, gegründet 1240, gehört zu den ältesten Universitäten Italiens und wird heute von etwa 16.000 Studenten besucht. Aus Siena stammt die Heilige Katharina von Siena.
Siena ist auch bekannt für den Palio di Siena, ein Pferderennen, das am zentralen Platz Piazza del Campo ausgetragen wird. Bei dem Rennen, das seit dem Mittelalter eine sehr große Bedeutung für Siena hat, treten zweimal im Jahr jeweils zehn der 17 Bezirke (Contrade) der Stadt gegeneinander an.
Siena ist Sitz der Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, der ältesten noch existierenden Bank der Welt, die gleichzeitig drittgrößte Bank Italiens ist.
Geografie
Siena liegt etwa 50 km südlich der Regionalhauptstadt Florenz und rund 185 km nordwestlich von Rom. Sie liegt in der klimatischen Einordnung italienischer Gemeinden in der Zone D, 1943 GR/G. Sie grenzt nördlich an den Chianti, südöstlich an die Crete Senesi, südwestlich an die Maremma und nordwestlich an die Montagnola Senese.
Zu den wichtigsten Flüssen im Gemeindegebiet gehören der Tressa (13 km im Gemeindegebiet), der Bozzone (11 km), der Arbia (9 km) und der Sorra (9 km). Keiner der Flüsse durchquert das Stadtzentrum, wobei der Tressa der dem Stadtzentrum am nächsten gelegene Fluss ist. Die Flüsse Sorra und Tressa entspringen im Gemeindegebiet von Siena, der Arbia und der Bozzone quellen nördlich von Siena im Chiantigebiet.
Die bevölkerungsstärksten Ortsteile (Frazioni) von Siena sind Taverne d’Arbia (ca. 2350 Einwohner, 185 m), Isola d’Arbia (ca. 900 Einwohner, 176 m) und Sant’Andrea a Montecchio (ca. 900 Einwohner, 273 m). Weitere Ortsteile sind Le Scotte (ca. 60 Einwohner, 319 m, Standort des Krankenhauses) und Monteliscai.
Die Nachbargemeinden sind Asciano, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Monteriggioni, Monteroni d’Arbia und Sovicille.
Stadtgliederung
Die historische Altstadt ist gegliedert in drei Terzi (Drittel), in denen mehrere Contrade (Stadtteile) zusammengefasst sind (insgesamt 17) und die alle innerhalb der Stadtmauern von Siena liegen. Die Contraden sind nach ihren Wappen (meist Tieren) benannt und sind Gegner beim berühmten Pferderennen Palio, das jährlich einmal im Juli und einmal im August stattfindet. Die Organisationsform der Contraden als demokratisch und sozial verfasste überschaubare Wohnviertel wurde als Grund für die sehr niedrige Kriminalitätsrate in Siena angeführt. Finanziert wurde das System vor allem von der ortsansässigen Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena und ihrer Stiftung, die allerdings im Zuge der Eurokrise ab 2011 die jährlichen Zahlungen in dreistelliger Millionenhöhe einstellte.
Zum Terzo di Città zählen die Contrade Aquila (Adler), Chiocciola (Schnecke), Onda (Welle), Pantera (Panther), Selva (Wald) und Tartuca (Schildkröte).
Zum Terzo di San Martino gehören die Contrade Civetta (Eule), Leocorno (Einhorn), Nicchio (Muschel), Valdimontone (Widder) und Torre (Turm).
Zum Terzo di Camollia gehören die Contrade Bruco (Raupe), Drago (Drache), Giraffa (Giraffe), Istrice (Stachelschwein), Lupa (Wölfin) und Oca (Gans).
Geschichte
Siena geht vermutlich auf eine etruskische Siedlung mit Namen Saena zurück und wurde unter römischer Herrschaft eine Kolonie mit dem Namen Saena Iulia. Ihre eigentliche Bedeutung erlangte die Stadt aber erst im Mittelalter. Wie andere italienische Städte wurde sie allmählich unabhängig und hatte im 12. Jahrhundert eine Konsularregierung.
Im Streit zwischen Kaiser und Papsttum stand Siena – im Gegensatz zu Florenz – auf ghibellinischer Seite und erhielt dadurch verschiedene Privilegien. Im Wesentlichen verbarg sich aber hinter diesem Konflikt eine wirtschaftliche Rivalität zwischen den beiden Handelsstädten. In der Schlacht von Montaperti 1260 wurden die Florentiner geschlagen. Die folgenden Jahre brachten aber einen Niedergang der Ghibellinen mit sich. Im Inneren kam es immer wieder zu politischen Machtkämpfen, die aber eine wirtschaftliche Blüte der Stadt nicht verhinderten.
1389 schlossen die Senesen ein Bündnis mit Gian Galeazzo Visconti, das sie für einige Jahre in Abhängigkeit von Mailand brachte.
1487 ergriff Pandolfo Petrucci die Macht und regierte despotisch, wenn er auch formell die Regierungsformen nicht antastete. Anders als den auf ähnliche Weise in Florenz herrschenden Medici gelang es ihm aber nicht, eine Dynastie zu gründen, und nach seinem Tod 1512 stellte sich die Stadt bald unter den Schutz Karls V. Die Bürger lehnten sich gegen die zunehmende Tyrannei der Spanier auf, aber 1555 wurde Siena nach langer Belagerung eingenommen und zwei Jahre später als Lehen an Cosimo I. de’ Medici gegeben, unter dem es Teil des Großherzogtums Toskana wurde.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Dom
Der Dom aus schwarzem und weißem Marmor, heute eines der bedeutendsten Beispiele der gotischen Architektur in Italien, entstand aus einer dreischiffigen romanischen Basilika. Heute präsentiert sich der Bau immer noch als solche, jedoch mit gotisch erhöhtem und eingewölbtem Mittelschiff, kompliziertem, mehrschiffigen Querhaus und einem gotischen Chor. Romanisch blieb die unregelmäßig sechseckige Kuppel über der Vierung, die für viele der Unregelmäßigkeiten des Baues verantwortlich ist. Der Bau wurde Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts begonnen und zog sich bis in das 14. Jahrhundert hinein.
Eine letzte Vergrößerung wurde 1339 begonnen, aber wegen Geldmangels und Problemen mit der Statik nie zu Ende geführt; heute sind nur Nordseitenschiff und Fassade des sog. „Duomo Nuovo“ zu sehen, die die Großartigkeit des unvollendeten Plans andeuten. Die Kirche, die den heutigen Dom als Querhaus weitergenutzt hätte, sollte in den Dimensionen Alt St. Peter, damals eine der größten Kirchen der Welt, übertreffen. Zu dem Baukörper gehört auch das Baptisterium San Giovanni, das in den Substruktionen des Domchores eingerichtet ist.
Weitere Kirchen
Basilica dell’Osservanza, einzige der vier Basiliken, die außerhalb der Stadtmauern liegt.
Basilica di San Clemente in Santa Maria dei Servi im Ortsdrittel Terzo di San Martino.
Basilica di San Domenico im Ortsdrittel Terzo di Camollia.
Basilica di San Francesco im Ortsdrittel Terzo di Camollia.
Sant’Agostino, Kirche im Ortsdrittel Terzo di Città.
San Martino, Kirche im Ortsdrittel Terzo di San Martino.
Santuario di Santa Caterina, Geburtshaus, Oratorium und Kirche zu Ehren der hl. Katharina von Siena im Ortsdrittel Terzo di Camollia.
Museo dell’Opera del Duomo
Die Opera del Duomo enthält neben dem Fenster des Domchores auch Duccios berühmte Madonna, die 1308–1311 für die Kathedrale gemalt wurde, sowie andere Kunstwerke, die aus dem Kontext der Kathedrale stammen. Durch das Museum kann man die Fassade (facciatone) des „Duomo Nuovo“ betreten, der nie vollendet wurde (s. o.).
Ospedale Santa Maria della Scala
Gegenüber dem Dom befindet sich dieses schon kurz nach 1000 gegründete Pilgerhospiz, das etwa das vierfache Bauvolumen der Kathedrale besitzt. Im Obergeschoss sind verschiedene Säle und Kapellen von Interesse: neben dem Eingang blickt man in die Kapelle der SS. Annunziata, die im 15. Jh. errichtet und im 18. Jh. durch ein grandioses Fresko in der Apsis ausgeschmückt wurde. Daran schließt die sog. Sagrestia an, die von Vecchietta ausgemalt wurde. Der große Saal im Zentrum des Hospizes (Pellegrinaio) ist vollständig ausgemalt, die meisten der Fresken stammen von Domenico di Bartolo, aber auch Vecchietta und Priamo della Quercia führten einzelne Szenen aus. Von hohem Interesse sind die beiden Untergeschosse, die höhlenähnlichen Charakter besitzen. Sie sind zum Teil in verschiedenen Epochen ausgestattet worden, beherbergen heute außerdem viele Kunstwerke, darunter eine große Sammlung antiker Urnen und ein Altarretabel von Taddeo di Bartolo.
Palazzo Pubblico (Palazzo Comunale)
Der Palazzo Pubblico (das Rathaus) ist ein Palast, dessen Bau im Jahre 1297 begann, als Sitz der republikanischen Regierung, der Podestà und des Konzils der Neun.
Der Palast liegt zentral an Sienas Hauptplatz, der Piazza del Campo; der Platz wurde im 14. Jahrhundert am Ort eines antiken Theaters angelegt; 1347 erhielt er seine charakteristische rote Backstein-Pflasterung, die von hellen Streifen aus Travertin segmentiert wird. Hier findet auch der Palio di Siena statt, ein alljährliches lokales Pferderennen.
Im Palast selbst befinden sich zahlreiche berühmte Fresken wie zum Beispiel dasjenige, das Guidoriccio da Fogliano im Saal der Landkarten (Sala del Mappamondo) zeigt. Das Fresko stammt wahrscheinlich von Simone Martini. Die Wand des Saals zeigt außerdem Reste der Zeichnung einer Weltkarte von Pietro Lorenzetti. Eines der berühmtesten Werke im Palast ist die Darstellung der Guten und der Schlechten Regierung im Saal der Neun (Sala della Pace) von Ambrogio Lorenzetti.
Der 102 Meter hohe Turm des Palastes (Torre del Mangia) wurde zwischen 1325 und 1344 errichtet, seine Spitze wurde von Lippo Memmi entworfen. Er ist der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich und bietet von seiner Spitze einen sehr guten Rundblick über die Stadt und ihre Umgebung.
Accademia Musicale Chigiana
Die Institution ist eine angesehene Musik- und Kunstakademie aus dem ersten Viertel des 20. Jahrhunderts. Sie veranstaltet u. a. im September die Musikwoche Siena und weitere Kurse zur Weiterbildung junger Musiker. Ihr Sitz ist der historische Palazzo Chigi-Saracini.
Pinacoteca Nazionale di Siena
Das 1932 eingeweihte Kunstmuseum enthält Werke aus dem 13. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert bedeutender seneser Künstler.
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
Die 1472 gegründete Bank mit der Zentrale in Siena im Palazzo Salimbeni gilt als älteste Bank der Welt.
Palazzo Tolomei
Der Palazzo Tolomei in der Straße Banchi di Sopra wurde um 1205 gebaut und ist der älteste Stadtpalast von Siena. Er wurde später aufgestockt und umgebaut. Die Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze hat hier heute ihren Sitz.
Palazzo Piccolomini-Clementini
Bottini di Siena
Unterirdisches Tunnelsystem zur (ehemaligen) Wasserversorgung von Siena.
Canale del Granduca
Unterirdisches Tunnelsystem zur Entwässerung des Pian del Lago.
Sport
Das bekannteste Sportereignis der Stadt ist der Palio di Siena, ein Pferderennen, das seit dem Mittelalter veranstaltet wird.
Siena ist Ziel des Radklassikers Strade Bianche, welcher auf dem Piazza del Campo endet.
(Wikipedia)
++++ from WIKIPEDIA ++++++
Abruzzo (UK: /æˈbrʊtsoʊ/,[5] US: /ɑːˈbruːtsoʊ, əˈ-/; Italian: [aˈbruttso]; Abbrùzze [abˈbruttsə], Abbrìzze [abˈbrittsə] or Abbrèzze [abˈbrɛttsə] in Neapolitan Abruzzese; Aquilano: Abbrùzzu) or Abruzzi is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and south-west, Molise to the south-east, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the Gran Sasso d'Italia, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.
Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, history and economy, although geographically it may also be considered central.[8] The Italian Statistical Authority (ISTAT) also deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Abruzzo is known as "the greenest region in Europe" as almost half of its territory, the largest in Europe,[9] is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves. There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of 75% of Europe's living species, including rare species such as the golden eagle, the Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois, the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear.[10] Abruzzo is also home to Calderone, Europe's southernmost glacier.
The visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi (1853–1917) said that the adjectives "forte e gentile" (strong and kind) best describe the beauty of the region and the character of its people. "Forte e gentile" has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants.
Provinces and politics
Abruzzo provinces
Provinces
Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces:
Province Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2)
Chieti 2,588 396,190 153.1
L'Aquila 5,034 308,876 61.3
Pescara 1,225 318,701 260.1
Teramo 1,948 308,769 158.5
Politics
History
Human settlements in Abruzzo have existed since at least the Neolithic times. A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti dates back to 6,540 BC under radiometric dating.[13] The name Abruzzo appears to be derivative of the Latin word "Aprutium". In Roman times, the region was known as Picenum, Sabina et Samnium, Flaminia et Picenum, and Campania et Samnium.[14] The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages, arising from four possible sources: it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo.
Many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and later was renamed Pentima by the Romans. Chieti is built on the site of the ancient city of Teate, Atri was known as Adria. Teramo, known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne, has Roman ruins which attract tourists.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, a string of invasions and rulers dominated the region, including the Lombards, Byzantines, and Hungarians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the region was dominated by the popes. Subsequently, the Normans took over, and Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sicily, later the Kingdom of Naples. Spain ruled the kingdom from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The French Bourbon dynasty took over in 1815, establishing the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento) in 1860.
Until 1963, Abruzzo was part of the combined Abruzzi e Molise region. The term Abruzzi (plural of Abruzzo) derives from the time when the region was part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The territory was administered as Abruzzo Citeriore (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ulteriore I and II (farther Abruzzo I and II) from Naples, the capital of the kingdom.[14] Abruzzo Citeriore is now Chieti province. Teramo and Pescara provinces now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila.
In the twentieth century, war had a great impact on the region. During the Second World War, Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line, part of the German's Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoner of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti,[18] and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War 1; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history.
Geography
Geographically, Abruzzo is located in central Italy and southern Italy, stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso, at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves, and one of the highest densities of Blue Flag beaches.
Climate
The Abruzzo region has two types of climate that are strongly influenced by the Apennine Mountains, dividing the climate of the coastal and sub-Apennine hills from the interior's high mountain ranges. Coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters and rainy hills with a sublittoral climate where temperatures decrease progressively with increasing altitude and precipitation with altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain ridges of the region; it increases with the proportion being more abundant in the field and on the slopes exposed to the west, instead of decreasing towards the east and east-facing slopes. Often the Adriatic coast are sidelined rainfall from the west to the barrier effect of the Apennines undergoing the action of gentle winds descending from it (or Libeccio).[21] The minimum annual rainfall, however, is found in some inland valleys, sheltered from much disturbance to the blocking action of mountain ridges, such as the Peligna Valley, or the valley of the river Tirino, which in some places (Ofena, Capestrano) showed barely 500 millimetres (19.7 inches), and not along the coast where it never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches); for if Teramo is relatively little watered by rain (Teramo less than 800 millimetres (31.5 inches)), the metre is exceeded in Chieti, reaching maximum levels in the Adriatic, while between Ortona and Vasto in Costa dei Trabocchi decrease again.[21] The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on the border with Lazio; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical (Pescara in 2010 showed a value close to 2,800 millimetres (110.2 inches)).
Flora and fauna
As with many Mediterranean regions, Abruzzo's vegetation is characterized by different Mediterranean ecosystems. The coast and the surrounding areas are characterized by the presence of typical plants of Mediterranean shrubland, such as myrtle, heather and mastic, while in the hilly areas other species grow, including olive, pine, willow, oak, poplar, alder, arbutus, broom, acacia, capers, rosemary, hawthorn, licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there is sub-montane vegetation, mainly characterized by mixed forests of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper. Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech trees. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species include alpine orchid, mountain juniper, silver fir, black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss.
