View allAll Photos Tagged hierarchical
Title: Hierarchies.
Author: John T. Phillifent.
Publisher: Ace Books.
Date: 1973.
Artist: Frank Kelly Freas.
Madrid, Spain 12/06/2010 - 11:37
“Todos los hombres nacen libres e iguales en derechos.”
Ha pasado mucho tiempo desde que estas palabras fueron plasmados en la "Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano" adoptada por la Asamblea Nacional francesa en 1789 y sin embargo tantas veces se ha olvidado…
En esa época la esclavitud todavía no se había abolido en los recién creados Estados Unidos de América. Y no sería hasta 1863 cuando ocurrió.
En 1780 fue donde surgió el movimiento en favor del sufragio femenino pero no fue hasta 1944 cuando se aplicó.
En España la primera vez que pudieron votar fue en 1931 y no volvió a ocurrir hasta 1976 en la transición.
En impresionante ver las fechas y pensar "han pasado 200 años desde que ocurrió por primera vez en Francia y durante 200 años no ha vuelto a ocurrir"
¿Acaso las mujeres merecían menos derechos durante esos 200 años?
Esta es la triste historia del hombre, en la que escribe (y reescribe) bien grande la igualdad de todo ser humano sobre cualquier otro en derechos y dignidad para luego olvidarse de recordarlo.
Probablemente este señor es limpiabotas porque no ha tenido la oportunidad de formarse en otra cosa, porque sus circunstancias no le han permitido ser igual que el resto. Lo realmente injusto es que no todos los seres humanos tengan las mismas posibilidades cuando empiezan la partida. Y los que peor lo tienen son esos niños del Sahel que sabe Dios si llegarán a la adolescencia.
Este hombre, aunque igual que los demás, aunque trabaje muchísimas horas al sol, ni cotiza ni tendrá una pensión acorde a lo trabajado.
"Todos los hombres nacen iguales, pero es la última vez que lo son." - Abraham Lincoln
Vel: 1/1000 sec.
ƒ: 2.8
ISO: 200
Focal: 28mm
Camera: Canon40D
The concept derives from how the was modern society is reflected, constantly striving hard to be prosperous (symbolizes by the crown and the chandeliers - which is bigger in size and on top of the hierarchy) but if you look closely, you’ll see a smaller shape of scattered animals, insects and floras; which represent mother nature and as equivalent important as the crown and chandeliers.
I strongly felt that one must keep in equilibrium with work, family and nature.
Ariel weighs about 15 lbs and Ollie weighs about 85 lbs.
When Ollie gets a drink, Ariel comes running and Moves him out of the way. Then Her Highness leisurely drinks while Ollie watches and waits.
Before they were officially friends, Ariel used to bravely weave in and out of his legs while he ate. It used to scare me, but I guess she knew what she was doing...this is the third dog she has trained.
I can never get the exposure right on Ariel...how do I do that?
Edit: Thanks for the suggestions, I'm going to keep working on this shot.
I was trying to describe a system in which a PLN encourages mentorship at lower levels. At some stage, the course experts should encourage participants below them to recover old ground and attempt to guide new participants along their learning journey. This would have the benefit of:
a) not excluding new members from old discussions
b) forcing the body of knowledge to be re-evaluated and re-inforced among participants
c) allowing higher-level experts to continue along their learning journey without getting bored with lower level theory (should still be involved, but able to take a step back)
Sunday, July 3, 2016 â NASHVILLE, Tenn. â Almost a thousand people attended the Hierarchical Divine Liturgy this morning that began the 43rd Biennial Clergy-Laity Congress of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.
The Orthros service and Hierarchical Concelebration of the Divine Liturgy were held in the Grand Ole Opry House.
His Eminence Archbishop Demetrios Geron of America presided over the Divine Liturgy concelebrating with all the Metropolitans of the Holy Eparchial Synod of the Archdiocese. Taking part in the Liturgy were His Eminence Metropolitan Iakovos of Chicago, His Eminence Metropolitan Methodios of Boston, His Eminence Metropolitan Isaiah of Denver, His Eminence Metropolitan Alexios of Atlanta, His Eminence Metropolitan Nicholas of Detroit (the host Metropolitan of this yearâ s Congress), His Eminence Metropolitan Savas of Pittsburgh, His Eminence Metropolitan Gerasimos of San Francisco, and His Eminence Metropolitan Evangelos of New Jersey.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs
FYI: I prefer ERG theory (Existence, Relatedness and Growth).
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERG_theory
www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_alderfer_erg_theory....
Pics from various XML code just made up out of copied parts. Made it up to 400 nodes. Some were pre-auto adjusting node size.
Almost all biomedical ontologies are either simple tree structures that represent hierarchical classifications or directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). The difference is that the latter allows a term to be related to multiple broader tems (green arrows) whereas the former does not. Directed cyclic graphs are very rarely used for ontologies; the reason is that cycles (red arrows) can only arise in ontologies that make use of other relationships than is-a and part-of are used [28]. We illustrate each structure with simplified examples, namely an ontology of vertebrates, an ontology of cellular components, and an ontology of cell-cycle regulation that shows the mutual regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C).
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000374.g001
Taken from Figure 1 of Ontologies in Quantitative Biology by Lars Juhl Jensen and Peer Bork
(page 3 of 5)
We are, therefore, sending this appeal to each member of the Irish Hierarchy, who will, we trust, take it as coming not so much from us as from the Catholic Soldiers in France, and in the East, who cannot themselves voice their claims and wishes.
