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This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 20, Nos. 1-6, 1924 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 20, Nos. 1-6, 1924

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1924-01

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE -------------------------------- - - ------ ------- V

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS____________________________ VI

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Climatic Bubo.

By Commander C. S. Butler, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy______ 1

NOTES ON 350 APPENDECTOMIES.

By Lieut. Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S .. Navy------------------------

-- 7

CLINICAL TRIAL OF THE ELLIS TEST FOR TUBERCULOSIS.

By Lieut. D. Ferguson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy____________ 17

CANCER IN ST. CROIX, VIRGIN ISLANDS.

By Lieut. C. B. Van Gaasbeek, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy______ 31

SUGAR IN URINE.

Lieut. Commander C. W. 0. Bunker, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy, and

Pharmacist's Mate R. L. Thrasher, first class, U. S. Navy------------------

--------------- -------------------- 35

CLINICAL NOTES :

ENDOTHELIOMA.

By Lieut. L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy__________ 39

GLANDERS IN MAN.

By Lieut. L. H. Williams and Lieut. R. C. Satterlee, Medical Corps, U.

S. Navy__________________ 41

ACUTE APPENDICITIS WITHIN A HERNIA SAC.

By Lieut. C. B. Van Gaasbeek, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy______ 43

CHANCRE OF THE PALMAR SURFACE OF THE HAND.

By Lieut. (J. G.) J. E. Root, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. Navy____ 44

RECURRENT DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA, A CASE OF.

By Lieut. C. W. Lane, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy_____________ 45

ACUTE YELLOW ATROPHY OF LIVER, A CASE OF.

By Lieut. G. L. McClintock, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy________ 49

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.-Protection of capital

ships against poison gas.-Thomas Wakley and the Lancet.- Diathermy in

pneumonia.-Prophylactic injection of normal serum against measles.-Lamblial

dysentery treated with carbon tetrachloride.-Endocrine survey____________ 53

NAVY NURSE CORPS--------------------------------------------- 75

INSTRUCTIONS TO MEDICAL OFFICERS:

Shortage in petty-officer ratings in Hospital Corps.-Haemostatic forceps

and surgical needles carried in stock at the medical supply depot-Form N. M. S.

F. (revised) .-Policy of U. S. Employees' Compensation Commission regarding

employees suffering from occupational diseases; now considered compensable and

entitled to treatment.-Hospital accounting.-Examination report, Hospital Corps,

U.S. Navy; Form N. M. S. H. C. 1.-Analysis of the naval hospital ration for

1923 (continental hospitals only).-Reprints of the bureau's circular letters

for office files.-Additional data required on the Form F card in all cases of

injury.-Health records retained in files.-Wampoles hypno-bromic

compound.-Wampoles hypno-bromic compound, analysis requested_____________________

81

BOOK NOTICES---------------------------------------------------- 103

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:

PNEUMONIA, BRONCHITIS, AND TONSILLITIS SEASON. HOUSING, VENTILATION,

AND CONTACT.

By Lieut. Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy__ 107

Mass immunity to diseases.-Human intestinal parasites in

Guam.Prevention of venereal disease in England.-Vital statistics_______ 127

Number 2

PREFACE--------- - - - - --- --- - -- - ---- - -- - -- - ---- --------

---- - - -- -v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS --- -- -- -- -- - - ------ - -- - vi

SPECIAL ARTICLE :

DETECTION OF THE PSYCHOPATH AND CLASSIFICATION OF NAVAL RECRUITS

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR INTELLIGENCE.

By Lieut. A. W. Stearns, Medical Corps, United States Navy _ 149

INSULIN TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS.

By Lieut. Commander W. D. Owens, Medical Corps, United States Navy __________________

_ 170

NOVOCAINE ANESTHESIA.

By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy

________________ 184

OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING YAWS IN HAITI.

By Lieut. P. W. Wilson, Medical Corps, United States Navy _ _ 190

RELATION OF THE CLINICAL LABORATORY TO THE MODERN HOSPITAL.

By Lieut. H. S. Sumerlin, Medical Corps, United States Navy _ 196

GAS MASK FOR HEAD AND CHEST INJURY CASES.

By Lieut. F. F. Lane, Medical Corps, United States Navy_____ 200

CLINICAL NOTES:

IMPROVED TECHNIC IN SPINAL PUNCTURE.

By Lieut. Commander T. W. Raison, Medical Corps, United States Navy____________

205

TRAUMATIC HEMATOMA OF SPERMATIC CORD.

By Lieut. L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, United States Navy__ 206

CYSTOSCOPY AND REPORT OF THREE UNUSUAL CASES.

By Lieut. L. B. Marshall, Medical Corps, United States Navy__ 207

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Value of psychometric tests in the Navy-Need of physiotherapy – Two physicians

of Tortola-The all-purpose canister gas mask

- Etiology of gout-Bulletin of the National Board of Medical Examiner

·-Practical objectives in health work-Alcohol taxation and alcoholism

in Denmark-Revision of the pharmacopaeia-Phlebotomy in the monasteries-New

method of treating syphilis-Operating-room lighting_____ ______ ____ ____ __

___ ____ __ ___ __ ___ ____ 213

NURSE CORPS:

Nursing in the Philippine Islands-Cooperation with all departments_ 231

BOOK NOTICES __ _ 235

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:

ERADICATION OF VERMIN ON BOARD SHIP_______________________ 247

SPPLEMENTARY REPORT: REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATING TO PROPHYLAXIS OF

MEASLES.