The fauna of Abruzzo is highly varied, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata), which has recovered from near-extinction. Animals typical of this region include: marsican brown bear, along with Italian wolf, deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.
The natural parks of the region include the Abruzzo National Park, the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park,[24] the Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas.
Economy
Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a region of poverty in Southern Italy; over the past decades, however, it has developed to such an extent that it has escaped from the spiral of underdevelopment to become the 'first' region of the 'Italian Mezzogiorno'. This confirms its pivotal role in the national economic system. Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has had steady economic growth. In 1951, Abruzzo per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of Northern Italy, the nation's richest region. By 1971, Abruzzo was at 65% and, by 1994, per capita income was at 76% of Northern Italy's per capita income, giving Abruzzo the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy and surpassing the growth of every other region of Italy. The construction of autostrade (motorways) from Rome to Teramo (A24) and Rome to Pescara (A25) opened Abruzzo to easy access. State and private investment in the region increased, and Abruzzo attained higher per capita education levels and greater productivity growth than the rest of the South. As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181 and well outpacing that of the South (€15,808). The region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR.
The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, it seems that the economy of Abruzzo is recovering, despite the negative on regarding employment.[28] In fact, at the end of 2010, Abruzzo's growth was 1.47%, which placed it fourth among the Italian regions with the highest annual growth rates after Lazio, Lombardy and Calabria.[30] In 2011 Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.[31] The region is also the richest region of Southern Italy, with a GDP per capita of €25,700.[21]
Travel poster from the 1920s.
Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering, transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. Although industry has developed strongly, it retains weak points due to the existence of only a few large businesses alongside a huge fabric of small and medium-sized businesses. Both pure and applied research are carried out in the region, where there are major institutes and factories involved in research in the fields of pharmaceutics, biomedicine, electronics, aerospace and nuclear physics. The industrial infrastructure is spread throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. A further activity worthy of note is seaside and mountain tourism, which is of considerable importance to the economy of the region.[33] Agriculture, involving small holdings, has succeeded in modernising and offering high-quality products. The mostly small, agricultural holdings produce: wine, cereals, sugar beet, potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Traditional products are saffron and liquorice. Most famous in the world is Abruzzo's wine Montepulciano d'Abruzzo; in the late 20th and early 21st century, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo earned a reputation as being one of the most widely exported DOC classed wine in Italy.[34]
In the past decade, tourism has increased, in particular by internal and European arrivals. Abruzzo is world-famous for its wildlife parks (Abruzzo National Park, Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, Maiella National Park) and regional park (Sirente Velino), and 38 protected areas between oasis, regional reserves, and state reserves. The inland mountainous region contains several ski resorts, and coastal tourism is also well-developed, in particular, the Trabocchi Coast. Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns, especially around the town of L'Aquila, have earned it in some quarters the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", by analogy with the "Chiantishire", nickname sometimes used to refer to the Chianti area of Tuscany, but Abruzzo is still off the beaten path for most visitors to Italy.[35]
Chieti
Although the population density of Abruzzo has increased over recent decades, it is still well below the Italian national average: in 2008, 123.4 inhabitants per km2, compared to 198.8. In the provinces, the density varies: as of 2008 Pescara is the most densely populated with 260.1 inhabitants per km2, whereas L'Aquila is the least densely populated with 61.3 inhabitants per km2, although it has the largest area. After decades of emigration from the region, the main feature of the 1980s is immigration from third world countries. The population increase is due to the positive net migration. Since 1991 more deaths than births were registered in Abruzzo (except for 1999, when their numbers were equal).[36] In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 59,749 foreign-born immigrants live in Abruzzo, equal to 4.5% of the total regional population.
The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost complete urbanization of the entire coastal strip especially in the province of Teramo and Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures. In the coastal strip, however, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto, Avezzano, Carsoli, Gissi, Val Vibrata, Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara, L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones of Sulmona and Guardiagrele have turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.
Main settlements
L'Aquila is both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila and second largest city (pop. 73,000). L'Aquila was hit by an earthquake on 6 April 2009, which destroyed much of the city centre. The other provincial capitals are Pescara, which is Abruzzo's largest city and major port (pop. 123,000); Teramo (pop. 55,000) and Chieti (pop. 55,000). Other large municipalities in Abruzzo include the industrial and high tech center Avezzano (pop. 41,000), as well as three important industrial and touristic centers such as Vasto (pop. 40,636), Lanciano (pop. 36,000), and Sulmona (pop. 25,000).
Transport
Airports
Abruzzo International Airport is the only international airport in the region. Open to civilian traffic since 1996, the number of passengers has increased over the years because of low-cost air carriers' use of the facility. Today, the airport has a catchment area of over 500,000 passengers annually and connects the city of Pescara and the entire region with many Italian and Europe destinations.
L'Aquila-Preturo Airport is located in the nearby village of Courts and was recently renovated and modernized to accommodate presidential flights for G8 activities.
Ports
There are four main ports in Abruzzo: Pescara, Ortona, Vasto and Giulianova.
Over the years the Port of Pescara became one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and the Adriatic Sea. Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent some sixty years of major restoration and was reborn as a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been honored with the European Union's blue flag for the quality of services offered. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery and aquaculture activities are thriving.[38]
Railways
There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular, the Rome-Pescara line.
Existing railway lines:
Adriatic railway runs through the whole of Italy from north to south, along the Adriatic Sea.
Train Rome – Sulmona – Pescara
Sulmona – Carpinone
Sulmona–Terni railway
Avezzano railroad – Roccasecca
Giulianova – Teramo
Sangritana (Lanciano – Castel di Sangro)
Highways
There are three highways that serve the region:
Highway A24 Rome – L'Aquila – Teramo, was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with Lazio and more specifically to the Abruzzo Teramo via L'Aquila. It performs an important liaison function of the region, both Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic, due to the presence of several interchanges of connecting roads and highways. The Gran Sasso tunnel, the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984. It connects L'Aquila and Teramo on the A24 making the northern Abruzzo coast reachable within two hours from Rome.
Highway A25 Turin – Avezzano – Pescara makes the connection between Rome and Pescara. The road running out of Turin begins its journey where it branches off the A24, runs into the Conca del Fucino, crosses the Abruzzo Apennines, comes to the valley of Peligna, and ends at the exit for Pescara-Villanova to join the A14.
Motorway A14 Bologna – Taranto known as the A14 "Adriatica", includes 743 km (461.68 mi) of road, including lengths in the cities of Bologna and Taranto. Opened to traffic in 1965, it is now a major tourist road, running through the coastal towns of Emilia Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, and Apulia.
Culture
Castel del Monte, one of Abruzzo's little-known hill towns
Gabriele d'Annunzio from Pescara
Abbazia di San Liberatore a Majella (Serramonacesca)
Ovid from Sulmona
Cathedral of San Giustino (Chieti)
Fishing trabucco of San Vito Chietino
The museum Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo in Chieti houses the famed warrior statue Warrior of Capestrano which was found in a necropolis from 6th century B.C. Of cultural importance are: Teramo Cathedral, its archeological museum and Roman theater, the Castello della Monica, the Collurania-Teramo Observatory, the famous L'Aquila Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio (which holds the remains of Pope Celestine V), the Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Santa Maria del Suffragio, the Forte Spagnolo, the Fountain of 99 Spouts, Gabriele D'Annunzio's house in Pescara, Campli's Scala Sancta and its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata in Sulmona, the cathedrals of Chieti, Lanciano, Guardiagrele, Atri and Pescara along with the castles of Ortona, Celano and Ortucchio.
Every 28–29 August, L'Aquila's Santa Maria di Collemaggio commemorates the Perdonanza Celestiniana, the indulgence issued by Pope Celestine V to any who, "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August.[39] Sulmona's Holy Week is commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as 'La Madonna che Scappa in Piazza', where a large statue of the Madonna, carried by a group of Sulmonesi part of Confraternities, is taken through the square towards her resurrected Son.[40] Cocullo, in the province of L'Aquila, holds the annual 'Festa dei serpari' (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages, Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires.[41] In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for the transumanza, the migratory movement of sheep principally south to the region of Puglia during the cold winter months.[42] The Feast of St. Biagio, protector of wool dealers, is the most widespread in Abruzzo. On the third of February in Taranta Peligna every year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is carried out, entailing the distribution of panicelle, which are small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, which are distributed to the faithful.
Historical figures include: the Roman orator Asinius Pollio; Latin poets Sallust and Ovid, who were born in L'Aquila and Sulmona respectively, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman senator and leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar; and Pontius Pilate, who was born in the province of Teramo and is best known for authorizing the crucifixion of Jesus. Abruzzo's religious personalities include Saint Berardo; John of Capistrano, who led a crusade against the Ottoman Empire; Thomas of Celano, author of three hagiographies about Saint Francis of Assisi; and Alessandro Valignano, who introduced Catholicism to the Far East and Japan. The Polish Pope John Paul II loved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca. When he died, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, gave the local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.[43] The greatest Italian poet of the 20th century Gabriele D'Annunzio was from Pescara; other notable Abruzzo personalities in the field of humanities include: poet Ignazio Silone, director Ennio Flaiano who co-wrote La dolce vita, philosopher Benedetto Croce, composer Sir Paolo Tosti and the sculptor Venanzo Crocetti.
American artists and celebrities such as: Madonna, Dean Martin, Bradley Cooper, Perry Como, Henry Mancini, Nancy Pelosi, Rocky Marciano, Rocky Mattioli, Bruno Sammartino, Mario Batali, John and Dan Fante, Tommy Lasorda, Dan Marino, Mario Lanza, Garry Marshall, Penny Marshall, Al Martino, Ariana Grande and Canadian Michael Bublé have Abruzzo origins.
Some international movies shot in Abruzzo include The American, Jean-Jacques Annaud's The Name of the Rose, Fellini's La Strada and I Vitelloni, Schwarzenegger's Red Sonja, Ladyhawke, King David, Francesco, Keoma, The Barbarians, The Fox and the Child and Krull.
Medieval and Renaissance hill towns
The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in Abruzzo
For most of its history, a large number of the Abruzzese people have been hill people, often working as shepherds in mountainous areas, or establishing hill towns, especially in the parts of Abruzzo further from the Adriatic coast.[citation needed] Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy, but it still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are among The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy.[44] These awards are not only for aesthetic beauty but also for art and culture, historical importance and livability.
The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century saved some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional and national parks. Among the most well preserved are Castel del Monte and Santo Stefano di Sessanio, which lie in the Gran Sasso National Park on the edge of the high plain of Campo Imperatore and nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by the Medicis for over a century-and-a-half, have relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sits Rocca Calascio, the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. Both Monteferrante and Roccascalegna are two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within the Gran Sasso National Park is also found Castelli, an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the royal houses of Europe.
Civitella del Tronto played a crucial role in the history of the unification of Italy. The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in the Abruzzo region today.[45] Other medieval hill towns located fully within Abruzzo's park system are Pacentro in the Maiella National Park and Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo National Park. Pacentro, which features a 14th-century castle with two intact towers, has been little touched by modernisation. The Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, in the province of Teramo, which attracts some two million visitors per year, is one of the 15 most-visited sanctuaries in the world.[46] Capestrano, a small town in the province of L'Aquila, is the hometown of Saint John of Capistrano, Franciscan friar and Catholic priest, as well as the namesake of the Franciscan missions San Juan Capistrano in Southern California, the mission Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas) and the city of San Juan Capistrano in Orange County. Giulianova is a notable example of a Renaissance "ideal city."
The proximity to Rome, the protected natural reserves and landscapes which make the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of some of the most beautiful Italian villages, its rich and heterogeneous gastronomy, along with a long history of deep-rooted local tradition and authentic Italian culture, make Abruzzo fifth among Italian regions for tourist visits after Calabria, Marche, Sardinia and Trentino. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.
In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more. In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in Orlando (USA). One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.
Universities
There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:
University of L'Aquila
D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara
University of Teramo
Harvard University bases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program in Vasto, a resort town on Abruzzo's southern coast.
Science
Between the province of Teramo and L'Aquila, under the Gran Sasso Tunnel, is the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of the INFN, one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.
The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale", which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.
The Gran Sasso Science Institute, located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.
Sports
Interamnia World Cup, the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.[51]
There are several football clubs in Abruzzo. Delfino Pescara 1936 is a Serie B club; based in Pescara, its home stadium is Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia.
Dialects
The regional dialects of Abruzzo include Teramano, Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico and Abruzzese Occidentale. The first two form part of the dialect of southern Italy also known simply as "Neapolitan" since the region has been part of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while Aquilano is related to the Central Italian dialects including Romanesco. The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:
Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (central Italian dialects)
Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province of Ascoli Piceno (southern Italian dialects)
Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila (southern Italian dialects)
Cuisine
Renowned for its variety and richness due to the heterogeneity of its territory, Abruzzo's cuisine is among the best in Italy. In 2013 an Italian organization Confesercenti survey of foreign tourists showed that Abruzzo is the best Italian region to eat in. Both the agricultural and coastal aspects of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was isolated from international influence until the 20th century. As a result, the region's cuisine remained unique.
Popular dishes
One of the most popular regional dishes is spaghetti alla chitarra which is made by pressing or cutting pasta through a chitarra, an implement to form long thin noodles similar to spaghetti. The pasta is served with a tomato-based sauce, often flavored with peppers, pork, goose, or lamb. This dish is complemented by regional side dishes, such as the bean and noodle soup, sagne e fagioli. This soup is traditionally flavored with tomatoes, garlic, oil, and peperoncini. In terms of common ingredients, cuisine in Abruzzo often includes:
Lamb and mutton, primarily in the mountains.[54] Sheep's milk (or ricotta) is an important source of Abruzzese cheese, and lamb intestines are used as sausage casing or for stuffed meat rolls.[54][55] Mountain goat meat is also common in Abruzzo.
Truffles and mushrooms, particularly wild mushrooms from the forests and hills
Garlic, especially red garlic
Rosemary
Hot chili pepper or peperoncini, regionally known as diavolilli or diavoletti, is common in Abruzzese cuisine and often used to add spice to dishes. Abruzzo residents are well known for frequently adding peperoncini, or hot peppers, to their meals.
Vegetables such as lentils, grasspeas and other legumes, artichoke, eggplant, and cauliflower[54][55][56][57]
Other popular dishes include:
Gnocchi carrati, flavored with bacon, eggs and pecorino cheese
Scrippelle, a rustic French-style crêpe served either mbusse (a type of soup) or used to form a sort of soufflé with some ragù and stuffed with chicken liver, meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
Pastuccia, a polenta stew with sausage, eggs, and cheese
Across the region, roast lamb is enjoyed in several variations. Some of these variations include:
Arrosticini, a skewered lamb dish
Pecora al cotturo, lamb stuffed with a variety of mountain herbs and cooked in a copper pot
Lamb cooked whole in a bread oven
Agnello cacio e ovo, a lamb-based fricassee
Mazzerella: lamb intestines stuffed with lamb, garlic, marjoram, lettuce, and spices
Le virtù: a soup from Teramo filled with legumes, vegetables and pork, usually eaten in the spring at celebrations
Timballo abruzzese: lasagna-like dish with pasta sheets (scrippelle) layered with meat, vegetables and rice; often served for Christmas and Easter[58]
Porchetta abruzzese: moist boneless-pork roast, slow-roasted with rosemary, garlic, and pepper[58]
Seafood is also popular, especially in coastal areas. The variety of fish available to the area has resulted in several fish-based Brodetti (broths), coming from such places as Vasto, Giulianova, and Pescara. These broths are often made by cooking fish, flavored with tomatoes, herbs, and peperoncino, in an earthenware pot. Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:
Easter Pizza, a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from the Teramo area
Fiadoni from Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses, ricotta, vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.
Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. The ventricina from the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers and fennel all encased in the dehydrated stomach of the pig itself. Atri and Rivisondoli are famous for cheeses. Mozzarella, either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.
Sweets
The Abruzzo's sweets are world-famous and include:
Confetti, sugar-coated almonds, from Sulmona
Torrone Nurzia, a chocolate nougat from L'Aquila
Parrozzo , a cake-like treat made from a mixture of crushed almonds, and coated in chocolate.
Ferratelle (also known as Pizzelle). A wafer cookie, often flavored with anise
Croccante, a type of nougat made from almonds and caramelized suger, often flavored with lemon[59]
A Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine labelled as being made from old vines.