Signatures
His Hon. Judge Brereton Barry, K.C., Langara, Glengeary, Co Dublin.
Philip Harold-Barry, J.P., Ballyyellis, Buttevant, Co. Cork
Sir Henry Bellington, Bart., H.M.J., Bellingham Castle, Co. Louth.
William Bergin, M.A., Professor of Physics, University College, Cork.
Thomas Boylan, J.P., Hilltown, Drogheda.
Edward T Boylan, Lieut., R.H.A.
Francis M Boylan.
Stephen J. Brown, Ard Caein, Co. Kildare.
Thomas Butler, 97 Baggot Street, Dublin
George Byrne, 30 Elgin Road, Dublin.
Sir Arthur Chance, F.R.C.S.I., 90 Merrion Square, Dublin.
Elias B. Corbally, Rathbeal Hall, Swords, Co. Dublin.
Right Hon. Micheal F. Fox, P.C., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.I., 26 Merrion Square, Dublin.
Col. Gerald Dease, D.L., J.P., Turbotstown, Co. Westmeath.
Edmund F. Dease, J.P., Culmullen, Drumree, Co Meath.
Sir Henry Doran, Clonard, Terenure, Co. Dublin.
John T. Dudley, 60 Wellington Road, Dublin.
P. J. Davy, Killaghbeg, Galway.
J. O’Dowd Egan.
Capt. John Edward Farrell, D.L., Moynalty House, Co. Meath.
William Gallwey, J.P., Rockfield, Tramore, Co. Waterford.
His Hon. Judge George C. Green, K.C., Herberton, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Stephen Greham, D.L., Clonmeen, Banteer, Co. Cork.
Brig.-General Dayrell T. Hammond, C.B., Curragh Camp.
Sir Henry Harrington, Kt., Commissioner of National Education, Co. Cork.
Raoul Joyce, Glenina, Galway.
Earl Of Kenmare, Killarney House, Co. Kerry.
Surgeon Lieut.-Col. C. R. Kilkelly, Grenadier Guards, Drimcong, Moycullen, Co.
Galway
F. St. John Lacy, F.R.A.M., Professor of Music, University College, Cork.
T. J. Leary, High Sheriff, Woodford, Mallow, Co. Cork.
C. E. T. Leslie, J.P., Killowen, Co. Down.
Sir John P. Lynch, Belfield, Stillorgan Road, Dublin.
James Mahony, 7 Raglan Road, Dublin.
George Mansfield, H.M., Vice-Lieutenant, Morristown-Lattin, Naas, Co. Kildare.
C. O. Martin, 28 Clyde Road, Dublin.
J. M. Maxwell, J.P., Roxboro’ Road, Dublin.
P. J. Merriman, M.A., Professor of History and Registrar, University College, Cork.
M. J. Minch, Clonfadda, Blackrock, Dublin.
Joseph Mooney, Cabra Lodge, Dublin.
Sir Walter Nugent, Bart., M.P., Donore, Co. Westmeath.
J. R. O’Brien, 6 Lesson Park, Dublin.
Sir Morgan O’Connell, Bart., D.L., Lakeview, Killarney.
Sir John R. O’Connell, M.A., Ll.D., 34 Kildare Street, Dublin.
John O’Conor, Solicitor, Congested Districts Board, 4 New Brighton, Monkstown.
O’Conor Don, H.M.L., Clonalis, Castlerea, Co. Roscommon.
Charles H. O’Conor, Taney House, Dundrum, Dublin.
Thomas A. O’Farrell, 30 Landsdowne Road, Dublin.
Richard O’Hagen, Killowen, Co.Down.
Major John Ed. Loftus, Machine Gun Corps., Mount Loftus, Co. Kilkenny.
Sir Albert Meldon, Knt, J.P., Vevay House, Bray.
Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Molony, 35 Fitswilliam Place, Dublin.
The MacDermot, D.L., Coolavin, Co. Sligo.
Major John Murray, XIV Hussars.
John O’Neill, J.P., The Pointneb, Killowen, Co. Down.
P. J. O’Neill, J.P., Chairman, Co Dublin Co. Council, Kinsealy House, Malahide.
Joseph O’Reilly, D.L., Sans Souci, Booterstown, Co. Dublin.
P. J. O’Sullivan, M.D. Professor of Medical Jurisprudence, University College, Cork.
Rt. Hon. Christopher Palles, P.C., Mount Anville House, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
Thomas L. Plunkett, D.L., Portmarnock House, Co. Dublin.
(Mrs) A. Purcell, Buttevant , Co. Cork.
Sir John Ross Of Bladensburg, K.C.B., D.L., Rostrever House, Co Down.
William Ryan, Anerly, Cowper Road, Dublin.
George Ryan, D.L., Inch, Thurles, Co. Tipperary.
Mary Ryan, M.A., Professor, Romance Languages, University College, Cork.
Fras. S. Sheridan, 7 Pembroke Road, Dublin.
J. Smiddy, M.A., Professor of Economics and Warden of Honan Hostel, University
College, Cork.
Alfred Smith, F.R.C.S.I., 30 Merrion Square, Dublin.
Joseph Smyth, J.P., M.D., Green Awn, Gowra, Naas.
Sir Thomas Stafford, Bart, D.L., Rockinghan, Co. Roscommon.
J. Gaiaford St. Lawrence, D.L., Howth Castle, Co. Dublin.
James M. Sweetman, K.C., J.P., Longtown, Sallins, Co. Kildare.
Mary P. Synnott, Innismmore, Glenigeary, Co. Dublin.
