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Including: Center Left: One Atlantic Center (820 feet, 50-sty, 1987); Center Right (Promenade II (691 feet, 40-sty, 1989); Right: GLG Grand/Four Seasons (609 feet, 53-stories,
1992)
Is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's unusual ribbon-like shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—has given it a varied climate, ranging from the world's driest desert—the Atacama—in the north, through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, to a rainy temperate climate in the south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
Prior to arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, northern Chile was under Inca rule while the indigenous Araucanians inhabited central and southern Chile. Chile declared its independence on February 12, 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879–83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its present northern regions. It was not until the 1880s that the Araucanians were completely subjugated.Although relatively free of the coups and arbitrary governments that blighted South America, Chile endured a 17-year military dictatorship (1973–1990) that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.
Currently, Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations. It leads Latin American nations in human development, competitiveness, quality of life, political stability, globalization, economic freedom, low perception of corruption and comparatively low poverty rates. It also ranks high regionally in freedom of the press and democratic development. However, it has a high income inequality, as measured by the Gini index. In December 2009 Chile became the first South American country to be invited to join the OECD.[8] Chile is also a founding member of both the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations.
Etymology
There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to a theory proposed by 18th century Spanish chronicler Diego de Rosales, the Incas of Peru called the valley of the Aconcagua "Chili" by corruption of the name of a Picunche tribal chief ("cacique") called Tili, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest in the 15th century. Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chil.
Other theories say Chile may derive its name from the indigenous Mapuche word chilli, which may mean "where the land ends," "the deepest point of the Earth," or "sea gulls;" or from the Quechua chin, "cold", or the Aymara tchili, meaning "snow". Another meaning attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of a bird call. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors of Diego de Almagro's first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535–36 called themselves the "men of Chilli."Ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such.
History
About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present day Chile. Example settlement sites from the very early human habitation are Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Crater's lava tube. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river.
In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, Ferdinand Magellan discovered the southern passage now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold. The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Native Americans from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on February 12, 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Conquest of the land took place only gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks at the hands of the local population. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of slavery by the Spanish crown in 1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche intensified resistance rather than cowing them into submission. Despite the royal prohibitions relations remained strained from continual colonialist interference.
Cut off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche (or Araucanians), to the east by the Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of frontier garrison, the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling encroachment by Araucanians and by Spain's European enemies, especially the British and the Dutch. In addition to the Araucanians, buccaneers and English adventurers menaced the colony, as was shown by Sir Francis Drake's 1578 raid on Valparaíso, the principal port. Because Chile hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, it was one of the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a drain on the treasury of Peru. By the end of the colonial period, the population reached an estimated 500,000 (not including unsubjugated Indians); approximately 300,000 were mestizos and about 150,000 were Criollos (European or European descent).
The first general census was performed by the government of Agustín de Jáuregui between 1777 and 1778. The census indicated that the population was 259,646 inhabitants and was composed of 73.5% European descent, 7.9% mestizos, 8.6% Indians and 9.8% blacks. In 1784, Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province of Chiloe, conducted a population census of Chiloe whereby the population was 26,703 inhabitants, of which 64.4% were whites and 33.5% natives.
Finally, in 1812, the Diocese of Concepción made a census of population, south of the Maule river, but not including the indigenous population (estimated at 8,000 people), nor the inhabitants of the province of Chiloé, which gave indicated a population of 210,567, of which 86.1% were Spanish and whites, 10% Indians and 3.7% of mestizos, blacks and mulattos.
The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph in 1808. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed on September 18, 1810. The Government Junta of Chile proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the Reconquista led to a prolonged struggle.
Intermittent warfare continued until 1817, when an army with Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot, and led by José de San Martín, hero of the Argentine War of Independence, crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists. On February 12, 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic under O'Higgins' leadership. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by ruthlessly suppressing the Mapuche during the Occupation of Araucanía. In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.
The Chilean Civil War in 1891 brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors.
20th century
The Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri Palma, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In the 1920s, Marxist groups with strong popular support arose.
A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. The longest lasting of the ten governments between those years was that of General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship, although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin America and certainly not comparable to the violent and repressive regime of Augusto Pinochet decades later.
By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932–52), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo to office for another six years. Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.
The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.
In the 1970 election, Senator Salvador Allende reached a partial majority in a plurality of votes in a three-way contest, followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. He was a physician and member of the Socialist Party of Chile, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement (MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action. Despite pressure from the United States government, the Chilean Congress conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri and keeping with tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers party and could not make common cause with the right-wing.
An economic depression that began in 1967 peaked in 1970, exacerbated by capital flight, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward. Joint public-private public works projects helped reduce unemployment.page needed] Much of the banking sector was nationalized. Many enterprises within the copper, coal, iron, nitrate, and steel industries were expropriated, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.
Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests, replacing the judicial system with "socialist legality", nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy, and strengthening "popular militias" known as MIR. Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of Chile's major copper mines in the form of a constitutional amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress. As a result, the Richard Nixon administration organized and inserted secret operatives in Chile, in order to quickly destabilize Allende’s government. In addition, American financial pressure restricted international economic credit to Chile. The economic problems were also exacerbated by Allende's public spending which was financed mostly by printing money and poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.
Simultaneously, opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations, helped to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization, some of which was helped by the United States. By early 1973, inflation was out of control. The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. On 26 May 1973, Chile’s Supreme Court, which was opposed to Allende's government, unanimously denounced the Allende disruption of the legality of the nation. Although, illegal under the Chilean constitution, the court supported and strengthened Pinochet seizure of power.
Finally, a military coup overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace of (Palacio de La Moneda), Allende reportedly had committed suicide. A military junta, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took over control of the country. The first years of the regime were marked by human rights violations. On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the Caravan of Death. According to the Rettig Report and Valech Commission, at least 2,115 were killed, and at least 27,265 were tortured (including 88 children younger than 12 years old). A new Constitution was approved by a controversial plebiscite on September 11, 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an 8-year term.
In the late 1980s, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union and political activity. The government launched market-oriented reforms, which have continued ever since. Chile moved toward a free market economy that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not opened for competition. In a plebiscite on October 5, 1988, General Pinochet was denied a second 8-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the Concertación, received an absolute majority of votes (55%). President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.
In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).
21st century
Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile. In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party, defeating Sebastián Piñera, of the National Renewal party, extending the Concertación government for another four years. In January 2010, Chileans elected Sebastián Piñera, of the National Renewal party of the centre-right Coalition for Change, as the first rightist President of Chile during the Chilean presidential election of 2009-2010, defeating former President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the Concertación, for a four-year term succeeding Michelle Bachelet.
On February 27, 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 Mm earthquake, one of the largest ever recorded in the world. As many as 1,000 people died; hundreds of thousands of buildings were damaged. Initial damage estimates were in the range of 15–30 billion USD, around 10–15% of Chile real gross domestic product.
Geography
A long and narrow coastal Southern Cone country on the west side of the Andes Mountains, Chile stretches over 4,630 kilometres (2,880 mi) north to south, but only 430 kilometres (265 mi) at its widest point east to west. This encompasses a remarkable variety of landscapes. It contains 756,950 square kilometres (292,260 sq mi) of land area. It is situated within the Pacific Ring of Fire.
The northern Atacama Desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late nineteenth century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. Chile is the longest north-south country in the world, and also claims 1,250,000 km2 (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica as part of its territory. However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty, of which Chile is signatory.
Chile controls Easter Island and Sala y Gómez Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and Robinson Crusoe Island, more than 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the mainland, in the Juan Fernández archipelago. Easter Island is today a province of Chile. Also controlled but only temporally inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of Sala y Gómez, San Ambrosio and San Felix. These islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific.
Other info
Oficial name:
Republica de Chile
Independence:
First National, Government Junta, September 18, 1810
- Declared February 12, 1818
- Recognized April 25, 1844
Area:
756.096 km2
Inhabitants:
17.560.000
Languages:
Aymara, Central [ayr] 899 in Chile (1994 Hans Gundermann K.). Ethnic population: 20,000 in Chile (1983 SIL). Mountains of extreme north, first region Tarapacá; Arica, Parinacota, Iquique. Classification: Aymaran
More information.
Chilean Sign Language [csg] Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Huilliche [huh] 2,000 (1982 SIL). South of the Mapuche, Tenth Region, from Valdivia to Chiloé. Alternate names: Veliche, Huiliche. Dialects: Tsesungún. Related to Mapudungun, but barely intelligible with it. Classification: Araucanian
More information.
Mapudungun [arn] 200,000 in Chile (1982 SIL). Population total all countries: 300,000. Ethnic population: 928,000 (1992 census). Between the Itata and Tolten rivers. Also spoken in Argentina. Alternate names: Mapudungu, "Araucano", Mapuche. Dialects: Moluche (Ngoluche, Manzanero), Picunche, Pehuenche. Easy intelligibility among all dialects. Pehuenche and Moluche are very close. Classification: Araucanian
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Qawasqar [alc] 20 (1996 Oscar Aguilera). Population includes 10 in Puerto Edin. Channel Region, western Patagonia, Isle of Wellington off south Chilean coast, 49 degrees south with center in Puerto Edin. Speakers of the extinct Aksanás dialect also lived in Puerto Edén. Alternate names: Kaweskar, Kawesqar, Alacalufe, Alacaluf, Halakwulup. Dialects: Aksanás (Aksana). Classification: Alacalufan Nearly extinct.
More information.
Quechua, Chilean [cqu] Ethnic population: 4,563 (2000 WCD). Northern second region. Dialects: May be intelligible with, or the same as, South Bolivian Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C
More information.
Rapa Nui [rap] 3,392 in Chile (2000 WCD). Population includes 2,200 on Easter Island; 200 to 300 on Chile mainland, Tahiti, and USA. Ethnic population: 3,500. Easter Island, 3,800 km from Chile, 4,000 km from Tahiti. Also spoken in French Polynesia, USA. Alternate names: Easter Island, Pascuense. Dialects: Lexical similarity 64% with Hawaiian, Mangareva, Rarotonga, 63% with Marquesan; 62% with Tahitian, Paumotu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, East, Rapanui
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Spanish [spa] 13,800,000 in Chile (1995). Population includes 25% Spanish, 66% mestizo. Alternate names: Español, Castellano. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian
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Yámana [yag] 1 (2003). Ethnic population: 100 (2000 W. Adelaar). Patagonia, Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams, Ukika hamlet. Extinct in Argentina. Alternate names: Yaghan, Yagán, Tequenica, Háusi Kúta. Dialects: Tovar (1961) says it was closest to Qawasqar, and had some relationship to Ona. Earlier there were up to five dialects. Classification: Language Isolate Nearly extinct.
More information.
Extinct languages
Kakauhua [kbf] Extinct. Alternate names: Kaukaue, Cacahue. Classification: Alacalufan
More information.
Kunza [kuz] Extinct. A few speakers were located in 1949 and since by anthropologists. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Peine, Socaire (Salar de Atacama), and Caspana. Alternate names: Likanantaí, Lipe, Ulipe, Atacameño. Dialects: Greenberg places it in Macro-Chibchan. Classification: Unclassified
Capital city:
Santiago del Chile
Meaning of the country name :
Exact etymology unknown. Possibilities include that it comes from a native Mapudungun term meaning "the depths", a reference to the fact that the Andes mountain chain looms over the narrow coastal flatland. The Quechua or Mapuche Indian word "chili/chilli" or "where the land ends/where the land runs out/limit of the world" also provides a possible derivation. Another possible meaning originates with a native word tchili, meaning "snow".
Description Flag:
The flag of Chile consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of Arms of Chile dates from 1834 and was designed by the English artist Charles Wood Taylor. It is made up by a figurative background divided in two equal parts: the top one is blue and the bottom, red. A five pointed white star is in the centre of the shield. This background is supported in one side by a condor, the most significant bird of prey from the Andes, and in the other, by a huemul, the most singular and rare mammal of the Chilean territory. Both animals have in their heads the navy's golden crown, symbol of the heroic deeds of the Chilean Navy in the Pacific Ocean.
The shield is crowned by a three feathered crest; each feather bearing one colour: blue, white and red. This crest was a symbol of distinction that former Presidents of the Republic used to wear on their hats.
Underneath the shield and on the ellaborated pedestal, there is a white band with the motto: "Por la Razón o la Fuerza" ("By Right or Might").
Motto:
" Por la Razón o la Fuerza "
National Anthem: Himno Nacional de Chile
Spanish
Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado;
Puras brisas te cruzan también.
Y tu campo de flores bordado
Es la copia feliz del Edén.
Majestuosa es la blanca montaña
Que te dio por valuarte el Señor
Que te dio por valuarte el Señor,
Y ese mar que tranquilo te baña
Te promete futuro esplendor
Y ese mar que tranquilo te baña
Te promete futuro esplendor.
Coro
Dulce Patria, recibe los votos
Con que Chile en tus aras juró:
Que o la tumba serás de los libres
O el asilo contra la opresión
Que o la tumba serás de los libres
O el asilo contra la opresión
Que o la tumba serás de los libres
O el asilo contra la opresión
O el asilo contra la opresión
O el asilo contra la opresión.
English
Pure, Chile, is your blue sky;
Pure breezes flow across you as well.
And your flower-embroidered field
Is a happy copy of Eden .
Majestic is the snow-capped mountain
That was given as a bastion by the Lord
That was given as a bastion by the Lord,
And the sea that quietly washes your shores
Promises you future splendor
And the sea that quietly washes your shores
Promises you future splendor.
Chorus
Sweet fatherland, accept the vows
That were given by Chile at your altars:
Either you be the tomb of the free
Or the refuge against oppression
Either you be the tomb of the free
Or the refuge against oppression
Either you be the grave of the free
Or the refuge against oppression
Or the refuge against oppression
Or the refuge against oppression.
Internet Page: www.chile.com
Chile in diferent languages
eng | arg | ast | bre | ces | cor | cym | dan | fin | glg | hau | hsb | hun | ina | jnf | nor | oci | pol | por | roh | ron | sme | spa | swa | swe | szl: Chile
afr | fra | hat | ibo | jav | nld | nrm | pap | que: Chili
hrv | rup | slk | slv: Čile
deu | ltz | nds: Chile / Chile
ita | lld | srd: Cile
kin | lin | run: Shili
aze | tuk: Çili / Чили
bam | smo: Sili
cat | tet: Xile
kaa | uzb: Chili / Чили
lit | smg: Čilė
tur | zza: Şili
bos: Čile / Чиле
cos: Chilì
crh: Çile / Чиле
dsb: Chilska
epo: Ĉilio
est: Tšiili
eus: Txile
fao: Kili
frp: Ch•ili
fry: Sily
fur: Cîl
gla: An t-Sile
gle: An tSile / An tSile
glv: Yn Çhillee
ind: Cili / چيلي
isl: Chile; Síle
kmr: Çîlî / Ч’или / چیلی; Çîlîstan / Ч’илистан / چیلیستان
kur: Şîlî / شیلی
lat: Chilia; Chile; Cilia
lav: Čīle
mlg: Silia
mlt: Ċili
mol: Cili / Чили
msa: Chile / چيلي
rmy: Čile / चिले
scn: Cili
slo: Cxile / Чиле
som: Jili
sqi: Kili
tgl: Tsile
ton: Saile
vie: Chi-lê
vol: Tjilän
vor: Tsiili
wln: Tchili
wol: Ciili
alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Чили (Čili)
bak | tat: Чили / Çili
abq: Чили (Čiłi)
bel: Чылі / Čyli
kaz: Чили / Çïlï / چيلي
mkd: Чиле (Čile)
srp: Чиле / Čile
tgk: Чили / چیلی / Cili
ukr: Чилі (Čyli); Чілі (Čili)
ara: تشيلي (Tišīlī); شيلي (Šīlī)
fas: شیلی (Šīlī)
prs: چیلی (Čīlī)
pus: چيلي (Čīlī); چلي (Čilī)
uig: چىلى / Chili / Чили
urd: چلی (Čilī)
div: ޗިލީ (Čilī)
heb: צ׳ילה (Čîleh); צ׳ילי (Čîlî)
lad: ג'ילי / Chile
yid: טשילע (Tšile)
amh: ቺሌ (Čile); ቺሊ (Čili)
ell: Χιλή (Ĥilī́)
hye: Չիլի (Č̣ili)
kat: ჩილე (Č̣ile); ჩილი (Č̣ili)
hin: चिली (Čilī); चाइल (Čāil)
ben: চিলি (Čili)
pan: ਚਿਲੀ (Čilī)
kan: ಚಿಲಿ (Čili)
mal: ചിലി (Čili)
tam: சிலி (Čili)
tel: చిలీ (Čilī)
zho: 智利 (Zhìlì)
yue: 智利 (Jileih)
jpn: チリ (Chiri)
kor: 칠레 (Chillae)
mya: ခ္ယီလီ (Čili)
tha: ชิลี (Čʰilī)
lao: ຊີເລ (Sīlē)
khm: ឈីលី (Čʰīlī)
Is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland consists of over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres.Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
The Kingdom of Scotland was an independent sovereign state before 1 May 1707 when it entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain. This union resulted from the Treaty of Union agreed in 1706 and enacted by the twin Acts of Union passed by the Parliaments of both countries, despite widespread protest across Scotland. Scotland's legal system continues to be separate from those of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and Scotland still constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in public and in private law.
The continued existence of legal, educational and religious institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the Union. Although Scotland is no longer a separate sovereign state, issues surrounding devolution and independence continue to be debated. After the creation of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the first ever pro-independence Scottish Government was elected in 2007 when the Scottish National Party formed a minority administration.
Etymology
Scotland is from the Latin Scoti, the term applied to Gaels, people from what is now Scotland and Ireland, both pirates and the Dal Riada who had come from Ireland to reside in the Northwest of what is now Scotland, in contrast, for example, to the Picts. Accordingly, the Late Latin word Scotia (land of the Gaels) was initially used to refer to Ireland. However, by the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic Alba. The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages.
History
please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland
Other info
Oficial name:
Scotland
Alba
Unification :
Lands north of Forth united under Bridei m. Beli c. 685
- Dál Riata incorporated by Óengus m. Fergusa c. 741
- Lothian and Strathclyde finally incorporated on accession of David I 1124 (confirmed Treaty of York, 1237)
- Galloway incorporated 1234/5
- Orkney and Shetland annexed 1472
Area:
78.782 km2
Inhabitants:
6.200.000
Languages:
Scotish, Gaelic, English
Capital city:
Edimbourgh
Meaning country name:
Land of the Scots, from Old English Scottas, "inhabitants of Ireland." Old English borrowed the word from late Latin Scotti, of unknown origin. It may possibly have come from an Irish term of scorn, scuit. After the departure of the Romans from Britain in 423, an Irish tribe invaded Scotland, and the name came with them. It later extended to other Irish who settled in the northern regions of Britain.
Alba (Gaelic name): The Scots- and Irish-Gaelic name for Scotland derives from the same Celtic root as the name Albion, which designates sometimes the entire island of Great Britain and sometimes the country of England, Scotland's southern neighbour. The term arguably derives from an early Indo-European word meaning 'white', generally held to refer to the cliffs of white chalk around the English town of Dover, ironically located at the furthest end of Great Britain from Scotland itself. Others take it to come from the same root as "the Alps", possibly being an ancient word for mountain.
Caledonia, an old Latin name for Scotland, deriving from the Caledonii tribe. Caledonia in Greek also means "good waters".
Description Flag:
The flag of Scotland features a white saltire, a crux decussate (X-shaped cross) representing the cross of the Christian martyr Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, on a blue field. It is named the Saltire or the Saint Andrew's Cross. In heraldic language, it may be blazoned Azure, a saltire argent.
The flag of Scotland is one of the oldest flags in the world, traditionally dating back to the 9th century.
Coat of arms:
The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland was the official coat of arms of the monarchs of Scotland, and were used as the official coat of arms of the Kingdom of Scotland until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Afterwards, the arms became an integral part of the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.
Motto:
"Cha togar m'fhearg gun dioladh" (Scottish Gaelic)
"Wha daur meddle wi me?" (Scots)
National Anthem: Flower of Scotland
O Flower of Scotland,
When will we see
Your like again,
That fought and died for,
Your wee bit Hill and Glen,
And stood against him,
Proud Edward's Army,
And sent him homeward,
Tae think again.
The Hills are bare now,
And Autumn leaves
lie thick and still,
O'er land that is lost now,
Which those so dearly held,
That stood against him,
Proud Edward's Army,
And sent him homeward,
Tae think again.
Those days are past now,
And in the past
they must remain,
But we can still rise now,
And be the nation again,
That stood against him,
Proud Edward's Army,
And sent him homeward,
Tae think again.
O Flower of Scotland,
When will we see
your like again,
That fought and died for,
Your wee bit Hill and Glen,
And stood against him,
Proud Edward's Army,
And sent him homeward,
Tae think again.
Gaelic
O Fhlùir na h-Alba,
cuin a chì sinn
an seòrsa laoich
a sheas gu bàs 'son
am bileag feòir is fraoich,
a sheas an aghaidh
feachd uailleil Iomhair
's a ruaig e dhachaidh
air chaochladh smaoin?
Na cnuic tha lomnochd
's tha duilleach Foghair
mar bhrat air làr,
am fearann caillte
dan tug na seòid ud gràdh,
a sheas an aghaidh
feachd uailleil Iomhair
's a ruaig e dhachaigh
air chaochladh smaoin.
Tha 'n eachdraidh dùinte
ach air dìochuimhne
chan fheum i bhith,
is faodaidh sinn èirigh
gu bhith nar Rìoghachd a-rìs
a sheas an aghaidh
feachd uailleil Iomhair
's a ruaig e dhachaidh
air chaochladh smaoin.
O Fhlùir na h-Alba,
cuin a chì sinn
an seòrsa laoich
a sheas gu bàs 'son
am bileag feòir is fraoich,
a sheas an aghaidh
feachd uailleil Iomhair
's a ruaig e dhachaidh
air chaochladh smaoin?
Internet Page: www.scotland.org
Scotland in diferent languages
eng | sco: Scotland
afr | dan | fao | isl | non: Skotland
cos | ita | lld | roh: Scozia
ast | glg | spa: Escocia
deu | ltz | nds: Schottland / Schottland
cat | oci: Escòcia
dsb | hsb: Šotiska
hrv | slv: Škotska
kaa | uzb: Shotlandiya / Шотландия
nor | swe: Skottland
tur | zza: İskoçya
arg: Escozia
aze: Şotlandiya / Шотландија
bos: Škotska / Шкотска
bre: Skos; Bro-Skos
ces: Skotsko
cor: Alban
cym: Yr Alban
epo: Skotujo; Skotio; Skotlando
est: Šotimaa
eus: Eskozia
fin: Skotlanti
fra: Écosse
frr: Schåtlönj
fry: Skotlân
gla: Alba
gle: An Albain / An Albain; Alba / Alba
glv: Nalbin
hat: Ekòs
hun: Skócia
ina: Scotia
ind: Skotlandia / سكوتلنديا
jav: Skotlandia
kmr: Şotlandî / Шотланди / شۆتلاندی; Êskotlandî / Ескотланди / ئێسکۆتلاندی
kur: Sikotlende / سکۆتلەندە; Skotland / سکۆتلاند; Îskoçya / ئیسکۆچیا
lat: Scotia; Caledonia
lav: Skotija
lim: Sjotland
lin: Ekósi
lit: Škotija
mlg: Ekôsy
mlt: Skozja
mol: Scoţia / Скоция
mri: Koterana
msa: Scotland / سكوتلند
nld: Schotland
nrm: Êcosse
pol: Szkocja
por: Escócia
que: Iskusya
ron: Scoţia
rup: Scotlandia
slk: Škótsko
slo: Sxkotia / Шкотиа; Sxkotzem / Шкотзем
sme: Skotlánda
smg: Škotėjė
sqi: Skocia; Skotlanda
ssw: iSikhwahlande
swa: Uskoti
szl: Škocyjo
tet: Eskósia
tgl: Eskosya
tpi: Skotlan
tuk: Şotlandiýa / Шотландия
vie: Tô Cách Lan; Scốt-len
vor: Sotimaa
wln: Scôsse / Sicôsse; Escôsse
xho: iSkotlani
zul: iSikhohlandi; iSikotilandi
alt | bul | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv: Шотландия (Šotlandija)
abq: Шотландия (Šotłandija)
bak: Шотландия / Şotlandiya
bel: Шатландыя / Šatłandyja; Шатляндыя / Šatlandyja; Шкоцыя / Škocyja
chm: Шотландий (Šotlandij)
kaz: Шотландия / Şotlandïya / شوتلانديا
mkd: Шкотска (Škotska)
mon: Шотланд (Šotland)
oss: Шотланди (Šotlandi)
srp: Шкотска / Škotska
tat: Шотландия / Şotlandiä
tgk: Шотландия / شاتلنیه / Şotlandija
ukr: Шотландія (Šotlandija)
ara: سكوتلندا (Sikūtlandā); إسكتلندا (Iskutlandā); أسكتلندا (Askutlandā); إسكوتلندا (Iskūtlandā); إسكوتلندة (Iskūtlandâ)
fas: اسکاتلند / Eskâtland; اسکاتلاند / Eskâtlând
prs: سکاتلند (Skātland)
pus: سکاتلنډ (Skātlənḋ); سکاټلېنډ (Skāṫlenḋ)
uig: شوتلاندىيە / Shotlandiye / Шотландия
urd: اسکاچستان (Iskāčistān); سکاٹلینڈ (Sakāṫlænḋ); اسکاٹلینڈ (Iskāṫlænḋ)
heb: סקוטלנד (Sqôṭland); סקוטלאנד (Sqôṭlând)
yid: שאָטלאַנד (Šotland)
amh | tir: ስኮትላንድ (Skotland)
ell: Σκωτία (Skōtía); Σκοτία (Skotía)
hye: Շոտլանդիա (Šotlandia)
kat: შოტლანდია (Šotlandia)
hin: स्कॉट्लैंड (Skŏṭlæṁḍ)
ben: স্কটল্যান্ড (Skôṭlænḍ)
pan: ਸਕਾਟਲੈਂਡ (Skāṭlæ̃ḍ)
kan: ಸ್ಕಾಟ್ಲೆಂಡ್ (Skāṭleṁḍ)
mal: സ്കോട്ട്ലന്റ് (Skōṭṭlanṟ)
tam: ஸ்காட்லாந்து (Skāṭlāntu)
zho: 蘇格蘭/苏格兰 (Sūgélán)
jpn: スコットランド (Sukottorando)
kor: 스코틀랜드 (Seukoteullaendeu)
bod: སུའུ་ཀེ་ལན་ (Su'u.ke.lan.)
tha: สกอตแลนด (Sakɔ̄tlǣn[d]); สก็อตแลนด (Sakɔtlǣn[d])
lao: ສະກອັດ (Sakɔt)
khm: អេកូស (Ekūs)
omething a little bit different for this week's Friday Throwback. Back to 16th May 2009, which was obviously a Saturday as it was the Pipe Band Championship in Levengrove Park in Dumbarton. These days the event is held in July, not that it has made much difference to the weather...