Olive oil
The extra-virgin olive oil produced in Colline Teramane (Teramo hills) is marked by the DOP.[60]
The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.[61]
Wines and liquors
Renowned wines like Montepulciano DOCG and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC are judged to be amongst the world's finest.[62] In 2012, a bottle of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo ranked No. 1 in the top 50 Italian wine awards.[63] In recent decades these wines have been joined, particularly, by wines from lesser known (heritage) white grapes, such as, Pecorino, Cococciola, Passerina, Montonico Bianco and Fiano.[64]
The region is also well known for the production of liquors such as Centerbe, Limoncello, Ratafia and Genziana.
Secondo gli ultimi dati Istat, una su tre ha subito almeno una violenza fisica o sessuale nella sua vita
L'italiano (lasciatemi cantare) Toto Cotugno - lyrics
www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlOO-EkdTCM&feature=related
È semplicemente ridicolo l’aumento dello 0,7% delle pensioni dal 1° gennaio, in relazione al rilevamento Istat sul costo della vita. Se si calcola poi che a gennaio vi saranno conguagli e pagamenti vari per i pensionati sarà un momento ancora più difficile.
Milioni di italiani vivono con meno di 500 euro di pensione e altri milioni non arrivano ai 1.000euro al mese lordi e forse si sarebbero aspettati un 2010 migliore anche perché nel nostro Paese a pagare tutte le crisi e tutti i problemi, sono sempre e comunque i soliti noti, i cui problemi sembrano disinteressare questo Governo.
Ogni anno che passa il potere d’acquisto delle pensioni, diminuisce sempre di più ed erano in molti a credere che il Governo raccogliesse le pressanti esigenze di chi necessita, ma così non è stato.
Ricordo agli amici e ai discenti che la strada del commento, via e-mail, è sempre aperta, cosi da poter consentire anche esplicazioni riservate.
Nelle mie immagini, in molte circostanze, sono presenti persone riconoscibili. Se non ti è gradito, contattami e la rimuoverò.
Si prega di non utilizzare le mie immagini su siti web, blog o altri mezzi senza il mio permesso!
Please don't use my images on websites, blogs or other media without my permission!
Por favor, no use mis imágenes en los sitios web, blogs u otros medios de comunicación sin mi permiso!
SI CONSIGLIA LA VISIONE GRANDE E SU SFONDO NERO
Castelluccio è una frazione del comune di Norcia (PG) in Umbria ed uno dei centri abitati più elevati dell'Appennino.
Secondo i dati ISTAT il paese si va man mano spopolando: nel censimento del 2001 il paese risultava abitato da 150 residenti, mentre in quello del 2011 i residenti sono scesi a 120.
Il 30 ottobre 2016 il paese di Castelluccio è stato quasi completamente raso al suolo da un importante evento sismico: il campanile e la Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta sono andati completamente perduti, mentre alcune opere di notevole pregio storico-artistico custodite nella chiesa sono state messe in sicurezza prima dei crolli.
Castelluccio is a fraction of the municipality of Norcia (PG) in Umbria and one of the highest inhabited centers of the Apennines.
According to ISTAT data the country is becoming increasingly popular: in the 2001 census, the country was inhabited by 150 residents, while in 2011 the residents were down to 120.
On 30 October 2016 the town of Castelluccio was almost completely razed to the ground by an important earthquake: the bell tower and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta were completely lost, while some works of considerable historical and artistic value kept in the church were put in safety before the collapses.
Tre milioni di disoccupati a gennaio. Lo rileva l'Istat, precisando che con un aumento di 110mila persone (+3,8%) su dicembre siamo arrivati a quota 2 milioni 999 mila. Su base annua, la crescita è di oltre mezzo milione di disoccupati, pari al 22,7% in più.
Disoccupazione record per i giovani. Per la fascia dei 15-24enni a gennaio il tasso è schizza al 38,7% dal 37,1 di dicembre: si tratta del dato più alto dal quarto trimestre del 1992 (inizio delle serie storiche trimestrali) e dal gennaio 2004 se si considerano le serie storiche mensili. Tra gli under 25, dunque, le persone in cerca di lavoro sono 655mila e rappresentano il 10,8% della popolazione in questa fascia d'età.
In totale, il tasso di disoccupazione a gennaio sale all'11,7% secondo i dati destagionalizzati e provvisori. Si tratta del valore più alto dall'inizio delle serie mensili (gennaio 2004) e dall'avvio di quelle trimestrali, ovvero dal quarto trimestre 1992. Nella media del 2012 il tasso di disoccupazione è risultato pari al 10,7%, in aumento rispetto all'8,4% del 2011. Anche in questo caso si tratta del livello più alto dal 1993, primo anno confrontabile delle serie storiche, con il Sud che soffre di più (17,2%).
L'anno scorso - conclude l'Istat - ha toccato i massimi anche il numero dei precari con 2 milioni 375mila contratti a termine e 433mila collaboratori. In totale ci sono dunque 2,8 milioni di lavoratori senza posto fisso. Il livello di dipendenti a termine è il più elevato dal 1993 e quello dei collaboratori dal 2004, dunque dall'inizio delle serie storiche relative.
Three million unemployed in January. The notes to Istat, indicating that an increase of 110 thousand people (3.8%) of December we reached a total of 2 million 999 thousand. On an annual basis, growth of over half a million unemployed, or 22.7% more.
Record unemployment for young people. For the category of 15 to 24 years olds in January, the rate is 38.7% squirts from 37.1 in December: This is the highest figure since the fourth quarter of 1992 (the beginning of the quarterly time series) and since January 2004 when considering the monthly time series. Among those under 25, therefore, people looking for work are 655 thousand, representing 10.8% of the population in this age group.
In total, the unemployment rate in January 11 rooms, 7%, according to seasonally adjusted data and provisional. This is the highest value since the beginning of the monthly series (January 2004) and the launch of the quarterly returns, or the fourth quarter of 1992. Average of 2012, the unemployment rate was 10.7%, up from 8, 4% in 2011. In this case it is the highest level since 1993, the first year comparable time series, with the South who suffer most (17.2%).
Last year - concludes the Istat - reached its highest the number of temporary workers with 2 million 375 thousand contracts and 433mila employees. In total, therefore, there are 2.8 million workers without a fixed location. The level of fixed-term employees is the highest since 1993 and with the employees since 2004, so the beginning of the time series of.
I dati dell’Istat sulla produzione industriale fanno scattare una vera e propria sirena d’allarme sulle condizioni della nostra economia. Da 22 anni non si registrava un livello più basso: nel 2012 -6,7%.
“Un dato che fa venire i brividi. Purtroppo si tratta dell’ennesima conferma al declino incontrastato dell’economia italiana.
Di fronte ad una contrazione della domanda di mercato così marcata come quella che si è registrata nel 2012 (pari al -4,7% secondo le stime O.N.F. – Osservatorio Nazionale Federconsumatori, con una caduta della spesa di oltre -33,4 miliardi di Euro) la produzione industriale non poteva che registrare un fortissimo calo. Andamento dettato dalla gravissima perdita della capacità di acquisto delle famiglie: basti pensare agli aggravi a cui queste ultime devono far fronte nel biennio 2012-2013, pari a +3.823 Euro a famiglia (2.333 nel 2012 e 1.490 previsti per il 2013).
I dati diffusi oggi sull’andamento dell’industria lasciano presagire un ulteriore peggioramento del 2013: la caduta di produzione, infatti, inciderà negativamente sul versante dell’occupazione, alimentando nuovi record del tasso di disoccupazione e cassa integrazione e contribuendo sempre di più alla contrazione del potere di acquisto delle famiglie.
Anzi, come denuncia la CGIL, lo Stato fatica a reperire i fondi necessari per garantire la cassa integrazione in deroga nel 2013.
Alla luce di tale tendenza risulta del tutto inutile e aleatorio aggrapparsi alle speranze di chi vede la ripresa alla fine dell’anno: questo non potrà avvenire senza serie ed immediate misure di emergenza per il rilancio del potere di acquisto delle famiglie e per lo sviluppo economico del Paese.
Per questo ribadiamo che il primo punto all’ordine del giorno del nuovo Governo dovrà essere quello di affrontare seriamente, con responsabilità e mezzi adeguati, questa grave situazione, avviando:
- interventi per il rilancio della domanda di mercato (attraverso il sostegno alle
famiglie a reddito fisso);
- misure per la ripresa degli investimenti per lo sviluppo tecnologico e la ricerca;
- un piano per il rilancio dell’occupazione, specialmente quella giovanile, anche attraverso l’allentamento dei patti di stabilità degli Enti Locali (per intervenire soprattutto con pratiche di manutenzione, sicurezza ed edilizia);
- l’abolizione definitiva del nuovo aumento dell’IVA in programma da luglio;
- eliminazione dell’IMU sulla prima casa per i bassi redditi.
The Istat data on industrial production trigger a real siren on the conditions of our economy. For 22 years not seen a lower level: -6.7% in 2012.
"One thing that makes me shudder. Unfortunately this is the umpteenth confirmation undisputed decline of the Italian economy.
Faced with a shrinking market demand as marked as that which occurred in 2012 (equal to -4.7% estimated ONF - National Observatory Federconsumatori, with a fall in expenditure of over -33.4 billion ) industrial production could only record a very significant drop. Trend dictated by serious loss of purchasing power of households: just think of the burdens that they must meet in the years 2012-2013, amounting to Euro +3,823 per family (2,333 in 2012 and 1,490 planned for 2013).
The figures released today by industry trends suggest a further deterioration in 2013: the fall of production, in fact, adversely affect the terms of employment, fueling new record unemployment and layoffs and contributing more and more to the contraction purchasing power of households.
Indeed, as reported by the CGIL, the state struggling to raise the necessary funds to ensure the layoffs in derogation in 2013.
In light of this trend is completely useless and random cling to the hopes of those who saw the shooting at the end of the year: this can not happen without serious and immediate emergency measures to boost the purchasing power of households and economic development of the country.
This is why we insist that the first item on the agenda of the new government will be to deal seriously with responsibility and appropriate means, this serious situation, by running:
- Action to boost market demand (through support to
Fixed-income families);
- Measures for the recovery of investment for technology development and research;
- A plan to boost employment, especially among youth, through the relaxation of stability pacts Local Authorities (especially to intervene with maintenance practices, safety and construction);
- The definitive abolition of the new VAT increase scheduled for July;
- Elimination of the IMU on the first home for low income earners.
Non ci sono soldi, non c’è lavoro, quanti sono rimasti a potersi permettere una casa?
Pochi, a dirlo è l’Istat che ha diffuso oggi i dati relativi all’andamento del mercato immobiliare nel nostro Paese, dati che descrivono un mercato in picchiata, con le compravendite che calano di quasi un quarto, -23,6 per cento il residenziale, e mutui erogati ormai con il contagocce, in calo del 41,2 per cento rispetto allo scorso anno.
Sono in netto calo le compravendite immobiliari in Italia nel secondo trimestre 2012, con quelle ad uso residenziale che fanno segnare meno 23,6 per cento rispetto allo stesso periodo dello scorso anno e quelle di immobili ad uso economico che riescono a fare peggio scendendo del 24,8%. Un crollo del mercato di quasi un quarto. Complessivamente le compravendite sono state 167.721.
Il risultato peggiore dal 2008. Peggio nei piccoli centri
Nel secondo trimestre del 2012 sono state registrate le variazioni tendenziali, ovvero rispetto al medesimo periodo dell’anno precedente, peggiori dal 2008.
Neanche il piccolo segno di recupero che aveva accusato il mercato nel corso del terzo trimestre del 2011, in particolare per gli immobili ad uso economico, è riuscito ad invertire un trend che resta sempre caratterizzato dal segno negativo.
Nel generale peggioramento, con la diminuzione delle variazioni tendenziali, sia per il residenziale che per l’economico, in tutte le ripartizioni territoriali si distinguono negativamente le Isole (-30,3% per le compravendite ad uso residenziale e -38,4% per quelle ad uso economico).
In generale va comunque peggio nei piccoli centri che accusano il calo più consistente, meno 25,1 %, contro il calo tendenziale registrato nei grandi centri che è di appena il 21,8%.
I mutui vanno molto peggio delle compravendite
Si congela il mercato dei mutui che fa segnare un meno 41,2 per cento.
Nel secondo trimestre 2012, sono infatti appena 69.830 i mutui, i finanziamenti e le altre obbligazioni verso banche e soggetti diversi dalla banche, garantiti da concessione di ipoteca immobiliare, erano quasi il doppio, 118.834, nel secondo trimestre 2011.
Anche qui a pagare il prezzo più salato sono le Isole che con meno 58,3% fanno registrare il calo tendenziale maggiore per i mutui.
Al contrario, nel Centro (-36,0%) il calo tendenziale è inferiore alla media nazionale .
Vale anche qui la distinzione tra piccoli centri e grandi città con una diminuzione più contenuta negli Archivi Notarili Distrettuali con sede nelle Città Metropolitane (-39,1%) e maggiore negli Archivi con sede nei Centri Minori (-42,7%).
Codacons. Gli italiani non hanno più la forza neanche di indebitarsi
Amara la riflessione dell’associazione dei consumatori secondo la quale:
"I dati sul crollo dei mutui diffusi dall`Istat, e quelli sul drastico calo del credito al consumo (-12%) registrati dall'osservatorio di Assofin, Crif e Prometeia, sono il segno più evidente della crisi economica che investe il nostro paese".
Il Codacons aggiunge: "I cittadini non hanno più nemmeno la capacità di indebitarsi, accendendo mutui o ricorrendo a prestiti. Questi sono gli effetti della crisi che non solo si ripercuotono sulle scelte nell`immediato delle famiglie, attraverso una riduzione dei consumi, ma anche su quelle a medio e lungo termine, come mutui o finanziamenti".
Secondo l’associazione i cittadini "non hanno soldi oggi per acquistare case o altri beni durevoli, e non credono di averne in futuro, per cui rinunciano a chiedere mutui o a ricorrere al credito al consumo. Un segno di sfiducia evidente e preoccupante, che fa presagire scenari foschi sul piano economico per il 2013".
Crisi, Istat…
…calano i redditi delle famiglie, -2,7% nel 2009
I dati dell'Istituto di statistica parlano chiaro: la crisi erode la ricchezza degli italiani e si registra la prima flessione dal 1995. Nel 2006 eravamo al +3,5%. Impatto maggiore nel Nord, pesa anche il rallentamento dei redditi da lavoro dipendente
Le famiglie italiane continuano a convivere con il terrore della quarta settimana. Lo conferma oggi, 2 febbraio, l'Istat. Nel 2009, secondo il rapporto dell'Istituto di statistica sul “Reddito disponibile delle famiglie nelle Regioni”, la crisi ha continuato a erodere la ricchezza degli italiani, facendo registrare un calo del 2,7 per cento del reddito disponibile. Si tratta della prima flessione dal 1995.
La recessione, si legge nel rapporto, ha portato a "un progressivo ridursi del tasso di crescita del reddito disponibile nazionale", che nel 2006, cioè prima dell'esplosione della recessione, aveva mostrato una crescita del 3,5 per cento.
L'impatto, sottolinea l'Istat è stato più forte nel settentrione (-4,1 per cento nel Nord-ovest e -3,4 per cento nel Nord-est) e più contenuto al Centro (-1,8 per cento) e nel Mezzogiorno (-1,2 per cento).
In generale, tale diminuzione è essenzialmente da attribuire alla marcata contrazione dei redditi da capitale, anche se, in alcune regioni (in particolare Piemonte e Abruzzo), un importante contributo negativo è venuto dal rallentamento dei redditi da lavoro dipendente.
Nel periodo 2006-2009 – sottolineano gli analisti dell'Istat - il reddito disponibile delle famiglie italiane si è concentrato, in media, per circa il 53 per cento nelle regioni del Nord, per il 26 per cento circa nel Mezzogiorno e per il restante 21 per cento nel Centro. Nel periodo considerato tale distribuzione ha mostrato alcune variazioni che hanno interessato principalmente il Nord-ovest, il quale ha visto diminuire la sua quota di 0,6 punti percentuali (dal 31,1 del 2006 al 30,5 per cento nel 2009) a favore di Centro e Mezzogiorno (+0,4 e +0,2 punti percentuali rispettivamente).
La quota di reddito disponibile delle Famiglie del Nord-est è rimasta invariata al 22 per cento. La significativa diminuzione del reddito disponibile registrata dal Nord-ovest nel 2009 è da imputarsi alla cattiva performance di Piemonte e Lombardia, che da sole rappresentano il 90 per cento del reddito disponibile della circoscrizione. In Piemonte, infatti, si è verificata una forte contrazione dell'input di lavoro dipendente e, di conseguenza, dei relativi redditi da lavoro; la Lombardia sconta invece, la battuta d'arresto degli utili distribuiti dalle imprese a seguito della diminuzione del valore aggiunto.