Nicholas J. Synnott, J.P., Furness, Naas, Co. Kildare.
Thomas Tyrrell, Castleknock, Co. Dublin.
J. Chester Walsh, R.F.C.
Sir Bertram C. A. Windle, Kt., K.S.G, President, University College, Cork,
Vice-Chancellor, N.U.I.
W. J. Walsh, J.P., Kingswood, Clondalkin, Co. Dublin.
Sir Thomas Talbot Power, Bart., Thornhill, Stillorgan.
Lewis Farrell, 34 Lower Baggot Street, Dublin, Director, John Power & Sons, Ltd.
Martin Fitzgerald, J.P. Ardilree, Dundrum, Co Dublin.
C. Fortrell, 4 Raglan Road, Dublin.
Edward J. Andrews, 18 Belgrave Square, Rathmines.
Bernard Jas. Mcdonnell, Monte Rosa. Dalkey.
George Power Lalor, J.P., Long Orchard, Templemore.
W.G. De La Poer, J.P., Long Orchard, Templemore.
John Delany Cook, J.P., Brownstown, Templemore.
Major J. S. Cape, R.F.A., Ballymanny, Newbridge.
R. J. Kelly, K.C., 45 Wellington Road, Dublin.
Frederica S. Chevers, Killyan, Balinasloe.
John J. Chevers, D.L., Killyan, Balinasloe.
Walter J. O’Kelly, J.P., Knockavannie, Tuam,
(Mrs) L. A. D’arcy, New Forrest, Ballinamore Bridge, Co. Galway.
(Mrs) J. Julia C. A. Daly, Oriel Temple, Co. Louth.
James M. Magee, J.P., Chairman, Bray U.D.C.
D. J. Roantree, M.B. B.Ch., Bray U.D.C.
Hugh Thos. O’Carroll, Bray U.D.C.
Joseph M. Reigh, J.P., M.C.C., P.L.G., Bray U.D.C.
Martin Langton, J.P., M.C.C., P.L.G., Bray U.D.C.
J. G. Marnan, Barrister-at-Law.
John J. L. Murphy, Solicitor.
H. J. Raverty, M.B., D.P.H.
John Bergin, P.L.G., M.D.C.
Denis Mullally, Town Clerk, Bray.
Malachy Mackey, U.D.C.
James Carberry, P.L.G.
Sir James Murphy, Bart., D.L., Yapton, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
W. Fitzgerald, 13 Raglan Road, Dublin.
J. St. John Coleman, 42 Belgrave Square, Rathmnes.
Jos. X. Murphy, 10 Clyde Road, Dublin.
N. Comyn, J.P., Ballinderry, Co. Galway.
J. M. Comyn, Ballinderry, Co. Galway.
N. O’C. Comyn, J.P., Ballinderry, Co. Galway.
Lt.-Col. L. G. Esmore, Commanding, 11th R. Dublin Fusiliers.
Capt. John I. Esmonde, 10th R. D. Fusiliers, M.P., British Expeditionary Force.
Major P. H. O’Hara, 11th R. Dublin Fusiliers.
Rt. Hon. W. Kenny, Judge of The High Court Of Justice, Marlfield, Cabinteely,
Co. Dublin.
David Sherlock, D.L., J.P. Barrister-at-Law, Rahan, Kings County.
Pics from various XML code just made up out of copied parts. Made it up to 400 nodes. Some were pre-auto adjusting node size.
To facilitate broad-based innovation in teaching and learning, library & IT organizations must first address a hierarchy of faculty needs.
This concept was shared in the February 15, 2012 presentation, "Setting the Stage for Success: A Discussion of Insights from the MISO Survey" at the ELI 2012 Annual Meeting. It has also been presented in an EDU-ISIS seminar session, presented on July 20, 2012.
Concept: Kevin J.T. Creamer
Design: Hil Scott
Here is an infographic that depicts information about hierarchical structure of two top internet giants, Facebook and Google. It briefs about the roles of various professionals divided in to various departments. It also states the list of directors working under a CEO with strong leader ship qualities working with a aim to dominate the internet world.
The Entrepreneur SuperStar Success Hierarcy by Jennie Armato
Why-To and How-To Implement Your Own Hierarchy of Entrepreneur Success is the foundation of the teachings at Jen's upcoming Live Event "The Entrepreneur SuperStar Intensive".
At this event, you will learn HOW to construct and implement your own Sustainable Income Success Hierarcy, following a Proven Blueprint.
25-27 February 2011, Melbourne Australia.
Registration opens soon, mark the dates in your diary NOW! Attendees numbers ARE Limited.
Bonus Closed-door Mastermind on 28 Feb, only for affiliates (you have to reward loyalty, it's your greatest honor).
IF YOU DIG IT, SHARE IT, I'LL LOVE YOU FOR IT!
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly known as Durham Cathedral and home of the Shrine of St Cuthbert, is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Durham, the fourth-ranked bishop in the Church of England hierarchy.
The present Norman era cathedral had started to be built in 1093, replacing the city's previous 'White Church'. In 1986 the cathedral and Durham Castle were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Durham Cathedral's relics include: Saint Cuthbert's, transported to Durham by Lindisfarne monks in the 800s; Saint Oswald's head and the Venerable Bede's remains.
The Durham Dean and Chapter Library contains: sets of early printed books, some of the most complete in England; the pre-Dissolution monastic accounts and three copies of Magna Carta.
