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Coaster train 639 roars up grade behind an F40 as it nears the summit of Miramar Hill. This side of Miramar has a ruling grade of 2.0%.
Grade I listed historic cathedral.
"The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, commonly known as York Minster, is the cathedral of York, England, and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe. The minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the third-highest office of the Church of England (after the monarch as Supreme Governor and the Archbishop of Canterbury), and is the mother church for the Diocese of York and the Province of York. It is run by a dean and chapter, under the Dean of York. The title "minster" is attributed to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and serves now as an honorific title. Services in the minster are sometimes regarded as on the High Church or Anglo-Catholic end of the Anglican continuum.
The minster, devoted to Saint Peter, has a very wide Decorated Gothic nave and chapter house, a Perpendicular Gothic quire and east end and Early English North and South transepts. The nave contains the West Window, constructed in 1338, and over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window (finished in 1408), the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world. In the north transept is the Five Sisters Window, each lancet being over 53 feet (16.3 m) high. The south transept contains a rose window, while the West Window contains a heart-shaped design colloquially known as The Heart of Yorkshire.
A bishop of York was summoned to the Council of Arles in 314 indicating the presence of a Christian community in York at this time; however, archaeological evidence of Christianity in Roman York is limited. The first recorded church on the site was a wooden structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin, King of Northumbria. Moves toward a more substantial building began in the decade of the 630s. A stone structure was completed in 637 by Oswald and was dedicated to Saint Peter. The church soon fell into disrepair and was dilapidated by 670 when Saint Wilfrid ascended to the See of York. He repaired and renewed the structure. The attached school and library were established and by the 8th century were some of the most substantial in Northern Europe.
In 741, the church was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt as a more impressive structure containing thirty altars. The church and the entire area then passed through the hands of numerous invaders, and its history is obscure until the 10th century. There were a series of Benedictine archbishops, including Saint Oswald of Worcester, Wulfstan and Ealdred, who travelled to Westminster to crown William in 1066. Ealdred died in 1069 and was buried in the church.
The church was damaged in 1069 during William the Conqueror's harrying of the North, but the first Norman archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux, arriving in 1070, organised repairs. The Danes destroyed the church in 1075, but it was again rebuilt from 1080. Built in the Norman style, it was 111 m (364.173 ft) long and rendered in white and red lines. The new structure was damaged by fire in 1137 but was soon repaired. The choir and crypt were remodelled in 1154, and a new chapel was built, all in the Norman style.
The Gothic style in cathedrals had arrived in the mid 12th century. Walter de Gray was made archbishop in 1215 and ordered the construction of a Gothic structure to compare to Canterbury; building began in 1220. The north and south transepts were the first new structures; completed in the 1250s, both were built in the Early English Gothic style but had markedly different wall elevations. A substantial central tower was also completed, with a wooden spire. Building continued into the 15th century.
The Chapter House was begun in the 1260s and was completed before 1296. The wide nave was constructed from the 1280s on the Norman foundations. The outer roof was completed in the 1330s, but the vaulting was not finished until 1360. Construction then moved on to the eastern arm and chapels, with the last Norman structure, the choir, being demolished in the 1390s. Work here finished around 1405. In 1407 the central tower collapsed; the piers were then reinforced, and a new tower was built from 1420. The western towers were added between 1433 and 1472. The cathedral was declared complete and consecrated in 1472.
The English Reformation led to the looting of much of the cathedral's treasures and the loss of much of the church lands. Under Elizabeth I there was a concerted effort to remove all traces of Roman Catholicism from the cathedral; there was much destruction of tombs, windows and altars. In the English Civil War the city was besieged and fell to the forces of Cromwell in 1644, but Thomas Fairfax prevented any further damage to the cathedral.
Following the easing of religious tensions there was some work to restore the cathedral. From 1730 to 1736 the whole floor of the minster was relaid in patterned marble and from 1802 there was a major restoration. However, on 2 February 1829, an arson attack by Jonathan Martin inflicted heavy damage on the east arm. An accidental fire in 1840 left the nave, south west tower and south aisle roofless and blackened shells. The cathedral slumped deeply into debt and in the 1850s services were suspended. From 1858 Augustus Duncombe worked successfully to revive the cathedral. In 1866, there were six residentiary canonries: of which one was the Chancellor's, one the Sub-Dean's, and another annexed to the Archdeaconry of York.
During the 20th century there was more concerted preservation work, especially following a 1967 survey that revealed the building, in particular the central tower, was close to collapse. £2,000,000 was raised and spent by 1972 to reinforce and strengthen the building foundations and roof. During the excavations that were carried out, remains of the north corner of the Roman Principia (headquarters of the Roman fort, Eboracum) were found under the south transept. This area, as well as remains of the Norman cathedral, re-opened to the public in spring 2013 as part of the new exhibition exploring the history of the building of York Minster.