Always a busy event, lots of people and the coaches are in almost constant use so lots of open doors, lockers and people milling around. As this is a throwback I have gone with shots of operators who are no longer around although I was a bit surprised just how many met the criteria.
Plaxton Excalibur bodied Volvo R481 GLG of McCreadie of Airdrie. With the lockes open there is surprisngly little accessible luggage space from the nearside lockers.
Airbus A320 de AeroGal / Avianca Ecuador. Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, Octubre 2017.
AeroGal / Avianca Ecuador Airbus A320. Mariscal Sucre International Airport (SEQM/UIO), Tababela, October 2017.
English
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island
Is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeastern most point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile annexed in 1888, Easter Island is widely famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai (pronounced /ˈmoʊ.аɪ/), created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site (as determined by UNESCO) with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park. In recent times the island has served as a cautionary tale about the cultural and environmental dangers of overexploitation. Ethnographers and archaeologists now argue that the introduction of diseases carried by European colonizers and the slave raiding, that devastated the population in the 1800s had a much greater social than environmental impact. Introduced animals—first rats and then sheep—were largely responsible for the island's loss of native flora.
Português
pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_de_P%c3%a1scoa
é uma ilha da Polinésia oriental, localizada no sul do Oceano Pacífico (27º 10' latitude Sul e 109º 25' longitude Oeste). Está situada a 3700 km de distância da costa oeste do Chile e sua população em 2002 era de 3791 habitantes, 3304 dos quais viviam na capital Hanga Roa. Famosa por suas enormes estátuas de pedra, faz parte da V Região de Valparaíso, pertencente ao Chile.
Em rapanui, o idioma local, é denominada Rapa Nui ("ilha grande"), Te pito o te henúa ("umbigo do mundo") e Mata ki te rangi ("olhos fixados no céu").
Other Info / Outras Informações
Area:
163.60km2
Population:
3.900
Major city:
Hanga Roa
Easter Island (Rapa Nui in the Rapa Nui language, Isla de Pascua in Spanish language), is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian triangle. The island is an overseas territory of Chile. Easter Island is famous for its monumental statues, called moai (pronounced MOE-eye), created by the Rapanui people. It is a world heritage site with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park.
Name
The name "Easter Island" was given by the island's first recorded European visitor, the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen, who encountered Easter Island on Easter Sunday 1722, while searching for Davis or David's island.The island's official Spanish name, Isla de Pascua, is Spanish for "Easter Island".
The current Polynesian name of the island, "Rapa Nui" or "Big Rapa", was coined by labor immigrants from Rapa in the Bass Islands, who likened it to their home island in the aftermath of the Peruvian slave deportations in the 1870s.However, Thor Heyerdahl has claimed that the naming would have been the opposite, Rapa being the original name of Easter Island, and Rapa Iti was named by its refugees.
There are several hypotheses about the "original" Polynesian name for Easter Island, including Te pito o te henua, or "The Navel of the World" due to its isolation. Legends claim that the island was first named as Te pito o te kainga a Hau Maka, or the "Little piece of land of Hau Maka". Another name, Mata-ki-Te-rangi, means "Eyes that talk to the sky.
Location and physical geography
Easter Island is one of the world's most isolated inhabited islands. It is 3,600 km (2,237 mi) west of continental Chile and 2,075 km (1,290 mi) east of Pitcairn (Sala y Gómez, 415 kilometres to the east, is closer but uninhabited).
It has a latitude close to that of Caldera, Chile, an area of 163.6 km² (63 sq mi), and a maximum altitude of 507 metres. There are three Rano (freshwater crater lakes), at Rano Kau, Rano Raraku and Rano Aroi, near the summit of Terevaka, but no permanent streams or rivers.
Geology
Easter Island is a volcanic high island, consisting of three extinct volcanoes: Terevaka (altitude 507 metres) forms the bulk of the island. Two other volcanoes, Poike and Rano Kau, form the eastern and southern headlands and give the island its approximately triangular shape. There are numerous lesser cones and other volcanic features, including the crater Rano Raraku, the cinder cone Puna Pau and many volcanic caves including lava tubes.
Easter Island and surrounding islets such as Motu Nui, Motu Iti are the summit of a large volcanic mountain which rises over two thousand metres from the sea bed. It is part of the Sala y Gómez Ridge, a (mostly submarine) mountain range with dozens of seamounts starting with Pukao and then Moai, two seamounts to the west of Easter Island, and extending 2,700 km (1,700 mi) east to the Nazca Seamount.
Pukao, Moai and Easter Island were formed in the last 750,000 years, with the most recent eruption a little over a hundred thousand years ago. They are the youngest mountains of the Sala y Gómez Ridge, which has been formed by the Nazca Plate floating over the Easter hotspot.Only at Easter Island, its surrounding islets and Sala y Gómez does the Sala y Gómez Ridge form dry land.
In the first half of the 20th century, steam came out of the Rano Kau crater wall. This was photographed by the island's manager, Mr Edmunds.
History of Easter Island
The history of Easter Island is incredibly rich and highly controversial. Its inhabitants have endured famines, epidemics, civil war, slave raids and colonialism, and the crash of their ecosystem; their population has declined precipitously more than once. They have left a cultural legacy that has brought them fame out of all proportion to their numbers.
There are many theories about the cultural composition and history of Easter Island. No two seem to agree. Most scholars consider the island's culture Polynesian. But local traditions say the original culture consisted of two different races: the Hanau epe, or long-ears, the original settlers of the island with red hair and fair skin, and the Hanau momoko, or short ears, the Polynesian peoples generally associated with the Pacific.
Pedro Atan, an eleventh generation descendant of Ororoina told Thor Heyerdahl in 1955: "There were handsome people among our ancestors. There were two kinds of people on this island: some were dark (Polynesian) and some were quite fair skinned like you from the mainland, and with light hair. Real white people. But they were genuine Easter Islanderes, quite genuine. In our family there were many of the fair type, who were called oho-tea, or the light-haired. My own mother and aunt had [red] hair. ... There were many of that type in our family, all the way back. We brothers are not like that. But my daughter who was drowned had milk-white skin and completely red hair, and so has my grown up son, Juan. He makes the twelfth generation after Ororoina."
That the population consisted of two distinct races was also noted by the first European to visit the island, Jacob Roggeveen, on Easter Sunday, 1722:
"Among the first who came aboard was a white man. He was ornamented with a crown of feathers on his head, which was close shaven." The islander was presented with several gifts including "two strings of blue pearls, a small mirror, and a pair of scissors." Particularly striking were the man's artificially lengthened ears which contained "round white pegs as large as his fist." The lobes hung down to his shoulders. Roggeveen later noted that "masses of the islanders had their ears lengthened in this [same] manner." If their long ears got in the way when working, they removed the pegs and lifted the long flap up and over the upper edge of the ear.
"They are a tall, well built people," he continues, "who, so far as can be judged, are fair skinned [Polynesains] such as we know them in Tahiti, Hawaii and other eastern islands of the south seas. But the population is mixed, some are conspicuous by their darker skins, while others are quite white, like Europeans. A few are also of a reddish tint as if somewhat severely tanned by the sun. Many had beards."
"Many islanders went about stark naked, but with their entire body artistically tattooed in one continuous pattern of birds and strange figures. Others ware cloaks of bark cloth colored red and yellow. Some have waving crowns of feathers on their heads, and others [wear] queer reed hats. All are friendly, and we saw no weapons of any kind. Curiously there were hardly women to be seen, although the place was swarming with men. But the few women who showed themselves are more than cordial to us, without the men showing the slightest sign of jealousy."
According to tradition, the first oho-tea, (light-skinned) Hotu Matua, landed on the island's North-Eastern shore at Anakena Bay sometime around 300 CE. (The remains of his stone house and fireplace are still in evidence there with carbon 14 dating of the ashes providing the date.) The two vessels in Hotu Matua's party were so large they carried several hundred men, and Oroi, Matua's worst enemy made passage as a stowaway.
A single moai or statue (representing Hotu Matua?) stands on the platform, or ahu, at the beach. It was the first of the ancient stone sculptures to be re-erected under the urging of Thor Heyerdahl during his 1955 expedition to the island.
Ecology
Easter Island, together with its closest neighbour, the tiny island of Isla Sala y Gómez 415 km further east, is recognized by ecologists as a distinct ecoregion, the Rapa Nui subtropical broadleaf forests. Having relatively little rainfall contributed to eventual deforestation. The original subtropical moist broadleaf forests are now gone, but paleobotanical studies of fossil pollen and tree moulds left by lava flows indicate that the island was formerly forested, with a range of trees, shrubs, ferns, and grasses. A large palm, Paschalococos disperta, related to the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis), was one of the dominant trees, as was the toromiro tree (Sophora toromiro). The palm is now extinct, and the toromiro is extinct in the wild. However, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Göteborg Botanical Garden are jointly leading a scientific program to reintroduce the toromiro to Easter Island. The island is, and has been for at least the last three centuries, mainly covered in grassland with nga'atu or bulrush in the crater lakes of Rano Raraku and Rano Kau. Presence of these reeds (which are called totora in the Andes) was used to support the argument of a South American origin of the statue builders, but pollen analysis of lake sediments shows these reeds have grown on the island for over 30,000 years. Before the arrival of humans, Easter Island had vast seabird colonies, no longer found on the main island, and several species of landbirds, which have become extinct
Mhytes:
Hotu Matu'a
Hotu Matu'a was the legendary first settler and ariki mau ("supreme chief" or "king") of Easter Island.[1] Hotu Matua and his two canoe (or one double hulled canoe) colonizing party were Polynesians from the now unknown land of Hiva (probably the Marquesas). They landed at Anakena beach and his people spread out across the island, sub divided it between clans claiming descent from his sons, and lived for more than a thousand years in their isolated island home at the southeastern tip of the Polynesian Triangle
History
Polynesians first came to Rapa Nui/Easter Island sometime between 300 CE and 800 CE. These are the common elements of oral history that have been extracted from island legends. Linguistic, DNA and Pollen analysis all point to a Polynesian first settlement of the island at that time, but it is unlikely that other details can be verified. [2]
During this era the Polynesians were colonising islands acroass a vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean.
Hotu Matua led his people from Hiva. Linguistic analysis comparing Rapanui to other Polynesian languages suggests this was the Marquesas Islands.
[edit] Legend
It is said that Hau-Maka had a dream in which his spirit travelled to a far country, to help look for new land for King Hotu Matu'a. In the dream, his spirit travelled to the Mata ki te Rangi (Eyes that look to the Sky). The island has also been called "Te Pito 'o te Käinga", which means "the Center of the Earth." Both islands are commonly said to be Easter Island.
When Hau-Maka woke, he told the King. The King then ordered seven men to travel to the island from Hiva (a mythical land) to investigate. After they found the land, they returned to Hiva. The King and many more travelled to this new island. [3]
[edit] Theories and controversy
[edit] Tu'u ko Iho
Resemblance of the name to an early Mangarevan founder god Atu Motua ("Father Lord") has made some historians suspect that Hotu Matua was added to Easter Island mythology only in the 1860s, along with adopting the Mangarevan language. The "real" founder would have been Tu'u ko Iho, who became just a supporting character in th Hotu Matu'a centric legends.[4]
[edit] Date of First settlement
There is considerable uncertainty about the accuracy of this legend as well as the date of settlement. Published literature suggests the island was settled around 300-400 CE, or at about the time of the arrival of the earliest settlers in Hawaii. Some scientists say that Easter Island was not inhabited until 700-800 CE. This date range is based on glottochronological calculations and on three radiocarbon dates from charcoal that appears to have been produced during forest clearance activities.[5] Whilst a recent study, with radiocarbon dates from what is thought to be very early material, proves the island was settled by 1200 CE.[6] This seems to be supported by the latest information on island's deforestation that could have started around the same time. [7] Any earlier human activity seems to be insignificant or low impact.
[edit] South America or Polynesia
The Norwegian ethnographer Thor Heyerdahl pointed out many cultural similarities between Easter Island and South American Indian cultures which he suggested might have resulted from some settlers arriving also from the continent.[8] According to local legends, a group of long-eared[9] unknown men called as hanau epe[10] had arrived on the island sometime after Polynesians, introducing the stone carving technology and attempting to enslave the local Polynesians.[11] Some early accounts of the legend place hanau epe as the original residents and Polynesians as later immigrants coming from Oparo.[12] After mutual suspicions erupted in a violent clash, the hanau epe were overthrown and exterminated, leaving only one survivor.[13] The first description of island's demographics by Jacob Roggeveen in 1722 still claimed that the population consisted of two distinctive ethnic groups, one being clearly Polynesian and the other "white" with so lengthened earlobes that they could tie them behind their necks[verification needed]. Roggeveen also noted how some of the islanders were "generally large in stature". Islanders' tallness was also witnessed by the Spanish who visited the island in 1770, measuring heights of 196 and 199 cm.[14]
The fact that sweet potatoes, a staple of the Polynesian diet, and several other domestic plants - up to 12 in Easter Island - are of South American origin indicates that there may have been some contact between the two cultures. Either Polynesians have traveled to South America and back, or Indian balsa rafts have drifted to Polynesia, possibly unable to make a return trip because of their less developed navigational skills and more fragile boats, or both. Polynesian connections in South America have been noticed among the Mapuche Indians in central and southern Chile.[15] The Polynesian name for the small islet of Sala y Gómez (Manu Motu Motiro Hiva, "Bird's islet on the way to a far away land") east of Easter Island has also been seen as a hint that South America was known before European contacts. Further complicating the situation is that the word Hiva ("far away land") was also the name of the islanders' legendary home country. Inexplicable insistence on an eastern origin for the first inhabitants was unanimous among the islanders in all early accounts.[16]
Mainstream archeology is skeptical about any non-Polynesian influence on the island's prehistory, although the discussion has become political. DNA sequence analysis of Easter Island's current inhabitants (a tool not available in Heyerdahl's time) offers strong evidence of Polynesian origins. However, since few islanders survived the 19th century slave raids and epidemics deportations (perhaps only 0.25% of the peak population) this evidence depends on how representative the survivors were of the general Rapanui population
Make-make
Make-make or Makemake in the Rapa Nui mythology of Easter Island, was the creator of humanity, the god of fertility and the chief god of the "Tangata manu" or bird-man cult (this cult succeeded the islands more famous Moai era).
He is a frequent subject of the island's Petroglyphs.
Tangata manu
The Tangata manu (bird-man), was the winner of a traditional competition on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The ritual was an annual competition to collect the first Sooty Tern (manu tara) egg of the season from the islet of Motu Nui, swim back to Rapa Nui and climb the sea cliff of Rano Kau to the clifftop village of Orongo.
Contestants were revealed in dreams by ivi-attuas (individuals with the gift of prophecy). The contestants would each appoint a Hopu who would swim to Motu Nui and fetch them the Egg; whilst the contestants waited at Orongo. The race was very dangerous and many Hopu were killed by sharks, drowning or by falling.
Once the hopu had presented the egg to the contestant a fire would be lit on the landward side of the rim of Rano Kau, the location of the fire would announce to the whole island whether the new Tangata manu was from the western or eastern clans.
The winner was given a new name and the title Tangata manu, and great power on the island. Including their clan having sole rights to collect that seasons harvest of wild bird eggs and fledglings from Motu Nui.
The Tangata manu would then lead a dance down the slope of Rano Kau and on either to Anakena if he was from the western clans or Rano Raraku if he was from the eastern clans.
Make-make was the chief god of the birdman cult, the other three Gods associated with it were Hawa-tuu-take-take (the Chief of the eggs) his wife Vie Hoa and Vie Kanatea.
The Birdman cult was suppressed by Christian missionaries in the 1860s. The start point is uncertain as it is unknown whether the cult replaced the preceding Moai based religion or had co-existed with it, but Katherine Routledge was able to collect the names of 86 Tangata manu.
Hanau epe
The Hanau epe or Long-ears were a group of semi-legendary people who are said to have arrived at Easter Island. According to some theories (particularly the one popularised by Thor Heyerdahl), they were a South American indigenous people; but most evidence suggests that the original Easter Islanders were Polynesian in origin
Sebastian Englert states that "Long-Ear" is a misinterpretation of Hanau ‘E‘epe "stout race".
The Legend
There are two legends about how the Hanau epe reached Easter Island. The first is that they arrived sometime after the local Polynesians and tried to enslave them. However, some earlier accounts place the Hanau epe as the original inhabitants and the Polynesians as later immigrants from Oparo or Rapa Iti. According to this story, after the arrival of both groups, mutual suspicions led to a violent clash, and the Hanau epe were exterminated, except for one. In 1772, a description of the islands demographics by Jacob Roggeveen claimed that there were two distinctive ethnic groups: Polynesians and 'White' people, whose earlobes were lengthened a great amount. This suggests that the Hanau epe were not exterminated, but still lived peacefully alongside the Polynesians.
Moai (statues)
The large stone statues, or moai, for which Easter Island is world-famous, were carved during a relatively short and intense burst of creative and productive megalithic activity. A total of 887 monolithic stone statues have been inventoried on the island and in museum collections. Although often identified as "Easter Island heads", the statues are actually complete torsos, the figures kneeling on bent knees with their hands over their stomach. Some upright moai have become buried up to their necks by shifting soils.
The period when the statues were produced remains disputed, with estimates ranging from 400 CE to 1500–1700 CE. Almost all (95%) moais were carved out of distinctive, compressed, easily worked volcanic ash or tuff found at a single site inside the extinct volcano Rano Raraku. The native islanders who carved them used only stone hand chisels, mainly basalt toki, which still lay in place all over the quarry. The stone chisels were re-sharpened by chipping off a new edge when dulled. The volcanic stone the moai were carved from was first wetted to soften it before sculpting began, then again periodically during the process. While many teams worked on different statues at the same time, a single moai would take a team of five or six men approximately one year to complete. Each statue represents a deceased long-ear chief or important person, their body interred within the ahu, or coastal platforms, the moai stand upon.
Only a quarter of the statues were installed, while nearly half still remain in the quarry at Rano Raraku and the rest elsewhere on the island, probably on their way to final locations. Moving the huge statues required a miro manga erua, a Y-shaped sledge with cross pieces, pulled with ropes made from the tough bark of the hau-hau tree, and tied fast around the statue's neck. Anywhere from 180 to 250 men were required for pulling, depending on the size of the moai. Some 50 of the now standing statues have been re-erected in modern times. The first moai was re-erected on the beach of Anakena in 1958 using traditional methods during an expedition to the island by Thor Heyerdahl.
While the vast majority of moai follow a fairly standard design, a few are radically different, in most parts badly eroded and broken. These are believed to predate the better-known moai, including a kneeling statue with hands on its knees, parts of a statue with clearly carved ribs and a headless, rectangularly shaped torso. Similarities to Indian stone statues around Lake Titicaca in South America are striking, whether this is accidental or not.[13]
Ahu
Ahu are stone platforms on which some of the moai were erected. They vary greatly in layout and many have been significantly reworked in the islands during or after the huri mo'ai or statue-toppling era; many became ossuaries; one was dynamited open; and Ahu Tongariki was swept inland by a tsunami.
The classic elements of ahu design are:
A retaining rear wall several feet high, usually facing the sea.
A platform behind the wall.
Pads or cushions on the platform.
A sloping ramp covered with evenly sized, wave-rounded boulders on the inland side of the platform rising most of, but not all, the way up the side of the platform.
A pavement in front of the ramp.
Inside the Ahu was a fill of rubble.
On top of many Ahu would have been:
Moai on the pads looking out over the pavement with their backs to the rear wall.
Pukao on the moai's heads.
And in their eye sockets, white coral eyes with black obsidian pupils.
Ahu evolved from the traditional Polynesian marae in which the word ahu was only used for the central stone platform, though on Easter Island ahu and moai evolved to a much greater size. The biggest ahu contained 20 times as much stone as a moai; however, most of this stone was sourced very locally (apart from broken, old moai, fragments of which have also been used in the fill).[14] Also individual stones are mostly far smaller than the moai, so less work was needed to transport the raw material.
Ahu are found mostly on the coast, where they are distributed fairly evenly except on the western slopes of Mount Terevaka and the Rano Kau and Poike[15] headlands. These are the three areas with the least low-lying coastal land, and apart from Poike the furthest areas from Rano Raraku. One ahu with several moai was recorded on the cliffs at Rano Kau in the 1880s, but had fallen to the beach by the time of the Routledge expedition in 1914.
Of the 313 known ahu, only 125 carried a stone moai. Others perhaps had statues made of wood, now lost. The majority of the rest had just one moai, probably due to the shortness of the moai period and difficulties in transporting them. Ahu Tongariki, one kilometer from Rano Raraku, had the most and biggest moai, 15 in total. Other notable ahu with moai are Ahu Akivi, restored in 1960 by William Mulloy, Nau Nau at Anakena and Tahai.
[edit] Stone walls
One of the highest-quality examples of Easter Island stone masonry is the rear wall of the Ahu at Vinapu. Made without mortar by shaping hard basalt rocks of up to seven tonnes to match each other exactly, it has a superficial similarity to some Inca stone walls in South America.[16]
[edit] Stone houses
Some 1,233 prehistoric stone "houses", called tupa in earlier times[17] and hare moa ("chicken house") later, are more conspicuous than the remains of the prehistoric human houses which only had stone foundations (except for those at Orongo). Stone houses were up to 6 meters long, with a distinctive boat-shaped structure combined with a stick and palm leaf or thatch superstructure. The entrances were very low, and getting in required crawling.
Germans excavated some of the Hare Moa in 1882 and found human remains inside. Locals told them that they were resting places for the ariki, Easter Island kings and chiefs. Each house had two small holes—if a hostile spirit entered through one, the spirit of the deceased could escape through the other. As such and also by their old name, the stone houses are seen similar to Indian chullpas in Peru and Bolivia.[18] Noteworthy is that the remaining numbers of the stone houses and moais are quite close to each other, possibly meaning that for each person buried in a stone house, a moai was immediately constructed. Usage of stone houses as graves seems to have ceased around the same time when production of moais ended and ancestral worship declined. During the turmoils of the late 18th century, the islanders seem to have started to bury their dead among the ruined ahus—the moai platforms—and use the stone houses as chicken shelters. There are no human remains in them any more.
[edit] Petroglyphs
Petroglyphs are pictures carved into rock, and Easter Island has one of the richest collections in all Polynesia. Around 1,000 sites with more than 4,000 petroglyphs are catalogued. Designs and images were carved out of rock for a variety of reasons: to create totems, to mark territory or to memorialize a person or event. There are distinct variations around the island in terms of the frequency of particular themes among petroglyphs, with a concentration of Birdmen at Orongo. Other subjects include sea turtles, Komari (vulvas) and Make-make, the chief god of the Tangata manu or Birdman cult. (Lee 1992)
Petroglyphs are also common in the Marquesas islands.
Rongorongo
The undeciphered Easter island script Rongorongo may be one of the very few writing systems created ex nihilo, without outside influence. Alternatively, the islanders' brief but very visible exposure to Western writing during the Spanish visit in 1770 inspired the ruling class to establish Rongorongo as a religious tool.[19] Rongorongo was first reported by a French missionary, Eugène Eyraud, in 1864. At that time, several islanders still claimed to be able to understand the scripture, but all attempts to read them were unsuccessful. According to traditions, only a small part of the population was ever literate, Rongorongo being a privilege of the ruling families and priests. This contributed to the total loss of knowledge of how to read Rongorongo in the 1860s, when the island's elite was annihilated by slave raids and disease.
Of the hundreds of wooden tablets and staffs reportedly having Rongorongo writing carved on them, only 26 survive,[20] all in museums around the world and none remaining on Easter Island. Decades of numerous attempts to decipher proved unfruitful. The scientific community did not agree on whether or not Rongorongo was truly a form of writing, until Thor Heyerdahl's expedition in 1958 was given an ancient 41-page manuscript to photocopy. On its pages the rongo-rongo symbols were set in a column down the left hand side of the page and to the right of each sign, its definition was given in Easter Island Polynesian. (Two pages of the text were even reproduced in Heyerdahl's book "Aku-Aku.")
Legends claim that Hotu Matu'a brought the original tablets with him when he first landed at Anakena; however, as Metraux pointed out, the largest tablet is made from a European oar. Also, as there is not a single line of Rongorongo carved in stone despite thousands of Rapanui petroglyphs and other remarkable stonework, Rongorongo probably originated on Easter Island in a rather late period.
The Rongorongo script has few similarities to the petroglyph corpus.[21]
[edit] Wood carving
Wood was scarce on Easter Island during the 18th and 19th centuries, but a number of highly detailed and distinctive carvings have found their way to the world's museums. Particular forms include:[22]
Rei Miro, a gorget or breast ornament of crescent shape with a head at one or both tips.[23] The same design appears on the flag of Rapa Nui. Two Rei Miru at the British Museum are inscribed with Rongorongo.
Moko-Miro, a man with a lizard head.
Moai-Miro, human images often emaciated and sometimes with long ears.
Ao, a large dancing paddle.