From 1080 until 1836, the Bishop of Durham held the powers of an Earl Palatine. In order to protect the Anglo-Scottish border, powers of an earl included exercising military, civil, and religious leadership. The cathedral walls formed part of Durham Castle, the chief seat of the Bishop of Durham.
There are daily Church of England services at the cathedral, Durham Cathedral Choir sing daily except Mondays and holidays, receiving 727,367 visitors in 2019.
The See of Durham takes its origins from the Diocese of Lindisfarne, founded by Saint Aidan at the behest of Oswald of Northumbria in about 635, which was translated to York in 664. The see was reinstated at Lindisfarne in 678 by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Among the many saints who originated at Lindisfarne Priory, the greatest was Saint Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne from 685 until his death in 687, who is central to the development of Durham Cathedral.
After repeated Viking raids, the monks fled from Lindisfarne in 875, carrying Saint Cuthbert's relics with them. The diocese of Lindisfarne remained itinerant until 882, when the monks resettled at Chester-le-Street, 60 miles south of Lindisfarne and 6 miles north of Durham. The see remained at Chester-le-Street until 995, when further Viking incursions once again caused the monks to move with their relics. According to the local legend of the Dun Cow and the saint's hagiography, the monks followed two milk maids who were searching for a dun-coloured cow and found themselves on a peninsula formed by a loop in the River Wear. Thereupon, Cuthbert's coffin became immovable, which was taken as a sign that the new shrine should be built on that spot, which became the City of Durham. A more prosaic set of reasons for the selection of the peninsula is its highly defensible position, and that a community established there would enjoy the protection of the Earl of Northumbria, with whom the bishop at this time, Aldhun, had strong family connections. Today the street leading from The Bailey past the cathedral's eastern towers up to Palace Green is named Dun Cow Lane due to the miniature dun cows which used to graze in the pastures nearby.
Initially, a very simple temporary structure was built from local timber to house the relics of Saint Cuthbert. The shrine was then transferred to a sturdier, probably still wooden, building known as the White Church. This church was itself replaced three years later in 998 by a stone building also known as the White Church, which in 1018 was complete except for its tower. Durham soon became a site of pilgrimage, encouraged by the growing cult of Saint Cuthbert. King Canute was one of the early pilgrims, and granted many privileges and estates to the Durham monks. The defensible position, flow of money from pilgrims and power embodied in the church at Durham all encouraged the formation of a town around the cathedral, which established the core of the city.
The present cathedral was designed and built under William de St-Calais (also known as William of St. Carilef) who in 1080 was appointed as the first Prince-Bishop by King William the Conqueror. In 1083 he founded the Benedictine Priory of St. Cuthbert at Durham and having ejected the secular canons (and their wives and children) who had been in charge of the church and shrine of St Cuthbert there, replaced them with monks from the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow. The extensive lands of the church he divided between his own bishopric and the new Priory. He appointed Aldwin as the first prior.
Bishop William of St. Calais demolished the old Saxon church, and on 11 August 1093, together with Prior Turgot of Durham (Aldwin's successor), he laid the foundation stone of the great new cathedral. The monks continued at their own expense to build the monastic buildings while the bishop took the responsibility for completing the building of the cathedral. Stone for the new buildings was cut from the cliffs below the walls and moved up using winches. The primary reason for the cathedral was to house the bodies of St. Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede.
Since that time many major additions and reconstructions of parts of the building have been made, but the greater part of the structure remains the original Norman structure. Construction of the cathedral began in 1093, at the eastern end. The choir was completed by 1096. At the death of Bishop William of St. Calais on 2 January 1096, the Chapter House was ready enough to be used as his burial place. In 1104 the remains of St. Cuthbert were translated with great ceremony to the new shrine in the new cathedral. The monks continued to look after the Shrine of St Cuthbert until the dissolution of the monasteries.
Work proceeded on the nave, the walls of which were finished by 1128, and the high vault by 1135. The chapter house was built between 1133 and 1140 (partially demolished in the 18th century). William of St. Carilef died in 1096 before the building was complete and passed responsibility to his successor, Ranulf Flambard, who also built Framwellgate Bridge, the earliest crossing of the River Wear from the town. Three bishops, William of St. Carilef, Ranulf Flambard and Hugh de Puiset, are all buried in the now rebuilt chapter house.
In the 1170s Hugh de Puiset, after a false start at the eastern end where subsidence and cracking prevented work from continuing, added the Galilee Chapel at the west end of the cathedral. The five-aisled building occupies the position of a porch and functioned as a Lady chapel with the great west door being blocked during the Medieval period by an altar to the Virgin Mary. The door is now blocked by the tomb of Bishop Thomas Langley. The Galilee Chapel also holds the remains of the Venerable Bede. The main entrance to the cathedral is on the northern side, facing the castle.
In 1228 Richard le Poore, Bishop of Salisbury, was translated to Durham, having just rebuilt Salisbury Cathedral in the Gothic style. At that moment the eastern end of Durham Cathedral was in urgent need of repair and the proposed eastern extension had failed. Le Poore employed the architect Richard Farnham to design an eastern terminal for the building in which many monks could say the Daily Office simultaneously. The resulting building was the Chapel of the Nine Altars. In 1250, the original roof of the cathedral was replaced by a vault which is still in place.
The towers also date from the early 13th century, but the central tower was damaged by lightning and replaced in two stages in the 15th century, the master masons being Thomas Barton and John Bell.
The Bishop of Durham was the temporal lord of the palatinate, often referred to as a Prince-bishop. The bishop competed for power with the Prior of Durham Monastery, a great landowner who held his own courts for his free tenants. An agreement dated about 1229, known as Le Convenit was entered into to regulate the relationship between the two magnates.