Le famiglie residenti nelle regioni meridionali sembrano aver subito in misura minore l'impatto della crisi. Calabria e Sicilia sono le uniche due regioni italiane in cui il reddito disponibile delle famiglie ha mostrato tassi di crescita lievemente positivi; in tali regioni, peraltro, anche la dinamica del Pil è stata migliore che altrove.
Fino al 2008 le famiglie residenti nel Nord-ovest hanno fatto registrare il più elevato reddito disponibile per abitante, ma nel 2009 il primato è passato al Nord-est, dove Bolzano ha guadagnato la testa della graduatoria, scavalcando l'Emilia Romagna. In tale anno il reddito disponibile per abitante nel Mezzogiorno è diminuito meno che nelle altre ripartizioni e quindi si è avvicinato alla media nazionale, anche se il divario nei livelli di reddito procapite rimane significativo. Le regioni settentrionali presentano ancora i livelli di reddito procapite più elevati e le regioni meridionali i livelli più bassi, mentre le regioni centrali occupano una posizione intermedia, con la sola eccezione della Toscana, più simile alle regioni settentrionali.
Cari amici, alcuni impegni professionali non mi consentiranno di commentare, per alcuni giorni, le vostre immagini. Ringrazio sia il team simansi, per la continuità collaborativa che porrà in essere, sia gli amici che passando lasceranno traccia.
Tuttavia, sussiste una certezza, non vi mancheranno le mie immagini e alcuni riflessioni, che auspico gradite.
Cordialmente simansi :-))
Ricordo agli amici e ai discenti che la strada del commento, via e-mail, è sempre aperta, cosi da poter consentire anche esplicazioni riservate.
Nelle mie immagini, in molte circostanze, sono presenti persone riconoscibili. Se non ti è gradito, contattami e la rimuoverò.
Si prega di non utilizzare le mie immagini su siti web, blog o altri mezzi senza il mio permesso!
Please don't use my images on websites, blogs or other media without my permission!
Por favor, no use mis imágenes en los sitios web, blogs u otros medios de comunicación sin mi permiso!
SI CONSIGLIA LA VISIONE GRANDE E SU SFONDO NERO
I dati Istat indicano che l’81% degli over 60 è stato su Internet almeno una volta. Ma non solo: dal 2005 ad oggi i soggetti tra i 60 e i 67 anni che utilizzano Internet sono passati dal 10,8 al 22,8%, e quelli della fascia fra i 65 e i 74 anni sono balzati dal 5,5 al 9,9%.
L’avvicinamento al PC avviene, per la stragrande maggioranza delle persone anziane, generalmente attraverso corsi organizzati da enti pubblici: nel 2009 oltre il 43% dei 60-64enni e quasi il 33% dei 65/74enni ha partecipato a questo genere di iniziative. Gli altri prendono dimestichezza con il mezzo attraverso l’aiuto di nipoti e figli.
Ma come usano Internet le persone anziane? Principalmente (65% dei casi) per leggere i giornali on line, informarsi su notizie di attualità, ricercare informazioni sanitarie o turistiche, merci e inviare mail; circa il 15% telefona via Skype o effettua video chiamate (11%).
La figura del nonno restio di fronte ai mezzi tecnologici che guarda con sospetto a quella strana scatola parlante chiamata Tv sembra proprio un ricordo di altre epoche. Per essere al passo con i tempi le persone anziane usano quello che la tecnologia mette a disposizione forse con un po’ meno di abilità manuali ma, una volta imparate le dinamiche e i trucchi, sono assolutamente in grado di disimpegnarsi con gli strumenti tecnologici. Questo non solo per quanto riguarda il PC e la rete, ma anche i cellulari; sarà perché i figli sono più sicuri di raggiungere papà e mamma, che i nipoti possono parlare liberamente coi nonni o che i nonni stessi vogliono comunicare con amici e parenti ma i cellulari sono nella borsetta e in tasca a persone di tutte le età, tanto che recentemente è uscito in commercio un cellulare con i tasti dei numeri ben visibili. E’ infatti quello della vista uno dei problemi che tiene lontane le persone anziane dai mezzi tecnologici: come inviare un sms in quei corpi così minuscoli dei cellulari in commercio? O come cavarsela, magari con qualche problema di vista di fronte al video fastidiosamente luminoso di un computer?
Un gruppo di psicologi della Florida State University hanno evidenziato queste difficoltà e suggerito alcune possibilità di miglioramento in un articolo pubblicato su Current Directions in Psychological Science. Nel loro articolo evidenziano come le difficoltà nell’uso della tecnologia da parte delle persone anziane siano fortemente legate a problematiche uditive, visive e di controllo motorio. Sottolineano anche come i web designers dovrebbero evitare sfondi che creano un basso contrasto con il testo e utilizzare caratteri più grandi.
Chi pensa alla tecnologia del futuro ha già messo al servizio degli over 60 strumenti utili a rendere la loro vita autonoma e serena. All’International Consumer Electronics Show di Las Vegas, una sezione speciale è stata dedicata ai risvolti hi-tech nella vita delle persone anziane e le proposte in mostra sono state davvero avveniristiche: si andava dai sensori sotto ai letti che rilevano i movimenti, alle medicine intelligenti con display “ricorda pillola”, a sensori di movimento da mettere in giro per la casa – dal bagno al salotto – per avere il controllo dei movimenti della persona a cuccioli-robot per nonni in carenza d’affetto…. Si sa, gli americani ne pensano sempre una più del diavolo! Ma anche da questa parte dell’Oceano sembra proprio che di anziani “imbranati” rispetto alle tecnologie ce ne siano davvero pochi. Anzi, secondo molti studiosi essere a contatto con le sollecitazioni rapide dei mezzi tecnologici (dal computer al cellulare) rende la persona più attiva a livello cerebrale. E questo è sempre un bene.
Simansi
Fonte Istat giugno 2010
Atripalda
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Atripalda
Atripalda - Stemma
Stato: bandiera Italia
Regione: Stemma Campania
Provincia: stemma Avellino
Coordinate: 40°55′0″N 14°49′32″E / 40.91667, 14.82556Coordinate: 40°55′0″N 14°49′32″E / 40.91667, 14.82556
Altitudine: 294 m s.l.m.
Superficie: 8,53 km²
Abitanti:
11.188 1 maggio 2009 [1]
Densità: 1.317,00 ab./km²
Comuni contigui: Aiello del Sabato, Avellino, Cesinali, Manocalzati, San Potito Ultra, Santo Stefano del Sole, Sorbo Serpico
CAP: 83042
Pref. telefonico: 0825
Codice ISTAT: 064006
Codice catasto: A489
Nome abitanti: atripaldesi
Santo patrono: San Sabino di Avellino
Giorno festivo: 9 febbraio
Comune
Posizione del comune nell'Italia
Sito istituzionale
Portal.svg Visita il Portale Italia
Il comune di Atripalda all'interno della provincia di Avellino
Atripalda è un comune italiano di 11.188 abitanti della provincia di Avellino in Campania.
Indice
[nascondi]
* 1 Storia di Atripalda
* 2 Personalità legate ad Atripalda
* 3 Evoluzione demografica
* 4 Amministrazione
* 5 Collegamenti esterni
* 6 Note
Storia di Atripalda [modifica]
Fu fondata, secondo ipotesi fantasiose di antichi scrittori, da Sabatio, pronipote di Noè, il quale dette il nome di Sabathia al primo insediamento umano che trovò vita lungo la vasta fascia di terra bagnata, ieri come oggi, dal corso fluviale del "Sabato", così denominato proprio in omaggio al discendente di Noé.[2]
I luoghi dove intorno all'anno mille sarebbe nato il primo nucleo di Atripalda avevano ospitato - sul pianoro tufaceo che da nord-ovest domina l'attuale centro abitato - Abellinum, un insediamento sannita, poi colonia romana sorta per volontà di Silla nell'82 a.C., poco dopo le riforme agrarie promosse dai Gracchi.
La comunità di Abellinum era prevalentemente formata da milites lassi - trapiantati da Silla tra le mura di Civita - i quali ripopolarono questo lembo di terra irpina dopo aver allontanato da essa i primi abitanti, cioè i "Sabatini" che vengono considerati i grandi antenati degli atripaldesi.
Civita fu anche il rifugio di ex legionari dell'imperatore Augusto che, come racconta Plinio, sostenne l'annessione di Abellinum all'Apulia.
In epoca successiva - tra il 220 ed il 230 d.C. - giunsero nell'antica città di Silla i veterani dell'imperatore Alessandro Severo provenienti dall'Asia Minore.
In questo vorticoso avvicendamento di popoli e di tradizioni, non tutta la primitiva gente sabatina abbandonò la terra di origine: molti indigeni, nel corso dei decenni, furono inesorabilmente assorbiti dagli Abellinati dai quali appresero la lingua latina e con i qualiconobbero momenti di splendore e di grandezza.
Crisi economiche (III e IV secolo d.C), violenti terremoti (346 d.C.), disastrose eruzioni vulcaniche (476 d.C.), invasioni di territori nel corso della guerra tra Bizantini e Goti (535-555 d.C.) e la penetrazione sull'intero territorio della Penisola dei Longobardi a partire dalla Pasqua del 568 spinsero fuori dalla mura di Abellinum la colonia romana che si trasferì laddove oggi sorge Avellino.
Civita si spense dopo secoli di vita intensamente vissuti come testimoniano le scoperte archeologiche - resti di sepolcreto, di anfiteatro, di edifici termali, di strade - che si sono susseguite nel tempo nonostante che il cemento - croce e delizia dell'urbanistica moderna - abbia tentato di archiviare per sempre l'antichità nella lunga notte dell'oblio.
Mentre sulla sponda sinistra del "Sabato" l'Abellinum sillana si era ormai fisicamente esaurita, sulla sponda opposta un re longobardo, Troppualdo, riusciva ad ottenere il riconoscimento di autonomia per la popolazione sparsa nella zona, distaccandola amministrativamente dalla vicina Avellino longobarda.
Era l'atto di nascita di Atripalda.
Atripalda trae il nome dal re longobardo che nel corso del secolo XI edificò la sua fortezza in cima ad un'altura che sovrasta la cittadina irpina.
Le rovine di questo castello rammentano il più antico atto di galanteria in Italia: è lo storico-statista Pasquale Stanislao Mancini (1817-1888) che parla nel riferire dell'ospitalità accordata in una notte d'inverno del 1254 allo svevo re Manfredi, "biondo, bello e di gentile aspetto", dai signori del maniero Marino e Corrado Capece, fedeli agli Svevi.
Il giovane re, braccato dalle truppe papaline, abbandonò Napoli diretto verso il principato di Taranto.
I signori Capece, non temendo le rappresaglie del papato, aprirono i portoni del castello al re fuggiasco.
"Il buon re Manfredi - rievoca il Mancini - educato alla gentilezza, all'amore ed alla poesia, volendo retribuire di qualche insolito onore l'ospitale accoglienza ricevuta dai fratelli Capece, fattesi venire avanti le due loro giovani spose che erano di rarissima bellezza, volle che ai suoi fianchi sedessero e seco lui familiarmente desinassero".
Dell'evento molto interessante è la testimonianza dello storico svevo Nicolai de Yansilla, al seguito di re Manfredi.
"Il costume e la superbia delle corti - si legge in Historia di questo eccezionale "cronista" - obbligava in quei tempi i sovrani a sedere soli a pranzo, escludendo rigorosamente le donne, ritenute esseri inferiori, ma il re Manfredi volle che fosse spezzata questa barbara usanza dicendo: spezzerò io questa barbaria cominciando dal dì di oggi e il castello di Tripaldo serberà memoria di me".
Dello storico castello - che lo stesso re Manfredi, in virtù di quell'atto di galanteria, immaginava come "qualche cosa di sacro per le belle italiane" delle future generazioni - oggi non restano che pietre.
Atripalda nel corso dei secoli ha conosciuto il dominio di longobardi, svevi, angioini, aragonesi, francesi, spagnoli, saraceni, greci.
Nell'epoca feudale, la città della riva del "Sabato", siamo nel 1502, divenne dominio della regina Giovanna, nipote del re spagnolo Ferdinando il Cattolico.
A distanza di dieci anni l'antica terra dei Sabatini fu ceduta per 25.000 ducati a don Alfonso Castriota, primo marchese di Atripalda dal 1513, discendente di Giorgio Castriota Scanderbeg, famoso eroe albanese nella guerra contro i Turchi.
Nel 1559, il "feudo Tripalda" passò nelle mani del nobile finanziere genovese Giacomo Pallavicini Basadonna che l'acquistò per 60.200 ducati.
Il governo del finanziere genovese servì a rafforzare l'innata vocazione al commercio degli abitanti della zona, i quali, già prima della venuta del Basadonna in questa regione dell'Irpinia, coltivavano con successo l'"arte del mercanteggiare" lungo le sponde del fiume "Sabato".
Un episodio, verificatosi nel 1560 e quindi all'epoca del Basadonna, sarebbe la dimostrazione di quanto forte sia stato l'influsso esercitato sulla popolazione residente dal nobile genovese in tema di finanze e di reperimento di risorse necessarie per la gestione del feudo: gli Atripaldesi, infatti, in quell'anno decisero di realizzare una strada "dentro la terra" per imporre il pagamento del pedaggio a quanti, per portarsi dai paesi limitrofi nel vicino capoluogo, cioè ad Avellino, dovevano attraversare il territorio di Atripalda.
Nel 1564, con rogito del notaio Bernardino Brusatori di Fermo, il Basadonna permutò il "feudo di Tripalda" con i feudi posseduti dal nobile casato di Domizio Caracciolo nel ducato di Milano, a Gallarate.
La cittadina irpina con i Caracciolo visse un periodo di grande splendore, dal 1564 fino al 1806, epoca in cui venne abolita la feudalità.
Nel ducato di Atripalda dopo Domizio, I° duca di Atripalda, della prestigiosa famiglia Caracciolo si susseguirono Marino I (1535-1591), cavaliere distintosi a Lepanto, Camillo (1563-1617), Marino II (1587-1630), Francesco Marino I (1631-1674), Marino III (1668-1720), Francesco Marino II (1688-1727), Marino Francesco I (1714-1781), Giovanni (1741-1800) e Marino Francesco II (1783-1844).
I Caracciolo, con una programmazione "rivoluzionaria", seppero incentivare le risorse dell'intera valle bagnata dal "Sabato".
Le filande, l'industria del ferro, la lavorazione del rame, della carta e della lana concorsero ad assicurare agli Atripaldesi un elevato tenore di vita - superiore a quello del vicino Capoluogo - tanto che in quel periodo non furono censiti "cittadini poveri" tra la popolazione.
Notevole impulso venne assicurato al mondo della cultura che conobbe, grazie al mecenatismo dei Caracciolo, l'Accademia degli Incerti.
Le origini di Atripalda affondano le radici anche nel sangue dei Martiri cristiani: lo Specus Martyrum, conservato all'interno della Chiesa Madre dedicata a S. Ippolisto e S. Sabino (patrono della città), è considerato uno dei maggiori monumenti dell'archeologia cristiana del Meridione.
Personalità legate ad Atripalda [modifica]
* Raffaele Aversa, Labico Roma 1906-Roma 1944. Di famiglia atripaldese, visse ad Atripalda l'infanzia e l'adolescenza. Capitano dei carabinieri, reduce dalla Russia, eseguì insieme al maggiore Giovanni Frignani, per ordine del re Vittorio Emanuele III, l'arresto di Benito Mussolini. Arrestato e torturato nel carcere di via Tasso,fu trucidato alle Fosse Ardeatine il 24 marzo 1944. Fu insignito della medaglia d'oro al valor militare.
* Alfredo Bonazzi, poeta
* Giuseppe Cammarota, nato ad Atripalda (Avellino) il 27 luglio 1764, avvocato, giustiziato a Napoli il 4 gennaio 1800 come aderente all'esperienza della repubblica napoletana del 1799
* Pellegrino Capaldo, Atripalda 1939, banchiere
* Leopoldo Cassese (Atripalda, 1901 - Salerno, 1960), storico e archivista
* Antonio Cassese, giurista di diritto internazionale
* Sabino Cassese, giurista nel campo del diritto pubblico e amministrativo
* Sabino di Avellino, vescovo
* Vittorio De Caprariis, Napoli 1924- Roma 1964. Di famiglia atripaldese, visse ad Atripalda nel 1944-45 e vi fondò la sezione del Partito d'Azione. Redattore delle riviste Nord e Sud e Il Mondo.