Internet Page:
www.rongorongo.org/leyendas/index.htm
Easter isl in diferent languages
eng: Easter Island
afr | nld: Paaseiland
ind | msa: Pulau Paskah / ڤولاو ڤسكه
ast: Islla de Pascua
aze: Pasxa adası / Пасха адасы
bos: Uskršnje ostrvo / Ускршње острво
bre: Enez Pask
cat: Illa de Pasqua
ces: Velikonoční ostrov
cor: Ynys Pask
cym: Ynys y Pâsg
dan: Påskeøen
deu: Osterinsel / Oſterinſel
epo: Paskinsulo
est: Lihavõttesaar
eus: Bazko Irla
fao: Páskaoyggin
fin: Pääsiäissaari
fra: Île de Pâques
frp: Ila de Pâques
fry: Peaske-eilân
fur: Isule di Pasche
gla: Eilean na Càisge
gle: Oileán na Cásca / Oileán na Cásca
glg: Illa de Páscoa
hrv: Uskršnji otok
hun: Húsvét-sziget
ina: Insula de Pascha
isl: Páskaeyja
ita: Isola di Pasqua
lat: Insula Paschalia
lav: Lieldienu sala
lit: Velykų sala
ltz: Ouschterinsel / Ouſchterinſel
mlt: Gżira ta’ l-Għid
mol: Insula Paştelui / Инсула Паштелуй
nds: Oosterinsel / Ooſterinſel
nor: Påskeøya
pol: Wyspa Wielkanocna
por: Ilha de Páscoa
rap: Rapa Nui
ron: Insula Paştelui
scn: Isula di Pasqua
slk: Veľkonočný ostrov
slv: Velikonočni otok
sme: Beassášsuolu
spa: Isla de Pascua
sqi: Ishulli i Pashkëve
srd: Isula de Pasca
swa: Kisiwa ya Pasaka
swe: Påskön
tgl: Pulau ng Pasko
tur: Paskalya Adası
vie: Đảo Phục Sinh
bel: Востраў Пасхі / Vostraŭ Paschi; Выспа Вялікдня / Vyspa Vialikdnia
bul: Великденски остров (Velikdenski ostrov)
kaz: Пасха аралы / Pasxa aralı / پاسحا ارالى
mkd: Велигденски остров (Veligdenski ostrov)
mon: Улаан өндөгний баярын арал (Ulaan öndögnij bajaryn aral)
rus: Остров Пасхи (Ostrov Pasĥi)
srp: Ускршњи острво / Uskršnji ostrvo
tgk: Ҷазираи Писҳо / جزیرۀ پسها / Çazirai Pisho
ukr: Острів Пасхі (Ostriv Pasĥi); Острів Великдня (Ostriv Velykdnja)
ara: جزيرة الفصح (Ǧazīrâtu l-Fiṣḥ)
fas: جزیرۀ ایستر (Jazīre-ye Īstar); جزیرۀ پاک (Jazīre-ye Pāk)
uig: پاسخا ئارالى / Pasxa arali / Пасха арали
urd: جزیرۂ ایسٹر (Jazīrâ-e Īsṫar)
heb: אי הפסחא (Î ha-Pasḥâ)
yid: קײסעך-אינדזלען (Keyseḫ-Indzlen)
amh: የፋሲካ ደሴት (yä-Fasika däset)
ell: Νησί του Πάσχα (Nīsí toy Pásĥa)
hye: Զատիկան կղզի (Zatikan kġzi)
kat: აღდგომის კუნძული (Aġdgomis kundzuli)
hin: ईस्टर टापू (Īsṭar ṭāpū)
guj: ઈસ્ટર ટાપુ (Īsṭar ṭāpu)
pan: ਈਸਟਰ ਟਾਪੂ (Īsṭar ṭāpū)
mal: ഈസ്റ്റര് ദ്വീപ് (Īsṟṟar dvīp)
tam: உயிர்த்த ஞாயிறு தீவு (Uyirtta Ñāyiṛu tīvu)
zho: 復活節島/复活节岛 (Fùhuó Jié dǎo)
jpn: イースター島 (Īsutā tō)
kor: 부활절 섬 (Buhwaljeol seom)
tha: เกาะอีสเตอร์ (Kɔ Īttə̄[r])
Is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
Northern Ireland consists of six of the traditional nine counties of the historic Irish province of Ulster. It was created as a distinct division of the United Kingdom on 3 May 1921 under the Government of Ireland Act 1920,though its constitutional roots lie in the 1800 Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland. For over 50 years it had its own devolved government and parliament. These institutions were suspended in 1972 and abolished in 1973. Repeated attempts to restore self-government finally resulted in the establishment of the present-day Northern Ireland Executive and Northern Ireland Assembly. The Assembly operates on consociational democracy principles requiring cross-community support.
Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict—The Troubles—between those claiming to represent nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and those claiming to represent unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom, while nationalists wish it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland. Since the signing of the "Good Friday Agreement" in 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns.
Due to its unique history, the issue of the symbolism, name and description of Northern Ireland is complex, and similarly the issue of citizenship and identity. In general, Unionists consider themselves British and Nationalists see themselves as Irish, though these identities are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland
Other info
Oficial name:
Tuaisceart Éireann
Norlin Airlann
Establishment
- Government of Ireland Act 1920
Area:
13.843 km2
Inhabitants:
2.000.000
Languages:
Irish and English
Capital city:
Belfast
Meaning island name:
After Éire from Proto-Celtic *Īweriū "the fertile place" or "Place of Éire (Eriu)" a Celtic fertility goddess. Often mistakenly derived as "Land of Iron", or from a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *arya, or from variations of the Irish word for west (modern Irish iar, iarthar).
Hibernia (ancient name and Latin variant): apparently assimilated to Latin hibernus (wintry).
Ireland is known as Eirinn in Scottish Gaelic, from a grammatical case of Éire. In fellow Celtic language Welsh it is Iwerddon, in Cornish it is Ywerdhon or Worthen and in Breton it is Iwerzhon.
In Gaelic bardic tradition Ireland is also known by the poetical names of Banbha (meaning piglet) and Fódhla. In Gaelic myth, Ériu, Banbha and Fódla were three goddesses who greeted the Milesians upon their arrival in Ireland, and who granted them custodianship of the island
Description Flag:
The "Ulster Banner" is the official name that was given to the flag, which can be referred to as "the flag of Northern Ireland", the "Northern Ireland flag", the "Red Hand Flag" or as the "Ulster Flag" (not to be confused with the provincial Flag of Ulster). The Ulster Banner was the official flag that was used to represent the Government of Northern Ireland from 1953 to 1973. In common with other British flags, any civic status of the flag was not defined in a de jure manner.
In 1924, the Government of Northern Ireland was granted arms by Royal Warrant and had the right to display these arms on a flag or banner. This right was exercised for the Coronation in 1953. Between 1953 and 1972, this flag was the arms of the Government of Northern Ireland. It ceased to have official government sanction when the Parliament of Northern Ireland was dissolved by the British government under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973, but remains the only flag to date which represents Northern Ireland at international level in sport. and the flag of the province of Ulster, with the addition of a crown to symbolise the loyalty of Ulster unionists to the British Monarchy. As with the flag of the province of Ulster, it contains the Red Hand of Ulster at the centre. There is a dispute as to the meaning of the star, with some maintaining it is the Star of David, and others say it represents the six counties that make up Northern Ireland.
The flag is used within the unionist community, along with the Union Flag. A variation of the flag places the Union Flag in the Canton, and defaced with the red hand and the outline of a map of Northern Ireland on the Union Flag. It is regularly displayed by fans of the Northern Ireland national football team. It is also used to represent Northern Ireland at the Commonwealth Games, the Northern Ireland national football team.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of Arms of Northern Ireland was granted to the Government of Northern Ireland in 1924, after the Irish Free State had separated from the United Kingdom.
Neville Rodwell Wilkinson, Ulster King of Arms, had designed the great seal and flag of Northern Ireland in 1923. In January 1924 he held discussions with Northern Ireland officials in London regarding the coat of arms. The final design was completed by Wilkinson's deputy Thomas Ulick Sadleir for approval by the Northern Ireland cabinet in April 1924. The artwork was approved and the Royal warrant signed by George V and issued through the Home Office on August 2, 1924 and registered in the Register of Arms in Dublin as follows:
Royal Warrant Government of Northern Ireland
Argent a cross gules, overall on a six pointed star of the field ensigned by an Imperial crown proper a dexter hand couped at the wrist of the second.
Given at our Court of St. James in the 15th year of our reign 2nd August 1924 by His Majesty's command.
This was the same design as the Flag of Northern Ireland which had been designed in the previous year.
The supporters were granted in 1925, and consist of a gold lion supporting a banner of the Irish coat of arms — Azure a harp Or stringed Argent, meaning a gold harp, stringed silver, on a blue background, as represented in the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom; and a white elk with gold antlers and hooves supporting a banner of the arms of the De Burgo Earls of Ulster, the basis for the Flag of Ulster.
In 1971 the College of Arms in London added the compartment on which the supporters stand. The Latin motto Quis separabit (Who shall separate). The motto was first used by the Order of St. Patrick in the 18th Century, and was also used by the British Army regiment, the Royal Ulster Rifles. More recently, the motto has been used by the proscribed paramilitary group known as the Ulster Defence Association (the UDA).
When the Government of Northern Ireland was prorogued in 1972 the arms went out of official use. The grant has not been rescinded, but the arms are considered historical, as the body to which the arms were granted no longer exists and so cannot be used unless regranted to another armiger.
Motto:
" Quis separabit? "
National Anthem: Londonderry Air
'Oh! shrive me, father - haste, haste, and shrive me,
'Ere sets yon dread and flaring sun;
'Its beams of peace, - nay, of sense, deprive me,
'Since yet the holy work's undone.'
The sage, the wand'rer's anguish balming,
Soothed her heart to rest once more;
And pardon's promise torture calming,
The Pilgrim told her sorrows o'er.
The charms that caus'd in life's young morning,
The woes the sad one had deplor'd,
Were now, alas! no more adorning,
The lips that pardon sweet implor'd:-
But oh! those eyes, so mildly beaming,
Once seen, not Saints could e'er forget! -
And soon the Father's tears were streaming,
When Devorgilla's gaze he met!
Gone, gone, was all the pride of beauty,
That scorn'd and broke the bridal vow,
And gave to passion all the duty
So bold a heart would e'er allow;
Yet all so humbly, all so mildly,
The weeping fair her fault confess'd,
Tho' youth had viewed her wand'ring wildly,
That age could ne'er deny her rest.
The tale of woe full sadly ended,
The word of peace the Father said,
While balmy tear-drops fast descended,
And droop'd the suppliant sinner's head.
The rose in gloom long drear and mourning,
Not welcomes more the sun's mild ray,
Than Breffni's Princess hail'd returning
The gleam of rest that shriving-day.
The first writer, after Petrie's publication, to set verses to the tune was Alfred Perceval Graves, in the late 1870's. His song was entitled 'Would I Were Erin's Apple Blossom o'er You.' Graves later stated '.....that setting was, to my mind, too much in the style of church music, and was not, I believe, a success in consequence.' (ref Audley, below).
Would I were Erin's apple-blossom o'er you,
Or Erin's rose, in all its beauty blown,
To drop my richest petals down before you,
Within the garden where you walk alone;
In hope you'd turn and pluck a little posy,
With loving fingers through my foliage pressed,
And kiss it close and set it blushing rosy
To sigh out all its sweetness on your breast.
Would I might take a pigeon's flight towards you,
And perch beside your window-pane above,
And murmur how my heart of hearts it hoards you,
O hundred thousand treasures of my love;
In hope you'd stretch your slender hand and take me,
And smooth my wildly-fluttering wings to rest,
And lift me to your loving lips and make me
My bower of blisses in your loving breast.
And when the dew no longer pearls your roses,
Nor gems your footprint on the glittering lawn,
I'd follow you into the forest closes
In the fond image of your sportive fawn;
Till you should woo me 'neath the wavering cover
With coaxing call and friendly hands and eyes,
Where never yet a happy human lover
His head has pillowed—mine to emparadise.
Irish Love Song
The tune was first called "Londonderry Air" in 1894 when Katherine Tynan Hinkson set the words of her "Irish Love Song" to it:
Would God I were the tender apple blossom
That floats and falls from off the twisted bough
To lie and faint within your silken bosom
Within your silken bosom as that does now.
Or would I were a little burnish'd apple
For you to pluck me, gliding by so cold
While sun and shade you robe of lawn will dapple
Your robe of lawn, and you hair's spun gold.
Yea, would to God I were among the roses
That lean to kiss you as you float between
While on the lowest branch a bud uncloses
A bud uncloses, to touch you, queen.
Nay, since you will not love, would I were growing
A happy daisy, in the garden path
That so your silver foot might press me going
Might press me going even unto deat
Use as a hymn tune
As with a good many folk tunes, Londonderry Air is also used a hymn tune; most notably for "I cannot tell" [1], written by William Young Fullerton.
I cannot tell why He Whom angels worship,
Should set His love upon the sons of men,
Or why, as Shepherd, He should seek the wanderers,
To bring them back, they know not how or when.
But this I know, that He was born of Mary
When Bethlehem’s manger was His only home,
And that He lived at Nazareth and labored,
And so the Savior, Savior of the world is come.
I cannot tell how silently He suffered,
As with His peace He graced this place of tears,
Or how His heart upon the cross was broken,
The crown of pain to three and thirty years.
But this I know, He heals the brokenhearted,
And stays our sin, and calms our lurking fear,
And lifts the burden from the heavy laden,
For yet the Savior, Savior of the world is here.
I cannot tell how He will win the nations,
How He will claim His earthly heritage,
How satisfy the needs and aspirations
Of East and West, of sinner and of sage.
But this I know, all flesh shall see His glory,
And He shall reap the harvest He has sown,
And some glad day His sun shall shine in splendour
When He the Savior, Savior of the world is known.
I cannot tell how all the lands shall worship,
When, at His bidding, every storm is stilled,
Or who can say how great the jubilation
When all the hearts of men with love are filled.
But this I know, the skies will thrill with rapture,
And myriad, myriad human voices sing,
And earth to Heaven, and Heaven to earth, will answer:
At last the Savior, Savior of the world is King
It was also used as a setting for "I would be true" by Howard Arnold Walter at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales:
I would be true, for there are those that trust me.
I would be pure, for there are those that care.
I would be strong, for there is much to suffer.
I would be brave, for there is much to dare.
I would be friend of all, the foe, the friendless.
I would be giving, and forget the gift,
I would be humble, for I know my weakness,
I would look up, laugh, love and live.
Internet Page: www.northernireland.gov.uk
www.discovernorthernireland.com
N.Ireland in diferent languages
eng: Northern Ireland
afr | lim | nld: Noord-Ierland
cat | ina | ita: Irlanda del Nord
roh-enb | roh-eno | roh-gri: Irlanda dal Nord
ast | spa: Irlanda del Norte
dan | swe: Nordirland
deu | ltz: Nordirland / Nordirland
fra | nrm: Irlande du Nord
glg | tet: Irlanda Norte
kin | run: Irilande y’uburaruko
arg: Irlanda d’o Norte
aze: Şimali İrlandiya / Шимали Ирландија
bam: Irilandi Saheliyanfan
bos: Severna Irska / Северна Ирска
bre: Norzh-Iwerzhon
ces: Severní Irsko
cor: Iwerdhon Gledh
cos: Irlanda tramuntana
cym: Gogledd Iwerddon
dsb: Pódpołnocna Irska
epo: Nord-Irlando
est: Põhja-Iirimaa
eus: Ipar Irlanda
fao: Norðurírland
fin: Pohjois-Irlanti
fry: Noard-Ierlân
gla: Èirinn a Tuath
gle: Tuaisceart Éireann / Tuaisceart Éireann
glv: Nerin Hwoaie
hat: Iland dinò
hau: Ireland ta Arewa
hrv: Sjeverna Irska
hsb: Sewjerna Irska
hun: Észak-Írország
ibo: Aialand Ugwu
ind: Irlandia Utara / ايرلنديا اوتارا
isl: Norður-Írland
jav: Irlandia Utara
kaa: Arqa İrlandiya / Арқа Ирландия
kmr: Îrlandî ya Bakur / Ирланди йа Бакӧр’ / ئیرلاندیا باکوڕ; Îrlandî ya Şimalê / Ирланди йа Шьмале / ئیرلاندیا شمالی
kur: Îrlandaya Bakur / ئیرلاندایا باکور
lat: Irlandia Septentrionalis; Hibernia Septentrionalis
lav: Ziemeļīrija
lin: Irlandi ya Nola
lit: Šiaurės Airija
lld: Irlanda dl Nord
mlg: Irlandy Avaratra
mlt: Irlanda ta’ Fuq
mol: Irlanda de Nord / Ирланда де Норд
mri: Airangi ki te Raki
msa: Ireland Utara / ايرلند اوتارا
nds: Noordirland / Noordirland
nor: Nord-Irland
oci: Irlanda del Nòrd
pol: Irlandia Północna
por: Irlanda do Norte
que: Chinchay Ilanda
rmy: Nordutno Irland / नोर्दुत्नो इर्लान्द
roh-srs: Irlanda dil Nord
ron: Irlanda de Nord
rup: Irlanda di Aratsile
scn: Irlanna dû Nord
sco: Northren Ireland
slk: Severné Írsko
slo: Severju Irlandia / Северйу Ирландиа
slv: Severna Irska
sme: Davvi-Irlánda
smg: Šiauris Airėjė
smo: Aialani i Matu
som: Ayrlaandada Waqooyi
sqi: Irlanda Veriore
srd: Irlanda de Susu
swa: Ireland ya Kaskazini
szl: Irlandja Půunocno
tgl: Hilagang Irlandiya
tpi: Noten Aialan
tuk: Demirgazyk Irlandiýa / Демиргазык Ирландия
tur: Kuzey İrlanda
uzb: Shimoliy Irlandiya / Шимолий Ирландия
vie: Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan; Bắc Ai-len
wln: Bijhe Irlande
wol: Irlaand bu Noor
zza: İrlanda Zımey
abq: Северна Ирландия (Severna Irłandija)
alt: Тӱндӱк Ирландия (Tündük Irlandija)
bak: Төньяҡ Ирландия / Tönyaķ İrlandiya
bel: Паўночная Ірландыя / Paŭnočnaja Irłandyja; Паўночная Ірляндыя / Paŭnočnaja Irlandyja
bul: Северна Ирландия (Severna Irlandija)
che: Къилбседера Ирланди (Q̣ilbsedera Irlandi)
chm: Йӱдвел Ирландий (Jüdvel Irlandij)
chv: Ҫурҫӗр Ирланди (Śurśĕr Irlandi)
kaz: Солтүстік Ирландия / Soltüstik Ïrlandïya / سولتۇستىك يرلانديا
kbd: Севернэ Ирландие (Severnă Irlandie)
kir: Түндүк Ирландия (Tündük Irlandija)
kjh: Севернай Ирландия (Severnaj Irlandija)
kom: Севернӧй Ирландия (Severnöj Irlandija)
krc: Север Ирландия (Sever Irlandija)
kum: Темиркъазыкъ Ирландия (Temirqazyq Irlandija)
mkd: Северна Ирска (Severna Irska)
mon: Умард Ирланд (Umard Irland)
oss: Цӕгат Ирланди (Cägat Irlandi)
rus: Северная Ирландия (Severnaja Irlandija)
srp: Северна Ирска / Severna Irska
tat: Төньяк Ирландия / Tönyaq İrlandiä
tgk: Ирландияи Шимолӣ / ایرلندیۀ شمالی / Irlandijai Şimolī
tyv: Соңгу-Ирландия (Soṅgu-Irlandija)
ukr: Північна Ірландія (Pivnična Irlandija)
ara: آيرلندا الشمالية (Āyirlandā š-Šimālīyâ); إيرلندا الشمالية (Īrlandā š-Šimālīyâ); إرلندة الشمالية (Irlandâtu š-Šimālīyâ); إرلندا الشمالية (Irlandā š-Šimālīyâ)
fas: ایرلند شمالی / Irlande Šemâli; ایرلاند شمالی / Irlânde Šemâli
pus: شمالي آيرلېنډ (Šimālī Āyrlenḋ); شمالي آيرلېند (Šimālī Āyrlend); شمالي آئرلېنډ (Šimālī Āʾirlenḋ); شمالي آئرلېند (Šimālī Āʾirlend)
snd: اتر آئرلينڊ (Utaru Āʾirlenḍa)
uig: شىمالىي ئىرلاندىيە / Shimaliy Irlandiye / Шималий Ирландия
urd: شمالی آئرستان (Šimālī Āʾiristān); شمالی آئرلینڈ / شمالی آئرلینڈ (Šimālī Āʾirlænḋ); شمالی آیرلینڈ (Šimālī Āyarlænḋ)
heb: צפון אירלנד (Tsəfôn Îrland); צפון אירלאנד (Tsəfôn Îrlând); אירלנד הצפונית (Îrland ha-Tsəfônît); אירלאנד הצפונית (Îrlând ha-Tsəfônît)
yid: צפֿון אירלאַנד (Tsofn Irland)
amh: ሰሜን አየርላንድ (Sämen Ăyärland)
ell-dhi: Βόρεια Ιρλανδία (Vóreia Irlandía)
ell-kat: Βόρειος Ἰρλανδία (Vóreios Irlandía)
hye: Հյուսիսային Իռլանդիա (Hyousisayin Iṙlandia)
kat: ჩრდილოეთ ირლანდია (Č̣rdiloeṭ Irlandia)
hin: उत्तर आयरलैंड (Uttar Āyarlæṁḍ)
ben: উত্তর আয়ারল্যান্ড (Uttar Āyārlæṇḍ); উত্তর আয়ারল্যাণ্ড (Uttar Āyārlæṇḍ)
kan: ಉತ್ತರ ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್ (Uttara Airleṁḍ)
mal: ഉത്തര അയര്ലന്റ് (Uttara Ayarlanṟ)
tam: வட அயர்லாந்து (Vaṭa Ayarlāntu)
zho: 北愛爾蘭/北爱尔兰 (Běi Ài'ěrlán)
yue: 北愛爾蘭/北爱尔兰 (Bāk Oiyíhlàahn)
jpn: 北アイルランド (Kita Airurando)
kor: 북아일랜드 (Buk Aillaendeu)
dzo: བྱང་ཨའིརི་ལེནཌ་ (Byaṅ A'iri.lenḍ.)
mya: မ္ရောက္အုိင္ယာလန္ (Myouʿ Aĩyalã)
tha: ไอร์แลนด์เหนือ (Ai[r]lǣn[d] [h]Nʉ̄a)
lao: ອຽກລັງເໜືອ (Aẏklâṅ [h]Nʉ̄a)
khm: អៀរឡង់ខាងជើង (Ierḷăṅ Kʰāṅčøṅ)
All the info you will see here, i took from the internet.
I dont want this page, used for politics or holy wars or other things.
Respect the page.
I dont take part of any country.
Thanks for understand
The State of Palestine (Arabic: دولة فلسطين, dawlat filastin), officially simply Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين, filastin), is a state with limited recognition. It was proclaimed on November 15, 1988, in Algiers by the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) Palestinian National Council (PNC) as an affirmation of the Palestinian people's right to self determination in form of an independent, sovereign state, at a time when the PLO did not exercise any control over the territory in question.The declaration designated Jerusalem the capital of Palestine, despite the Israeli control over the city and its designation as the Israeli capital in the Israeli law.
More than 100 countries recognized the state of Palestine, while other countries announced they welcomed this step without explicitly declaring recognition. The United Nations General Assembly officially acknowledged the 1988 proclamation and voted to change the name of the PLO General Assembly permanent observer to "Palestine". In the list of "non-member states and entities" Palestine is categorized under "Other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and are maintaining permanent offices at Headquarters".
The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA), established as a result of the Oslo Accords which were signed between the PLO and Israel, is an interim administrative body that exercises some governmental functions in parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The current President of Palestine is Mahmoud Abbas, serving in his capacity as Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
Other info
Oficial name:
دولة فلسطين
Dawlat Filastin
Independence:
15 de Novembro 1988
Area:
26.500km2
Inhabitants:
5.000.000
Languages:
Arabic, Levantine Bedawi Spoken [avl] 10,000 in Palestinian West Bank and Gaza (1996). Judean desert and along the Jordan River. Alternate names: Bedawi. Dialects: South Levantine Bedawi Arabic, North Levantine Bedawi Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Arabic, South Levantine Spoken [ajp] 1,600,000 in Palestinian West Bank and Gaza (1996). Alternate names: Bedawi. Dialects: Madani, Fellahi. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Arabic, Standard [arb] Middle East, North Africa. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
More information.
Domari [rmt] 2,000 in Palestinian West Bank and Gaza (1997). Population includes Israel. Gaza and Bir Zeit near Ramallah. Alternate names: Nawari, Dom, Near-Eastern Gypsy. Dialects: Nawari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Dom
More information.
Extinct languages
Samaritan [smp] Extinct. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). West bank near Nablus and in Tel Aviv, Israel. Also spoken in Israel. Alternate names: Samaritan Hebrew. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite
More information.
Samaritan Aramaic [sam] Extinct. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). West Bank near Nablus and in Tel Aviv, Israel. Also spoken in Israel. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Western
Capital city:
Jerusalem
Meaning country name:
Named after the ancient Philistines of the area around Gaza. The Greeks adopted the name to refer to the broader area, as Palaistinê, but Herodotus and others considered this as one part of Syria. The Roman Empire later adopted this concept in the form Syria Palaestina, as a new name for the province (formerly known as Judaea) after the defeat of Bar Kochba in AD 135.
Jórsalaheimr, Jórsalaland, Jórsalaríki in Old Norse: after Jórsala (Jerusalem).
Description Flag:
The Meaning of the Flag [5]
RED: The Islamic rulers of Andalusia (756-1355)
The Khawarij were the first Islamic group to emerge after the assassination of Caliph Uthman III, forming the first republican party in the early days of Islam. Their symbol was the red flag. Arab tribes who participated in the conquest of North Africa and Andalusia carried the red flag, which became the symbol of the Islamic rulers of Andalusia (756-1355). In modern times, red symbolizes the Ashraaf of the Hijaz and the Hashemites, descendants of the Prophet. Sharif Hussein designed the current flag as the flag of the Arab Revolt on June 1916. The Palestinian people raised it as the flag of the Arab National movement in 1917. In 1947, the Arab Ba'ath Party interpreted the flag as a symbol of the liberation and unity of the Arab nation. The Palestinian people readopted the flag at the Palestinian conference in Gaza in 1948. The flag was recognized by the Arab League as the flag of the Palestinian people. It was further endorsed by the PLO, the representative of the Palestinians, at the Palestinian conference in Jerusalem in 1964.
BLACK: The Prophet Mohammad (570-632) and Rashidun Caliphate
In the seventh century, with the rise of Islam and subsequent liberation of Mecca, two flags - one white, one black - were carried. On the white flag was written, "There is no god but God (Allah) and Mohammad is the Prophet of God." In pre-Islamic times, the black flag was a sign of revenge. It was the color of the headdress worn when leading troops into battle. Both black and white flags were placed in the mosque during Friday prayers. The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258), ruling from Baghdad, took black as a symbol of mourning for the assassination of relatives of the Prophet and in remembrance of the Battle of Karbala.