The Shrine of Saint Cuthbert was located in the eastern apsidal end of the cathedral. The location of the inner wall of the apse is marked on the pavement and Saint Cuthbert's tomb is covered by a simple slab. However, an unknown monk wrote in 1593:
[The shrine] was estimated to be one of the most sumptuous in all England, so great were the offerings and jewells bestowed upon it, and endless the miracles that were wrought at it, even in these last days.
During the dissolution of the monasteries Saint Cuthbert's tomb was destroyed in 1538 by order of King Henry VIII, and the monastery's wealth was handed over to the king. The body of the saint was exhumed, and, according to the Rites of Durham, was discovered to be uncorrupted. It was reburied under a plain stone slab now worn smooth by the knees of pilgrims, but the ancient paving around it remains intact. Two years later, on 31 December 1540, the Benedictine monastery at Durham was dissolved, and the last Prior of Durham, Hugh Whitehead, became the first dean of the cathedral's secular chapter.
After the Battle of Dunbar in September 1650, Durham Cathedral was used by Oliver Cromwell as a makeshift prison to hold Scottish prisoners of war. It is estimated that as many as 3,000 were imprisoned, of whom 1,700 died in the cathedral itself, where they were kept in inhumane conditions, largely without food, water, or heat. The prisoners destroyed much of the cathedral woodwork for firewood, but Prior Castell's Clock, which featured the Scottish thistle, was spared. It is reputed that the prisoners' bodies were buried in unmarked graves (see further, '21st century' below), and the survivors were shipped as slave labour to the American Colonies.
Bishop John Cosin (in office 1660–1672), previously a canon of the cathedral, set about restoring the damage and refurnishing the building with new stalls, the litany desk, and the towering canopy over the font. An oak screen to carry the organ was added at this time to replace a stone screen pulled down in the 16th century. On the remains of the old refectory, Dean John Sudbury founded a library of early printed books.
During the 18th century the Deans of Durham often held another position in the south of England and after spending the statutory time in residence, would depart southward to manage their affairs. Consequently, after Cosin's refurbishment, there was little by way of restoration or rebuilding. When work commenced again on the building, it was not always of a sympathetic nature. In 1777 the architect George Nicholson, having completed Prebends' Bridge across the Wear, persuaded the dean and chapter to let him smooth off much of the outer stonework of the cathedral, thereby considerably altering its character. His successor William Morpeth demolished most of the Chapter House.
In 1794 the architect James Wyatt drew up extensive plans which would have drastically transformed the building, including the demolition of the Galilee Chapel, but the Chapter changed its mind just in time to prevent this happening. Wyatt renewed the 15th-century tracery of the Rose Window, inserting plain glass to replace what had been blown out in a storm.
In 1847 the architect Anthony Salvin removed Cosin's wooden organ screen, opening up the view of the east end from the nave, and in 1858 he restored the cloisters.
The Victorian restoration of the cathedral's tower in 1859–60 was by the architect George Gilbert Scott, working with Edward Robert Robson (who went on to serve as Clerk of Works at the cathedral for six years). In 1874 Scott was responsible for the marble choir screen and pulpit in the Crossing. In 1892 Scott's pupil Charles Hodgson Fowler rebuilt the Chapter House as a memorial to Bishop Joseph Barber Lightfoot.
The great west window, depicting the Tree of Jesse, was the gift of Dean George Waddington in 1867. It is the work of Clayton and Bell, who were also responsible for the Te Deum window in the South Transept (1869), the Four Doctors window in the North Transept (1875), and the Rose Window of Christ in Majesty (c. 1876).
There is also a statue of William Van Mildert, the last prince-bishop (1826–1836) and driving force behind the foundation of Durham University.
In the 1930s, under the inspiration of Dean Cyril Alington, work began on restoring the Shrine of Saint Cuthbert behind the High Altar as an appropriate focus of worship and pilgrimage, and was resumed after the Second World War. The four candlesticks and overhanging tester (c. 1950) were designed by Ninian Comper. Two large batik banners representing Saints Cuthbert and Oswald, added in 2001, are the work of Thetis Blacker. Elsewhere in the building the 1930s and 1940s saw the addition of several new stained glass windows by Hugh Ray Easton. Mark Angus's Daily Bread window dates from 1984. In the Galilee Chapel a wooden statue of the Annunciation by the Polish artist Josef Pyrz was added in 1992, the same year as Leonard Evetts' Stella Maris window.
In 1986, the cathedral, together with the nearby Castle, became a World Heritage Site. The UNESCO committee classified the cathedral under criteria c, reporting, "Durham Cathedral is the largest and most perfect monument of 'Norman' style architecture in England".
In its discussion of the significance of the cathedral, Historic England provided this summary in their 1986 report:
The relics and material culture of the three saints buried at the site. The continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past 1000 years as a place of religious worship, learning and residence; The site's role as a political statement of Norman power imposed upon a subjugate nation, as one of the country's most powerful symbols of the Norman Conquest of Britain; The importance of the site's archaeological remains, which are directly related to the site's history and continuity of use over the past 1000 years; The cultural and religious traditions and historical memories associated with the relics of St Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede, and with the continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past millennium.
In 1996, the Great Western Doorway was the setting for Bill Viola's large-scale video installation The Messenger, that was commissioned by Durham Cathedral.