* Luigi Barbarito, 1922 - vivente, Nunzio apostolico.
Evoluzione demografica [modifica]
Abitanti censiti
Amministrazione [modifica]
Sindaco: Aldo Laurenzano (centrosinistra) dal 27/05/2007
Centralino del comune: 0825 615300
Posta elettronica: sindaco@comune.atripalda.av.it
Collegamenti esterni [modifica]
* Webcam Atripalda
Note [modifica]
1. ^ Dati Istat - Popolazione residente all'1/5/2009
2. ^ Questa ipotesi sarebbe da attribuire a Fra Scipione Bellabona (francescano del XVII sec.). Cfr. Antoine Laurent Castellan, Lettres sur l'Italie, Paris, Chez A. Nepveu Libraire, 1819, p 228.
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Campania · Comuni della provincia di Avellino
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Estratto da "http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atripalda"
Categoria: Comuni della provincia di Avellino
Siena è un comune di 54.391 abitanti della Toscana centrale, capoluogo dell'omonima provincia.
La città è universalmente conosciuta per il suo patrimonio artistico e per la sostanziale unità stilistica del suo arredo urbano medievale, nonché per il suo famoso Palio; il centro storico è stato infatti dichiarato dall'UNESCO patrimonio dell'umanità nel 1995.
Siena fu fondata come colonia romana al tempo dell'Imperatore Augusto e prese il nome di Saena Iulia.
All'interno del centro storico senese sono stati ritrovati dei siti di epoca etrusca, che possono far pensare alla fondazione della città da parte degli etruschi.
Il primo documento noto in cui viene citata la comunità senese risale al 70 e porta la firma di Tacito che, nel IV libro delle Historiae, riporta il seguente episodio: il senatore Manlio Patruito riferì a Roma di essere stato malmenato e ridicolizzato con un finto funerale durante la sua visita ufficiale a Saena Iulia, piccola colonia militare della Tuscia. Il Senato romano decise di punire i principali colpevoli e di richiamare severamente i senesi a un maggiore rispetto verso l'autorità.
Dell'alto Medioevo non si hanno documenti che possano illuminare intorno ai casi della vita civile a Siena. C'è qualche notizia relativa alla istituzione del vescovado e della diocesi, specialmente per le questioni sorte fra il Vescovo di Siena e quello di Arezzo, a causa dei confini della zona giurisdizionale di ciascuno: questioni nelle quali intervenne il re longobardo Liutprando, pronunziando sentenza a favore della diocesi aretina. Ma i senesi non furono soddisfatti e pertanto nell'anno 853, quando l'Italia passò dalla dominazione longobarda a quella franca, riuscirono ad ottenere l'annullamento della sentenza emanata dal re Liutprando. Pare, dunque, che al tempo dei Longobardi, Siena fosse governata da un gastaldo, rappresentante del re: Gastaldo che fu poi sostituito da un Conte imperiale dopo l'incoronazione di Carlo Magno. Il primo conte di cui si hanno notizie concrete fu Winigi, figlio di Ranieri, nel 867. Dopo il 900 regnava a Siena l'imperatore Ludovico III, il cui regno non durò così a lungo, dal momento che nel 903 le cronache raccontano di un ritorno dei conti al potere sotto il nuovo governo del re Berengario.
Siena si ritrova nel X secolo al centro di importanti vie commerciali che portavano a Roma e, grazie a ciò divenne un'importante città medievale. Nel XII secolo la città si dota di ordinamenti comunali di tipo consolare, comincia a espandere il proprio territorio e stringe le prime alleanze. Questa situazione di rilevanza sia politica che economica, portano Siena a combattere per i domini settentrionali della Toscana, contro Firenze. Dalla prima metà del XII secolo in poi Siena prospera e diventa un importante centro commerciale, tenendo buoni rapporti con lo Stato della Chiesa; i banchieri senesi erano un punto di riferimento per le autorità di Roma, ai quali si rivolgevano per prestiti o finanziamenti.
Alla fine del XII secolo Siena, sostenendo la causa ghibellina (anche se non mancavano, le famiglie senesi di parte guelfa, in sintonia con Firenze), si ritrovò nuovamente contro Firenze di parte guelfa: celebre è la vittoria sui toscani guelfi nella battaglia di Montaperti, del 1260, celebrata anche da Dante Alighieri. Ma dopo qualche anno i senesi ebbero la peggio nella battaglia di Colle Val d'Elsa, del 1269, che portò in seguito, nel 1287, alla ascesa del Governo
dei Nove, di parte guelfa. Sotto questo nuovo governo, Siena raggiunse il suo massimo splendore, sia economico che culturale.
Dopo la peste del 1348, cominciò la lenta decadenza della Repubblica di Siena, che comunque non precluse la strada all'espansione territoriale senese, che fino al giorno della caduta della Repubblica comprendeva un terzo della toscana. La fine della Repubblica Senese, forse l'unico Stato occidentale ad attuare una democrazia pura a favore del popolo, avvenne il 25 aprile 1555, quando la città, dopo un assedio di oltre un anno, dovette arrendersi stremata dalla fame, all'impero di Carlo V, spalleggiato dai fiorentini, che cedette in feudo il territorio della Repubblica ai Medici, Signori di Firenze, per ripagarli delle spese sostenute durante la guerra. Per l'ennesima volta i cittadini senesi riuscirono a tenere testa ad un imperatore, che solo grazie alle proprie smisurate risorse poté piegare la fiera resistenza di questa piccola Repubblica e dei suoi cittadini.
Dopo la caduta della Repubblica pochi senesi guidati peraltro dall'esule fiorentino Piero Strozzi, non volendo accettare la caduta della Repubblica, si rifugiarono in Montalcino, creando la Repubblica di Siena riparata in Montalcino, mantenendo l'alleanza con la Francia, che continuò ad esercitare il proprio potere sulla parte meridionale del territorio della Repubblica, creando notevoli problemi alle truppe degli odiati fiorentini. Essa visse fino al 31 maggio del 1559 quando fu tradita dagli alleati francesi, che Siena aveva sempre sostenuto, che concludendo la pace di Cateau-Cambrésis con l'imperatore Carlo V, cedettero di fatto la Repubblica ai fiorentini.
Lo stemma di Siena è detto "balzana". È uno scudo diviso in due porzioni orizzontali: quella superiore è bianca, quella inferiore nera,con la Lupa che allatta Senio e Ascanio. Secondo la leggenda, starebbe a simboleggiare il fumo nero e bianco scaturito dalla pira augurale che i leggendari fondatori della città, Senio e Ascanio, figli di Remo, avrebbero acceso per ringraziare gli dei dopo la fondazione della città di Siena. Un'altra leggenda riporta che la balzana derivi dai colori dei cavalli, uno bianco ed uno nero, che Senio e Ascanio usarono nella fuga dallo zio Romolo che li voleva uccidere e con i quali giunsero a Siena. Per il loro presunto carattere focoso che, si dice, rasenta la pazzia, anche i senesi sono definiti spesso "balzani".
Siena (em português também conhecida como Sena) é uma cidade e sede de comuna italiana na região da Toscana, província do mesmo nome, com cerca de 52.775 (ISTAT 2003) habitantes. Estende-se por uma área de 118 km2, tendo uma densidade populacional de 447 hab/km2. Faz fronteira com Asciano, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Monteriggioni, Monteroni d'Arbia e Sovicille.
Siena é universalmente conhecida pelo seu património artístico e pela notável unidade estilística do seu centro histórico, classificado pela UNESCO como Património da Humanidade.
Segundo a mitologia romana, Siena foi fundada por Sénio, filho de Remo, e podem-se encontrar numerosas estátuas e obras de arte mostrando, tal como em Roma, os irmãos amamentados pela loba. Foi um povoamento etrusco e depois colónia romana (Saena Julia) refundada pelo imperador Augusto. Era, contudo, uma pequena povoação, longe das rotas principais do Império. No século V, torna-se sede de uma diocese cristã.
As antigas famílias aristocráticas de Siena reclamam origem nos Lombardos e à data da submissão da Lombardia a Carlos Magno (774). A grande influência da cidade como pólo cultural, artístico e político é iniciada no século XII, quando se converte num burgo autogovernado de cariz republicano, substituindo o esquema feudal.
Todavia, o esquema político conduziu sempre a lutas internas entre nobres e externas com a cidade rival de Florença. Data do século XIII a ruptura entre as facções rivais dos Guibelinos de Siena e dos Guelfos de Florença, que seria argumento para a Divina Comédia de Dante.
Em 4 de Setembro de 1260, os Guibelinos apoiaram as forças do rei Manfredo da Sicília e derrotaram os Guelfos em Montaperti, que tinham um exército muito superior em armas e homens. Antes da batalha, toda a cidade fora consagrada à Virgem Maria e confiada à sua protecção. Hoje, essa protecção é recordada e renovada, lembrando os sienenses da ameaça dos aliados da Segunda Guerra Mundial de bombardearam a cidade em 1944, o que felizmente não veio a acontecer.
Siena rivalizou no campo das artes durante o período medieval até o século XIV com as cidades vizinhas. Porém, devastada em 1348 pela Peste Negra, nunca recuperou o seu esplendor, perdendo também a sua rivalidade interurbana com Florença. A Siena actual tem um aspecto muito semelhante ao dos séculos XIII-XIV. Detém uma universidade fundada em 1203, famosa pelas faculdades de Direito e Medicina, e que é uma das mais prestigiadas universidades italianas.
Em 1557 perde a independência e é integrada nas formações políticas e administrativas da Toscana.
Siena também deu vários Papas, sendo eles: Alexandre III, Pio II, Pio III e Alexandre VII.
Os dois grandes santos de Siena são Santa Catarina (1347-1380) e São Bernardino (1380-1444). Catarina Benincasa, filha de um humilde tintureiro, fez-se irmã na Ordem Terceira dominicana (para leigos)e viveu como monja na casa dos pais. É famosa pelo intercâmbio interior com o próprio Cristo, que num êxtase lhe disse: "Eu sou aquele que é e tú és aquela que não é". Apesar da origem modesta, influenciou papas e príncipes com sua sabedoria e seu exemplo, conseguindo inclusive convencer o papa de então, contra a maioria dos cardeais, a regressar a Roma do exílio de Avinhon na França. Quanto ao franciscano São Bernardino, ele é célebre por ter sido o maior expoente, no Catolicismo, da via espiritual de invocação do Nome Divino, que encontra similares em todas as grandes religiões, do Budismo (nembutsu) ao Islã ([[dhikr]]) e ao Hinduísmo (mantra). Os sermões que Bernbardino fez na praça central de Siena provocaram tal fervor religioso e devoção ao nome de Jesus que o conselho municipal decidiu colocar o monograma do nome de Jesus (composto pelas letras IHS, significando "Jesus salvador dos homens")na fachada do prédio do governo. Do mesmo modo, muitos cidadãos o pintaram sobre as fachadas de suas casas, como até hoje se pode ver na cidade.
Siena also widely spelled Sienna in English) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.
The historic centre of Siena has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site. It is one of the nation's most visited tourist attractions, with over 163,000 international arrivals in 2008.[1] Siena is famous for its cuisine, art, museums, medieval cityscape and the palio.
Siena, like other Tuscan hill towns, was first settled in the time of the Etruscans (c. 900–400 BC) when it was inhabited by a tribe called the Saina. The Etruscans were an advanced people who changed the face of central Italy through their use of irrigation to reclaim previously unfarmable land, and their custom of building their settlements in well-defended hill-forts. A Roman town called Saena Julia was founded at the site in the time of the Emperor Augustus. The first document mentioning it dates from AD 70. Some archaeologists assert that Siena was controlled for a period by a Gaulish tribe called the Saenones.
The Roman origin accounts for the town's emblem: a she-wolf suckling infants Romulus and Remus. According to legend, Siena was founded by Senius, son of Remus, who was in turn the brother of Romulus, after whom Rome was named. Statues and other artwork depicting a she-wolf suckling the young twins Romulus and Remus can be seen all over the city of Siena. Other etymologies derive the name from the Etruscan family name "Saina," the Roman family name of the "Saenii," or the Latin word "senex" ("old") or the derived form "seneo", "to be old".
Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It was not sited near any major roads and lacked opportunities for trade. Its insular status meant that Christianity did not penetrate until the 4th century AD, and it was not until the Lombards invaded Siena and the surrounding territory that it knew prosperity. After the Lombard occupation, the old Roman roads of Via Aurelia and the Via Cassia passed through areas exposed to Byzantine raids, so the Lombards rerouted much of their trade between the Lombards' northern possessions and Rome along a more secure road through Siena. Siena prospered as a trading post, and the constant streams of pilgrims passing to and from Rome provided a valuable source of income in the centuries to come.
The oldest aristocratic families in Siena date their line to the Lombards' surrender in 774 to Charlemagne. At this point, the city was inundated with a swarm of Frankish overseers who married into the existing Sienese nobility and left a legacy that can be seen in the abbeys they founded throughout Sienese territory. Feudal power waned however, and by the death of Countess Matilda in 1115 the border territory of the Mark of Tuscia which had been under the control of her family, the Canossa, broke up into several autonomous regions.
Siena prospered as a city-state, becoming a major centre of money lending and an important player in the wool trade. It was governed at first directly by its bishop, but episcopal power declined during the 12th century. The bishop was forced to concede a greater say in the running of the city to the nobility in exchange for their help during a territorial dispute with Arezzo, and this started a process which culminated in 1167 when the commune of Siena declared its independence from episcopal control. By 1179, it had a written constitution.
This period was also crucial in shaping the Siena we know today. It was during the early 13th century that the majority of the construction of the Siena Cathedral (Duomo) was completed. It was also during this period that the Piazza del Campo, now regarded as one of the most beautiful civic spaces in Europe, grew in importance as the centre of secular life. New streets were constructed leading to it, and it served as the site of the market and the location of various sporting events (perhaps better thought of as riots, in the fashion of the Florentine football matches that are still practised to this day). A wall was constructed in 1194 at the current site of the Palazzo Pubblico to stop soil erosion, an indication of how important the area was becoming as a civic space.
In the early 12th century a self-governing commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government. The consuls who governed the republic slowly became more inclusive of the poblani, or common people, and the commune increased its territory as the surrounding feudal nobles in their fortified castles submitted to the urban power. Siena's republic, struggling internally between nobles and the popular party, usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence, and was in the 13th century predominantly Ghibelline in opposition to Florence's Guelph position (this conflict formed the backdrop for some of Dante's Commedia).
On 4 September 1260 the Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeated the Florentine Guelphs in the Battle of Montaperti. Before the battle, the Sienese army of around 20,000 faced a much larger Florentine army of around 33,000. Prior to the battle, the entire city was dedicated to the Virgin Mary (this was done several times in the city's history, most recently in 1944 to guard the city from Allied bombs). The man given command of Siena for the duration of the war, Bonaguida Lucari, walked barefoot and bareheaded, a halter around his neck, to the Duomo. Leading a procession composed of all the city's residents, he was met by all the clergy. Lucari and the bishop embraced, to show the unity of church and state, then Lucari formally gave the city and contrade to the Virgin. Legend has it that a thick white cloud descended on the battlefield, giving the Sienese cover and aiding their attack. The reality was that the Florentine army launched several fruitless attacks against the Sienese army during the day, then when the Sienese army countered with their own offensive, traitors within the Florentine army killed the standard bearer and in the resulting chaos, the Florentine army broke up and fled the battlefield. Almost half the Florentine army (some 15,000 men) were killed as a result. So crushing was the defeat that even today if the two cities meet in any sporting event, the Sienese supporters are likely to exhort their Florentine counterparts to “Remember Montaperti!”.