York is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the council area which includes nearby villages was 208,200 as of 2017 and the population of the urban area was 153,717 at the 2011 census. Located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss, it is the county town of the historic county of Yorkshire. The city is known for its famous historical landmarks such as York Minster and the city walls, as well as a variety of cultural and sporting activities, which makes it a popular tourist destination in England. The local authority is the City of York Council, a single tier governing body responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout the city. The City of York local government district includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. It is about 25 miles north-east of Leeds and 34 miles north-west of Kingston upon Hull. York is the largest settlement in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire.
The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD. It became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Deira, Northumbria and Jórvík. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained. In the 19th century, York became a major hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre, a status it maintained well into the 20th century. During the Second World War, York was bombed as part of the Baedeker Blitz. Although less affected by bombing than other northern cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration efforts continued into the 1960s.
The economy of York is dominated by services. The University of York and National Health Service are major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy. In 2016, York became sister cities with the Chinese city of Nanjing, as per an agreement signed by the Lord Mayor of York, focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture. Today, the city is a popular tourist attraction, especially for international visitors from America, Germany, France and China. In 2017, York became UK's first human rights city, which formalised the city's aim to use human rights in decision making." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
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Today was dull, overcast, raining. The perfect opportunity to use those elements to my advantage.
Highfields Park is Grade II listed park providing 121 acres of public space, in the west of Nottingham.
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Ayana has been an active participant in her learning this year and has worked carefully and thoughtfully through her assignments. She has performed consistently above grade level expectations throughout the school year in language arts and is proficient in her math skills. Her writing skills are very advanced, as she needs hardly any editing or feedback to improve her written pieces. Her artwork is amazing and inspiring to others. Ayana has a quiet demeanor but she has always been willing to participate and share during discussions and morning meetings, and her contributions have been greatly valued. I have enjoyed learning about her interests and watching her grow in confidence and creativity. I have come to know her as a sensitive and thoughtful individual who takes her learning seriously. It has been a pleasure working with Ayana this year. I am confident that she will continue to do very well in third grade and in the years to come.
2nd Grade, 3rd Trimester Comments.
The 1:00 PM departure from Saranac Lake is on its way to Lake Placid as it climbs a grade, with fall colors in full bloom in the heart of the Adirondacks. Ex-PRR GP9 AIDX 6076 is giving it all its got as it works hard. Unfortunately it looks like this will be the last autumn in which this, or any train operates on this section of track. The reason for that is that the state of New York has approved a plan to tear out the rails between Tupper Lake and Lake Placid and convert it to a hiking/snowmobile trail. While there are legal challenges to this plan, at the moment it still seems likely that the state's plan will go through and the tracks torn up starting next spring, if not earlier.
Downtown Denver, Colorado.
We spent a couple of hours walking around before having to catch our flight home... which was delayed of course.
The East Window was added middle of 15th century. Rev Patrick Bronte married Maria Branwell here in 1812
The Saluda Grade is the steepest standard-gauge mainline railway in the USA and opened in July 1878. The three mile railway grade ranged from 3.7%- 4.7%.
The railway line was constructed to connect Spartanburg, South Carolina, Asheville and North Carolina through the Blue Ridge Mountains. It has been out of service since 2001.
Since 2001 the vibrant green vegetation around the railway has started to rapidly grow over the tracks and in some sections completely engulfed the railway. Beneath some of the railway it has been heavily eroded, which has caused many railway ties to become detached from the railway lines.
Just out of Edgewood, California, a westbound train on the Siskiyou Line begins the 3.3% climb to Black Butte. Once the train reaches the apex of the grade at Black Butte, it will be all downhill to Dunsmuir on the Shasta Route mainline.
NKP 765 heads downhill through Davenport, IA past the courthouse building.
Notice the line of cars coming alongside the 765, they were all chasing it down the street. It seemed during Train Festival wherever 765 went, a large crowd of people were following its path.
I used Woodland Scenic's 2 inch Risers on my mainline and 2% Inclines on the mainline grade. Unfortunately the Inclines are not quite wide enough for both my mainline and passing siding in Cimarron so I added 1/4" Expanded Polystyrene Foam sheet on the outside of the curve and 1" sheet in certain places on the inside of the curve. This photo shows some steel Foam Nails by WS that I used to temporarily anchor the 1" sheet into place while the adhesive sets for a few hours. After the adhesive has bonded, I pull the pins out to use on another section. You can see that the section of 1" sheet is a bit higher than the Incline. I cut it slightly oversize. glue it into place, and trim it down with a large hobby knife.