WHITE: The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750), Damascus
The Umayyads ruled for ninety years, taking white as their symbolic color as a reminder of the Prophet's first battle at Badr, and to distinguish themselves from the Abbasids, by using white, rather than black, as their color of mourning. Mu'awia Ibn Abi Sufian (661-750), founder of the Umayyad state, proclaimed himself Caliph of Jerusalem.
GREEN: The Fatimid Dynasty (909-1171), North Africa
The Fatimid Dynasty was founded in Morocco by Abdullah Al-Mahdi, and went on rule all of North Africa. They took green as their color, to symbolize their allegiance to Ali, the Prophet's cousin, who was once wrapped in a green coverlet in place of the Prophet in order to thwart an assassination attempt.
Another opinion claims the origin of the Arab Revolt flag to a group of Arab Activists at the Arab Intellectual Council in Istanbul, around 1909-1911, who created a banner for their council with the four colors and the following poem written within it:
Ask the high rising spears, of our aspirations
Bring witness the swords, did we lose hope
We are a band, honor halts our souls
Of beginning with harm, those who won’t harm us
White are our deeds, black are our battles,
Green are our fields, red are our swords.
(Safi al-Din al-Hili, poet)
Coat of arms:
The Coat of Arms of the Palestinian National Authority is the coat of arms used by the Palestinian National Authority. It features the Pan-Arab colours of the Palestinian flag on a shield carried by the Eagle of Saladin. Below, a scroll says "السلطة الفلسطينية", or "The Palestinian Authority" in Arabic.
EscutcheonPaly of three pieces, Sable, Argent and Vert; a pile Gules
MottoArabic: السلطة الفلسطينية
The Palestinian Authority
Other elementsEagle of Saladin (single supporter)
National Anthem : Biladi
Arab
بلادي يا أرضي يا أرض الجدود
بلادي بلادي بلادي
يا شعبي يا شعب الخلود
بعزمي وناري وبركان ثأري وأشواق دمي لأرضي وداري
صعدت الجبال وخضت النضال
قهرت المحال عبرت الحدود
بلادي بلادي بلادي
يا شعبي يا شعب الخلود
بعزم الرياح ونار السلاح وإصرار شعبي بأرض الكفاح فلسطين
داري فلسطين ناري فلسطين
ثأري وأرض الصمود
بلادي بلادي بلادي
يا شعبي يا شعب الخلود
بحق القسم تحت ظل العلم
بأرضي وشعبي ونار الألم سأحيا فدائي
وأمضي فدائي وأقضي فدائي
الى أن تعود بلادي
بلادي يا شعب الخلود
Translation
CHORUS:
Biladi Biladi
Biladi ya ardi ya arda al-judoud
Fida'i Fida'i
Fida'I ya sha'bi ya sha'b al-khuloud
Bi'azmi wa nari wa burkani thari
Wa ashwaqi dammi li ardi wa dari
Sa?adto al-jibala wa khodto an-nidala
Qaharto al-mohala abarto al-hudood
CHORUS
Bi'azmi al-riyah wa nari al-silah
Wa israri sha'bi bi ardi al-kifah
Filisteeno dari Filisteeno nari
Filisteeno thari wa ardi as-sumood
CHORUS
Bihaqqi al-qasam tahta zilli al-'alam
Bi ardi w sha'bi wa nari al-alam
Sa ahya fida'i wa amdee fida'i
Wa aqdee fida'i ila ann ta'oud
CHORUS
English
My country , my country
My country, the land of my grand fathers
My country, my country
My country, my nation, the nation of eternity
With my determination, my fire and the volcano of my revenge
The longing of my blood to my land and home
I have climbed the mountains and fought the wars
I have conquered the impossible, and crossed the frontiers
My country, my country, the nation of eternity
With the resolve of the winds and the fire of the guns
And the determination of my nation in the land of struggle
Palestine is my home, Palestine is my fire, Palestine is my revenge and the land of eternal
My country, my country, the nation of eternity
I swear under the shade of the flag
To my land and nation, and the fire of pain
I will live as a guerrilla, I will go on as guerrilla, I will expire as guerrilla until I will be back
My country, my country, the nation of eternity
Internet Page: www.al-awda.org
Palestine in diferent languages
eng | fra | fur: Palestine
afr | arg | ast | bre | cat | ces | cym | dsb | eus | glg | hrv | hsb | ina | ita | jav | lit | lld | mlt | nld | nor | oci | por | roh | ron | rup | scn | slv | spa | sqi | srd | swe | tet | tgl: Palestina
bos | kaa | mol | tuk: Palestina / Палестина
deu | ltz | nds: Palästina / Paläſtina
est | fin | vor: Palestiina
isl | slk: Palestína
aze: Fələstin / Фәләстин
crh: Filistin / Филистин
dan: Palæstina
epo: Palestino
frp: Palèstina
gla: Palastain; Paileastain
gle: An Phalaistín / An Ṗalaistín; An Phailistín / An Ṗailistín
glv: Yn Phalasteen
haw: Palekekine
hun: Palesztina; Palesztína
ibo: Palestain
ind: Palestina / ڤالستينا
kmr: Felestîn / Фәләстин / فەلەستین; Falêstîn / Фалестин / فالێستین; Palêstîn / Палестин / پالێستین
kur: Filistîn / فلستین
lat: Palaestina
lav: Palestīna
lin: Palesitíni
mfe: Palestinn
mlg: Palestinina
msa: Palestin / ڤالستين; Falastin / فلسطين
non: Jórsalaheimr; Jórsalaland; Jórsalaríki
pol: Palestyna
que: Palistina
rmy: Palestina / पालेस्तिना
slo: Palestinia / Палестиниа
som: Falastiin
tur: Filistin
uzb: Falastin / Фаластин
vol: Palästinän
wol: Palestiin
xho: iPalestina
zza: Fılıstin
chu: Палестинъ (Palestinŭ)
alt | bul | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Палестина (Palestina)
bak | srp: Палестина / Palestina
abq: Палестина (Pałestina)
bel: Палестына / Palestyna; Палесціна / Palescina
chv: Палестинӑ (Palestină)
kaz: Палестина / Palestïna / پالەستينا
kbd: Палестинэ (Palestină)
mon: Палестин (Palestin)
oss: Палестинӕ (Palestinä)
tat: Филистин / Filistin; Палестина / Palestina
tgk: Фаластин / فلسطین / Falastin
ukr: Палестина (Palestyna)
ara: فلسطين (Filasṭīn)
ckb: فیلەستین / Fîlestîn
fas: فلسطین / Felastin / Felestin
prs: فلسطین (Felasṭīn)
pus: فلسطين (Filasṭīn)
snd: فلسطين (Falasṭīn)
uig: پەلەستىن / Pelestin / Пәләстин
urd: فلسطین (Falasṭīn)
heb: פלשתינה (Paleśtînah); ארץ ישראל (Erets Yiśraʾel)
lad: פאליסטינה / Palestina
yid: פּאַלעסטינע (Palestine); ארץ-ישׂראל (Erts-Yiśroel)
amh: ፓለስታይን (Palästayn); ፍልስጥኤም (Fələsṭ'em)
cop-boh: Ⲫⲩⲗⲓⲥⲧⲓⲙ (Ḟylistim)
ell: Παλαιστίνη (Palaistínī)
hye: Պաղեստին (Paġestin); Պալեստինա (Palestina)
kat: პალესტინა (Palestina)
hin: पेलेस्टाइन (Pelesṭāin)
ben: প্যালেষ্টাইন (Pæleṣṭāin); প্যালেস্টাইন (Pælesṭāin)
pan: ਫਿਲੀਸਤੀਨ (Pʰilīstīn); ਫ਼ਲਸਤੀਨ (Falastīn)
mal: പലസ്തീന് (Palastīn)
tam: பாலஸ்தீனம் (Pālastīṉam); பலஸ்தீனம் (Palastīṉam)
tel: పాలస్తీనా (Pālastīnā)
zho: 巴勒斯坦 (Bālèsītǎn)
jpn: パレスチナ (Paresuchina)
kor: 팔레스타인 (Palleseutain)
dzo: པེ་ལིསི་ཊི་ན་ (Pe.lisi.ṭi.na.)
tha: ปาเลสไตน์ (Pālēttai[n])
khm: ប៉ាលេស្ទីន (Bālestīn); ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (Bāḷestīn)
Gary Paul Dawson REZ 3372 Janine, a Volvo B10M-62 built 1998 with a Plaxton Excalibur C49Ft body and Gary Paul Dawson FP53 JYC, a Volvo B12B built 2003 with a Sunsundegui Sideral C49Ft body stand in Vale Street depot in Heywood. Thursday 9th April 2015
Note, REZ 3372 was originally operated by Selwyns Travel Limited with the registration R480 GLG, being re-registered SEL 392 in May 2004 and being further re-registered R480 GLG in June 2005. It was purchased by E. Stott and Sons Limited (a Milnsbridge based operator) in 2005 and was purchased by Gary Paul Dawson (who traded as GPD Travel) in January 2008, being re-registered REZ 3372 in March 2008
FP53 JYC was originally owned and operated by Rossendale Transport Limited as number 301. It was re-registered MEZ 2305 in June 2007 and was further re-registered FP53 JYC in March 2011. It was purchased by Manns Travel Limited (a Gravesend based operator) in September 2011. It was purchased by Gary Paul Dawson (who traded as GPD Travel) in March 2015, was soon named Oscar, was re-registered OIG 3743 in June 2015, and was sold to Smiths Coaches (Liskeard) Limited in 2016
Ref no Canon EOS50D 8th series - IMG_1732
It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev (Kyiv) is both the capital and the largest city of Ukraine.
Ukraine's modern history began with the East Slavs. From at least the 9th century, Ukraine was a center of the medieval living area of the East Slavs. This state, known as Kievan Rus', became a large and powerful nation, but disintegrated in the 12th century. After the Great Northern War, Ukraine was divided among a number of regional powers, and by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire, with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control.
After a chaotic period of incessant warfare and several attempts at independence (1917–21) following World War I and the Russian Civil War, Ukraine emerged in 1922 as one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's territory was enlarged westward shortly before and after World War II, and southwards in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the co-founding members of the United Nations.
Ukraine became independent again after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. This began a period of transition to a market economy, in which Ukraine was stricken with an eight year recession. But since then, the economy experienced a high increase in GDP growth. Ukraine was caught up in the worldwide economic crisis in 2008 and the economy plunged. GDP fell 20% from spring 2008 to spring 2009, then leveled off as analysts compared the magnitude of the downturn to the worst years of economic depression during the early 1990s.
Ukraine is a unitary state composed of 24 oblasts (provinces), one autonomous republic (Crimea), and two cities with special status: Kiev, its capital, and Sevastopol, which houses the Russian Black Sea Fleet under a leasing agreement. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Since the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine continues to maintain the second largest military in Europe, after that of Russia. The country is home to 46 million people, 77.8 percent of whom are ethnic Ukrainians, with sizable minorities of Russians, Belarusians and Romanians. The Ukrainian language is the only official language in Ukraine, while Russian is also widely spoken. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has heavily influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature and music.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ukraine
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine
Other info
Oficial name:
Україна
Ukrayina
Independence:
August 24, 1991
Area:
603.700 km2
Inhabitants:
46.996.765
Languages:
українська мова
ukrayins'ka mova
Uckranien
Greek [ell] 7,205 in Ukraine (1970 census). Ethnic population: 106,909. Donetsk oblast, town of Mariupol, 18 villages. Dialects: Mariupol Greek (Tavro-Rumeic, Crimeo-Rumeic). Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic
More information.
Hungarian [hun] 176,000 in Ukraine (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Transcarpathian Ukraine. Alternate names: Magyar. Classification: Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric, Hungarian
More information.
Jakati [jat] 29,250 in Ukraine (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 30,615. Kabul (25 families); Jalalabad (50 families); Charikar (15 families). Also spoken in Afghanistan. Alternate names: Jati, Jatu, Jat, Jataki, Kayani, Musali. Dialects: Related to Western Panjabi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
More information.
Romani, Carpathian [rmc] Ukraine, Transcarpathia. One dialect is in east Hungary, south Poland, and Galicia; another in Transylvania, Romania; others in Czech Republic and Slovakia, USA. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Northern
More information.
Romani, Vlax [rmy] Eastern and western Ukraine, Odessa, Transcarpathia. Dialects: Ukrainian Vlax Romani, Central Vlax Romani, Kalderash. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax
More information.
Romanian [ron] 250,000 in Ukraine (2004). Historically the regions of Bucovina and southern Basarabia (Chernowitz or Cernauti regions) were incorporated into the USSR from Romania by the Ribentrop-Molotov treaty in 1939. Alternate names: Rumanian, Moldavian, Daco-Romanian. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern
More information.
Rusyn [rue] 560,120 in Ukraine (2000). Population total all countries: 610,120. Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine. Also possibly in Romania. Also spoken in Slovakia. Alternate names: Ruthenian, Carpathian, Carpatho-Rusyn. Dialects: Rusyn is called a dialect of Ukrainian, but speakers are reported to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, East
More information.
Ukrainian [ukr] 31,058,000 in Ukraine (1993). Population total all countries: 39,441,842. Ethnic population: 37,419,000 (1993 Johnstone). Western Ukraine, adjacent republics. Also spoken in Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Russia (Asia), Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, USA, Uzbekistan. Dialects: Northwest Ukrainian, Southwest Ukrainian, East Ukrainian. Dialect differences are slight. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, East
More information.
Ukrainian Sign Language [ukl] Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Urum [uum] 94,983 in Ukraine (2000 WCD). A few villages in the Donetsk Oblast of southeastern Ukraine. 10 villages total. Classification: Altaic, Turkic
More information.
Extinct languages
Gothic [got] Extinct. Bulgaria and central Europe. Dialects: Crimean Gothic, Ostrogoth, Visigoth. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, East
Capital city:
Kyyv (Kyev)
Meaning country name:
From the Slavic word ukraina ("country"), etymologically cognate with the word "krajina".
Description Flag:
The Flag of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Державний Прапор України; translit.: Derzhavnyi Prapor Ukrainy; literally: State Flag of Ukraine) is the Ukrainian nation's national flag. The national flag was officially adopted for the first time in 1918 by a short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic. At that time the commonly used yellow-blue flag had already turned into blue and yellow and sported a Tryzub in the upper left corner. The insignia remained unchanged by the successive government of Pavlo Skoropadsky, and then by Directorate of Ukraine.
Under Soviet rule, bolsheviks had been using red and later red-blue flags as the official Flag of Ukrainian SSR. The blue and yellow flag was forbidden as a symbol of nationalism. It was officially restored in 1992 following Ukrainian independence.
Article 20 of the Constitution of Ukraine states:
...Державний Прапор України – стяг із двох рівновеликих горизонтальних смуг синього і жовтого кольорів.
Translation: The State Flag of Ukraine is a banner of two equally sized horizontal bands of blue and yellow.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of Arms of Ukraine (Tryzub) features the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag: a blue shield with yellow trident—the symbol of ancient Slavic tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by Ruthenian and Kievan Rus rulers.
The coat of arms is a yellow trident with a blue background. The history of the trident symbol as featured in the current Ukrainian coat of arms is more than 1000 years old. The first known archeological and historical evidence of this symbol can be found on the seals of the Rurik dynasty. The oldest of those seals is the one of Prince Sviatoslav Ihorevych (deceased 972).
There is no sure and definite interpretation of the symbol, however, most historians agree that it most probably depicts a stylized hawk or some other totem of the first Rurikid ruler's family. The use of this symbol has been supplanted since the 11th century by the Christian tradition of using the images of the saints (most notably Saint George or Saint Michael) considered to be the protectors of the ruling family, and later by Galician or Cossack heraldic or cultural images. The trident was not thought of as a national symbol until 1917, when one of the most prominent Ukrainian historians, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, proposed to adopt it as a national symbol (alongside other variants, including an arbalet, a bow or a cossack carrying a musket, i.e. images that carried considerable historical and cultural and heraldic significance for Ukraine).
Motto:
"Volia, Zlahoda, Dobro"
National Anthem: Ще не вмерла України
Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy
"Ukraine's glory has not perished"
Ukrainien
Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля,
Ще нам, браття молодії, усміхнеться доля.
Згинуть наші вороженьки, як роса на сонці.
Запануєм і ми, браття, у своїй сторонці.
CHORUS x2
Душу й тіло ми положим за нашу свободу,
І покажем, що ми, браття, козацького роду.
Tranliteration
Shche ne vmerla Ukrayiny i slava, i volya,
Shche nam, brattia molodii, usmikhnet'sia dolia.
Z-hynut' nashi vorizhen'ky, yak rosa na sontsi,
Zapanuyem i my, brattia, u svoyiy storontsi.
CHORUS x2
Dushu y tilo my polozhym za nashu svobodu
I pokazhem, shcho my, brattia, kozats'koho rodu
English
Ukraine's glory has not perished, nor her freedom
Upon us, fellow compatriots, fate shall smile once more.
Our enemies will vanish, like dew in the morning sun,
And we too shall rule, brothers, in a free land of our own.
CHORUS x2
We'll lay down our souls and bodies to attain our freedom,
And we'll show that we, brothers, are of the Cossack nation.
Internet Page: www.president.gov.ua/en
Ukraine in diferent languages
eng | dan | fra | kal | lin | swa: Ukraine
bre | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | hsb | ina | jav | lav | lit | nor | pol | sme | sqi | swe | vor: Ukraina
ita | lat | lld | roh | ron | rup | scn | srd: Ucraina
crh | gag | kaa | tuk | uzb: Ukraina / Украина
ces | hrv | slk | slv: Ukrajina
fry | lim | nld: Oekraïne
arg | glg: Ucraína
ast | spa: Ucrania
cat | oci: Ucraïna
deu | nds: Ukraine / Ukraine
kin | run: Ukreni
tgl | tur: Ukrayna; Ukranya
afr: Oekraine; Oekraïne
aze: Ukrayna / Украјна
bam: Ikirɛni
bos: Ukrajina / Украјина
cor: Ukrayn
csb: Ùkrajina
cym: Yr Wcráin
epo: Ukrajno; Ukrainio
frp: Ucrayena
fur: Ucraine
gla: An Ùcrain; An t-Ucràin; Ugrain
gle: An Úcráin / An Úcráin
glv: Yn Ookraan
hat: Ikrèn
hun: Ukrajna
ibo: Yukren
ind: Ukraina / اوكراينا
isl: Úkraína
jnf: Ukraîne
kmr: Ûkrayna / Украйна / ئووکراینا ; Ûkrayn / Украйн / ئووکراین
kur: Ûkrayniya / ئووکراینیا
ltz: Ukrain / Ukrain
mlg: Okraina
mlt: Ukrajna; Ukraina
mol: Ucraina / Украина
mri: Ukeina
msa: Ukraine / اوكراين
nrm: Ucraîne
por: Ucrânia
que: Ukranya
rmy: Ukraina / उक्राइना
slo: Ukrainia / Украиниа; Ukrainzem / Украинзем
smg: Okraėna
smo: Iukereni
som: Ukra’iin; Yukreyn
szl: Ůkraina
tet: Ukránia
vie: U-crai-na
vol: Lukrainän
wln: Oucrinne
wol: Ukreen
zza: Ukrayna
chu: Ѹкраина (Ukraina)
abq | alt | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | rus | tyv | udm: Украина (Ukraina)
bak | tat: Украина / Ukraina
bel: Украіна / Ukraina
bul: Украйна (Ukrajna)
chv: Украинӑ (Ukraină)
kaz: Украина / Wkraïna / ۋكراينا
kbd: Украинэ (Ukraină)
mon: Украйн (Ukrajn)
oss: Украинӕ (Ukrainä)
srp: Украјина / Ukrajina
tgk: Украина / اوکرئینه / Ukraina
ukr: Україна (Ukraïna)
xal: Украин (Ukrain)
ara: أوكرانيا (Ūkrāniyā)
fas: اوکراین / Ukrâyn; اوکرائین / Ukrâin; اوکرانی / Ukrâni
prs: اوکراین (Ūkrāyn)
pus: اوکراين (Ūkrāyn); اوکرائن (Ūkrāʾin)
uig: ئۇكرائىنا / Ukraina / Украина
urd: یوکرین (Yūkren); یوکرائین (Yūkrāʾīn)
div: ޔުކްރެއިން (Yukre'in)
syr: ܐܘܟܪܢܝܐ (Ūkraniyā); ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ (Ūqrāynā)
heb: אוקראינה (Ûqraʾînah)
lad: אוקראינה / Ukraina
yid: אוקראַיִנע (Ukraine); אוקרײַנע (Ukrayne)
amh: ዩክሬን (Yukren)
ell-dhi: Ουκρανία (Oykranía)
ell-kat: Οὐκρανία (Oykranía)
hye: Ուկրաինա (Oukraina)
kat: უკრაინა (Ukraina)
mar | nep: युक्रेन (Yukren)
hin: यूक्रेन (Yūkren); उक्रइन (Ukrain)
ben: ইউক্রেন (Iukren); উক্রাইনা (Ukrāinā)
pan: ਯੂਕਰੇਨ (Yūkren)
kan: ಉಕ್ರೇನ್ (Ukrēn)
mal: ഉക്രേന് (Ukrēn)
tam: உக்ரைன் (Ukraiṉ); உக்ரேன் (Ukrēṉ)
tel: ఉక్రెయిన్ (Ukreyin)
zho: 烏克蘭/乌克兰 (Wūkèlán)
jpn: ウクライナ (Ukuraina)
kor: 우크라이나 (Ukeuraina)
mya: ယူကရိန္း (Yukáẏeĩ)
tha: ยูเครน (Yūkʰrēn)
lao: ອູກະແຣນ (Ūkalǣn)
khm: អ៊ុយក្រែន (Uykræn)
chr: ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ / Yugvlainv
Brownriggs of Egremont
Bedford YRQ / Plaxton
GUA 586K
Bedford VAM / Duple
GLG 509G
Thornhill, near Egremont 16/5/78
BKP
These vehicles are parked at the home of their owner Diane Cook (nee Marshall) part of the Cook and Marshall partnership.
GUA586K Bd YRQ 2T473920 Pn 728366 C45F 6/1972 Woburn Garage,Leeds
GLG 509G was new to Yates, Runcorn (thanks Rooty Masters).
Is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a kingdom, a constitutional monarchy with King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who has reigned since 1946, making him the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king is officially titled as the Head of State, the Head of the Armed Forces, an Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths. The largest city in Thailand is Bangkok, the capital, which is also the country's center of political, commercial, industrial and cultural activities.
Thailand is the world's 50th largest country in terms of total area (slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain), with a surface area of approximately 513,000 km2 (198,000 sq mi), and the 21st most-populous country, with approximately 64 million people. About 75% of the population is ethnically Thai, 14% is of Chinese origin, and 3% is ethnically Malay; the rest belong to minority groups including Mons, Khmers and various hill tribes. There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand. Thailand has also attracted a number of expatriates from developed countries. The country's official language is Thai.
Thailand has a prevalence of Buddhism that ranks among the highest in the world. The national religion is Theravada Buddhism which is practiced by more than 94.7% of all Thais. Muslims make up 4.6% of the population and 0.7% belong to other religions. Thai culture and traditions are mainly influenced by Chinese, and to a lesser degree, by Indian culture, along with Burma, Laos and Cambodia. Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1995 and is a newly industrialized country with tourism, due to well-known tourist destinations such as Pattaya, Bangkok, and Phuket, and exports contributing significantly to the economy.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand
Other info
Flags from Provinces
Oficial Name:
ราชอาณาจักรไทย
Ratcha Anachak Thai
Kingdom of Thailand
Formation:
Sukhothai kingdom 1238–1368
- Ayutthaya kingdom 1350–1767
- Thonburi kingdom 1767 to April 6, 1782
- Rattanakosin kingdom April 6, 1782 to date
Area:
513.115km2
Inhabitants:
63.577.000
Language:
Aheu [thm] 750 in Thailand (1996 Ferlus). Population total all countries: 2,520. The Thavung live in Sakon Nakhon Province, Song Daw District, 3 villages. The Phon Soung live about 100 km south of the Thavung. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Phon Soung, So, Sotawueng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Thavung
More information.
Akha [ahk] 60,000 in Thailand (1998). Chiangmai, Chiangrai, Maehongson provinces. 250 villages. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ko, Aka, Ikaw, Ak'a, Ahka, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Kha Ko, Ikor, Aini, Yani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya
More information.
Ban Khor Sign Language [bfk] Northeastern Thailand, a few villages. Dialects: Not related to the original sign languages of Thailand, but there is some similarity. Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Bisu [bii] 1,000 in Thailand (1987 Purnell). Southwest Chiangrai, North Lampang. Two main villages, the largest with 100 houses. Alternate names: Mbisu, Mibisu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Phunoi
More information.
Blang [blr] 1,200 in Thailand (1998 SIL). Chiangrai; 1,000 live outside Mae Sai near the northern border, a village of 200 to 300 is near Mae Chan. About 200 live west of Bangkok and work in gardens. Alternate names: Sen Chun, Hkawa, Kawa, K'wa, K'ala, Bulang, Pulang, Pula, Plang, Wa, Khon Doi, Kontoi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Bulang
More information.
Bru, Eastern [bru] 5,000 in Thailand (1983 SIL). Sakon Nakhon Province. Tri are in Kusuman District, Kok Sa-at Bru are in Phanna Nikom and Phang Khon District, about 12 villages; one village in Amnat Charoen Province. Dialects: Tri, Bru Kok Sa-At, Bru Dong Sen Keo. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
More information.
Bru, Western [brv] 20,000 in Thailand(1991). Dong Luang District of Mukdahan Province. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Bruu, B'ru, Baru. Dialects: It is partially intelligible with Eastern Bru. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
More information.
Cham, Western [cja] 4,000 in Thailand. Ban Khrue, Bangkok, and possibly in refugee camps. Alternate names: Cambodian Cham, Tjam, Cham, New Cham. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
More information.
Chiangmai Sign Language [csd] Chiangmai. Alternate names: Chiengmai Sign Language. Dialects: Related to present sign languages in Laos and Viet Nam (Haiphong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City). A distinct language from Thai Sign Language. Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Chinese, Hakka [hak] 58,800 in Thailand (1984). Cities. Alternate names: Hakka. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
More information.