The limits on the Roman town, were the earliest known walls to the city. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the town grew to the east and later to the north, in what is now the Camollia district. Walls were built to totally surround the city, and a second set was finished by the end of the 13th century. Much of these walls still exist today.[2]
Siena's university, founded in 1240 and famed for its faculties of law and medicine, is still among the most important Italian universities. Siena rivalled Florence in the arts throughout the 13th and 14th centuries: the important late medieval painter Duccio di Buoninsegna (1253–1319) was a Sienese, but worked across the peninsula, and the mural of "Good Government" by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Pubblico, or town hall, is a magnificent example of late-Medieval/early Renaissance art as well as a representation of the utopia of urban society as conceived during that period. Siena was devastated by the Black Death of 1348, and also suffered from ill-fated financial enterprises. In 1355, with the arrival of Charles IV of Luxembourg in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the Nove (Nine), establishing that Dodici (Twelve) nobles assisted by a council with a popular majority. This was also short-lived, being replaced by the Quindici (Fifteen) reformers in 1385, the Dieci (Ten, 1386–1387), Undici (Eleven, 1388–1398) and Twelve Priors (1398–1399) who, in the end, gave the city's seigniory to Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan in order to defend it from the Florentine expansionism.
In 1404 the Visconti were expelled and a government of Ten Priors established, in alliance with Florence against King Ladislas of Naples. With the election of the Sienese Pius II as Pope, the Piccolomini and other noble families were allowed to return to the government, but after his death the control returned into popular hands. In 1472 the Republic founded the Monte dei Paschi, a bank that is still active today and is the oldest surviving bank in the world. The noble factions returned in the city under Pandolfo Petrucci in 1487, with the support of Florence and of Alfonso of Calabria; Petrucci exerted an effective rule on the city until his death in 1512, favouring arts and sciences, and defending it from Cesare Borgia. Pandolfo was succeeded by his son Borghese, who was ousted by his cousin Raffaello, helped by the Medici Pope Leo X. The last Petrucci was Fabio, exiled in 1523 by the Sienese people. Internal strife resumed, with the popular faction ousting the Noveschi party supported by Clement VII: the latter sent an army, but was defeated at Camollia in 1526. Emperor Charles V took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a Spanish garrison in Siena. The citizens expelled it in 1552, allying with France: this was unacceptable for Charles, who sent his general Gian Giacomo Medici to lay siege to it with a Florentine-Imperial army.
The Sienese government entrusted its defence to Piero Strozzi. When the latter was defeated at the Battle of Marciano (August 1554), any hope of relief was lost. After 18 months of resistance, it surrendered to Spain on 17 April 1555, marking the end of the Republic of Siena. The new Spanish King Philip, owing huge sums to the Medici, ceded it (apart a series of coastal fortress annexed to the State of Presidi) to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, to which it belonged until the unification of Italy in the 19th century. A Republican government of 700 Sienese families in Montalcino resisted until 1559.
The picturesque city remains an important cultural centre, especially for humanist disciplines
Siena è un comune di 54.391 abitanti della Toscana centrale, capoluogo dell'omonima provincia.
La città è universalmente conosciuta per il suo patrimonio artistico e per la sostanziale unità stilistica del suo arredo urbano medievale, nonché per il suo famoso Palio; il centro storico è stato infatti dichiarato dall'UNESCO patrimonio dell'umanità nel 1995.
Siena fu fondata come colonia romana al tempo dell'Imperatore Augusto e prese il nome di Saena Iulia.
All'interno del centro storico senese sono stati ritrovati dei siti di epoca etrusca, che possono far pensare alla fondazione della città da parte degli etruschi.
Il primo documento noto in cui viene citata la comunità senese risale al 70 e porta la firma di Tacito che, nel IV libro delle Historiae, riporta il seguente episodio: il senatore Manlio Patruito riferì a Roma di essere stato malmenato e ridicolizzato con un finto funerale durante la sua visita ufficiale a Saena Iulia, piccola colonia militare della Tuscia. Il Senato romano decise di punire i principali colpevoli e di richiamare severamente i senesi a un maggiore rispetto verso l'autorità.
Dell'alto Medioevo non si hanno documenti che possano illuminare intorno ai casi della vita civile a Siena. C'è qualche notizia relativa alla istituzione del vescovado e della diocesi, specialmente per le questioni sorte fra il Vescovo di Siena e quello di Arezzo, a causa dei confini della zona giurisdizionale di ciascuno: questioni nelle quali intervenne il re longobardo Liutprando, pronunziando sentenza a favore della diocesi aretina. Ma i senesi non furono soddisfatti e pertanto nell'anno 853, quando l'Italia passò dalla dominazione longobarda a quella franca, riuscirono ad ottenere l'annullamento della sentenza emanata dal re Liutprando. Pare, dunque, che al tempo dei Longobardi, Siena fosse governata da un gastaldo, rappresentante del re: Gastaldo che fu poi sostituito da un Conte imperiale dopo l'incoronazione di Carlo Magno. Il primo conte di cui si hanno notizie concrete fu Winigi, figlio di Ranieri, nel 867. Dopo il 900 regnava a Siena l'imperatore Ludovico III, il cui regno non durò così a lungo, dal momento che nel 903 le cronache raccontano di un ritorno dei conti al potere sotto il nuovo governo del re Berengario.
Siena si ritrova nel X secolo al centro di importanti vie commerciali che portavano a Roma e, grazie a ciò divenne un'importante città medievale. Nel XII secolo la città si dota di ordinamenti comunali di tipo consolare, comincia a espandere il proprio territorio e stringe le prime alleanze. Questa situazione di rilevanza sia politica che economica, portano Siena a combattere per i domini settentrionali della Toscana, contro Firenze. Dalla prima metà del XII secolo in poi Siena prospera e diventa un importante centro commerciale, tenendo buoni rapporti con lo Stato della Chiesa; i banchieri senesi erano un punto di riferimento per le autorità di Roma, ai quali si rivolgevano per prestiti o finanziamenti.
Alla fine del XII secolo Siena, sostenendo la causa ghibellina (anche se non mancavano, le famiglie senesi di parte guelfa, in sintonia con Firenze), si ritrovò nuovamente contro Firenze di parte guelfa: celebre è la vittoria sui toscani guelfi nella battaglia di Montaperti, del 1260, celebrata anche da Dante Alighieri. Ma dopo qualche anno i senesi ebbero la peggio nella battaglia di Colle Val d'Elsa, del 1269, che portò in seguito, nel 1287, alla ascesa del Governo
dei Nove, di parte guelfa. Sotto questo nuovo governo, Siena raggiunse il suo massimo splendore, sia economico che culturale.
Dopo la peste del 1348, cominciò la lenta decadenza della Repubblica di Siena, che comunque non precluse la strada all'espansione territoriale senese, che fino al giorno della caduta della Repubblica comprendeva un terzo della toscana. La fine della Repubblica Senese, forse l'unico Stato occidentale ad attuare una democrazia pura a favore del popolo, avvenne il 25 aprile 1555, quando la città, dopo un assedio di oltre un anno, dovette arrendersi stremata dalla fame, all'impero di Carlo V, spalleggiato dai fiorentini, che cedette in feudo il territorio della Repubblica ai Medici, Signori di Firenze, per ripagarli delle spese sostenute durante la guerra. Per l'ennesima volta i cittadini senesi riuscirono a tenere testa ad un imperatore, che solo grazie alle proprie smisurate risorse poté piegare la fiera resistenza di questa piccola Repubblica e dei suoi cittadini.
Dopo la caduta della Repubblica pochi senesi guidati peraltro dall'esule fiorentino Piero Strozzi, non volendo accettare la caduta della Repubblica, si rifugiarono in Montalcino, creando la Repubblica di Siena riparata in Montalcino, mantenendo l'alleanza con la Francia, che continuò ad esercitare il proprio potere sulla parte meridionale del territorio della Repubblica, creando notevoli problemi alle truppe degli odiati fiorentini. Essa visse fino al 31 maggio del 1559 quando fu tradita dagli alleati francesi, che Siena aveva sempre sostenuto, che concludendo la pace di Cateau-Cambrésis con l'imperatore Carlo V, cedettero di fatto la Repubblica ai fiorentini.
Lo stemma di Siena è detto "balzana". È uno scudo diviso in due porzioni orizzontali: quella superiore è bianca, quella inferiore nera,con la Lupa che allatta Senio e Ascanio. Secondo la leggenda, starebbe a simboleggiare il fumo nero e bianco scaturito dalla pira augurale che i leggendari fondatori della città, Senio e Ascanio, figli di Remo, avrebbero acceso per ringraziare gli dei dopo la fondazione della città di Siena. Un'altra leggenda riporta che la balzana derivi dai colori dei cavalli, uno bianco ed uno nero, che Senio e Ascanio usarono nella fuga dallo zio Romolo che li voleva uccidere e con i quali giunsero a Siena. Per il loro presunto carattere focoso che, si dice, rasenta la pazzia, anche i senesi sono definiti spesso "balzani".
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Siena (em português também conhecida como Sena) é uma cidade e sede de comuna italiana na região da Toscana, província do mesmo nome, com cerca de 52.775 (ISTAT 2003) habitantes. Estende-se por uma área de 118 km2, tendo uma densidade populacional de 447 hab/km2. Faz fronteira com Asciano, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Monteriggioni, Monteroni d'Arbia e Sovicille.
Siena é universalmente conhecida pelo seu património artístico e pela notável unidade estilística do seu centro histórico, classificado pela UNESCO como Património da Humanidade.
Segundo a mitologia romana, Siena foi fundada por Sénio, filho de Remo, e podem-se encontrar numerosas estátuas e obras de arte mostrando, tal como em Roma, os irmãos amamentados pela loba. Foi um povoamento etrusco e depois colónia romana (Saena Julia) refundada pelo imperador Augusto. Era, contudo, uma pequena povoação, longe das rotas principais do Império. No século V, torna-se sede de uma diocese cristã.
As antigas famílias aristocráticas de Siena reclamam origem nos Lombardos e à data da submissão da Lombardia a Carlos Magno (774). A grande influência da cidade como pólo cultural, artístico e político é iniciada no século XII, quando se converte num burgo autogovernado de cariz republicano, substituindo o esquema feudal.
Todavia, o esquema político conduziu sempre a lutas internas entre nobres e externas com a cidade rival de Florença. Data do século XIII a ruptura entre as facções rivais dos Guibelinos de Siena e dos Guelfos de Florença, que seria argumento para a Divina Comédia de Dante.
Em 4 de Setembro de 1260, os Guibelinos apoiaram as forças do rei Manfredo da Sicília e derrotaram os Guelfos em Montaperti, que tinham um exército muito superior em armas e homens. Antes da batalha, toda a cidade fora consagrada à Virgem Maria e confiada à sua protecção. Hoje, essa protecção é recordada e renovada, lembrando os sienenses da ameaça dos aliados da Segunda Guerra Mundial de bombardearam a cidade em 1944, o que felizmente não veio a acontecer.
Siena rivalizou no campo das artes durante o período medieval até o século XIV com as cidades vizinhas. Porém, devastada em 1348 pela Peste Negra, nunca recuperou o seu esplendor, perdendo também a sua rivalidade interurbana com Florença. A Siena actual tem um aspecto muito semelhante ao dos séculos XIII-XIV. Detém uma universidade fundada em 1203, famosa pelas faculdades de Direito e Medicina, e que é uma das mais prestigiadas universidades italianas.
Em 1557 perde a independência e é integrada nas formações políticas e administrativas da Toscana.
Siena também deu vários Papas, sendo eles: Alexandre III, Pio II, Pio III e Alexandre VII.
Os dois grandes santos de Siena são Santa Catarina (1347-1380) e São Bernardino (1380-1444). Catarina Benincasa, filha de um humilde tintureiro, fez-se irmã na Ordem Terceira dominicana (para leigos)e viveu como monja na casa dos pais. É famosa pelo intercâmbio interior com o próprio Cristo, que num êxtase lhe disse: "Eu sou aquele que é e tú és aquela que não é". Apesar da origem modesta, influenciou papas e príncipes com sua sabedoria e seu exemplo, conseguindo inclusive convencer o papa de então, contra a maioria dos cardeais, a regressar a Roma do exílio de Avinhon na França. Quanto ao franciscano São Bernardino, ele é célebre por ter sido o maior expoente, no Catolicismo, da via espiritual de invocação do Nome Divino, que encontra similares em todas as grandes religiões, do Budismo (nembutsu) ao Islã ([[dhikr]]) e ao Hinduísmo (mantra). Os sermões que Bernbardino fez na praça central de Siena provocaram tal fervor religioso e devoção ao nome de Jesus que o conselho municipal decidiu colocar o monograma do nome de Jesus (composto pelas letras IHS, significando "Jesus salvador dos homens")na fachada do prédio do governo. Do mesmo modo, muitos cidadãos o pintaram sobre as fachadas de suas casas, como até hoje se pode ver na cidade.
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Siena also widely spelled Sienna in English) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.
The historic centre of Siena has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site. It is one of the nation's most visited tourist attractions, with over 163,000 international arrivals in 2008.[1] Siena is famous for its cuisine, art, museums, medieval cityscape and the palio.
Siena, like other Tuscan hill towns, was first settled in the time of the Etruscans (c. 900–400 BC) when it was inhabited by a tribe called the Saina. The Etruscans were an advanced people who changed the face of central Italy through their use of irrigation to reclaim previously unfarmable land, and their custom of building their settlements in well-defended hill-forts. A Roman town called Saena Julia was founded at the site in the time of the Emperor Augustus. The first document mentioning it dates from AD 70. Some archaeologists assert that Siena was controlled for a period by a Gaulish tribe called the Saenones.
The Roman origin accounts for the town's emblem: a she-wolf suckling infants Romulus and Remus. According to legend, Siena was founded by Senius, son of Remus, who was in turn the brother of Romulus, after whom Rome was named. Statues and other artwork depicting a she-wolf suckling the young twins Romulus and Remus can be seen all over the city of Siena. Other etymologies derive the name from the Etruscan family name "Saina," the Roman family name of the "Saenii," or the Latin word "senex" ("old") or the derived form "seneo", "to be old".
Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It was not sited near any major roads and lacked opportunities for trade. Its insular status meant that Christianity did not penetrate until the 4th century AD, and it was not until the Lombards invaded Siena and the surrounding territory that it knew prosperity. After the Lombard occupation, the old Roman roads of Via Aurelia and the Via Cassia passed through areas exposed to Byzantine raids, so the Lombards rerouted much of their trade between the Lombards' northern possessions and Rome along a more secure road through Siena. Siena prospered as a trading post, and the constant streams of pilgrims passing to and from Rome provided a valuable source of income in the centuries to come.
The oldest aristocratic families in Siena date their line to the Lombards' surrender in 774 to Charlemagne. At this point, the city was inundated with a swarm of Frankish overseers who married into the existing Sienese nobility and left a legacy that can be seen in the abbeys they founded throughout Sienese territory. Feudal power waned however, and by the death of Countess Matilda in 1115 the border territory of the Mark of Tuscia which had been under the control of her family, the Canossa, broke up into several autonomous regions.
Siena prospered as a city-state, becoming a major centre of money lending and an important player in the wool trade. It was governed at first directly by its bishop, but episcopal power declined during the 12th century. The bishop was forced to concede a greater say in the running of the city to the nobility in exchange for their help during a territorial dispute with Arezzo, and this started a process which culminated in 1167 when the commune of Siena declared its independence from episcopal control. By 1179, it had a written constitution.
This period was also crucial in shaping the Siena we know today. It was during the early 13th century that the majority of the construction of the Siena Cathedral (Duomo) was completed. It was also during this period that the Piazza del Campo, now regarded as one of the most beautiful civic spaces in Europe, grew in importance as the centre of secular life. New streets were constructed leading to it, and it served as the site of the market and the location of various sporting events (perhaps better thought of as riots, in the fashion of the Florentine football matches that are still practised to this day). A wall was constructed in 1194 at the current site of the Palazzo Pubblico to stop soil erosion, an indication of how important the area was becoming as a civic space.
In the early 12th century a self-governing commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government. The consuls who governed the republic slowly became more inclusive of the poblani, or common people, and the commune increased its territory as the surrounding feudal nobles in their fortified castles submitted to the urban power. Siena's republic, struggling internally between nobles and the popular party, usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence, and was in the 13th century predominantly Ghibelline in opposition to Florence's Guelph position (this conflict formed the backdrop for some of Dante's Commedia).