At the beginning of this century two of the altars in the Nine Altars Chapel at the east end of the cathedral were re-dedicated to Saint Hild of Whitby and Saint Margaret of Scotland: a striking painting of Margaret (with her son, the future king David) by Paula Rego was dedicated in 2004. Nearby a plaque, first installed in 2011 and rededicated in 2017, commemorates the Scottish soldiers who died as prisoners in the cathedral after the Battle of Dunbar in 1650. The remains of some of these prisoners have now been identified in a mass grave uncoverered during building works in 2013 just outside the cathedral precinct near Palace Green.
In 2004 two wooden sculptures by Fenwick Lawson, Pietà and Tomb of Christ, were placed in the Nine Altars Chapel, and in 2010 a new stained glass window of the Transfiguration by Tom Denny was dedicated in memory of Michael Ramsey, former Bishop of Durham and Archbishop of Canterbury.
In 2016 former monastic buildings around the cloister, including the Monks' Dormitory and Prior's Kitchen, were re-opened to the public as Open Treasure, an extensive exhibition displaying the cathedral's history and possessions.
In November 2009 the cathedral featured in the Lumiere festival whose highlight was the "Crown of Light" illumination of the North Front of the cathedral with a 15-minute presentation that told the story of Lindisfarne and the foundation of cathedral, using illustrations and text from the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Lumiere festival was repeated in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017.
Durham Priory held many manuscripts; in the 21st century, steps were under way to digitise the books, originating from the 6th to the 16th century. The project was being undertaken in a partnership by Durham University and Durham Cathedral.
The cathedral church and the cloister is open to visitors during certain hours each day, unless it is closed for a special event. In 2017 a new "Open Treasure" exhibition area opened featuring the 8th-century wooden coffin of Saint Cuthbert, his gold and garnet pectoral cross, a portable altar and an ivory comb. This exhibition was continuing as of October 2019. In that month, a new exhibit was added, Mapping the World, featuring books, maps and drawings and from the archives, scheduled to run until 18 January 2020.
Durham is a cathedral city and civil parish in the county of Durham, England. It is the county town and contains the headquarters of Durham County Council, the unitary authority which governs the district of County Durham. It had a population of 48,069 at the 2011 Census.
The city was built on a meander of the River Wear, which surrounds the centre on three sides and creates a narrow neck on the fourth. The surrounding land is hilly, except along the Wear's floodplain to the north and southeast.
Durham was founded in 995 by Anglo-Saxon monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. The church the monks built lasted only a century, as it was replaced by the present Durham Cathedral after the Norman Conquest; together with Durham Castle it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the 1070s until 1836 the city was part of the County Palatine of Durham, a semi-independent jurisdiction ruled by the prince bishops of Durham which acted as a geopolitical buffer between the kingdoms of England and Scotland. In 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought half a mile west of the city, resulting in an English victory. In 1650, the cathedral was used to house Scottish prisoners after their defeat at the Battle of Dunbar. During the Industrial Revolution, the Durham coalfield was heavily exploited, with dozens of collieries operating around the city and in nearby villages. Although these coal pits have now closed, the annual Durham Miners' Gala continues and is a major event for the city and region. Historically, Durham was also known for the manufacture of hosiery, carpets, and mustard.
The city is the home of Durham University, which was founded in 1832 and therefore has a claim to be the third-oldest university in England. The university is a significant employer in the region, alongside the local council and national government at the land registry and passport office. The University Hospital of North Durham and HM Prison Durham are also located close to the city centre. The city also has significant tourism and hospitality sectors.
Toponymy
The name "Durham" comes from the Brythonic element dun, signifying a hill fort and related to -ton, and the Old Norse holme, which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm". Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north-eastern historian Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.
Durham is likely to be Gaer Weir in Armes Prydein, derived from Brittonic cajr meaning "an enclosed, defensible site" (cf. Carlisle; Welsh caer) and the river-name Wear.
History
Early history
Archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC. The present city can clearly be traced back to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose the strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of Saint Cuthbert, that had previously lain in Chester-le-Street, founding a church there.
City origins, the Dun Cow story
Local legend states that the city was founded in A.D. 995 by divine intervention. The 12th-century chronicler Symeon of Durham recounts that after wandering in the north, Saint Cuthbert's bier miraculously came to a halt at the hill of Warden Law and, despite the effort of the congregation, would not move. Aldhun, Bishop of Chester-le-Street and leader of the order, decreed a holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the saint. During the fast, Saint Cuthbert appeared to a certain monk named Eadmer, with instructions that the coffin should be taken to Dun Holm. After Eadmer's revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move the bier, but did not know where Dun Holm was.
The legend of the Dun Cow, which is first documented in The Rites of Durham, an anonymous account about Durham Cathedral, published in 1593, builds on Symeon's account. According to this legend, by chance later that day, the monks came across a milkmaid at Mount Joy (southeast of present-day Durham). She stated that she was seeking her lost dun cow, which she had last seen at Dun Holm. The monks, realising that this was a sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a wooded "hill-island" – a high wooded rock surrounded on three sides by the River Wear. There they erected a shelter for the relics, on the spot where Durham Cathedral would later stand. Symeon states that a modest wooden building erected there shortly thereafter was the first building in the city. Bishop Aldhun subsequently had a stone church built, which was dedicated in September 998. This no longer remains, having been supplanted by the Norman structure.
The legend is interpreted by a Victorian relief stone carving on the north face of the cathedral and, more recently, by the bronze sculpture 'Durham Cow' (1997, Andrew Burton), which reclines by the River Wear in view of the cathedral.