Chinese, Mandarin [cmn] 5,880 in Thailand (1984). Bangkok, provincial towns, and Kra Peninsula in the south. Dialects: Ho (Haw, Cin Haw, Yunnanese, Western Mandarin, Hui, Hui-Tze, Hwei, Panghse, Pantha, Panthe, Pathee). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chinese, Min Dong [cdo] Alternate names: Eastern Min. Dialects: Fuzhou (Fuchow, Foochow). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chinese, Min Nan [nan] 1,081,920 in Thailand. Population includes 1,058,400 Chaochow (18%), 17,640 Fujian (.3%), 5,880 Hainanese (.1%) (1984). Cities. Alternate names: Min Nan, Minnan. Dialects: Chaozhou (Chaochow, Tiuchiu, Teochow, Techu), Shantou (Swatow), Hainan, Fujian (Fukien, Hokkien). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chinese, Yue [yue] 29,400 in Thailand (1984). Alternate names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chong [cog] 500 in Thailand. Chantaburi, four villages, Trat Province, northwest of Par. Alternate names: Shong, Xong, Chawng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong
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Hmong Daw [mww] 32,395 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Petchabun, Tak, Maehongson, Chiangmai, Nan, Chiangrai, Pitsanalok, Loei, Sukhothai, Kamphaengphet, Prae, Phayao, Uttaradit, Lampang. Alternate names: White Meo, White Miao, Meo Kao, White Lum, Peh Miao, Pe Miao, Chuan Miao, Bai Miao. Dialects: Hmong Gu Mba (Hmong Qua Mba, Striped Hmong, Miao Lai), Mong Leng, Petchabun Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Njua [blu] 33,000 in Thailand (1987). Tak, Nan, Chiangmai, Maehongson, Petchabun, Chiangrai, Phayao, Phrae, Loei, Sukhothai, Kamphaengphet, Uthai provinces. Alternate names: Chuanqiandian Miao, Chuanchientien Miao, Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan Hmong, Tak Miao, Meo, Miao, Western Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Iu Mien [ium] 40,000 in Thailand (1999). Chiangmai, Chiangrai, Phayao, Lampang, Kampaengphet, Nan, and Sukhothai provinces, 159 villages. Alternate names: Mien, Yao, Mian, Myen, Yiu Mien, Youmian, Highland Yao, Pan Yao. Dialects: Chiangrai. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
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Karen, Pa'o [blk] 743 in Thailand (2000). Maehongson. Alternate names: Taungtu, Black Karen, Pa-U, Pa'0, Pa Oh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pa'o
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Karen, Phrae Pwo [kjt] Northern Thailand, eastern provinces including Phrae Province. Alternate names: Pwo Phrae, Phrae, Prae, Northeastern Pwo Karen. Dialects: Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen languages. Lexical similarity 87% with Northern Pwo Karen of Thailand, 67% to 71% with other Pwo Karen varieties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
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Karen, Pwo Northern [pww] 60,000 (1983 SIL). Mae Sarieng town in northwest Thailand, Mae Ngaw along the Salween River, 15 to 25 villages, Hot to Mae Sarieng (Highway 1099 which runs south to Omkoi). Alternate names: Phlong. Dialects: Mae Ping, Omkoi (Hod), Mae Sarieng. Three dialects are intelligible with each other. The Pwo Karen of Phrae, Kanchanaburi, and Hua Hin are not intelligible with these. Lexical similarity 87% with Phrae Province Pwo Karen of Thailand, 68% to 73% with other Pwo Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
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Karen, Pwo Western Thailand [kjp] 50,000 in Thailand (1998). Tak (Mae Sot south), Ulthaithani, Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, and Prachuapkhirikhan (Huahin District) provinces. Kanchanaburi dialect is northern, Ratchaburi-Phetchaburi dialect is southern. Alternate names: Phlou, Southern Pwo Karen. Dialects: Kanchanaburi Pwo Karen, Ratchaburi Pwo Karen (Phetchaburi Pwo Karen). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
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Karen, S'gaw [ksw] 300,000 in Thailand (1987 E. Hudspith). Tak, Maehongson, Chiangmai, and Chiangrai provinces, near the Myanmar border. Alternate names: S'gaw, S'gau, S'gaw Kayin, Kanyaw, Paganyaw, Pwakanyaw, White Karen, Burmese Karen, Yang Khao. Dialects: Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw
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Kayah, Eastern [eky] 98,642 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Maehongson Province, east of the Salween River. Alternate names: Red Karen, Karennyi, Kayay, Kayah. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah
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Kensiu [kns] 300 in Thailand. Southern Yala Province, Phattaloong, Satun, Narathiwat provinces, Thai-Malay border. Some in a resettlement camp in Yala. Alternate names: Kense, Kensieu, Kenseu, Kensiw, Sakai, Moniq, Monik, Maniq, Moni, Menik, Meni, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar, Mos, Mengo, Tiong, Mawas, Belubn. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western
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Khmer, Northern [kxm] 1,117,588 (2000 WCD). Very few are monolingual. Northeastern Thailand, mainly Surin, Sisaket, Buriram, Khorat provinces. Alternate names: Khmer Lue, Thailand Khmer. Dialects: Buriram, Surin, Sisaket. Different from Central Khmer. Dialects are intelligible with each other. Many local varieties. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer
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Khmu [kjg] 31,403 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Scattered through Thailand, Chiangrai, Nan, Phayao. Alternate names: Kmhmu, Khamu, Khmu', Khamuk, Kamhmu, Kamu, Kha Khmu, Kammu, Tmooy, Mou, Luu, Pouteng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu'
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Khün [kkh] 6,281 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Chiangrai, Chiangmai. May not be in Thailand. Alternate names: Hkun, Khun Shan, Gon Shan, Tai Khun, Khuen. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest
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Kintaq [knq] Kedah-Perak border area, Thai border. Overlaps slightly into Southern Yala Province of Thailand. Alternate names: Kenta, Kintk, Kintaq Bong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western
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Korean [kor] Bangkok. Classification: Language Isolate
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Kuy [kdt] 300,000 in Thailand (1992 Diffloth). Few monolinguals. Population total all countries: 366,675. East central Thailand, provinces of Buriram, Surin, Sisaket, Ubon, Roi Et. Also spoken in Cambodia, Laos. Alternate names: Sui, Suai, Suay, Suoi, Soai, Suei, Cuoi, Kui Souei, Kui, Kuoy, Kuuy, Khamen-Boran. Dialects: Chang (Suai Chang), Nheu, Kuay. In Cambodia there are four Kuy dialects, based on the use of their word for 'what': Kuy Antra (northern Kompong Thom, southern Preah Vihear), Kuy Anthua (central Preah Vihear), Kuy May or Ma'ay (in Kratie), Kuy Mlor (one village in northern Preah Vihear); only the older people still speak the last two dialects. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay-Nheu
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Lahu [lhu] 32,000 in Thailand (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Chiangmai, Chiangrai, Maehongson, Lampang, Tak provinces, 119 known villages. There has been some migration from Myanmar and Laos. Alternate names: Lohei, Muhsur, Mussuh, Muhso, Musso, Musser. Dialects: Na (Black Lahu, Musser Dam, Northern Lahu, Loheirn), Nyi (Red Lahu, Southern Lahu, Musseh Daeng, Luhishi, Luhushi), Shehleh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lahu Shi [kds] 20,000 in Thailand (1998). In refugee camps near Laos border; formerly in Chiang Kham camp, but now in camps near Pua, Nan, or elsewhere. Alternate names: Kutsung, Kucong, Kui, Kwi, Shi, Yellow Lahu, Musseh Kwi, Musseh Lyang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lamet [lbn] 100 in Thailand. Lampang, Chiangrai. Alternate names: Kha Lamet, Khamet, Kamet, Lemet. Dialects: Upper Lamet, Lower Lamet. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Lametic
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Lawa, Eastern [lwl] 7,000 (1987 D. Schlatter). Northern; Chiangmai, Chiangrai, one village: Wiang Papao. Alternate names: Wiang Papao Lua, Northern Lawa. Dialects: Phalo, Phang. Not intelligible with Western Lawa. Phalo (100) and Phang (100) are treated as distinct languages in Wurm and Hattori 1981. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Lawa
More information.
Meaning of the flag
The flag of Thailand shows five horizontal stripes in the colours red, white, blue, white and red, with the middle blue stripe being twice as wide as each of the other four. The three colours red-white-blue stand for nation-religion-king, an unofficial motto of Thailand.[citation needed] The flag was adopted on 28 September 1917, according to the royal decree about the flag in that year. The Thai name for the flag is ธงไตรรงค์ (Thong Trairong), which simply means tricolour flag.
The first flag used for Siam was probably a plain red one, first used under King Narai (1656-1688). Naval flags later used different symbols on the red ground—a white chakra (the weapon of god Vishnu which use as the symbol of the House of Chakri), or a white elephant inside the chakra.
Officially the first flag was created in 1855 by King Mongkut (Rama IV), showing a white elephant (a royal symbol) on red ground, as the plain coloured flag was not distinct enough for international relations.
In 1916 the flag was changed to the current design, but with the middle colour being the same red as the outer stripe. The story goes that during a flood King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) saw the flag hanging upside-down, and to prevent this from happening again created a new flag which was symmetrical. In 1917 the middle color was changed to dark blue, the auspicious colour for Saturday in Thai astrology, the day King Vajiravudh was born. According to other sources, the blue colour was also chosen to show solidarity with the Allies of World War I, which also had the colours blue-red-white in their flags.
The flag resembles the flag of Costa Rica, which was adopted 11 years prior to Thailand's. The main difference is that the blue and red colors are inverted.
Coat of arms
The National Emblem (National Symbol) of Thailand features the Garuda, a figure from both Buddhist and Hindu mythology. In Thailand, this figure is used as a symbol of the royal family and authority. This version of the figure is referred to as Krut Pha, meaning "garuḍa acting as the vehicle (of Vishnu)."
The Garuda also features in the coat of arms of Indonesia and the city of Ulan Bator (the capital of Mongolia). The coat of arms of Indonesia is different from that of Thailand in one respect, because it does not feature a heraldic shield
Motto:
National Anthem: Phleng Chat
ประเทศไทยรวมเลือดเนื้อชาติเชื้อไทย
เป็นประชารัฐ ไผทของไทยทุกส่วน
อยู่ดำรงคงไว้ได้ทั้งมวล
ด้วยไทยล้วนหมาย รักสามัคคี
ไทยนี้รักสงบ แต่ถึงรบไม่ขลาด
เอกราชจะไม่ให้ใครข่มขี่
สละเลือดทุกหยาดเป็นชาติพลี
เถลิงประเทศชาติไทยทวี มีชัย ชโย
Transcription
Prathet Thai Ruam Lueat Nuea Chat Chuea Thai,
Pen Pracha Rat, Phathai Khong Thai Thuk Suan
Yu Damrong Khong Wai Dai Thang Muan
Duai Thai Luan Mai, Rak Samakkhi
Thai Ni Rak Sa-ngop, Tae Thueng Rop Mai Khlat
Ekkarat Cha Mai Hai Khrai Khom Khi,
Sala Lueat Thuk Yat Pen Chat Phli
Thaloeng Prathet Chat Thai Thawi Mi Chai Cha-yo
English Translation
Thailand unites flesh and blood of Thais.
Nation of the people; belonging to the Thais in every respect.
Long maintained [has been] the independence
Because the Thais seek, and love, unity.
Thais are peace-loving;
But at war we're no cowards.
Sovereignty will not be threatened
Sacrificing every drop of blood for the nation
Hail the nation of Thailand, long last the victory, Hurrah
Royal anthem: Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami
ข้าวรพุทธเจ้า
เอามโนและศิรกราน
นบพระภูมิบาล บุญญะดิเรก
เอกบรมจักริน
พระสยามินทร์
พระยศยิ่งย
เย็นศิระเพราะพระบริบาล
ผลพระคุณ ธ รักษา
ปวงประชาเป็นศุขสานต์
ขอบันดาล
ธ ประสงค์ใด
จงสฤษดิ์
ดังหวังวรหฤทัย
ดุจจะถวายชัย ชโย!
Transliteration
Kha Wora Phutthachao
Ao Mano Lae Sira Kran
Nop Phra Phummiban Bunyadirek
Ek Boromma Chakkrin
Phra Sayamin
Phra Yotsa Ying Yong
Yen Sira Phro Phra Boriban
Phon Phra Khuntha Raksa
Puang Pracha Pen Suk San
Kho Bandan
Tha Prasong Dai
Chong Sarit
Dang Wang Wora Haruethai
Dutcha Thawai Chai Cha-yo
English
I, servant of His Majesty,
Extend my heart and body to his feet,
To pay respect and give praise
To the protector of the country,
To the great Chakri Dynasty,
To the leader of the Siamese people in might and splendor,
The people, in peace and contentment
From his tireless labor and guidance,
Pray, that whatever he wills,
Will come to pass for his glory
Internet Pages:
www.www.thailandtourismdirectory.com
amazingthailand.tourismthailand.org
Thailand in diferent languages
eng | afr | bre | dan | fao | jav | lim | nld | nor | swa | swe: Thailand
arg | ast | eus | glg | scn | spa: Tailandia
ina | ita | lat | lld: Thailandia
deu | ltz | nds: Thailand / Thailand
frp | kin | run: Tayilande
gag | kaa | uzb: Tailand / Таиланд
cat | oci: Tailàndia
ces | slk: Thajsko
dsb | hsb: Thailandska
est | vor: Tai
fra | jnf: Thaïlande
ind | msa: Thailand / تايلند
mlg | roh: Tailanda
mlt | szl: Tajlandja
tur | zza: Tayland
aze: Tayland / Тајланд
bam: Tayilandi
bos: Tajland / Тајланд
cor: Pow Tay
crh: Tayland / Тайланд
csb: Tajlandiô
cym: Gwlad y Tai
epo: Tajlando
fin: Thaimaa
fry: Tailân
fur: Tailandie
gla: Tài-lann
gle: An Téalainn / An Téalainn
glv: Yn Çheer Thai
hat: Tayiland
hau: Thai; Thailand
hrv: Tajland
hun: Thaiföld
ibo: Tailand
isl: Tæland; Taíland
kmr: Tayland / Т’айланд / تایلاند
kur: Tayland / تایلاند
lav: Taizeme
lin: Tailandi
lit: Tailandas
mol: Thailanda; Tailanda / Таиланда
nrm: Thaïlaunde
pol: Tajlandia
por: Tailândia
que: Taylandya
rmy: Ťailand / थाइलान्द
ron: Thailanda; Tailanda
rup: Thailanda
slo: Taizem / Таизем
slv: Tajska; Thajska
sme: Thaieana
smg: Tailands
smo: Tailani
som: Taylaand
sqi: Tajlanda
srd: Thailàndia
tet: Tailándia
tgl: Tayland; Taylanda
ton: Taileni
tuk: Taýland / Таиланд
vie: Thái Lan
vol: Tayän
wln: Taylande
wol: Taaylaand
alt | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Таиланд (Tailand)
bak | tat: Таиланд / Tailand
bul | mon: Тайланд (Tajland)
abq: Таиланд (Taiłand)
bel: Тайланд / Tajłand; Тайлянд / Tajland
kaz: Таиланд / Taïland / تايلاند
mkd: Тајланд (Tajland)
srp: Тајланд / Tajland
tgk: Таиланд / تئیلند / Tailand
ukr: Таїланд (Taïland)
ara: تايلاند (Tāylānd); تايلند (Tāyland); تايلاندا (Tāylāndā); تايلندا (Tāylandā)
fas: تایلند / Tâyland; تائیلند / Tâiland; تائیلاند / Tâilând
prs: تایلند (Tāyland)
pus: تايلنډ (Tāylənḋ); تايلېنډ (Tāylenḋ); ټايلنډ (Ṫāylənḋ); ټايلېنډ (Ṫāylenḋ)
snd: ٿائيلينڊ (Tʰāʾīlenḍa)
uig: تايلاند / Tayland / Таиланд
urd: تھائیلینڈ (Tʰāʾīlænḋ); تھائلینڈ (Tʰāʾilænḋ)
div: ތައިލޭންޑް (Ta'ilēnḋ)
heb: תהילנד (Thayland); תהאילנד (Thâyland); תילנד (Tayland); תאילנד (Tâyland); תאילאנד (Tâylând)
lad: טאיילאנדיה / Taylandia
yid: טײַלאַנד (Tayland)
amh: ታይላንድ (Tayland)
ell: Ταϊλάνδη (Taïlándī)
hye: Թաիլանդ (Ṭailand)
kat: ტაილანდი (Tailandi)
hin: थाईलैंड (Tʰāīlæṁḍ); थाइलैंड (Tʰāilæṁḍ)
nep: थाइलैंड (Tʰāiləiṁḍ); थाइल्यान्ड (Tʰāilyānḍ)
ben: থাইল্যান্ড (Tʰāilænḍ); থাইল্যাণ্ড (Tʰāilæṇḍ)
guj: થાઇલેન્ડ (Tʰāilenḍ)
pan: ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ (Tʰāīlæ̃ḍ)
sin: තායිලන්තය (Tāyilantaya)
kan: ಥಾಯ್ಲಂಡ್ (Tʰāylaṁḍ)
mal: തായ്ലന്ഡ് (Tāylanḍ)
tam: தாய்லாந்து (Tāylāntu)
tel: థాయిలాండ్ (Tʰāyilāṁḍ)
zho: 泰國/泰国 (Tàiguó)
yue: 泰國/泰国 (Taaigwok)
jpn: タイ (Tai)
kor: 타이 (Tai); 태국 (Taeguk)
bod: ཐའེ་གོ་ (Tʰa'e.go.)
dzo: ཐཱའི་ལེནཌ་ (Tʰā'i.lenḍ.)
mya: ထုိင္း (Tʰaĩ̀)
tha: ไทย (Tʰai[y]); เมืองไทย (Mʉ̄aṅ Tʰai[y]); ประเทศไทย (Pratʰēt Tʰai[y])
lao: ໄທ (Tʰai); ເມືອງໄທ (Mʉ̄aṅ Tʰai); ປະເທດໄທ (Patʰēt Tʰai)
khm: ថៃ (Tʰai); ថៃឡង់ដ៏ (Tʰaiḷăṅ[d])
Is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of EU, NATO, OECD, V4 and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, which is part of the Finno-Ugric family, thus one of the four official languages of the European Union that are not of Indo-European origin.
Following a Celtic (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (9 BC – c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian ruler Árpád, whose great-grandson Stephen I of Hungary was crowned with a crown sent from Rome by the pope in 1000. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world. The Battle of Mohács resulted in Ottoman occupation, followed by an integration into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituting half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy. A great power until the end of World War I, Hungary lost over 70% of its territory, along with 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity, under the Treaty of Trianon, the terms of which have been considered excessively harsh by many in Hungary. The kingdom was succeeded by a Communist era (1947–1989) during which Hungary gained widespread international attention regarding the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal move of opening its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present form of government is a parliamentary republic (since 1989). Today, Hungary is a high-income economy, and a regional leader regarding certain markers.
Hungary is ranked 20th globally (out of 194 countries) on International Living's Quality of Life index (2010) and 6th in an environmental protection index by GW/CAN. Until recently, it was also listed as one of the 15 most popular tourist destinations in the world. The country is home to the largest thermal water cave system and the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grasslands in Europe (Hortobágy).
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary#History
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary
Other info
Oficial name:
Magyar Köztársaság
Foundation: Kingdom of Hungary December 1000
Area:
93.030 km2
Inhabitants:
10.500.000
Languages:
Magyar
Bavarian [bar] 170,000. Alternate names: Bayerisch, Bavarian-Austrian. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Bavarian-Austrian
More information.
Croatian [hrv] 32,130 in Hungary (1986). Southern border area. Dialects: Croatian, Serbian. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western
More information.
German, Standard [deu] 250,000 in Hungary (1988 Hawkins in B. Comrie). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German
More information.
Hungarian [hun] 10,298,820 in Hungary (1995). Population total all countries: 13,611,600. Also spoken in Australia, Austria, Canada, Israel, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: Magyar. Dialects: Alfold, West Danube, Danube-Tisza, King's Pass Hungarian, Northeast Hungarian, Northwest Hungarian, Székely, West Hungarian. Closest to Vogul (Mansi) of Russia. Speakers of Standard Hungarian have difficulty understanding Oberwart dialect. Classification: Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric, Hungarian
More information.
Hungarian Sign Language [hsh] 60,000 deaf (1999 National Association for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing). Used throughout Hungary. May also be used in western Romania. Alternate names: Magyar Jelnyelv. Dialects: Budapest, Sopron, Miskolc, Debrecen, Szeged, Eger. Related to Austrian Sign Language and German Sign Language. May be related to Yugoslavian Sign Language. Dialects have some different signs for lexical items, similar or same grammar. Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Romani, Balkan [rmn] In Hungary, 150,000 Gypsies speak a variety of Romani as first language (1995 Z. Réger). Ethnic population: 450,000 to 800,000 all Gypsies in Hungary. Alternate names: Cigány. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Balkan
More information.
Romani, Carpathian [rmc] 3,000 in Hungary (1980 UBS). Three divisions are recognized: Nograd County north of Budapest, overlapping into Slovakia; in Budapest and towns along the Danube such as Baja, Dunaszekcso, Kalocsa, Mohacs, Pecs, and Versend as far south as the Yugoslav border; and travelers with carnivals, as knife grinders, horse dealers, and brick makers. One dialect is in east Hungary, south Poland, and Galicia; another in Transylvania, Romania; others in Czech Republic and Slovakia; Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: Cigány. Dialects: Galician, Transylvanian. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Northern
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Romani, Sinte [rmo] Eastern Hungary. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Northern
More information.
Romani, Vlax [rmy] 20,932 in Hungary (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Gypsy, Tsigene, Cigány, Romungre. Dialects: Lovari, Churari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax
More information.
Romanian [ron] 100,000 in Hungary (1995 Iosif Bena). Alternate names: Rumanian, Daco-Romanian, Moldavian. Dialects: Bayash Romanian. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern
More information.
Slovak [slk] 11,562 in Hungary (2000 WCD). Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak
More information.
Slovenian [slv] 4,984 in Hungary (2000 WCD). Near Slovenian border. Alternate names: Slovene. Dialects: Prekmurski. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western
Capital city:
Budapeste
Meaning country name:
Turkic: on-ogur, "(people of the) ten arrows" — in other words, "alliance of the ten tribes". Byzantine chronicles gave this name to the Hungarians; the chroniclers mistakenly assumed that the Hungarians had Turkic origins, based on their Turkic-nomadic customs and appearance, despite the Finno-Ugric language of the people. The Hungarian tribes later actually formed an alliance of the seven Hungarian and three Khazarian tribes, but the name originates from the time before this, and first applied to the original seven Hungarian tribes. The ethnonym Hunni (referring to the Huns) has influenced the Latin (and English) spelling.
Uhorshchyna (Угорщина, Ukrainian), Vuhorščyna (Вугоршчына, Belarusian), Węgry (Polish), Wędżierskô (Kashubian), and Ugre in Old Russian: from the Turkic "on-ogur", see above. The same root emerges in the ethnonym Yugra, a people living in Siberia and distantly related to Hungarians.
Magyarország (native name - land of the Magyars): According to a famous Hungarian chronicle (Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, 1282), Magyar (Magor), the forefather of all Hungarians, had a brother named Hunor (the ancestor of the Huns); their father king Menrot, builder of the tower of Babel, equates to the Nimrod of the Hebrew Bible.
The Turkish language uses Macaristan, a compound derived from a Turkish spelling of Magyar and the Persian suffix -stan meaning "country".
Description Flag:
Today's flag of Hungary stems from the national freedom movement before 1848 which climaxed in the 1848/49 revolution, which was not only a revolution against the monarchy and to constitute a republic, but also a national movement against the Habsburgs. Thus, the tricolour feature of the flag is based on the French flag and the ideas of French revolution, while the colours red, white and green were taken from the historical coat of arms. The coat of arms first appeared in the form, which is but for minor details basically the same as nowadays in the mid-15th century, marshalled from arms that first appeared in the late-12th and early-13th century as arms of the Árpáds, Hungary's founding dynasty.
In sum, the Hungarian flag has its origins in the national republican movements of the 18th-19th century (concerning its form, the tricolour) and in the Hungary of the Middle Ages (concerning its colours).
Folklore of the romantic period attributed the colours to virtues: red for strength, white for faithfulness and green for hope. Alternatively, red for the blood spilled for the fatherland, white for freedom and green for the land, for the pastures of Hungary.
Coat of arms:
The current coat of arms of Hungary was adopted in July 1990, after the end of the Communist regime.
The arms have been used before, both with and without the crown of St. Stephen, sometimes as part of a larger, more complex coat of arms, and many of its elements date back to the Middle Ages.
It is usually said that the silver stripes represent four rivers (Duna, Tisza, Dráva, Száva) and the hills represent three mountain ranges (Mátra, Tátra, Fátra), but this theory is historically unfounded.
The coat of arms also features the double cross on the right side similarly to the Coat of arms of Slovakia
Motto:
Historically Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae (Latin)
"Kingdom of Mary the Patroness of Hungary"
National Anthem: Himnuz
Magyar -Hungarian
Isten, áldd meg a magyart
Jó kedvvel, bőséggel,
Nyújts feléje védő kart,
Ha küzd ellenséggel;
Bal sors akit régen tép,
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,
Megbűnhődte már e nép
A múltat s jövendőt!
Őseinket felhozád
Kárpát szent bércére,
Általad nyert szép hazát
Bendegúznak vére.
S merre zúgnak habjai
Tiszának, Dunának,
Árpád hős magzatjai
Felvirágozának.
Értünk Kunság mezein
Ért kalászt lengettél,
Tokaj szőlővesszein
Nektárt csepegtettél.
Zászlónk gyakran plántálád
Vad török sáncára,
S nyögte Mátyás bús hadát
Bécsnek büszke vára.
Hajh, de bűneink miatt
Gyúlt harag kebledben,
S elsújtád villámidat
Dörgő fellegedben,
Most rabló mongol nyilát
Zúgattad felettünk,
Majd töröktől rabigát
Vállainkra vettünk.
Hányszor zengett ajkain
Ozmán vad népének
Vert hadunk csonthalmain
Győzedelmi ének!
Hányszor támadt tenfiad
Szép hazám, kebledre,
S lettél magzatod miatt
Magzatod hamvvedre!
Bújt az üldözött, s felé
Kard nyúlt barlangjában,
Szerte nézett s nem lelé
Honját e hazában,
Bércre hág és völgybe száll,
Bú s kétség mellette,
Vérözön lábainál,
S lángtenger fölette.