On 4 September 1260 the Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeated the Florentine Guelphs in the Battle of Montaperti. Before the battle, the Sienese army of around 20,000 faced a much larger Florentine army of around 33,000. Prior to the battle, the entire city was dedicated to the Virgin Mary (this was done several times in the city's history, most recently in 1944 to guard the city from Allied bombs). The man given command of Siena for the duration of the war, Bonaguida Lucari, walked barefoot and bareheaded, a halter around his neck, to the Duomo. Leading a procession composed of all the city's residents, he was met by all the clergy. Lucari and the bishop embraced, to show the unity of church and state, then Lucari formally gave the city and contrade to the Virgin. Legend has it that a thick white cloud descended on the battlefield, giving the Sienese cover and aiding their attack. The reality was that the Florentine army launched several fruitless attacks against the Sienese army during the day, then when the Sienese army countered with their own offensive, traitors within the Florentine army killed the standard bearer and in the resulting chaos, the Florentine army broke up and fled the battlefield. Almost half the Florentine army (some 15,000 men) were killed as a result. So crushing was the defeat that even today if the two cities meet in any sporting event, the Sienese supporters are likely to exhort their Florentine counterparts to “Remember Montaperti!”.
The limits on the Roman town, were the earliest known walls to the city. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the town grew to the east and later to the north, in what is now the Camollia district. Walls were built to totally surround the city, and a second set was finished by the end of the 13th century. Much of these walls still exist today.[2]
Siena's university, founded in 1240 and famed for its faculties of law and medicine, is still among the most important Italian universities. Siena rivalled Florence in the arts throughout the 13th and 14th centuries: the important late medieval painter Duccio di Buoninsegna (1253–1319) was a Sienese, but worked across the peninsula, and the mural of "Good Government" by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Pubblico, or town hall, is a magnificent example of late-Medieval/early Renaissance art as well as a representation of the utopia of urban society as conceived during that period. Siena was devastated by the Black Death of 1348, and also suffered from ill-fated financial enterprises. In 1355, with the arrival of Charles IV of Luxembourg in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the Nove (Nine), establishing that Dodici (Twelve) nobles assisted by a council with a popular majority. This was also short-lived, being replaced by the Quindici (Fifteen) reformers in 1385, the Dieci (Ten, 1386–1387), Undici (Eleven, 1388–1398) and Twelve Priors (1398–1399) who, in the end, gave the city's seigniory to Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan in order to defend it from the Florentine expansionism.
In 1404 the Visconti were expelled and a government of Ten Priors established, in alliance with Florence against King Ladislas of Naples. With the election of the Sienese Pius II as Pope, the Piccolomini and other noble families were allowed to return to the government, but after his death the control returned into popular hands. In 1472 the Republic founded the Monte dei Paschi, a bank that is still active today and is the oldest surviving bank in the world. The noble factions returned in the city under Pandolfo Petrucci in 1487, with the support of Florence and of Alfonso of Calabria; Petrucci exerted an effective rule on the city until his death in 1512, favouring arts and sciences, and defending it from Cesare Borgia. Pandolfo was succeeded by his son Borghese, who was ousted by his cousin Raffaello, helped by the Medici Pope Leo X. The last Petrucci was Fabio, exiled in 1523 by the Sienese people. Internal strife resumed, with the popular faction ousting the Noveschi party supported by Clement VII: the latter sent an army, but was defeated at Camollia in 1526. Emperor Charles V took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a Spanish garrison in Siena. The citizens expelled it in 1552, allying with France: this was unacceptable for Charles, who sent his general Gian Giacomo Medici to lay siege to it with a Florentine-Imperial army.
The Sienese government entrusted its defence to Piero Strozzi. When the latter was defeated at the Battle of Marciano (August 1554), any hope of relief was lost. After 18 months of resistance, it surrendered to Spain on 17 April 1555, marking the end of the Republic of Siena. The new Spanish King Philip, owing huge sums to the Medici, ceded it (apart a series of coastal fortress annexed to the State of Presidi) to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, to which it belonged until the unification of Italy in the 19th century. A Republican government of 700 Sienese families in Montalcino resisted until 1559.
The picturesque city remains an important cultural centre, especially for humanist disciplines
Siena è un comune di 54.391 abitanti della Toscana centrale, capoluogo dell'omonima provincia.
La città è universalmente conosciuta per il suo patrimonio artistico e per la sostanziale unità stilistica del suo arredo urbano medievale, nonché per il suo famoso Palio; il centro storico è stato infatti dichiarato dall'UNESCO patrimonio dell'umanità nel 1995.
Siena fu fondata come colonia romana al tempo dell'Imperatore Augusto e prese il nome di Saena Iulia.
All'interno del centro storico senese sono stati ritrovati dei siti di epoca etrusca, che possono far pensare alla fondazione della città da parte degli etruschi.
Il primo documento noto in cui viene citata la comunità senese risale al 70 e porta la firma di Tacito che, nel IV libro delle Historiae, riporta il seguente episodio: il senatore Manlio Patruito riferì a Roma di essere stato malmenato e ridicolizzato con un finto funerale durante la sua visita ufficiale a Saena Iulia, piccola colonia militare della Tuscia. Il Senato romano decise di punire i principali colpevoli e di richiamare severamente i senesi a un maggiore rispetto verso l'autorità.
Dell'alto Medioevo non si hanno documenti che possano illuminare intorno ai casi della vita civile a Siena. C'è qualche notizia relativa alla istituzione del vescovado e della diocesi, specialmente per le questioni sorte fra il Vescovo di Siena e quello di Arezzo, a causa dei confini della zona giurisdizionale di ciascuno: questioni nelle quali intervenne il re longobardo Liutprando, pronunziando sentenza a favore della diocesi aretina. Ma i senesi non furono soddisfatti e pertanto nell'anno 853, quando l'Italia passò dalla dominazione longobarda a quella franca, riuscirono ad ottenere l'annullamento della sentenza emanata dal re Liutprando. Pare, dunque, che al tempo dei Longobardi, Siena fosse governata da un gastaldo, rappresentante del re: Gastaldo che fu poi sostituito da un Conte imperiale dopo l'incoronazione di Carlo Magno. Il primo conte di cui si hanno notizie concrete fu Winigi, figlio di Ranieri, nel 867. Dopo il 900 regnava a Siena l'imperatore Ludovico III, il cui regno non durò così a lungo, dal momento che nel 903 le cronache raccontano di un ritorno dei conti al potere sotto il nuovo governo del re Berengario.
Siena si ritrova nel X secolo al centro di importanti vie commerciali che portavano a Roma e, grazie a ciò divenne un'importante città medievale. Nel XII secolo la città si dota di ordinamenti comunali di tipo consolare, comincia a espandere il proprio territorio e stringe le prime alleanze. Questa situazione di rilevanza sia politica che economica, portano Siena a combattere per i domini settentrionali della Toscana, contro Firenze. Dalla prima metà del XII secolo in poi Siena prospera e diventa un importante centro commerciale, tenendo buoni rapporti con lo Stato della Chiesa; i banchieri senesi erano un punto di riferimento per le autorità di Roma, ai quali si rivolgevano per prestiti o finanziamenti.
Alla fine del XII secolo Siena, sostenendo la causa ghibellina (anche se non mancavano, le famiglie senesi di parte guelfa, in sintonia con Firenze), si ritrovò nuovamente contro Firenze di parte guelfa: celebre è la vittoria sui toscani guelfi nella battaglia di Montaperti, del 1260, celebrata anche da Dante Alighieri. Ma dopo qualche anno i senesi ebbero la peggio nella battaglia di Colle Val d'Elsa, del 1269, che portò in seguito, nel 1287, alla ascesa del Governo
dei Nove, di parte guelfa. Sotto questo nuovo governo, Siena raggiunse il suo massimo splendore, sia economico che culturale.
Dopo la peste del 1348, cominciò la lenta decadenza della Repubblica di Siena, che comunque non precluse la strada all'espansione territoriale senese, che fino al giorno della caduta della Repubblica comprendeva un terzo della toscana. La fine della Repubblica Senese, forse l'unico Stato occidentale ad attuare una democrazia pura a favore del popolo, avvenne il 25 aprile 1555, quando la città, dopo un assedio di oltre un anno, dovette arrendersi stremata dalla fame, all'impero di Carlo V, spalleggiato dai fiorentini, che cedette in feudo il territorio della Repubblica ai Medici, Signori di Firenze, per ripagarli delle spese sostenute durante la guerra. Per l'ennesima volta i cittadini senesi riuscirono a tenere testa ad un imperatore, che solo grazie alle proprie smisurate risorse poté piegare la fiera resistenza di questa piccola Repubblica e dei suoi cittadini.
Dopo la caduta della Repubblica pochi senesi guidati peraltro dall'esule fiorentino Piero Strozzi, non volendo accettare la caduta della Repubblica, si rifugiarono in Montalcino, creando la Repubblica di Siena riparata in Montalcino, mantenendo l'alleanza con la Francia, che continuò ad esercitare il proprio potere sulla parte meridionale del territorio della Repubblica, creando notevoli problemi alle truppe degli odiati fiorentini. Essa visse fino al 31 maggio del 1559 quando fu tradita dagli alleati francesi, che Siena aveva sempre sostenuto, che concludendo la pace di Cateau-Cambrésis con l'imperatore Carlo V, cedettero di fatto la Repubblica ai fiorentini.
Lo stemma di Siena è detto "balzana". È uno scudo diviso in due porzioni orizzontali: quella superiore è bianca, quella inferiore nera,con la Lupa che allatta Senio e Ascanio. Secondo la leggenda, starebbe a simboleggiare il fumo nero e bianco scaturito dalla pira augurale che i leggendari fondatori della città, Senio e Ascanio, figli di Remo, avrebbero acceso per ringraziare gli dei dopo la fondazione della città di Siena. Un'altra leggenda riporta che la balzana derivi dai colori dei cavalli, uno bianco ed uno nero, che Senio e Ascanio usarono nella fuga dallo zio Romolo che li voleva uccidere e con i quali giunsero a Siena. Per il loro presunto carattere focoso che, si dice, rasenta la pazzia, anche i senesi sono definiti spesso "balzani".
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Siena (em português também conhecida como Sena) é uma cidade e sede de comuna italiana na região da Toscana, província do mesmo nome, com cerca de 52.775 (ISTAT 2003) habitantes. Estende-se por uma área de 118 km2, tendo uma densidade populacional de 447 hab/km2. Faz fronteira com Asciano, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Monteriggioni, Monteroni d'Arbia e Sovicille.
Siena é universalmente conhecida pelo seu património artístico e pela notável unidade estilística do seu centro histórico, classificado pela UNESCO como Património da Humanidade.
Segundo a mitologia romana, Siena foi fundada por Sénio, filho de Remo, e podem-se encontrar numerosas estátuas e obras de arte mostrando, tal como em Roma, os irmãos amamentados pela loba. Foi um povoamento etrusco e depois colónia romana (Saena Julia) refundada pelo imperador Augusto. Era, contudo, uma pequena povoação, longe das rotas principais do Império. No século V, torna-se sede de uma diocese cristã.
As antigas famílias aristocráticas de Siena reclamam origem nos Lombardos e à data da submissão da Lombardia a Carlos Magno (774). A grande influência da cidade como pólo cultural, artístico e político é iniciada no século XII, quando se converte num burgo autogovernado de cariz republicano, substituindo o esquema feudal.
Todavia, o esquema político conduziu sempre a lutas internas entre nobres e externas com a cidade rival de Florença. Data do século XIII a ruptura entre as facções rivais dos Guibelinos de Siena e dos Guelfos de Florença, que seria argumento para a Divina Comédia de Dante.
Em 4 de Setembro de 1260, os Guibelinos apoiaram as forças do rei Manfredo da Sicília e derrotaram os Guelfos em Montaperti, que tinham um exército muito superior em armas e homens. Antes da batalha, toda a cidade fora consagrada à Virgem Maria e confiada à sua protecção. Hoje, essa protecção é recordada e renovada, lembrando os sienenses da ameaça dos aliados da Segunda Guerra Mundial de bombardearam a cidade em 1944, o que felizmente não veio a acontecer.
Siena rivalizou no campo das artes durante o período medieval até o século XIV com as cidades vizinhas. Porém, devastada em 1348 pela Peste Negra, nunca recuperou o seu esplendor, perdendo também a sua rivalidade interurbana com Florença. A Siena actual tem um aspecto muito semelhante ao dos séculos XIII-XIV. Detém uma universidade fundada em 1203, famosa pelas faculdades de Direito e Medicina, e que é uma das mais prestigiadas universidades italianas.
Em 1557 perde a independência e é integrada nas formações políticas e administrativas da Toscana.
Siena também deu vários Papas, sendo eles: Alexandre III, Pio II, Pio III e Alexandre VII.
Os dois grandes santos de Siena são Santa Catarina (1347-1380) e São Bernardino (1380-1444). Catarina Benincasa, filha de um humilde tintureiro, fez-se irmã na Ordem Terceira dominicana (para leigos)e viveu como monja na casa dos pais. É famosa pelo intercâmbio interior com o próprio Cristo, que num êxtase lhe disse: "Eu sou aquele que é e tú és aquela que não é". Apesar da origem modesta, influenciou papas e príncipes com sua sabedoria e seu exemplo, conseguindo inclusive convencer o papa de então, contra a maioria dos cardeais, a regressar a Roma do exílio de Avinhon na França. Quanto ao franciscano São Bernardino, ele é célebre por ter sido o maior expoente, no Catolicismo, da via espiritual de invocação do Nome Divino, que encontra similares em todas as grandes religiões, do Budismo (nembutsu) ao Islã ([[dhikr]]) e ao Hinduísmo (mantra). Os sermões que Bernbardino fez na praça central de Siena provocaram tal fervor religioso e devoção ao nome de Jesus que o conselho municipal decidiu colocar o monograma do nome de Jesus (composto pelas letras IHS, significando "Jesus salvador dos homens")na fachada do prédio do governo. Do mesmo modo, muitos cidadãos o pintaram sobre as fachadas de suas casas, como até hoje se pode ver na cidade.
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Siena also widely spelled Sienna in English) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.
The historic centre of Siena has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site. It is one of the nation's most visited tourist attractions, with over 163,000 international arrivals in 2008.[1] Siena is famous for its cuisine, art, museums, medieval cityscape and the palio.
Siena, like other Tuscan hill towns, was first settled in the time of the Etruscans (c. 900–400 BC) when it was inhabited by a tribe called the Saina. The Etruscans were an advanced people who changed the face of central Italy through their use of irrigation to reclaim previously unfarmable land, and their custom of building their settlements in well-defended hill-forts. A Roman town called Saena Julia was founded at the site in the time of the Emperor Augustus. The first document mentioning it dates from AD 70. Some archaeologists assert that Siena was controlled for a period by a Gaulish tribe called the Saenones.
The Roman origin accounts for the town's emblem: a she-wolf suckling infants Romulus and Remus. According to legend, Siena was founded by Senius, son of Remus, who was in turn the brother of Romulus, after whom Rome was named. Statues and other artwork depicting a she-wolf suckling the young twins Romulus and Remus can be seen all over the city of Siena. Other etymologies derive the name from the Etruscan family name "Saina," the Roman family name of the "Saenii," or the Latin word "senex" ("old") or the derived form "seneo", "to be old".
Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It was not sited near any major roads and lacked opportunities for trade. Its insular status meant that Christianity did not penetrate until the 4th century AD, and it was not until the Lombards invaded Siena and the surrounding territory that it knew prosperity. After the Lombard occupation, the old Roman roads of Via Aurelia and the Via Cassia passed through areas exposed to Byzantine raids, so the Lombards rerouted much of their trade between the Lombards' northern possessions and Rome along a more secure road through Siena. Siena prospered as a trading post, and the constant streams of pilgrims passing to and from Rome provided a valuable source of income in the centuries to come.
The oldest aristocratic families in Siena date their line to the Lombards' surrender in 774 to Charlemagne. At this point, the city was inundated with a swarm of Frankish overseers who married into the existing Sienese nobility and left a legacy that can be seen in the abbeys they founded throughout Sienese territory. Feudal power waned however, and by the death of Countess Matilda in 1115 the border territory of the Mark of Tuscia which had been under the control of her family, the Canossa, broke up into several autonomous regions.
Siena prospered as a city-state, becoming a major centre of money lending and an important player in the wool trade. It was governed at first directly by its bishop, but episcopal power declined during the 12th century. The bishop was forced to concede a greater say in the running of the city to the nobility in exchange for their help during a territorial dispute with Arezzo, and this started a process which culminated in 1167 when the commune of Siena declared its independence from episcopal control. By 1179, it had a written constitution.
This period was also crucial in shaping the Siena we know today. It was during the early 13th century that the majority of the construction of the Siena Cathedral (Duomo) was completed. It was also during this period that the Piazza del Campo, now regarded as one of the most beautiful civic spaces in Europe, grew in importance as the centre of secular life. New streets were constructed leading to it, and it served as the site of the market and the location of various sporting events (perhaps better thought of as riots, in the fashion of the Florentine football matches that are still practised to this day). A wall was constructed in 1194 at the current site of the Palazzo Pubblico to stop soil erosion, an indication of how important the area was becoming as a civic space.