Medieval era
During the medieval period the city gained spiritual prominence as the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint Bede the Venerable. The shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury in 1170.
Saint Cuthbert became famous for two reasons. Firstly, the miraculous healing powers he had displayed in life continued after his death, with many stories of those visiting the saint's shrine being cured of all manner of diseases. This led to him being known as the "wonder worker of England". Secondly, after the first translation of his relics in 698 AD, his body was found to be incorruptible. Apart from a brief translation back to Holy Island during the Norman Invasion the saint's relics have remained enshrined to the present day. Saint Bede's bones are also entombed in the cathedral, and these also drew medieval pilgrims to the city.
Durham's geographical position has always given it an important place in the defence of England against the Scots. The city played an important part in the defence of the north, and Durham Castle is the only Norman castle keep never to have suffered a breach. In 1314, the Bishopric of Durham paid the Scots a 'large sum of money' not to burn Durham. The Battle of Neville's Cross took place around half a mile west of the city on 17 October 1346 between the English and Scots and was a disastrous loss for the Scots.
The city suffered from plague outbreaks in 1544, 1589 and 1598.
Bishops of Durham
Owing to the divine providence evidenced in the city's legendary founding, the Bishop of Durham has always enjoyed the formal title "Bishop by Divine Providence" as opposed to other bishops, who are "Bishop by Divine Permission". However, as the north-east of England lay so far from Westminster, the bishops of Durham enjoyed extraordinary powers such as the ability to hold their own parliament, raise their own armies, appoint their own sheriffs and Justices, administer their own laws, levy taxes and customs duties, create fairs and markets, issue charters, salvage shipwrecks, collect revenue from mines, administer the forests and mint their own coins. So far-reaching were the bishop's powers that the steward of Bishop Antony Bek commented in 1299 AD: "There are two kings in England, namely the Lord King of England, wearing a crown in sign of his regality and the Lord Bishop of Durham wearing a mitre in place of a crown, in sign of his regality in the diocese of Durham". All this activity was administered from the castle and buildings surrounding the Palace Green. Many of the original buildings associated with these functions of the county palatine survive on the peninsula that constitutes the ancient city.
From 1071 to 1836 the bishops of Durham ruled the county palatine of Durham. Although the term "prince bishop" has been used as a helpful tool in the understanding the functions of the bishops of Durham in this era, it is not a title they would have recognised. The last bishop to rule the palatinate, Bishop William Van Mildert, is credited with the foundation of Durham University in 1832. Henry VIII curtailed some of the bishop's powers and, in 1538, ordered the destruction of the shrine of Saint Cuthbert.
A UNESCO site describes the role of the bishops in the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
Legal system
The bishops had their own court system, including most notably the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge. The county also had its own attorney general, whose authority to bring an indictment for criminal matters was tested by central government in the case of R v Mary Ann Cotton (1873). Certain courts and judicial posts for the county were abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873. Section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and section 41 of the Courts Act 1971 abolished others.
Civil War and Cromwell (1640 to 1660)
The city remained loyal to King Charles I in the English Civil War – from 1642 to the execution of the king in 1649. Charles I came to Durham three times during his reign of 1625–1649. Firstly, he came in 1633 to the cathedral for a majestic service in which he was entertained by the Chapter and Bishop at great expense. He returned during preparations for the First Bishops' War (1639). His final visit to the city came towards the end of the civil war; he escaped from the city as Oliver Cromwell's forces got closer. Local legend stated that he escaped down the Bailey and through Old Elvet. Another local legend has it that Cromwell stayed in a room in the present Royal County Hotel on Old Elvet during the civil war. The room is reputed to be haunted by his ghost. Durham suffered greatly during the civil war (1642–1651) and Commonwealth (1649–1660). This was not due to direct assault by Cromwell or his allies, but to the abolition of the Church of England and the closure of religious institutions pertaining to it. The city has always relied upon the Dean and Chapter and cathedral as an economic force.
The castle suffered considerable damage and dilapidation during the Commonwealth due to the abolition of the office of bishop (whose residence it was). Cromwell confiscated the castle and sold it to the Lord Mayor of London shortly after taking it from the bishop. A similar fate befell the cathedral, it being closed in 1650 and used to incarcerate 3,000 Scottish prisoners, who were marched south after the Battle of Dunbar. Graffiti left by them can still be seen today etched into the interior stone.
At the Restoration in 1660, John Cosin (a former canon) was appointed bishop (in office: 1660–1672) and set about a major restoration project. This included the commissioning of the famous elaborate woodwork in the cathedral choir, the font cover and the Black Staircase in the castle. Bishop Cosin's successor Bishop Lord Nathaniel Crewe (in office: 1674–1721) carried out other renovations both to the city and to the cathedral.
18th century
In the 18th century a plan to turn Durham into a seaport through the digging of a canal north to join the River Team, a tributary of the River Tyne near Gateshead, was proposed by John Smeaton. Nothing came of the plan, but the statue of Neptune in the Market Place was a constant reminder of Durham's maritime possibilities.
The thought of ships docking at the Sands or Millburngate remained fresh in the minds of Durham merchants. In 1758, a new proposal hoped to make the Wear navigable from Durham to Sunderland by altering the river's course, but the increasing size of ships made this impractical. Moreover, Sunderland had grown as the north east's main port and centre for shipping.
In 1787 Durham infirmary was founded.
The 18th century also saw the rise of the trade-union movement in the city.
19th century
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 gave governing power of the town to an elected body. All other aspects of the Bishop's temporal powers were abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and returned to the Crown.