Vár állott, most kőhalom,
Kedv s öröm röpkedtek,
Halálhörgés, siralom
Zajlik már helyettek.
S ah, szabadság nem virúl
A holtnak véréből,
Kínzó rabság könnye hull
Árvák hő szeméből!
Szánd meg Isten a magyart
Kit vészek hányának,
Nyújts feléje védő kart
Tengerén kínjának.
Bal sors akit régen tép,
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,
Megbűnhődte már e nép
A múltat s jövendőt!
English
O Lord, bless the nation of Hungary
With your grace and bounty
Extend over it your guarding arm
During strife with its enemies
Long torn by ill fate
Bring upon it a time of relief
This nation has suffered for all sins
Of the past and of the future!
You brought our ancestors up
Over the Carpathians' holy peaks
By You was won a beautiful homeland
For Bendeguz's sons
And wherever flow the rivers of
The Tisza and the Danube
Árpád our hero's descendants
Will root and bloom.
For us on the plains of the Kuns
You ripened the wheat
In the grape fields of Tokaj
You dripped sweet nectar
Our flag you often planted
On the wild Turk's earthworks
And under Mátyás' grave army whimpered
Vienna's "proud fort."
Alas, but for our sins
Anger gathered in Your bosom
And You struck with Your lightning
From Your thundering clouds
Now the plundering Mongols' arrows
You swarmed over us
Then the Turks' slave yoke
We took upon our shoulders.
How often came from the mouths
Of Osman's barbarian nation
Over the corpses of our defeated army
A victory song!
How often did your own son agress
My homeland, upon your breast,
And you became because of your own sons
Your own sons' funeral urn!
The fugitive hid, and towards him
The sword reached into his cave
Looking everywhere he could not find
His home in his homeland
Climbs the mountain, descends the valley
Sadness and despair his companions
Sea of blood beneath his feet
Ocean of flame above.
Castle stood, now a heap of stones
Happiness and joy fluttered,
Groans of death, weeping
Now sound in their place.
And Ah! Freedom does not bloom
From the blood of the dead,
Torturous slavery's tears fall
From the burning eyes of the orphans!
Pity, O Lord, the Hungarians
Who are tossed by waves of danger
Extend over it your guarding arm
On the sea of its misery
Long torn by ill fate
Bring upon it a time of relief
They who have suffered for all sins
Of the past and of the future!
Internet Page: www.keh.hu
Hungary in diferent languages
eng: Hungary
bre | eus | ina | lat | sqi | swa: Hungaria
lld | roh-enb | roh-gri | roh-srs | ron | rup: Ungaria
ast | glg | spa: Hungría
cos | ita | srd: Ungheria
dan | fao | nor: Ungarn
deu | ltz | nds: Ungarn / Ungarn
fra | frp | jnf: Hongrie
cat | mlg: Hongria
ces | slk: Maďarsko
cor | tpi: Hungari
est | vor: Ungari
fry | nld: Hongarije
gag | kaa: Vengriya / Венгрия
kin | run: Hungariya
afr: Hongarye
arg: Ongría; Ongaría
aze: Macarıstan / Маҹарыстан
bam: Ongiri
bos: Mađarska / Мађарска
crh: Macaristan / Маджаристан
csb: Wędżierskô; Madżarskô
cym: Hwngari
dsb: Hungorska
epo: Hungarujo; Hungario
fin: Unkari
fur: Ongjarie; Ungjarie
gla: An Ungair
gle: An Ungáir / An Ungáir
glv: Yn Ungaar
hat: Ongri
hau: Hangare; Hungary
hrv: Mađarska
hsb: Madźarska
hun: Magyarország
ibo: Họṅgari
ind: Hongaria / هوڠڬاريا
isl: Ungverjaland
jav: Hongaria
kal: Ungarni
kmr: Macaristan / Мащарьстан / ماجارستان; Macarîstan / Мащаристан / ماجاریستان; Mecerîstan / Мәщәристан / مەجەریستان; Hûngarîstan / Һунгаристан / هوونگاریستان; Hûngarî / Һунгари / هوونگاری
kur: Macaristan / ماجارستان; Meceristan / مەجەرستان; Hungarya / هونگاریا
lav: Ungārija
lim: Hongarieë
lin: Ungri
lit: Vengrija
liv: Ungārmō
mlt: Ungerija
mol: Ungaria / Унгария
mri: Hanekeria
msa: Hungary / هوڠڬاري
nah: Maquiyacan
nrm: Houngrie
oci: Ongria
pol: Węgry
por: Hungria
que: Unriya
rmy: Ungariya / उन्गारिया; Magyariya / माग्यारिया
roh-eno: Ungiaria
scn: Unghiria
slo: Madaria / Мадариа; Madarzem / Мадарзем
slv: Madžarska
sme: Uŋgár; Hungária
smg: Vengrėjė
smo: Hanikeri
som: Hangeri
swe: Ungern
szl: Madźary; Wyngry
tet: Ungria
tgl: Unggarya; Unggariya
ton: Hungali
tuk: Wengriýa / Венгрия
tur: Macaristan
uzb: Mojoriston / Моҷористон; Vengriya / Венгрия
vie: Hung Gia Lợi; Hung-ga-ri
vol: Macarän
wln: Hongreye
wol: Oonguri
zza: Macarıstan
abq | alt | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Венгрия (Vengrija)
che | chv | oss: Венгри (Vengri)
bak: Венгрия / Vengriya
bel: Венгрыя / Vienhryja; Вугоршчына / Vuhorščyna; Вэнгрыя / Venhryja
bul: Унгария (Ungarija)
chm: Венгрий (Vengrij)
kaz: Венгрия / Vengrïya / ۆەنگريا; Мажарстан / Majarstan / ماجارستان
kbd: Венгрие (Vengrie)
mkd: Унгарија (Ungarija)
mon: Унгар (Ungar); Мажар (Maǧar)
srp: Мађарска / Mađarska
tat: Маҗарстан / Macarstan
tgk: Маҷористон / مجارستان / Maçoriston; Венгрия / ونگریه / Vengrija
ukr: Угорщина (Uhorščyna)
xal: Венгрь (Vengr')
ara: هنغاريا (Hunġāriyā); هنجاريا (Hungāriyā); المجر (al-Maǧar)
fas: مجارستان / Majârestân; هنگری / Hongri
prs: مجارستان (Majārestān); هنگری (Hangarī)
pus: مجارستان (Majāristān); هنګري (Hangərī); هڼري (Haṅərī)
uig: ۋېنگرىيە / Wén’griye / Венгрия
urd: ہنگری (Hangarī)
div: ހަނގަރީ (Haṅgarī); ހަންގޭރީ (Hangērī)
syr: ܡܓܪ (Magar)
heb: הונגריה (Hûngaryah); הונגאריה (Hûngâryah)
lad: אונגריה / Ungria
yid: אונגערן (Ungern); אונגאַרן (Ungarn)
amh: ሀንጋሪ (Hăngari); ሁንጋሪያ (Hungariya)
ell-dhi: Ουγγαρία (Oyggaría)
ell-kat: Οὑγγαρία (Houggaría)
hye: Հունգարիա (Houngaria)
kat: უნგრეთი (Ungreṭi)
hin: हंगरी (Haṁgarī); हंगेरी (Haṁgerī)
mar: हंगेरी (Haṁgerī)
ben: হাঙ্গেরি (Hāṅgeri); হাঙ্গেরী (Hāṅgerī)
pan: ਹੰਗਰੀ (Haṁgarī)
kan: ಹಂಗೇರಿ (Haṁgēri)
mal: ഹംഗറി (Haṁgaṟi)
tam: ஹங்கேரி (Haṅkēri)
tel: హంగేరీ (Haṁgērī)
zho: 匈牙利 (Xiōngyálì)
yue: 匈牙利 (Hùngngàhleih)
jpn: ハンガリー (Hangarī)
kor: 헝가리 (Heonggari)
bod: ཧན་ག་རི་ (Han.ga.ri.); ཧང་ག་རི་ (Haṅ.ga.ri.); ཧུང་ག་རི་ (Huṅ.ga.ri.); ཞུང་ཡ་ལི་ (Žuṅ.ya.li.); ཤུང་ཡ་ལི་ (Šuṅ.ya.li.)
mya: ဟန္ဂေရီ (Hãgeẏi)
tha: ฮังการี (Hâṅkārī)
lao: ຮົງກຣີ (Hôṅklī)
khm: ហុងគ្រី (Huṅkrī)
Gary Paul Dawson REZ 3372 Janine, a Volvo B10M-62 built 1998 with a Plaxton Excalibur C49Ft body stands in Vale Street depot in Heywood with Gary Paul Dawson GD51 GPD, a Mercedes-Benz Vario O.814 built 2002 with an Olympus C24F body alongside. Monday 24th October 2011
Note, REZ 3372 was originally operated by Selwyns Travel Limited with the registration R480 GLG, being re-registered SEL 392 in May 2004 and being further re-registered R480 GLG in June 2005. It was purchased by E. Stott and Sons Limited (a Milnsbridge based operator) in 2005 and was purchased by Gary Paul Dawson (who traded as GPD Travel) in January 2008, being re-registered REZ 3372 in March 2008
Ref no Canon EOS50D 7th series - IMG_2292
1988 Austin Mini 1000 City E.
Previously registered F633 GLG. Anglia Car Auctions, King's Lynn -
"The vendor advises that this Mini was restored in 2011. It is fitted with a 1,300 engine, 1,100 gearbox, Janspeed exhaust, Cooper S steering wheel and Monte Carlo alloy sump guard. The speedo was changed during it's restoration together with many other parts which are listed in the file. Comes with the private registration plate. Has a few MoT's.
V5 present
MoT February 2017."
Sold for £4620 on an estimate of £3000 to £4000.
Is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It is a continental mainland with numerous islands located off its coastline in the Caribbean Sea. The republic won its independence from Spain in 1821.
Venezuela borders Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Colombia to the west. Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, St. Lucia, Barbados, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the Leeward Antilles lie just north, off the Venezuelan coast. Its size is 916,445 km² with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Its capital is Caracas. The colors of the Venezuelan flag are yellow, blue and red, in that order: the yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for the sea and sky of the country, and the red for the blood shed by the heroes of independence.
Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana, largely concerning the Essequibo area, and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Venezuela. In 1895, after the dispute over the Essequibo River border flared up, it was submitted to a neutral commission (composed of United Kingdom, United States and Russian representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899 decided mostly against Venezuela's claim. Venezuela is known widely for its petroleum industry, the environmental diversity of its territory, and its natural features. Venezuela is considered to be among the world's 18 most biodiverse countries, featuring diverse wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas which is also the largest city. Other major cities include Maracaibo, Valencia, Maracay, Barquisimeto, Merida, Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz and Ciudad Guayana.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Venezuela
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela
Other info
Oficial name:
República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Independence
- from Spain July 5, 1811
- from Gran Colombia January 13, 1830
- Recognised March 30, 1845
Area:
916.445 km2
Inhabitants:
28.160.000
Languages:
Akawaio [ake] Few speakers in Venezuela. Bolivar State. Alternate names: Acewaio, Akawai, Acawayo, Acahuayo, Waicá. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon
More information.
Arawak [arw] 100 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). Coastal area near Guyana, Delta Amacuro. Alternate names: Arowak, Lokono. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Caribbean
More information.
Arutani [atx] 2 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 39 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). Below the Sape of the Karum River area, Bolivar State, headwaters of the Paraqua and Uraricáa rivers. Alternate names: Auaqué, Auake, Awaké, Uruak, Urutani, Aoaqui, Oewaku. Classification: Arutani-Sape Nearly extinct.
More information.
Baniwa [bwi] 433 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,150 (2002 SIL). Amazonas, between the Curipaco and the Guarequena, along the Colombian border. Alternate names: Baniua do Içana, Maniba, Baniva, Baniba. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
More information.
Barí [mot] 850 in Venezuela (1980 Seely). Venezuelan and Colombian border, Zulia State. Alternate names: Motilone, Motilón. Classification: Chibchan, Motilon
More information.
Carib [car] 7,251 in Venezuela (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 10,226. Monagas and Anzoategui states, northeast near Orinoco River mouth, plus a few communities in Bolivar State, just south of Orinoco. Also spoken in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname. Alternate names: Caribe, Cariña, Kalihna, Kalinya, Galibi. Dialects: Tabajari. Classification: Carib, Northern, Galibi
More information.
Chaima [ciy] Eastern Venezuela coastal region. Alternate names: Chayma, Sayma, Warapiche, Guaga-Tagare. Classification: Carib, Northern, Coastal
More information.
Cuiba [cui] 650 in Venezuela (1995 SIL). Nearly all are monolingual. Apure Division. Alternate names: Cuiva. Dialects: Chiricoa, Amaruwa (Amorua), Masiguare, Siripu, Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mella, Ptamo, Sicuane (Sicuari). Classification: Guahiban
More information.
Curripaco [kpc] 210 in Venezuela (1970 census). Amazonas. Alternate names: Curipaco, Kuripako, Kurripako. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
More information.
Eñepa [pbh] 1,200. Nearly all are monolingual. 150 mile perimeter south of Caicaro de Orinoco basin of the Cuchivero River; Bolivar State. Two groups: jungle and highland. 20 or more villages. Alternate names: Panare, Panari, Abira, Eye. Classification: Carib, Northern, Western Guiana
More information.
German, Colonia Tovar [gct] Alternate names: Alemán Coloneiro. Dialects: Developed from the Alemannisch (Oberdeutsch) of 1843 under the influence of many other dialects of south Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Not intelligible with Standard German. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Alemannic
More information.
Guahibo [guh] 12,000 ? in Venezuela. Orinoco River from Caicaro de Orinoco on the upper Orinoco, Amazonas, and Apure states. Alternate names: Guajibo, Wahibo. Classification: Guahiban
More information.
Guarequena [gae] 367 in Venezuela. Population total all countries: 705. Village of Guzmán Blanco, half an hour below Maroa. San Miguel River, Amazonas. Also possibly in Colombia. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Guarekena, Arequena, Urequema, Uerequema, Warekena. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
More information.
Japrería [jru] 90 to 100 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 152 (2000 WCD). Northern region of Sierra de Perija, Zulia State. Alternate names: Yaprería. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Carib languages of the area (M. Durbin). Low lexical similarity with Yukpa (Luis Oquendo: U. of Zulia). Classification: Carib, Northern, Coastal
More information.
Maco [wpc] 2,500 (2002 Miller). Tributaries of the Ventuari River, Wapuchi, Paru, Yureba, and Marueta rivers, in the villages of Marueta, Wapuchi, Porvenir, Tavi-Tavi, Mariche, Morocoto. Alternate names: Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, Jojod. Classification: Salivan
More information.
Macushi [mbc] 600 in Venezuela. Eastern border area. Alternate names: Makusi, Makuxi, Makushi, Teweya. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Macushi
More information.
Mandahuaca [mht] 3,000 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Population total all countries: 3,003. Colombian border in extreme southwest, Amazonas, east of the Baré on the Baria River and Casiquiare Canal. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Mandauaca, Mandawaka, Ihini, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua. Dialects: Related to Adzaneni, Yabaana, Masaca. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
More information.
Mapoyo [mcg] 3 (2000 Muller). Ethnic population: 120. Suapure River, 100 kilometers north of La Urbana, Amazonas. Alternate names: Mapayo, Mapoye, Mopoi, Nepoye, Wanai. Dialects: Close to Yawarana. Classification: Carib, Northern, Western Guiana Nearly extinct.
More information.
Maquiritari [mch] 4,970 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Population total all countries: 5,240. Bolivar State and Amazonas, near the Brazilian border on the mid-Paragua, Caura, Erebato, upper Ventuari, upper Auaris, Matacuni, Cuntinano, Padamo, and Cunucunuma rivers. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Maiongong, Maquiritare, Yekuana, De'cuana, Ye'cuana, Maquiritai, Soto, Cunuana, Pawana. Classification: Carib, Southern, Southern Guiana
More information.
Nhengatu [yrl] 2,000 in Venezuela (1987 Mosonyi). Alternate names: Yeral, Geral, Waengatu, Modern Tupi. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III
More information.
Ninam [shb] 100 in Venezuela. Karun and Paragua rivers, Bolivar State. Alternate names: Yanam, Xiriana. Dialects: Northern Ninam, Southern Ninam. Classification: Yanomam
More information.
Pemon [aoc] 5,000 in Venezuela (2001 Becsky). Many are monolingual. Population total all countries: 6,154. Ethnic population: 18,871 in Venezuela (1993 census, may include Macushi). Bolivar State, Gran Sabana and adjacent areas, southeastern Venezuela. Also spoken in Brazil, Guyana. Alternate names: Pemong. Dialects: Camaracoto, Taurepan (Taulipang), Arecuna (Aricuna, Arekuna, Jaricuna, Pemon, Daigok, Potsawugok, Pishauco, Purucoto, Kamaragakok). Marginally intelligible with Akawaio and Patamona. The Camaracoto dialect may be a distinct language. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Macushi-Kapon, Kapon
More information.
Pémono [pev] 1 (2000 M-C Mattei Muller). Lives with the Yabarana in an Upper Majagua village. Dialects: Close to Mapoyo and Yawarana. Classification: Carib, Northern, Western Guiana Nearly extinct.
More information.
Piapoco [pio] 99 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Area of San Fernando de Atapapo, Amazonas along the Orinoco. Alternate names: Dzaze, Piapoko. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
More information.
Piaroa [pid] 12,000 in Venezuela (1987 UBS). Population includes 130 Maco. Population total all countries: 12,080. South bank of the Orinoco River, inland from the Paguasa River to Manipiari, Amazonas. Large area. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Kuakua, Guagua, Quaqua. Classification: Salivan
More information.
Puinave [pui] 240 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Amazonas. Alternate names: Puinare, Wanse. Classification: Language Isolate
More information.
Pumé [yae] 3,396 (2000 WCD). Orinoco, Sinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers, Amazonas and Apure states. Alternate names: Llaruro, Yaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín. Classification: Unclassified
More information.
Sáliba [slc] 250 in Venezuela (1991 Adelaar). Cedoño Department. Alternate names: Sáliva. Classification: Salivan
More information.
Sanumá [xsu] 4,612 in Venezuela (2000 WCD). Population includes 500 Yanoma. Population total all countries: 5,074. Caura and Ervato-Ventuari rivers. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Tsanuma, Sanema, Sanima, Guaika, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari, Chirichano. Dialects: Yanoma, Cobari (Kobali, Cobariwa). Classification: Yanomam
More information.
Sapé [spc] 5 (1977 E. Migliazza). Ethnic population: 25 or fewer (1977 Migliazza). 3 small settlements on Paragua and Karuna rivers. Alternate names: Kariana, Kaliána, Caliana, Chirichano. Dialects: Some lexical correspondences Warao (Language Isolate). Greenberg classified it provisionally as Macro-Tucanoan. Classification: Arutani-Sape Nearly extinct.
More information.
Sikiana [sik] Alternate names: Sikiána, Shikiana, Chiquiana, Chikena, Chiquena. Classification: Carib, Northern, East-West Guiana, Waiwai, Sikiana Nearly extinct.
More information.
Spanish [spa] 21,480,000 in Venezuela (1995). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian
More information.
Tunebo, Central [tuf] Apure State. Classification: Chibchan, Chibchan Proper, Tunebo
More information.
Venezuelan Sign Language [vsl] Dialects: The sign language used in the classroom is different from the one used by adults outside. Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Warao [wba] 18,000 in Venezuela (1993 UBS). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 27,000. On the delta of the Orinoco River, Delta Amacuro, Sucre, Monagas. Also spoken in Guyana, Suriname. Alternate names: Guarauno, Guarao, Warrau. Classification: Language Isolate
More information.
Wayuu [guc] 170,000 in Venezuela (1995 SIL). Zulia State, Guajira Peninsula. Alternate names: Guajiro, Guajira, Goajiro. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Caribbean
More information.
Yabarana [yar] 20 to 50 (1977 Migliazza). North central, Nueva Esparta, area of the Manapiare River basin above the village of San Juan de Manapiare, Amazonas. Alternate names: Yauarana, Yawarana. Dialects: Curasicana, Wokiare (Uaiquiare, Guayqueri). Close to Mapoyo and Pémono. Classification: Carib, Northern, Western Guiana Nearly extinct.
More information.
Yanomamö [guu] 15,710 in Venezuela (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 17,653. Orinoco-Mavaca area. The Eastern dialect is in the Parima Mountains, east of Batau River, Western dialect in Padamo River basin; Ocamo, Manaviche, and upper Orinoco rivers; and south of the Orinoco River up to headwaters of Marania and Cauaburi rivers, and a number of large villages in the Siapa River area in southern Venezuela. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Yanomame, Yanomami, Guaica, Guaharibo, Guajaribo, Shamatari, Cobari Kobali, Cobariwa. Dialects: Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco). Related to Yanomámi (Waiká) of Brazil. The Cobari dialect is easily intelligible with the others. Classification: Yanomam
More information.
Yukpa [yup] 500 in Venezuela. Areas adjacent to Colombia border, Zulia State. Alternate names: Yuko, Yucpa, Yupa, Northern Motilón. Dialects: Yrapa, Río Negro. Classification: Carib, Northern, Coastal
More information.
Yuwana [yau] 300 (1970 census). Central Venezuela. A northern group is in Bolivar Division on the Kaima River, a tributary of the Cuchivero River; an isolated southern group is in Amazonas on the Iguana, a tributary of the Asita River, and on the Parucito, a tributary of the Manapiare River. Alternate names: Yoana, Yuana, Waruwaru, Chicano, Chikano, Joti, Jodi, Hoti. Dialects: There are linguistic similarities to Yanomamö and Piaroa (Salivan). Classification: Unclassified
More information.
Extinct languages
Baniva [bvv] Extinct. Colombian border area. Alternate names: Avani, Ayane, Abane. Dialects: Baniva, Quirruba. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
More information.
Baré [bae] Extinct. Ethnic population: Perhaps 238 (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Colombian border in extreme southwest, Amazonas, along the upper Rio Negro from Brazil-Venezuela border to the Casiquiare Canal, Maroa. Alternate names: Barawana, Barauna, Barauana, Ihini, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
More information.
Cumanagoto [cuo] Extinct. Eastern Venezuela coastal region. Classification: Carib, Northern, Coastal
More information.
Paraujano [pbg] Extinct. Ethnic population: 4,306 (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Lake Maracaibo, near Guajiro, Zulia State. Alternate names: Parahujano, Añú. Dialects: Alile, Toa. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Caribbean
More information.
Tamanaku [tmz] Extinct. Near Mapoyo and Yawarana. Dialects: Similar to Eñepa. Classification: Carib, Northern, Western Guiana
More information.
Yavitero [yvt] Extinct. Alternate names: Paraene. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland
Capital city:
Caracas
Meaning country name:
Little Venice", from the diminutive form of "Venezia". The native stilt-houses built on Lake Maracaibo impressed the European explorers Alonso de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci and reminded them of buildings in Venice.
Description Flag:
The flag of Venezuela dates from 1811, the beginning of that nation's struggle for independence. The basic design includes a horizontal tricolor of yellow, blue, and red. Further modifications have involved including a set of stars, multiple changes to the placement and number of stars and inclusion of an optional coat of arms at the upper-left corner.
The flag is the one primarily adopted by the National Congress of 1811, consisting of three equal horizontal stripes. This original design was by Francisco de Miranda, who on March 12, 1806 hoisted a flag with three stripes, yellow, blue, and red, on his ship headed to the Venezuelan port of Coro on his second attempt to initiate an independence movement (Previously, in Venezuela the Flag Day was celebrated in March 12, until August 3, 2006).
The yellow band stands for the wealth of the land, the blue for courage, and the red for the independence from Spain. Flag Day is celebrated in Venezuela on August 3 since 2006, in honor of the disembarkation of Francisco de Miranda in La Vela de Coro, 1806.
This format has remained largely unchanged since 1811, but underwent several modifications in the 19th and early 20th centuries as regards the stars and the Coat of Arms. On the pictures of the flag shown here, there are 8 stars.
Coat of arms:
The current coat of arms of Venezuela was primarily approved by the Congress on April 18, 1836, undergoing small modifications through history, reaching the version described below. (Note that in heraldic descriptions dexter means right from the viewpoint of a person standing behind the shield, i.e. the viewer's left; sinister means left, i.e. the viewer's right.)
The coat of arms was established in the Law of the National Flag, Shield and Anthem (Ley de Bandera, Escudo e Himno Nacionales), passed on February 17, 1954. The shield is divided in the colors of the National Flag. In the dexter chief, on a red field, wheat represents the union of the 20 States of the Republic existing at the time and the wealth of the Nation. In sinister chief, on a yellow field, weapons (a sword, a sabre and three lances) and two National Flags are tied by a branch of laurel, as a symbol of triumph in war. In base, on a deep blue field, a wild white horse (perhaps representing Simón Bolívar's white horse Palomo) runs free, an emblem of independence and freedom.
Above the shield are two crossed cornucopias (horns of plenty), pouring out wealth. The shield is flanked by an olive branch and another of palm, both tied at the bottom of the coat with a large band that represents the national tricolour (yellow for the nation's wealth, blue for the ocean separating Venezuela from Spain, and red for the blood and courage of the people).
National Anthem: Gloria al Bravo Pueblo
Spanish
— Coro —
Gloria al bravo pueblo
que el yugo lanzó,
la Ley respetando
la virtud y honor.
¡Abajo cadenas!
Gritaba el Señor;
y el pobre en su choza
libertad pidió.
Y a este santo nombre
tembló de pavor
el vil egoísmo
que otra vez triunfó.
Gritemos con brio
Muera la opresion!
Compatriotas fieles,
la fuerza es la union;
y desde el empireo,
el Supremo Autor
un sublime aliento
al pueblo infundio.
Unida con lazos
que el cielo forjo,
la America toda
existe en nacion;
y si el despotismo
levanta la voz
seguid el ejemplo
que Caracs dio.
English
— Chorus —
Glory to the brave people
which shook off the yoke,
the Law respecting
virtue and honour.
— I —
“Down with the chains!” (repeat)
Cried out the Lord; (repeat)
and the poor man in his hovel
for freedom implored.
Upon this holy name ((repeat))
trembled in fear
the vile selfishness
that had once triumphed.
((repeat last four lines))
(((repeat last two lines)))
(Chorus)
— II —
Let’s cry out aloud: (repeat)
Down with oppression! (repeat)
Faithful countrymen, your strength
lies in your unity;
and from the heavens ((repeat))
the supreme Creator
breathed a sublime spirit
into the nation.