In the early 12th century a self-governing commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government. The consuls who governed the republic slowly became more inclusive of the poblani, or common people, and the commune increased its territory as the surrounding feudal nobles in their fortified castles submitted to the urban power. Siena's republic, struggling internally between nobles and the popular party, usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence, and was in the 13th century predominantly Ghibelline in opposition to Florence's Guelph position (this conflict formed the backdrop for some of Dante's Commedia).
On 4 September 1260 the Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeated the Florentine Guelphs in the Battle of Montaperti. Before the battle, the Sienese army of around 20,000 faced a much larger Florentine army of around 33,000. Prior to the battle, the entire city was dedicated to the Virgin Mary (this was done several times in the city's history, most recently in 1944 to guard the city from Allied bombs). The man given command of Siena for the duration of the war, Bonaguida Lucari, walked barefoot and bareheaded, a halter around his neck, to the Duomo. Leading a procession composed of all the city's residents, he was met by all the clergy. Lucari and the bishop embraced, to show the unity of church and state, then Lucari formally gave the city and contrade to the Virgin. Legend has it that a thick white cloud descended on the battlefield, giving the Sienese cover and aiding their attack. The reality was that the Florentine army launched several fruitless attacks against the Sienese army during the day, then when the Sienese army countered with their own offensive, traitors within the Florentine army killed the standard bearer and in the resulting chaos, the Florentine army broke up and fled the battlefield. Almost half the Florentine army (some 15,000 men) were killed as a result. So crushing was the defeat that even today if the two cities meet in any sporting event, the Sienese supporters are likely to exhort their Florentine counterparts to “Remember Montaperti!”.
The limits on the Roman town, were the earliest known walls to the city. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the town grew to the east and later to the north, in what is now the Camollia district. Walls were built to totally surround the city, and a second set was finished by the end of the 13th century. Much of these walls still exist today.[2]
Siena's university, founded in 1240 and famed for its faculties of law and medicine, is still among the most important Italian universities. Siena rivalled Florence in the arts throughout the 13th and 14th centuries: the important late medieval painter Duccio di Buoninsegna (1253–1319) was a Sienese, but worked across the peninsula, and the mural of "Good Government" by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Pubblico, or town hall, is a magnificent example of late-Medieval/early Renaissance art as well as a representation of the utopia of urban society as conceived during that period. Siena was devastated by the Black Death of 1348, and also suffered from ill-fated financial enterprises. In 1355, with the arrival of Charles IV of Luxembourg in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the Nove (Nine), establishing that Dodici (Twelve) nobles assisted by a council with a popular majority. This was also short-lived, being replaced by the Quindici (Fifteen) reformers in 1385, the Dieci (Ten, 1386–1387), Undici (Eleven, 1388–1398) and Twelve Priors (1398–1399) who, in the end, gave the city's seigniory to Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan in order to defend it from the Florentine expansionism.
In 1404 the Visconti were expelled and a government of Ten Priors established, in alliance with Florence against King Ladislas of Naples. With the election of the Sienese Pius II as Pope, the Piccolomini and other noble families were allowed to return to the government, but after his death the control returned into popular hands. In 1472 the Republic founded the Monte dei Paschi, a bank that is still active today and is the oldest surviving bank in the world. The noble factions returned in the city under Pandolfo Petrucci in 1487, with the support of Florence and of Alfonso of Calabria; Petrucci exerted an effective rule on the city until his death in 1512, favouring arts and sciences, and defending it from Cesare Borgia. Pandolfo was succeeded by his son Borghese, who was ousted by his cousin Raffaello, helped by the Medici Pope Leo X. The last Petrucci was Fabio, exiled in 1523 by the Sienese people. Internal strife resumed, with the popular faction ousting the Noveschi party supported by Clement VII: the latter sent an army, but was defeated at Camollia in 1526. Emperor Charles V took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a Spanish garrison in Siena. The citizens expelled it in 1552, allying with France: this was unacceptable for Charles, who sent his general Gian Giacomo Medici to lay siege to it with a Florentine-Imperial army.
The Sienese government entrusted its defence to Piero Strozzi. When the latter was defeated at the Battle of Marciano (August 1554), any hope of relief was lost. After 18 months of resistance, it surrendered to Spain on 17 April 1555, marking the end of the Republic of Siena. The new Spanish King Philip, owing huge sums to the Medici, ceded it (apart a series of coastal fortress annexed to the State of Presidi) to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, to which it belonged until the unification of Italy in the 19th century. A Republican government of 700 Sienese families in Montalcino resisted until 1559.
The picturesque city remains an important cultural centre, especially for humanist disciplines
Soffitto e lampadario della dogana dei grani Atripalda (av)Atripalda
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Atripalda
Atripalda - Stemma
Stato: bandiera Italia
Regione: Stemma Campania
Provincia: stemma Avellino
Coordinate: 40°55′0″N 14°49′32″E / 40.91667, 14.82556Coordinate: 40°55′0″N 14°49′32″E / 40.91667, 14.82556
Altitudine: 294 m s.l.m.
Superficie: 8,53 km²
Abitanti:
11.188 1 maggio 2009 [1]
Densità: 1.317,00 ab./km²
Comuni contigui: Aiello del Sabato, Avellino, Cesinali, Manocalzati, San Potito Ultra, Santo Stefano del Sole, Sorbo Serpico
CAP: 83042
Pref. telefonico: 0825
Codice ISTAT: 064006
Codice catasto: A489
Nome abitanti: atripaldesi
Santo patrono: San Sabino di Avellino
Giorno festivo: 9 febbraio
Comune
Posizione del comune nell'Italia
Sito istituzionale
Portal.svg Visita il Portale Italia
Il comune di Atripalda all'interno della provincia di Avellino
Atripalda è un comune italiano di 11.188 abitanti della provincia di Avellino in Campania.
Indice
[nascondi]
* 1 Storia di Atripalda
* 2 Personalità legate ad Atripalda
* 3 Evoluzione demografica
* 4 Amministrazione
* 5 Collegamenti esterni
* 6 Note
Storia di Atripalda [modifica]
Fu fondata, secondo ipotesi fantasiose di antichi scrittori, da Sabatio, pronipote di Noè, il quale dette il nome di Sabathia al primo insediamento umano che trovò vita lungo la vasta fascia di terra bagnata, ieri come oggi, dal corso fluviale del "Sabato", così denominato proprio in omaggio al discendente di Noé.[2]
I luoghi dove intorno all'anno mille sarebbe nato il primo nucleo di Atripalda avevano ospitato - sul pianoro tufaceo che da nord-ovest domina l'attuale centro abitato - Abellinum, un insediamento sannita, poi colonia romana sorta per volontà di Silla nell'82 a.C., poco dopo le riforme agrarie promosse dai Gracchi.
La comunità di Abellinum era prevalentemente formata da milites lassi - trapiantati da Silla tra le mura di Civita - i quali ripopolarono questo lembo di terra irpina dopo aver allontanato da essa i primi abitanti, cioè i "Sabatini" che vengono considerati i grandi antenati degli atripaldesi.
Civita fu anche il rifugio di ex legionari dell'imperatore Augusto che, come racconta Plinio, sostenne l'annessione di Abellinum all'Apulia.
In epoca successiva - tra il 220 ed il 230 d.C. - giunsero nell'antica città di Silla i veterani dell'imperatore Alessandro Severo provenienti dall'Asia Minore.
In questo vorticoso avvicendamento di popoli e di tradizioni, non tutta la primitiva gente sabatina abbandonò la terra di origine: molti indigeni, nel corso dei decenni, furono inesorabilmente assorbiti dagli Abellinati dai quali appresero la lingua latina e con i qualiconobbero momenti di splendore e di grandezza.
Crisi economiche (III e IV secolo d.C), violenti terremoti (346 d.C.), disastrose eruzioni vulcaniche (476 d.C.), invasioni di territori nel corso della guerra tra Bizantini e Goti (535-555 d.C.) e la penetrazione sull'intero territorio della Penisola dei Longobardi a partire dalla Pasqua del 568 spinsero fuori dalla mura di Abellinum la colonia romana che si trasferì laddove oggi sorge Avellino.
Civita si spense dopo secoli di vita intensamente vissuti come testimoniano le scoperte archeologiche - resti di sepolcreto, di anfiteatro, di edifici termali, di strade - che si sono susseguite nel tempo nonostante che il cemento - croce e delizia dell'urbanistica moderna - abbia tentato di archiviare per sempre l'antichità nella lunga notte dell'oblio.
Mentre sulla sponda sinistra del "Sabato" l'Abellinum sillana si era ormai fisicamente esaurita, sulla sponda opposta un re longobardo, Troppualdo, riusciva ad ottenere il riconoscimento di autonomia per la popolazione sparsa nella zona, distaccandola amministrativamente dalla vicina Avellino longobarda.
Era l'atto di nascita di Atripalda.
Atripalda trae il nome dal re longobardo che nel corso del secolo XI edificò la sua fortezza in cima ad un'altura che sovrasta la cittadina irpina.
Le rovine di questo castello rammentano il più antico atto di galanteria in Italia: è lo storico-statista Pasquale Stanislao Mancini (1817-1888) che parla nel riferire dell'ospitalità accordata in una notte d'inverno del 1254 allo svevo re Manfredi, "biondo, bello e di gentile aspetto", dai signori del maniero Marino e Corrado Capece, fedeli agli Svevi.
Il giovane re, braccato dalle truppe papaline, abbandonò Napoli diretto verso il principato di Taranto.
I signori Capece, non temendo le rappresaglie del papato, aprirono i portoni del castello al re fuggiasco.
"Il buon re Manfredi - rievoca il Mancini - educato alla gentilezza, all'amore ed alla poesia, volendo retribuire di qualche insolito onore l'ospitale accoglienza ricevuta dai fratelli Capece, fattesi venire avanti le due loro giovani spose che erano di rarissima bellezza, volle che ai suoi fianchi sedessero e seco lui familiarmente desinassero".
Dell'evento molto interessante è la testimonianza dello storico svevo Nicolai de Yansilla, al seguito di re Manfredi.
"Il costume e la superbia delle corti - si legge in Historia di questo eccezionale "cronista" - obbligava in quei tempi i sovrani a sedere soli a pranzo, escludendo rigorosamente le donne, ritenute esseri inferiori, ma il re Manfredi volle che fosse spezzata questa barbara usanza dicendo: spezzerò io questa barbaria cominciando dal dì di oggi e il castello di Tripaldo serberà memoria di me".
Dello storico castello - che lo stesso re Manfredi, in virtù di quell'atto di galanteria, immaginava come "qualche cosa di sacro per le belle italiane" delle future generazioni - oggi non restano che pietre.
Atripalda nel corso dei secoli ha conosciuto il dominio di longobardi, svevi, angioini, aragonesi, francesi, spagnoli, saraceni, greci.
Nell'epoca feudale, la città della riva del "Sabato", siamo nel 1502, divenne dominio della regina Giovanna, nipote del re spagnolo Ferdinando il Cattolico.
A distanza di dieci anni l'antica terra dei Sabatini fu ceduta per 25.000 ducati a don Alfonso Castriota, primo marchese di Atripalda dal 1513, discendente di Giorgio Castriota Scanderbeg, famoso eroe albanese nella guerra contro i Turchi.
Nel 1559, il "feudo Tripalda" passò nelle mani del nobile finanziere genovese Giacomo Pallavicini Basadonna che l'acquistò per 60.200 ducati.
Il governo del finanziere genovese servì a rafforzare l'innata vocazione al commercio degli abitanti della zona, i quali, già prima della venuta del Basadonna in questa regione dell'Irpinia, coltivavano con successo l'"arte del mercanteggiare" lungo le sponde del fiume "Sabato".
Un episodio, verificatosi nel 1560 e quindi all'epoca del Basadonna, sarebbe la dimostrazione di quanto forte sia stato l'influsso esercitato sulla popolazione residente dal nobile genovese in tema di finanze e di reperimento di risorse necessarie per la gestione del feudo: gli Atripaldesi, infatti, in quell'anno decisero di realizzare una strada "dentro la terra" per imporre il pagamento del pedaggio a quanti, per portarsi dai paesi limitrofi nel vicino capoluogo, cioè ad Avellino, dovevano attraversare il territorio di Atripalda.
Nel 1564, con rogito del notaio Bernardino Brusatori di Fermo, il Basadonna permutò il "feudo di Tripalda" con i feudi posseduti dal nobile casato di Domizio Caracciolo nel ducato di Milano, a Gallarate.
La cittadina irpina con i Caracciolo visse un periodo di grande splendore, dal 1564 fino al 1806, epoca in cui venne abolita la feudalità.
Nel ducato di Atripalda dopo Domizio, I° duca di Atripalda, della prestigiosa famiglia Caracciolo si susseguirono Marino I (1535-1591), cavaliere distintosi a Lepanto, Camillo (1563-1617), Marino II (1587-1630), Francesco Marino I (1631-1674), Marino III (1668-1720), Francesco Marino II (1688-1727), Marino Francesco I (1714-1781), Giovanni (1741-1800) e Marino Francesco II (1783-1844).
I Caracciolo, con una programmazione "rivoluzionaria", seppero incentivare le risorse dell'intera valle bagnata dal "Sabato".
Le filande, l'industria del ferro, la lavorazione del rame, della carta e della lana concorsero ad assicurare agli Atripaldesi un elevato tenore di vita - superiore a quello del vicino Capoluogo - tanto che in quel periodo non furono censiti "cittadini poveri" tra la popolazione.
Notevole impulso venne assicurato al mondo della cultura che conobbe, grazie al mecenatismo dei Caracciolo, l'Accademia degli Incerti.
Le origini di Atripalda affondano le radici anche nel sangue dei Martiri cristiani: lo Specus Martyrum, conservato all'interno della Chiesa Madre dedicata a S. Ippolisto e S. Sabino (patrono della città), è considerato uno dei maggiori monumenti dell'archeologia cristiana del Meridione.
Personalità legate ad Atripalda [modifica]
* Raffaele Aversa, Labico Roma 1906-Roma 1944. Di famiglia atripaldese, visse ad Atripalda l'infanzia e l'adolescenza. Capitano dei carabinieri, reduce dalla Russia, eseguì insieme al maggiore Giovanni Frignani, per ordine del re Vittorio Emanuele III, l'arresto di Benito Mussolini. Arrestato e torturato nel carcere di via Tasso,fu trucidato alle Fosse Ardeatine il 24 marzo 1944. Fu insignito della medaglia d'oro al valor militare.
* Alfredo Bonazzi, poeta
* Giuseppe Cammarota, nato ad Atripalda (Avellino) il 27 luglio 1764, avvocato, giustiziato a Napoli il 4 gennaio 1800 come aderente all'esperienza della repubblica napoletana del 1799
* Pellegrino Capaldo, Atripalda 1939, banchiere
* Leopoldo Cassese (Atripalda, 1901 - Salerno, 1960), storico e archivista
* Antonio Cassese, giurista di diritto internazionale
* Sabino Cassese, giurista nel campo del diritto pubblico e amministrativo
* Sabino di Avellino, vescovo
* Vittorio De Caprariis, Napoli 1924- Roma 1964. Di famiglia atripaldese, visse ad Atripalda nel 1944-45 e vi fondò la sezione del Partito d'Azione. Redattore delle riviste Nord e Sud e Il Mondo.
* Luigi Barbarito, 1922 - vivente, Nunzio apostolico.
Evoluzione demografica [modifica]
Abitanti censiti
Amministrazione [modifica]
Sindaco: Aldo Laurenzano (centrosinistra) dal 27/05/2007
Centralino del comune: 0825 615300
Posta elettronica: sindaco@comune.atripalda.av.it
Collegamenti esterni [modifica]
* Webcam Atripalda
Note [modifica]
1. ^ Dati Istat - Popolazione residente all'1/5/2009
2. ^ Questa ipotesi sarebbe da attribuire a Fra Scipione Bellabona (francescano del XVII sec.). Cfr. Antoine Laurent Castellan, Lettres sur l'Italie, Paris, Chez A. Nepveu Libraire, 1819, p 228.
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Campania · Comuni della provincia di Avellino
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Estratto da "http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atripalda"
Categoria: Comuni della provincia di Avellino