The Representation of the People Act 2000 and is regarded as the second most senior bishop and fourth most senior clergyman in the Church of England. The Court of Claims of 1953 granted the traditional right of the bishop to accompany the sovereign at the coronation, reflecting his seniority.
The first census, conducted in 1801, states that Durham City had a population of 7,100. The Industrial Revolution mostly passed the city by. However, the city was well known for carpet making and weaving. Although most of the mediaeval weavers who thrived in the city had left by the 19th century, the city was the home of Hugh MacKay Carpets’ factory, which produced the famous brands of axminster and tufted carpets until the factory went into administration in April 2005. Other important industries were the manufacture of mustard and coal extraction.
The Industrial Revolution also placed the city at the heart of the coalfields, the county's main industry until the 1970s. Practically every village around the city had a coal mine and, although these have since disappeared as part of the regional decline in heavy industry, the traditions, heritage and community spirit are still evident.
The 19th century also saw the founding of Durham University thanks to the benevolence of Bishop William Van Mildert and the Chapter in 1832. Durham Castle became the first college (University College, Durham) and the bishop moved to Auckland Castle as his only residence in the county. Bishop Hatfield's Hall (later Hatfield College, Durham) was added in 1846 specifically for the sons of poorer families, the Principal inaugurating a system new to English university life of advance fees to cover accommodation and communal dining.
The first Durham Miners' Gala was attended by 5,000 miners in 1871 in Wharton Park, and remains the largest socialist trade union event in the world.
20th century
Early in the 20th century coal became depleted, with a particularly important seam worked out in 1927, and in the following Great Depression Durham was among those towns that suffered exceptionally severe hardship. However, the university expanded greatly. St John's College and St Cuthbert's Society were founded on the Bailey, completing the series of colleges in that area of the city. From the early 1950s to early 1970s the university expanded to the south of the city centre. Trevelyan, Van Mildert, Collingwood, and Grey colleges were established, and new buildings for St Aidan's and St Mary's colleges for women, formerly housed on the Bailey, were created. The final 20th century collegiate addition came from the merger of the independent nineteenth-century colleges of the Venerable Bede and St Hild, which joined the university in 1979 as the College of St Hild and St Bede. The 1960s and 70s also saw building on New Elvet. Dunelm House for the use of the students' union was built first, followed by Elvet Riverside, containing lecture theatres and staff offices. To the southeast of the city centre sports facilities were built at Maiden Castle, adjacent to the Iron Age fort of the same name, and the Mountjoy site was developed, starting in 1924, eventually containing the university library, administrative buildings, and facilities for the Faculty of Science.
Durham was not bombed during World War II, though one raid on the night of 30 May 1942 did give rise to the local legend of 'St Cuthbert's Mist'. This states that the Luftwaffe attempted to target Durham, but was thwarted when Cuthbert created a mist that covered both the castle and cathedral, sparing them from bombing. The exact events of the night are disputed by contemporary eyewitnesses. The event continues to be referenced within the city, including inspiring the artwork 'Fogscape #03238' at Durham Lumiere 2015.
'Durham Castle and Cathedral' was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. Among the reasons given for the decision were 'Durham Cathedral [being] the largest and most perfect monument of "Norman" style architecture in England', and the cathedral's vaulting being an early and experimental model of the gothic style. Other important UNESCO sites near Durham include Auckland Castle, North of England Lead Mining Museum and Beamish Museum.
Historical
The historic city centre of Durham has changed little over 200 years. It is made up of the peninsula containing the cathedral, palace green, former administrative buildings for the palatine and Durham Castle. This was a strategic defensive decision by the city's founders and gives the cathedral a striking position. So much so that Symeon of Durham stated:
To see Durham is to see the English Sion and by doing so one may save oneself a trip to Jerusalem.
Sir Walter Scott was so inspired by the view of the cathedral from South Street that he wrote "Harold the Dauntless", a poem about Saxons and Vikings set in County Durham and published on 30 January 1817. The following lines from the poem are carved into a stone tablet on Prebends Bridge:
Grey towers of Durham
Yet well I love thy mixed and massive piles
Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot
And long to roam those venerable aisles
With records stored of deeds long since forgot.
The old commercial section of the city encompasses the peninsula on three sides, following the River Wear. The peninsula was historically surrounded by the castle wall extending from the castle keep and broken by two gatehouses to the north and west of the enclosure. After extensive remodelling and "much beautification" by the Victorians the walls were removed with the exception of the gatehouse which is still standing on the Bailey.
The medieval city was made up of the cathedral, castle and administrative buildings on the peninsula. The outlying areas were known as the townships and owned by the bishop, the most famous of these being Gilesgate (which still contains the mediaeval St Giles Church), Claypath and Elvet.
The outlying commercial section of the city, especially around the North Road area, saw much change in the 1960s during a redevelopment spearheaded by Durham City Council; however, much of the original mediaeval street plan remains intact in the area close to the cathedral and market place. Most of the mediaeval buildings in the commercial area of the city have disappeared apart from the House of Correction and the Chapel of Saint Andrew, both under Elvet Bridge. Georgian buildings can still be found on the Bailey and Old Elvet most of which make up the colleges of Durham University.
Above the shields of the nobility are bishops and abbots, saints, apostles and angels.
The Great East Window, Gloucester Cathedral.
Image of one of Wolfgang Bauer's pieces from the upcoming exhibition 'Spring Awakenings', May 2007, at Found Gallery. See www.foundla.com for more information.