((repeat last four lines))
(((repeat last two lines)))
(Chorus)
— III —
United by bonds (repeat)
made by heaven, (repeat)
all America exists
as a Nation;
and if tyranny ((repeat))
raises its voice,
follow the example
given by Caracas.
((repeat last four lines))
(((repeat last two lines)))
(Chorus)
Internet Page: www.gobiernoenlinea.ve
Venezuela in diferent languages
eng | afr | ast | bre | ces | dan | dsb | eus | fin | glg | hau | hsb | hun | ibo | ina | ita | jav | jnf | lld | nld | nor | por | roh | ron | slk | slv | sme | spa | sqi | srd | swa | swe | tet | tur | vor | zza: Venezuela
hat | lin | mlt | wln: Venezwela
crh | kaa | uzb: Venesuela / Венесуэла
deu | ltz | nds: Venezuela / Venezuela
fao | lit | smo: Venesuela
cym | pol: Wenezuela
ind | msa: Venezuela / ۏينيزويلا
kin | run: Venezuwela
mol | slo: Venezuela / Венезуела
arg: Benezuela
aze: Venesuela / Венесуела
bam: Wenezuwela
bos: Venecuela / Венецуела
cat: Veneçuela
cor: Veneswela
cos: Venezuella
epo: Venezuelo
est: Venezuela; Venetsueela
fra: Vénézuela; Venezuela
frp: Venezuèla
fry: Fenezuëla
fur: Venezuele
gla: A’ Bheiniseala; Benesuela; Bhenesuèla
gle: Veiniséala / Veiniséala ; An Bheneséil / An Ḃeneséil
glv: Yn Veneswaaley
grn: Venezuéla
hrv: Venecuela; Venezuela
isl: Venesúela
kmr: Vênêsûêla / Венесуела / ڤێنێسووئێلا ; Vênêsûêl / Венесуел / ڤێنێسووئێل ; Vênêsûla / Венесула / ڤێنێسوولا
kur: Venezwêla / ڤەنەزوێلا ; Venezûela / ڤەنەزووئەلا
lat: Venetiola; Venessuela
lav: Venecuēla
mlg: Venezoela
nrm: Vénézuéla
oci: Veneçuèla; Venezuela
pap: Benesuela
que: Winiswila
rmy: Venezuela / वेनेज़ुएला
rup: Venetsuela
scn: Venezzuela
som: Fenisuweela
szl: Wynezuela
tgl: Beneswela; Benesuela
ton: Venisuela
tuk: Wenesuela / Венесуэла
vie: Vê-nê-zu-ê-la
vol: Venesolän
wol: Benesuwela
alt | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Венесуэла (Venesuėla)
bul | mkd: Венецуела (Venecuela)
abq: Венесуэла (Venesuėła)
bak: Венесуэла / Venesuela
bel: Венесуэла / Vieniesueła; Вэнэсуэла / Venesueła
chv: Венесуэлӑ (Venesuėlă)
kaz: Венесуэла / Veneswela / ۆەنەسۋەلا
kbd: Венесуэлэ (Venesuălă)
mon: Венесуэл (Venesuäl)
oss: Венесуэлӕ (Venesuėlä)
srp: Венецуела / Venecuela
tat: Венесуэла / Venezuela
tgk: Венесуэла / ونسوئیله / Venesuela
ukr: Венесуела (Venesuela)
ara: فنزويلا (Fanzuwaylā / Finzuwaylā); فينيزويلا (Fīnīzwīlā); فينزويلا (Fīnizwīlā); فنزويلا (Finizwīlā)
ckb: ڤەنەزوێلا / Venezwêla
fas: ونزوئلا / Venezoelâ / Venezuelâ
prs: وینزویلا (Vēnezūēlā)
pus: وېنزوېلا (Wenizūelā); ونزوېلا (Winizūelā)
uig: ۋېنېسۇئېلا / Wénésuéla / Венесуэла
urd: وینیزویلا (Venīzvelā); وینزویلا (Venizvelā)
div: ވެނެޒުއެލާ (Veneżu'elā)
heb: ונצואלה / וונצואלה (Venetsûʾelah)
lad: ב'יניזואילה / Venezuela
yid: װענעזװעלע (Venezvele)
amh: ቬኔዙዌላ (Venezuwela)
ell: Βενεζουέλα (Venezoyéla)
hye: Վենեսուելա (Venesouela)
kat: ვენესუელა (Venesuela)
hin: वेनेज़ुएला (Venezuelā); वेनेज़ुवेला (Venezuvelā)
ben: ভেনিজুয়েলা (Bʰenijuyelā); ভেনেজুয়েলা (Bʰenejuyelā)
pan: ਵੈਨੇਜ਼ੂਏਲਾ (Vænezūelā)
kan: ವೆನೆಜುಯೆಲ (Venejuyela)
mal: വെനിസ്വേല (Venisvēla); വെനസ്വേല (Venasvēla)
tam: வெனிசுலா (Veṉičulā); வெனிசுயேலா (Veṉičuyēlā)
tel: వెనిజ్వెలా (Venijvelā)
zho: 委内瑞拉 (Wēinèiruìlā)
jpn: ヴェネズエラ (Venezuera); ベネズエラ (Benezuera)
kor: 베네주엘라 (Benejuella); 베네수엘라 (Benesuella)
bod: ཝེ་ནེ་ཟུའེ་ལ་ (We.ne.zu'e.la.)
mya: ဗင္နီဇ္ဝဲလား (Bĩnizwɛ̀là)
tha: เวเนซูเอลา (Wēnēsū'ēlā); เวเนซุเอลา (Wēnēsu'ēlā)
lao: ເວເນຊູເອລາ (Vēnēsū'ēlā)
khm: វេណេហ្សុយអេឡា (Veṇehsuy'eḷā); វីណេហ្ស៊ូអេឡា (Vīṇehsū'eḷā)
Support and availability are two quite important features, and we cannot exclude discussing them while discussing the professional bookkeeping service providers.
A 2015 Wright 'Borismaster' decker complete with its Northern Ireland registration, is pictured operating TFL Service 11 in Central London.
©Cobalt512 - No unauthorised use.
Is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length and as much as 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, amounting to 11,100 km2. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 190 kilometres (120 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harboring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water", or the "Land of Springs".
Formerly a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it later became the British Crown colony of Jamaica. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State. Kingston is the largest city in Jamaica and the country's capital.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jamaica
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica
Other info
Oficial Name:
Jamaica
Independence:
August 6, 1962
Area:
10.991km2
Inhabitants:
3.600.000
Languages:
English [eng] Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
More information.
Jamaican Country Sign Language [jcs] Alternate names: Country Sign. Dialects: There is no standardized sign language, but 'Country Sign' differs from region to region. Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Jamaican Creole English [jam] 2,665,636 in Jamaica (2001). Population total all countries: 3,181,171. Also spoken in Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Panama, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Patwa, Patois, Bongo Talk, Quashie Talk, Southwestern Caribbean Creole English. Dialects: The basilect (extreme varieties) and Standard English are inherently unintelligible to each other's speakers (Voegelin and Voegelin, LePage, Adler). It may be partly intelligible to speakers of Cameroon Pidgin and Krio of Sierra Leone, spoken by descendants of Jamaicans repatriated between 1787 and 1860. Inherently intelligible to speakers of creoles in Panama and Costa Rica. Reported to be very close to Belize Creole, close to Grenada, Saint Vincent, different from Tobago, very different from Guyana, Barbados, Leeward and Windward islands. Lexical similarity 25% with Guyanese, 13% with Belizean, 9% with Trinidadian, 8% with Barbadian, 5% with Nicaraguan. Classification: Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western
Capital city:
Kingston
Meaning country name:
Taíno/Arawak Indian "Xaymaca" or "Hamaica", "Land of wood and water" or perhaps "Land of Springs".
Description Flag:
The flag of Jamaica was adopted on August 6, 1962 which was the original Jamaican Independence Day. The flag consists of the colours green, gold, and black. Black symbolises the strength and creativity of the Jamaican people. Gold represents sunlight and the country's natural wealth. Green represents hope for the future and agricultural richness. The flag is blazoned per saltire vert, sable, of the second, and of the first, a saltire Or.
Coat of arms:
Considered as a legacy from the British with slight modifications, the Jamaican Coat of Arms was granted to Jamaica in 1661 under Royal Warrant. The original was designed by William Sancroft, then Archbishop of Canterbury.
In giving consideration to what might have be the form of an appropriate Coat of Arms for an Independent Jamaica, both Government and the Opposition reached agreement in the following principle: the existing Arms (granted in 1661) constituted a “badge of great historical significance to the nation and should be retained”.
All the figures on the Arms represent Jamaica in different aspects: the pineapples -as the indigenous fruits, the Tainos – as the first inhabitants and the crocodile – as the indigenous reptile in the country. The use of the Royal Helmet and Mantlings is a unique distinction accorded Jamaica.
It is also stated that the original grant of arms was made in February 1662 not 1661. The latter year is an error owing to the change in 1752 from the old style of dating to the new(the New Year began on March 25 so that what was then 1661 would be 1662 to nowadays).
The Jamaica coat of Arms has seen quite a number of changes, but only three are officially recorded. These changes occurred in 1692, 1957 and 1962 respectively.
Motto:
"Out of many, one people"
National Anthem: Jamaica,Land we love you
Eternal Father, Bless our land
Guide us with thy mighty hand
Keep us free from evil powers
Be our light through countless hours
To our leaders, Great Defender,
Grant true wisdom from above
Justice, truth be ours forever
Jamaica, land we love
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love
Teach us true respect for all
Stir response to duty's call
Strengthen us the weak to cherish
Give us vision lest we perish
Knowledge send us, Heavenly Father,
Grant true wisdom from above
Justice, truth be ours forever
Jamaica, land we love
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love
Internet Page: www.my-island-jamaica.com
Jamaica in diferent languages
eng | cat | cym | dan | est | hau | ina | nld | nor | oci | por | ron | sme | spa | swe | vor: Jamaica
afr | bre | dsb | eus | fin | fry | hsb | hun | jav | lav | lit | mlg | smg | swa | tet: Jamaika
ces | hrv | pol | slk | slv: Jamajka
ita | lld | roh | scn: Giamaica
deu | ltz | nds: Jamaika / Jamaika
fra | jnf | nrm: Jamaïque
ast | glg: Xamaica
cor | wol: Jamayka
ind | msa: Jamaika / جامايكا
kaa | uzb: Yamayka / Ямайка
kin | run: Jamayika
arg: Chamaica
aze: Yamayka / Јамајка
bam: Zamayiki
bos: Jamajka / Јамајка
crh: Camayka / Джамайка
epo: Jamajko
fao: Jameika
frp: J•amayica
fur: Gjamaiche
gla: Iaimeuca
gle: Iamáice / Iamáice
glv: Yn Yamaicey
hat: Jamayik
ibo: Jameka
isl: Jamaíka
kmr: Yamayka / Йамайка / یامایکا; Yamayk / Йамайк / یامایک
kur: Cemayîka / جەماییکا
lat: Iamaica; Jamaica
lin: Jamaïke
mlt: Ġamajka
mol: Jamaica / Жамайка
pap: Hamaika
que: Shamayka
rmy: Jamaika / जामाइका
rup: Iamaica
slo: Jamaika / Йамаика
smo: Iamaika
som: Jameyka
sqi: Xhamajka
srd: Jamàica
tgl: Hamayka
ton: Samaika
tuk: Ýamaýka / Ямайка
tur: Jamaika; Jamayka
vie: Ha-mai-ca
vol: Camaykeän
wln: Djamayike
zza: Cameika
abq | alt | bul | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm | ukr: Ямайка (Jamajka)
bak |tat: Ямайка / Yamayka
bel: Ямайка / Jamajka
chv: Ямайкӑ (Jamajkă)
kaz: Ямайка / Yamayka / يامايكا
kbd: Ямайкэ (Jamajkă)
mkd: Јамајка (Jamajka)
mon: Ямайк (Jamajk)
oss: Ямайкӕ (Jamajkä)
srp: Јамајка / Jamajka
tgk: Ямайка / یمیکه / Jamajka
ara: جامايكا (Ǧāmāykā); جمايكا (Ǧamāykā); جاميكا (Ǧāmaykā)
fas: جامائیکا / Jâmâikâ; ژامائیک / Žâmâik
prs: جامایکا (Jāmāykā)
pus: جامايکا (Jāmāykā); جميکا (Jamaykā)
uig: يامايكا / Yamayka / Ямайка
urd: جمیکا (Jamekā)
div: ޖެމެއިކާ (Jeme'ikā)
heb: ג׳מיקה (Jameyqah / Jamayqah); ג׳אמאיקה (Jâmâyqah); ג׳אמייקה (Jâmayqah / Jâmeyqah); ג׳מייקה (Jameyqah)
lad: ז'אמאייקה / Jamayka
yid: יאַמײַקאַ (Yamayka)
amh: ጃማይካ (Jamayka)
ell-dhi: Τζαμάικα (Tzamáika)
ell-kat: Τζαμάϊκα (Tzamáïka); Ζαμάϊκα (Zamáïka); Ἰαμάϊκα (Iamáïka); Ἰαμαϊκή (Iamaïkī́)
hye: Յամայկա (Yamayka)
kat: იამაიკა (Iamaika)
hin: जमैका (Jamækā); जमाइका (Jamāikā)
ben: জামাইকা (Jāmāikā); জ্যামেকা (Jæmekā)
pan: ਜੈਮਾਈਕਾ (Jæmāīkā)
kan: ಜಮೈಕ (Jamaika)
mal: ജമൈക്ക (Jamaikka)
tam: ஜமேக்கா (Jamēkkā); ஜமைக்கா (Jamaikkā); ஜமைகா (Jamaikā)
tel: జమైకా (Jamaikā)
zho: 牙買加/牙买加 (Yámǎijiā)
jpn: ジャマイカ (Jamaika)
kor: 자마이카 (Jamaika); 자메이카 (Jameika)
bod: ཡ་མས་ཁ་ (Ya.mas.kʰa.)
dzo: ཇ་མའི་ཀ་ (Ja.ma'i.ka.)
mya: ဂ္ယမေကာ (Jámeka)
tha: จาเมกา (Čāmēkā)
khm: ហ្សាម៉ាអ៊ិគ (Hsāmā'ik); ចាម៉ៃកា (Čāmaikā)
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Parked Area Yankee at Glasgow EGPF/GLA on 10th July 2019
J964 GLG
1992 ERF E12TX 300
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Jacks Hill Cafe, Towcester, 14 April 2019
Stirlands 1992 Perkins powered ERF E12TX tractor unit J964 GLG and 1971 Gardner powered Atkinson Borderer recovery wagon GVO 293J.
Rolls Royce had an engine called Eagle so at first I thought the ERF had one of those in it. I've seen it in Beeston before.
Nottingham Motor Show, Wollaton Park, 9.6.24
Is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal water passage to the Baltic was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. Denmark has a state-level government and local governments in 98 municipalities. Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1973, although it has not joined the Eurozone. Denmark is a founding member of NATO and the OECD.
Denmark, with a mixed market capitalist economy and a large welfare state, ranks as having the world's highest level of income equality. Denmark has the best business climate in the world, according to the U.S. business magazine Forbes. From 2006 to 2008, surveys ranked Denmark as "the happiest place in the world," based on standards of health, welfare, and education. The 2009 Global Peace Index survey ranks Denmark as the second most peaceful country in the world, after New Zealand. Denmark was ranked as the least corrupt country in the world in the 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index, sharing a top position with Sweden and New Zealand.
The national language, Danish, is close to Swedish and Norwegian, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties. 82.0% of the inhabitants of Denmark and 90.3% of the ethnic Danes are members of the Lutheran state church. As of 2009, 526,000 persons (9.5 % of the Danish population) were either immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants. Most of these (54%) have their origins in Scandinavia or elsewhere in Europe, while the remainder originate mainly from a wide range of Asian countries.
Etymology
The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single Kingdom is a subject that attracts some debate. The debate is centered primarily around the prefix 'Dan' and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. The issue is further complicated by a number of references to various Dani people in Scandinavia or other places in Europe in ancient Greek and Roman accounts (like Ptolemy, Jordanes, and Gregory of Tours), as well as some medieval literature (like Adam of Bremen, Beowulf, Widsith, and Poetic Edda).
Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning "flat land", related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave", Sanskrit dhánuṣ- (धनुस्; "desert"). The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig, maybe similar to Finnmark, Telemark, or Dithmarschen.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Denmark
Geography
Denmark is located in Western Europe (it is one of the Nordic countries) on the Jutland peninsula and several islands in the Baltic sea. It sidelines both the (Baltic Sea) and the North Sea along its 7,987 km coastline. Its size is comparable to that of Nova Scotia. Denmark has a 68 km border with Germany. Denmark experiences a temperate climate. This means that the winters are mild and windy and the summers are cool. The local terrain is generally flat with a few gently rolling plains. The territory of Denmark includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Its position gives Denmark complete control of the Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas. The country's natural resources include Petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, stone, gravel and sand.
Oficial name:
Kongeriget Danmark
Kongeriget Danmark
deu: Königreich Dänemark / Königreich Dänemark
fao: Kongsríkið Danmark
kal: Kunngeqarfik Danmarki
Consolidation:
Pre-historic
Area:
43.098km2
Inhabitants:
6.000.000
Language:
Danish [dan] 5,000,000 in Denmark (1980). Population total all countries: 5,299,756. Also spoken in Canada, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, USA. Alternate names: Dansk, Central Danish, Sjaelland. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Riksmal, Danish
More information.
Danish Sign Language [dsl] 3,500 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Dialects: Some signs are related to French Sign Language. Intelligible with Swedish and Norwegian sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. Classification: Deaf sign language
More information.
Faroese [fao] 45,400 (2001). Faroe Islands. Alternate names: Føroyskt. Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with Icelandic. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, West Scandinavian
More information.
German, Standard [deu] 23,000 in Denmark (1976 Stephens). North Slesvig (Sydjylland). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German
More information.
Inuktitut, Greenlandic [kal] 7,000 on Denmark mainland (1990 L. D. Kaplan). Alternate names: Greenlandic, Kalaallisut. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit
More information.
Jutish [jut] German-Danish border area, Southern Jutland on the Danish side, and in northern Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Also spoken in Germany. Alternate names: Jutlandish, Jysk, Western Danish. Dialects: The westernmost and southernmost dialects differ so much from Standard Danish that many people from the Eastern Islands have great difficulty understanding it. From the viewpoint of inherent intelligibility, it could be considered a separate language (Norbert Strade). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Riksmal, Danish
More information.
Scanian [scy] Bornholm Island. Alternate names: Skane, Skånska, Eastern Danish, Southern Swedish. Dialects: Hallaendska, Skånska, Blekingska, Bornholm. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish
More information.
Traveller Danish [rmd] Alternate names: Rodi, Rotwelsch. Dialects: An independent language based on Danish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Not inherently intelligible with Angloromani. It may be intelligible with Traveller Norwegian and Traveller Swedish. Classification: Mixed Language, Danish-Romani
Capital city:
Copenhagen
Meaning country name:
From the native name, Danmark, meaning "march (i.e., borderland) of the Danes", the dominant people of the region since ancient times. Origin of the tribal name is unknown, but one theory derives it from PIE dhen "low" or "flat", presumably in reference to the lowland nature of most of the country.
Description Flag:
The national flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is red with a white Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side. The cross design of the Danish flag was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries: Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland. During the Danish-Norwegian personal union, the Dannebrog was also the flag of Norway and continued to be, with slight modifications, until Norway adopted its current flag in 1821.
The Dannebrog is the oldest state flag in the world still in use, with the earliest undisputed source dating back to the 14th century. Prior to the use of the Dannebrog, Danish forces were known to have used the raven banner.
Coat of arms:
The National Coat of Arms of Denmark consists of three crowned blue lions accompanied by nine red hearts, all in a golden shield. The oldest known depiction of the insignia dates from a seal used by King Canute VI c. 1194. The oldest documentation for the colours dates from c. 1270.[1] Historically, the lions faced the viewer and the number of hearts was not regulated and could be much higher. Historians believe that the hearts originally were søblade (literally: sea-leaves) but that this meaning was lost early due to worn and crudely made signets used during the Middle Ages. A royal decree of 1972 specifies these figures as søblade but Danes normally refer to them as hearts. The current version was adopted in 1819 during the reign of King Frederick VI who fixed the number of hearts to nine and decreed that the heraldic beasts were lions, consequently facing forward. A rare version exists from the reign of king Eric of Pomerania in which the three lions jointly hold the Danish banner, in a similar fashion as in the coat of arms of the former South Jutland County. Until c. 1960, Denmark used both a "small" and a "large" coat of arms, similar to the system still used in Sweden. The latter symbol held wide use within the government administration, e.g. by the Foreign Ministry. Since this time, the latter symbol has been classified as the coat of arms of the royal family, leaving Denmark with only one national coat of arms, used for all official purposes.
The crown on the shield is a heraldic construction based on the crown of King Christian V, not to be confused with the crown of King Christian IV. The main difference from the real crown is that the latter is covered with table cut diamonds rather than pearls. Both crowns, and other royal insignia, are located in Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen.
The blazon in heraldic terms is: Or, three lions passant in pale Azure crowned and armed Or langued Gules, nine hearts Gules.
This insignia is almost identical to the coats of arms of Estonia and Tallinn which can both be traced directly back to King Valdemar II and the Danish rule in northern Estonia 1219-1346. The main differences are as follows: In the Danish coat of arms the lions are crowned, face forward, and accompanied by nine hearts. In the Estonian coat of arms, the "leopards" face the viewer, they are not crowned, and no hearts are present. The coat of arms of Tallinn resembles the Estonian arms, but the leopards in the former arms are crowned with golden crowns[3] similar to the ones in the Danish arms. It shows great similarities with the contemporary insignia of England's Richard the Lionheart and the current arms of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The Danish coat of arms has also been the inspiration for the coat of arms of the former Duchy of Schleswig, a former Danish province (two blue lions in a golden shield.) The hearts of the coat of arms also appear in the coat of arms of the German district of Lüneburg.
Motto:
Royal motto: "Guds hjælp, Folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke"
"The Help of God, the Love of the People, the Strength of Denmark"
National Anthem: Der er et yndigt land
Der er et yndigt land,
det står med brede bøge
nær salten østerstrand :|
Det bugter sig i bakke, dal,
det hedder gamle Danmark
og det er Frejas sal :|
Der sad i fordums tid
de harniskklædte kæmper,
udhvilede fra strid :|
Så drog de frem til fjenders mén,
nu hvile deres bene
bag højens bautasten :|
Det land endnu er skønt,
thi blå sig søen bælter,
og løvet står så grønt :|
Og ædle kvinder, skønne mø'r
og mænd og raske svende
bebo de danskes øer :|
Hil drot og fædreland!
Hil hver en danneborger,
som virker, hvad han kan! :|
Vort gamle Danmark skal bestå,
så længe bøgen spejler
sin top i bølgen blå :|
The whole version of the Danish national anthem, but it's only the four verses above which are sung.
Der er et yndigt land,
det står med brede bøge
nær salten østerstrand;
det bugter sig i bakke, dal,
det hedder gamle Danmark,
og det er Frejas sal.
Der sad i fordums tid
de harniskklædte kæmper,
udhvilede fra strid;
så drog de frem til fjenders men,
nu hviler deres bene
bag højens bautasten.
Det land endnu er skønt,
thi blå sig søen bælter,
og løvet står så grønt;
og ædle kvinder, skønne mør,
og mænd og raske svende
bebor de danske øer.
Vort sprog er stærkt og blødt,
vor tro er ren og lutret
og modet er ej dødt.
Og hver en dansk er lige fri,
hver lyder tro sin konge,
men trældom er forbi.
Et venligt syd i nord
er, grønne Danarige,
din aksbeklædte jord.
Og snekken går sin stolte vej.
Hvor plov og kølen furer,
der svigter håbet ej.
Vort Dannebrog er smukt,
det vifter hen ad havet
med flagets røde bugt.
Og stedse har sin farve hvid
dit hellige kors i blodet,
o Dannebrog, i strid.
Karsk er den danskes ånd,
den hader fordoms lænker,
og sværmeriets bånd.
For venskab åben, kold for spot,
slår ærlig jydes hjerte,
for pige, land og drot.
Jeg bytter Danmark ej
for Ruslands vinterørkner,
for sydens blomstermaj.
Ej pest og slanger kender vi,
ej Vesterlandets tungsind,
ej Østens raseri.
Vor tid ej står i dunst,
den hævet har sin stemme
for videnskab og kunst.
Ej Brages og ej Mimers råb
har vakt i lige strækning
et bedre fremtids håb.
Ej stor, vor fødestavn,
dog hæver sig blandt stæder
dit stolte København.
Til bedre by ej havet kom,
ja ingen flod i dalen,
fra Trondhjem og til Rom.
Med hellig varetægt
bevare du, Alfader!
vor gamle kongeslægt.
Kong Fredrik ligner Fredegod;
hvor er en bedre fyrste,
af bedre helteblod?
Hil drot og fædreland!
hil hver en danneborger,
som virker hvad han kan.
Vort gamle Danmark skal bestå,
sålænge bøgen spejler
sin top i bølgen blå.
Literal translation
There is a lovely country
it stands with broad beeches
near the salty eastern beach
It winds itself in hill, valley,
it is called old Denmark
and it is Freja's hall
There sat in former times,
the armour-suited warriors,
rested from conflict
Then they journeyed forwards to their enemies' injury,
now their bones are resting
behind the mound's menhir
That country is still lovely,
because the sea waves so blue frolic,
and the foliage stands so green
And noble women, beautiful maidens,
and men and brisk swains
inhabit the Danes' islands
Hail king and native country!
Hail every a Dane-citizen,
who works, what he can
Our old Denmark shall endure,
as long the beech reflects
its top in the blue wave
Royal Anthem: Kong Kristian
Kong Kristian stod ved højen mast
i røg og damp;
hans værge hamrede så fast,
at gotens hjelm og hjerne brast.
Da sank hvert fjendtligt spejl og mast
i røg og damp.
Fly, skreg de, fly, hvad flygte kan!
hvo står for Danmarks Kristian
hvo står for Danmarks Kristian
i kamp?
Niels Juel gav agt på stormens brag.
Nu er det tid.
Han hejsede det røde flag
og slog på fjenden slag i slag.
Da skreg de højt blandt stormens brag:
Nu er det tid!
Fly, skreg de, hver, som véd et skjul!
hvo kan bestå mod Danmarks Juel
hvo kan bestå mod Danmarks Juel
i strid?
O, Nordhav! Glimt af Wessel brød
din mørke sky.
Da ty'de kæmper til dit skød;
thi med ham lynte skræk og død.
Fra vallen hørtes vrål, som brød
den tykke sky.
Fra Danmark lyner Tordenskjold;
hver give sig i himlens vold
hver give sig i himlens vold
og fly!
Du danskes vej til ros og magt,
sortladne hav!
Modtag din ven, som uforsagt
tør møde faren med foragt
så stolt som du mod stormens magt,
sortladne hav!
Og rask igennem larm og spil
og kamp og sejer før mig til
og kamp og sejer før mig til
min grav!
English translation
King Kristian stood by the lofty mast
In mist and smoke;
His sword was hammering so fast,
Through Gothic helm and brain it passed;
Then sank each hostile hulk and mast,
In mist and smoke.
"Fly!" shouted they, "fly, he who can!
Who braves of Denmark's Kristian,
Who braves of Denmark's Kristian,
In battle?"
Nils Juel gave heed to the tempest's roar,
Now is the hour!
He hoisted his blood-red flag once more,
And smote upon the foe full sore,
And shouted loud, through the tempest's roar,
"Now is the hour!"
"Fly!" shouted they, "for shelter fly!
Of Denmark's Juel who can defy,
Of Denmark's Juel who can defy,
The power?"
North Sea! a glimpse of Wessel rent
Thy murky sky!
Then champions to thine arms were sent;
Terror and Death glared where he went;
From the waves was heard a wail, that rent
Thy murky sky!
From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol',
Let each to Heaven commend his soul,
Let each to Heaven commend his soul,
And fly!
Path of the Dane to fame and might!
Dark-rolling wave!
Receive thy friend, who, scorning flight,
Goes to meet danger with despite,
Proudly as thou the tempest's might,
Dark-rolling wave!
And amid pleasures and alarms,
And war and victory, be thine arms,
And war and victory, be thine arms,
My grave!
Internet Page: www.denmark.dk
Danmark in diferent languages
eng | hau | jav: Denmark
bre | cor | dan | ina | nor | swe: Danmark
cos | ita | lld-bad | rup | scn | srd: Danimarca
ast | cat | glg | por | spa: Dinamarca
eus | mlt | sqi | tur | zza: Danimarka
gag | kaa | uzb: Daniya / Дания
hrv | hsb | slv: Danska
pap | tet | tgl: Dinamarka
aze | crh: Danimarka / Данимарка
ces | slk: Dánsko
deu | ltz: Dänemark / Dänemark
est | vor: Taani
fra | lin: Danemark
ind | msa: Denmark / دينمارك
kin | run: Danemarke
lat | pol: Dania
oci | roh: Danemarc
afr: Denemarke
arg: Dinamarca; Denamarca
bam: Danimaraki
bos: Danska / Данска
csb: Dëńskô
cym: Denmarc
dsb: Dańska
epo: Danujo; Danio
fao: Danmørk
fin: Tanska
frp: Danemârc
fry: Denemark
fur: Danimarche
gla: An Danmhairg; An Danmhairc
gle: An Danmhairg / An Danṁairg
glv: Yn Danvarg
hat: Dànmak
haw: Kenemaka
hun: Dánia
ibo: Denmak
isl: Danmörk
jnf: Dannemar
kal: Qallunaat Nunaat; Danmarki
kmr: Danmark / Данмарк / دانمارک
kur: Danmark / دانمارک; Danêmark / دانێمارک; Denîmerke / دەنیمەرکە; Denîmark / دەنیمارک
lav: Dānija
lim: Daenemark
lit: Danija
liv: Dēņmō
lld-grd: Denemarch
lug: Denmarki
mlg: Danemarka
mol: Danemarca / Данемарка
mri: Tenemāka
nah: Tanmac
nds: Däänmark / Däänmark
nld: Denemarken
non: Danmǫrk
nrm: Dannemâr
que: Dansuyu; Danmarka
rmy: Danemarka / दानेमार्का
ron: Danemarca
slo: Danzem / Данзем
sme: Dánmárku
smg: Danėjė
smo: Tenimaka
som: Danmaark
swa: Udenmarki
szl: Dańja
ton: Tenimaʻake
tuk: Daniýa / Дания
vie: Đan Mạch
vol: Danän
wln: Daenmåtche
wol: Danmaark
zul: iDenemaka
chu: Донь (Donĭ)
abq | alt | bul | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Дания (Danija)
che | chv | mon | oss: Дани (Dani)
bak: Дания / Daniya
bel: Данія / Danija
chm: Даний (Danij)
kaz: Дания / Danïya / دانيا
kbd: Дание (Danie)
mkd: Данска (Danska)
srp: Данска / Danska
tat: Дания / Daniä; Дәнмарк / Dänmark
tgk: Дания / دنیه / Danija
ukr: Данія (Danija)
xal: Дань (Dan')
ara: الدانمارك (ad-Dānmārk); الدانمرك (ad-Dānmark); الدنمارك (ad-Danmārk)
fas: دانمارک (Dānmārk)
prs: دنمارک (Danmārk)
pus: ډنمارک (Ḋanmārk); دنمارک (Danmārk); ډېنمارک (Ḋenmārk)
uig: دانىيە / Daniye / Дания
urd: ڈنمارک (Ḋanmārk); ڈینمارک (Ḋænmārk)
div: ޑެންމާކް (Ḋenmāk)
syr: ܕܢܡܪܟ (Denmark)
heb: דניה (Denyah / Danyah); דאניה (Dânyah); דנמרק (Denmarq / Danmarq); דנמארק (Denmârq); דאנמארק (Dânmârq)
lad: דינאמארקה / Dinamarka
yid: דענמאַרק (Denmark)
amh: ዴንማርክ (Denmark); ደንማርክ (Dänmark)
tir: ዳንማርክ (Danmark)
ell: Δανία (Danía)
hye: Դանիա (Dania)
kat: დანია (Dania)
hin: डेनमार्क (Ḍenmārk)
ben: ডেনমার্ক (Ḍenmārk); ডেন্মার্ক (Ḍenmārk)
pan: ਡੈਨਮਾਰਕ (Ḍænmārk)
kan: ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್ (Ḍenmārk)
mal: ഡെന്മാര്ക്ക് (Ḍenmārkk)
tam: டென்மார்க் (Ṭeṉmārk)
tel: డెన్మార్క్ (Ḍenmārk)
zho: 丹麥/丹麦 (Dānmài)
yue: 丹麥/丹麦 (Dàanmahk)
jpn: デンマーク (Denmāku)
kor: 덴마크 (Denmakeu)
bod: དན་མྲག་ (Dan.mrag.); དན་མེ་ (Dan.me.); དེན་མེ་ (Den.me.); ཏན་མེ་ (Tan.me.)
dzo: ཌེན་མཱཀ་ (Ḍen.māk.)
mya: ဒိန္းမတ္ (Deĩmaʿ)
tha: เดนมาร์ก (Dēnmā[r]k)
lao: ແດນມາກ (Dǣnmāk)
khm: ដាណឺម៉ាក (Dāṇʉ̄māk)
Is the largest country in South America and the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area and the fifth most populous country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).[ It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos are part of the Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until its independence in 1822. Initially independent as the Brazilian Empire, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified. Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
Brazil is the world's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP and the ninth largest by purchasing power parity. Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations, and is one of the BRIC Countries. Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats
History
Portuguese colonization and territorial expansion
The land now called Brazil (the origin of whose name is disputed), was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered stone age natives divided into several tribes, most of whom shared the same Tupi-Guarani linguistic family, and fought among themselves.
Colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when Dom João III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies, but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony. The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid 16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export and the Portuguese imported African slaves to cope with the increasing international demand.
Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, taking São Luís in 1615. They sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).
At the end of the 17th century sugar exports started to decline but the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) around 1693, and in the following decades in current Mato Grosso and Goiás, saved the colony from imminent collapse. From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines.
The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, and succeeded in conquering the Eastern Strip in 1777. However, this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian borders.
In 1808, the Portuguese royal family, fleeing the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of the entire Portuguese Empire. In 1815 Dom João VI, then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother, elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign Kingdom united with Portugal. In 1809 the Portuguese invaded French Guiana (which was returned to France in 1817) and in 1816 the Eastern Strip, subsequently renamed Cisplatina.
Independence and empire
King João VI returned to Europe on 26 April 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil. The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808. The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October 1822, Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822.
At that time almost all Brazilians were in favor of a monarchy and republicanism had little support. The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through almost the entire territory, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions. The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824 and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.
The first Brazilian constitution was promulgated on 25 March 1824, after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country. Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and went to Europe to reclaim his daughter’s crown, leaving behind his five year old son and heir, who was to become Dom Pedro II. As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives until he reached maturity, a regency was created.
Disputes between political factions led to rebellions and an unstable, almost anarchical, regency. The rebellious factions, however, were not in revolt against the monarchy, even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics, but only so long as Pedro II was a minor. Because of this, Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and "Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress."
Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the War of the Triple Alliance) and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy, mainly due to successive elections and unrestricted freedom of the press. Most importantly, slavery was extinguished after a slow but steady process that began with the end of the international traffic in slaves in 1850 and ended with the complete abolition of slavery in 1888.The slave population had been in decline since Brazil's independence: in 1823, 29% of the Brazilian population were slaves but by 1887 this had fallen to 5%.
When the monarchy was overthrown on 15 November 1889 there was little desire in Brazil to change the form of government and Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among his subjects. However, he "bore prime, perhaps sole, responsibility for his own overthrow." After the death of his two sons, Pedro believed that "the imperial regime was destined to end with him." He cared little for the regime's fate and so neither did anything, nor allowed anyone else to do anything, to prevent the military coup, backed by former slave owners who resented the abolition of slavery.
States and municipalities
Brazil is a federation composed of twenty-six States, one federal district (which contains the capital city, Brasília) and municipalities. States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can only be voted by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.
The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and also to define the application of federal funds in development projects.
Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government. Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county).
Geography
Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China and the United States, and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of 8,514,876.599 square kilometers (3,287,612 sq mi), including 55,455 square kilometers (21,411 sq mi) of water. It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil), and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands.
Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar. In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 3,014 metres (9,890 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.
Brazil has a dense and complete system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic. Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.
Other Infos
Oficial name:
Republica Federativa do Brasil
Independence:
Declared September 7, 1822
- Recognized August 29, 1825
- Republic November 15, 1889
Area:
8.514.816 km2
Inhabitants:
182.670.000
Dialects:
Agavotaguerra,Amahuaca ,Amanayé ,Amapá Creole ,Amikoana ,Amundava ,Anambé ,Apalaí,Apiacá ,Apinayé ,Apurinã ,Arapaso ,Arára,Araweté ,Parakanã ,Tapirapé,Arikapú ,Aruá ,Arutani ,Ashéninka ,Asuriní ,Asuriní,Atorada ,Atruahí ,Aurá ,Avá-Canoeiro ,Awetí ,Bakairí ,Banawá ,Baniwa ,Borôro ,Brazilian Sign Language ,Cafundo Creole ,Caló ,Canela ,Carib ,Carútana ,Cashinahua ,Chiripá ,Cinta Larga ,Cocama-Cocamilla ,Cubeo ,Culina ,Curripaco ,Dâw ,Dení ,Desano ,Enawené-Nawé ,Fulniô ,Gavião do Jiparaná ,Gavião, ,Guajá ,Guajajára ,Guanano Guaraní, Mbyá ,Guarequena ,Guató ,Hixkaryána,Hupdë ,Iapama ,Ikpeng ,Ingarikó ,Ipeka-Tapuia Irántxe ,Jabutí ,Jamamadí Jaruára ,Júma ,Jurúna ,Kabixí ,Kadiwéu ,Kaingáng ,Kaiwá ,Kamayurá ,Kanamarí ,Karahawyana ,Karajá ,Karapanã ,Karipuná ,Karipúna Creole French ,Karitiâna ,Karo ,Katawixi ,Katukína ,Katukína, Panoan ,Kaxararí ,Kaxuiâna Kayabí ,Kayapó ,Kohoroxitari ,Korubo ,Krahô ,Kreen-Akarore ,Krenak ,Kreye ,Krikati-Timbira Kuikúro-Kalapálo ,Kuruáya ,Machinere ,Macuna ,Macushi ,Makuráp ,Mandahuaca ,Mapidian Maquiritari ,Marúbo ,Matipuhy ,Matís ,Matsés ,Maxakalí ,Mehináku ,Miarrã ,Miraña ,Mondé ,Morerebi ,Mundurukú ,Nadëb ,Nambikuára, Northern ,Nambikuára, Nhengatu ,Ninam ,Ofayé ,Omagua .Oro Win ,Pakaásnovos ,Palikúr ,Papavô ,Parakanã ,Parecís ,Paumarí ,Pemon ,Pirahã ,Piratapuyo,
Plautdietsch ,Pokangá ,Portuguese, Poyanáwa ,Puruborá ,Rikbaktsa, Sabanês ,Sakirabiá ,Salumá ,Sanumá ,Sateré-Mawé , Sharanahua ,Sikiana ,Siriano ,Suruahá ,Suruí ,Suruí do Pará ,Suyá ,Tapirapé ,Tariano ,Tembé, ,Tenharim ,Terêna ,Ticuna ,Torá ,Tremembé, Trumaí ,Tubarão ,Tucano ,Tuparí ,Tuyuca ,Urubú-Kaapor ,Urubú-Kaapor ,Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau ,Uru-Pa-In ,Waimaha ,Waiwai ,Wapishana ,Waurá ,Wayampi ,Wayana ,Wayoró ,Xavánte ,Xerénte ,Xetá Xipaya ,Xiriâna ,Xokleng ,Yaminahua ,Yanomámi ,Yanomamö ,Yawanawa,Yuhup ,Yurutí ,Zo'é.
Capital city:
Brasilia
Meaning of the Country name:
Named after the brazilwood tree, so-named because its reddish wood resembled the color of red-hot embers (brasil in Portuguese). In Tupi it is called "ibirapitanga", which means literally 'red wood'. The wood of the tree was used to color clothes and fabrics.
Another theory stands that the name of the country is related to the Irish myth of Hy-Brazil, a phantom island similar to St. Brendan's Island, situated southwest of Ireland. The legend was so strong that during the 15th century many expeditions tried to find it, the most important being John Cabot. As the Brazilian lands were reached by Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 A.D., the Irish myth would have influenced the late name given to the country (after "Island of Real Cross" and "Land of Holy Cross"). The proof that the legend was popular among Iberic people may be verified by the name of the Azorean Terceira Island, registered in the 14th century in the Atlas Catalan and around 1436 on the Venetian map of Andrea Bianco.
Description Flag:
Brazil's current flag was inspired by the flag of the former Brazilian Empire. On the imperial flag, the green represented the Imperial House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, and the yellow represented the Habsburg Imperial Family of Empress Leopoldina, Pedro I's first wife. Thus, green and yellow are the colours of the Families of origin of the first imperial couple, founders of the Brazilian monarchy. The centre of the old imperial flag bore the Imperial Coat of Arms.
The Empire Flag, September 18, 1822–November 15, 1889On the modern republican flag, the coat of arms has been replaced by the blue circle, which depicts the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of November 15, 1889 – the day the Republic of Brazil was declared. It is shown as seen from outside of the celestial sphere (i.e. the view is mirrored).
The stars, whose position in the flag reflect the sky above Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889, represent the union's member-states - each star representing a specific state (which is not the case of the stars in the flag of the United States). The number of stars changes with the creation of new states and, since the early days of the republic, has risen from an original 21 stars to the current 27, standing for the 26 states and the Federal District.
The star that represents the Federal District is Sigma Octantis, a star whose position near the south celestial pole makes it visible across almost the whole country, all year round. In addition, given its polar position, all the other stars depicted on the flag trace appear to rotate around Sigma Octantis. Choosing this star to represent Brazil's capital is therefore particularly apt (although it is a much fainter star than any of the others).
The motto Ordem e Progresso ("Order and Progress") is inspired by Auguste Comte's motto of positivism: L’amour pour principe et l’ordre pour base; le progrès pour but ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal"). It was inserted due to the fact that several of the people involved in the military coup d'état that deposed the monarchy and proclaimed Brazil a republic were followers of the ideas of Comte's thought.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of arms of Brazil was created in November 19, 1889, 4 days after Brazil became a republic.
The coat of arms consists of the central emblem surrounded by coffee (at the left) and tobacco (at the right) branches, which are important crops in Brazil.
In the blue circle in the center, the Southern Cross (also known as Crux) can be seen. The ring of 27 stars around it represents Brazil's 26 states and 1 federal district.
The blue ribbon contains the official name of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil — Federative Republic of Brazil) in its first line. In the second line, the date of the federative republic's establishment (November 15, 1889) is written.
Motto:
"Order and Progress"
National Anthem: Brazilian national anthem
Tupi Language
Embeyba Ypiranga sui, pitúua,
Ocendu kirimbáua sacemossú
Cuaracy picirungára, cendyua,
Retama yuakaupé, berabussú.
Cepy quá iauessáua sui ramé,
Itayiuá irumo, iraporepy,
Mumutara sáua, ne pyá upé,
I manossáua oiko iané cepy.
Iassalssú ndê,
Oh moetéua
Auê, Auê !
Brasil ker pi upé, cuaracyáua,
Caissú í saarússáua sui ouié,
Marecê, ne yuakaupé, poranga.
Ocenipuca Curussa iepé !
Turussú reikô, ara rupí, teen,
Ndê poranga, i santáua, ticikyié
Ndê cury quá mbaé-ussú omeen.
Yby moetéua,
Ndê remundú,
Reikô Brasil,
Ndê, iyaissú !
Mira quá yuy sui sy catú,
Ndê, ixaissú, Brasil!
Ienotyua catú pupé reicô,
Memê, paráteapú, quá ara upé,
Ndê recendy, potyr America sui.
I Cuaracy omucendy iané !
Inti orecó purangáua pyré
Ndê nhu soryssára omeen potyra pyré,
ìCicué pyré orecó iané caaussúî.
Iané cicué, ìndê pyá upé, saissú pyréî.
Iassalsú ndê,
Oh moetéua
Auê, Auê !
Brasil, ndê pana iacy-tatá-uára
Toicô rangáua quá caissú retê,
I quá-pana iakyra-tauá tonhee
Cuire catuana, ieorobiára kuecê.
Supí tacape repuama remé
Ne mira apgáua omaramunhã,
Iamoetê ndê, inti iacekyé.
Yby moetéua,
Ndê remundú,
Reicô Brasil,
Ndê, iyaissú !
Mira quá yuy sui sy catú,
Ndê, ixaissú,
Brasil!
Portuguese
1
Ouviram do Ipiranga as margens plácidas
De um povo heróico o brado retumbante,
E o sol da Liberdade, em raios fúlgidos,
Brilhou no céu da Pátria nesse instante.
Se o penhor dessa igualdade
Conseguimos conquistar com braço forte,
Em teu seio, ó Liberdade,
Desafia o nosso peito a própria morte!
Ó Pátria amada,
Idolatrada,
Salve! Salve!
Brasil, um sonho intenso, um raio vívido,
De amor e de esperança à terra desce,
Se em teu formoso céu, risonho e límpido,
A imagem do Cruzeiro resplandece.
Gigante pela própria natureza,
És belo, és forte, impávido colosso,
E o teu futuro espelha essa grandeza.
Terra adorada
Entre outras mil
És tu, Brasil,
Ó Pátria amada!
Dos filhos deste solo
És mãe gentil,
Pátria amada,
Brasil!
2
Deitado eternamente em berço esplêndido,
Ao som do mar e à luz do céu profundo,
Fulguras, ó Brasil, florão da América,
Iluminado ao sol do Novo Mundo!
Do que a terra mais garrida
Teus risonhos, lindos campos têm mais flores,
"Nossos bosques têm mais vida",
"Nossa vida" no teu seio "mais amores".
Ó Pátria amada,
Idolatrada,
Salve! Salve!
Brasil, de amor eterno seja símbolo
O lábaro que ostentas estrelado,
E diga o verde-louro dessa flâmula
- Paz no futuro e glória no passado.
Mas se ergues da justiça a clava forte,
Verás que um filho teu não foge à luta,
Nem teme, quem te adora, a própria morte.
Terra adorada
Entre outras mil
És tu, Brasil,
Ó Pátria amada!
Dos filhos deste solo
És mãe gentil,
Pátria amada,
Brasil!
English
The placid banks of the Ipiranga heard
the resounding cry of heroic people
and brilliant beams from the sun of liberty
shone in our homeland's skies at that very moment.
If we have fulfilled the promise
of equality by our mighty arms,
in thy bosom, O freedom,
our brave breast shall defy death itself!
O beloved,
idolized homeland,
Hail, hail!
Brazil, an intense dream, a vivid ray
of love and hope descends to earth
if in thy lovely, smiling and clear skies
the image of the (Southern) Cross shines resplendently.
A giant by thine own nature,
thou art a beautiful, strong and intrepid colossus,
and thy future mirrors thy greatness.
Beloved Land
amongst a thousand others
art thou, Brazil,
O beloved homeland!
To the sons of this land
thou art a gentle mother,
beloved homeland,
Brazil!
2
Eternally lying in a splendid cradle,
by the sound of the sea and the light of the deep sky,
thou shinest, O Brazil, garland of America,
illuminated by the sun of the New World!
Thy smiling, lovely fields have more flowers
than the most elegant land abroad,
"Our woods have more life,
"our life" in thy bosom "more love."
O beloved,
idolized homeland,
Hail, hail!
Brazil, let the star-spangled banner thou showest forth
be the symbol of eternal love,
and let the laurel-green of thy pennant proclaim
'Peace in the future and glory in the past.'
But if thou raisest the strong gavel of Justice,
thou wilt see that a son of thine flees not from battle,
nor does he who loves thee fear death itself.
Beloved Land,
amongst a thousand others
art thou, Brazil,
O beloved homeland!
To the sons of this land
thou art a gentle mother,
beloved homeland,
Brazil!
Internet Page: www.turismo.gov.br
Brazil in diferent languages
eng | bre | hau | hrv | ibo | lin | tpi: Brazil
arg | ast | cat | cor | cym | eus | glg | grn | ina | jav | lld | nor | oci | pap | por | que | sme | spa | tgl: Brasil
fao | fin | lat | roh: Brasilia
cos | ita | srd: Brasile
deu | ltz | nds: Brasilien / Braſilien
bos | crh: Brazil / Бразил
dan | swe: Brasilien
dsb | hsb: Brazilska
est | vor: Brasiilia
hun | slk: Brazília
jnf | nrm: Brési
kaa | uzb: Braziliya / Бразилия
kin | run: Brazile
lit | slv: Brazilija
ron | rup: Brazilia
sqi | swa: Brazili
tur | zza: Brezilya
afr: Brasilië
aze: Braziliya / Бразилија
bam: Berezili
ces: Brazílie
epo: Brazilo
fra: Brésil
frp: Brèsil
fry: Brazylje
fur: Brasîl
gla: Braisil; Brasil
gle: An Bhrasaíl / An Ḃrasaíl
glv: Yn Vrasseel
hat: Brezil
ind: Brasil / براسيل
isl: Brasilía
kmr: Brazîlî / Бразили / برازیلی; Brazîl / Бразил / برازیل
kur: Brazîl / برازیل
lav: Brazīlija
lim: Braziel; Brazilië
mlg: Brezila
mlt: Brażil
mol: Brazilia / Бразилия
msa: Brazil / برازيل
nld: Brazilië
pol: Brazylia
rmy: Brazil / ब्राज़िल
scn: Brasili
slo: Brazilia / Бразилиа
smg: Brazilėjė
smo: Parasili
som: Braasiil; Baraasiil
szl: Brazylijo
tet: Brazíl
ton: Palasili
tuk: Braziliýa / Бразилия
vie: Ba Tây; Bra-xin
vol: Brasilän
wln: Braezi
wol: Bereesil
alt | bul | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Бразилия (Brazilija)
che | chv | oss: Бразили (Brazili)
mkd | mon: Бразил (Brazil)
abq: Бразилия (Braziłija)
bak: Бразилия / Braziliya
bel: Бразілія / Brazilija; Бразылія / Brazylija
chm: Бразилий (Brazilij)
kaz: Бразилия / Brazïlïya / برازيليا
kbd: Бразилие (Brazilie)
srp: Бразил / Brazil
tat: Бразилия / Braziliä
tgk: Бразилия / برزیلیه / Brazilija
ukr: Бразилія (Brazylija)
ara: البرازيل (al-Barāzīl)
fas: برزیل (Berzīl / Berezīl)
prs: برازیل (Brāzīl)
pus: برازيل (Brāzīl)
uig: برازىلىيە / Braziliye / Бразилия
urd: برازیل (Barāzīl)
div: ބްރެޒިލް (Breżil); ބުރެޒިލް (Bureżil)
heb: ברזיל (Brazîl); בראזיל (Brâzîl)
lad: בראסיל / Brasil
yid: בראַזיליע (Brazilye)
amh: ብራዚል (Brazil)
ell: Βραζιλία (Vrazilía)
hye: Բրազիլիա (Brazilia)
kat: ბრაზილია (Brazilia)
hin: ब्राज़ील (Brāzīl); ब्राजील (Brājīl); ब्राज़िल (Brāzil)
mar: ब्राजील (Brājīl)
ben: ব্রাজিল (Brājil)
guj: બ્રાજીલ (Brājīl)
pan: ਬਰਾਜ਼ੀਲ (Brāzīl)
kan: ಬ್ರಾಜಿಲ್ (Brājil)
mal: ബ്രസീല് (Brasīl)
tam: பிரேசில் (Pirēčil); பிரேஸில் (Pirēsil)
tel: బ్రెజిల్ (Brejil)
zho: 巴西 (Bāxī)
yue: 巴西 (Bāsāi)
jpn: ブラジル (Burajiru)
kor: 브라질 (Beurajil)
bod: པུ་རུ་ཟིལ་ (Pu.ru.zil.); པའ་ཤིས་ (Pa'a.šis.)
dzo: བཱརཱ་ཛིལ་ (Bārā.dzil.)
mya: ဘရာဇီး (Bʰáẏazì)
tha: บราซิล (Brāsin)
lao: ບາເລຊີນ (Bālēsīn)
khm: ប្រេស៊ីល (Bresīl); ប្រាហ៊សិល (Brāhsil)