By Dr. T. W. Kemmerer, United States Public Health Service__ 268

SWIMMING POOLS IN DETROIT---EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS__ 271

ADOPTION OF NEW HOUSING ORDINANCE BY THE CITY OF SAN DIEGO, CALIF_274

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT ACTIVITIES AT NAVAL TRAINING STATIONS__ 275

Number 3

PREFACE ------------------------ v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS- VI

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

AVIATION ACCIDENTS AND METHODS OF PREVENTION.

By Lieut. J. F. Neuberger, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy__________ 285

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Aviation accidents.-Aeroplane accidents from the British viewpoint.-

The estimation of physical efficiency.-The air ambulance in war.---Gas warfare

in the air.-Ophthalmology in its relation to

aviation.-Notes on aviation medicine in France.-Fellowship in the American

College of Surgeons.- Vaccination against smallpox -The instruction of hospital

corpsmen__ 331

NAVY NURSE CORPS:

NOTES ON A COURSE FOR INSTRUCTORS OF NURSING-- 363

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:

REMARKS ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SMALLPOX AND THE PREVENTIVE VALUE OF

VACCINATION WITH COWPOX VIRUS.- MEDICAL OFFICER RECOMMENDS ADOPTION OF A

THE UNITED STATES NAVAL TRAINING STATION, NEWPORT, R. I.-MEDICAL BULLETIN OF THE

DESTROYER SQUADRONS OF THE BATTLE FLEET.-PROPHYLAXIS OF VENEREAL

DISEASE.-BACILLARY DYSENTERY IN GUAM.-PORTABLE

CANVAS SACK STEAM DISINFECTORS AVAILABLE ___________ 395

Number 4

PREFACE - --- ------ - - --- --- --------- - --- V

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS__ _________ VI 1

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH IN PROGNOSIS VALUE OF.

By Lieut. Commander W. a. Bloedorn and Lieut. L . J. Roberts, Medical

Corps, United States Navy____ 423

ETHYLENE FOR GENERAL ANESTHESIA, USE OF.

By Commander C. W. Moots,

Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve Force _ -----.- - - --------

------------- - - - ----------- 429

HYDRONEPHROSIS.

By Lieut. Commander R Cuthbertson, Medical Corps, United States Navy

------------ 431

UNSUSPECTED SYPHILIS.

By Lieut. Commander W. H. Connor, Medical Corps, United States

Navy_______ 439

RISE OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA.

By Dr. Charles A. Ingraham ___________ ____________ ___________ 445

CLINICAL NOTES:

SARCOMA.

By Lieut. R. M. Choisser, Medical Corps, United States Navy 451

AVULSION OF SCROTUM, LEFT TESTICAL AND SHEATH OF PENIS.

By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy

-------------------------------- 457

HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, CASE OF.

By Lieut. Commander C. C. Kress and Lieut. H. C. Bishop, jr., Medical

Corps, United States Navy____ 460

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Mental tests for recruits-Fish poisons-An eighteenth century country

practice-medical expedition to the South Seas-How to use a refrigerator-

Anaphylactic reaction from typhoid prophylaxis ------------- 463

NAVY NURSE CORPS:

Relation of the dietetic department to the medical service of a

hospital_____________________________________________ 477

BOOK NOTICES -------------------------------- 483

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. STATISTICS:

The prevention and control of cerebrospinal fever in the British Army as

reviewed in the official history of the war ____________ 493

Comments relating to health conditions, from the annual report of the

commander of the United States naval detachment in Turkish waters--Toxic effect

of hydrogen sulphide-Eradication of ants from ships of the United Fruit

Co.-Physical examination of food handlers in New York City- Venereal diseases

and prophylaxis in the United States Asiatic Fleet- Typhoid fever report-

Dysentery and the tendency to report ill-defined cases under a dysentery title

- Remarks relating- to the use of nomenclature titles____ _____ 515

Number 5

PREFACE -- ------- ------------------------------------------------- v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS __________________________ _ vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE MARINE CORPS, EAST COAST EXPEDITIONARY FORCE,

DURING THE FALL MANEUVERS OF 1923, AN ACCOUNTOF

By Lieut. Commander W. Chambers, Medical Corps, U. S. N.____ 531

PYELOGRAPHY.

By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U.S. N. (ret.)______ 559

HYDRONEPHROSIS.

By Lieut. (J. G.) R B. Engle. Medical Corps. U. S. N. 567

BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY POISONING WITH CALCIUM SULPHIDE AS A CHEMICAL

ANTIDOTE – A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE TREATMENT OF.

By Lieut. J. M. McCants, Medical Corps, U. S. N. _______________ 572

CONSTRUCTION OF VULCANITE PARTIAL DENTURES.

By Lieut. L. M. Desmond, Dental Corps, U. S. N.---------------- 578

CLINICAL NOTES:

CHRONIC DUODENAL ULCER.

By Lieut. (J. G.) O. A. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N. __________ 581

MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS FOLLOWING FRACTURE OF THE RIBS, A CARE REPORT.

By Lieut. (J. G.) B. M. Summers, Medical Corps. U. S. N. ______ 586

INCONTINENCE OF URINE.

By Lieut. (J. G) E. M. Harris, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N. ______ 591

REPORT OF A DEATH OCCURING DURING TREATMENT FOR LEPROSY WITH

CHAULMOOGRA OIL DERIVATIVES.

By Lieut. F. L. McDaniel, Medical Corps, U. S. N. ______________ 594

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

German hospital ship during the ·world War – Misconduct ruling__ 597

NAVY NURSE CORPS:

Notes on dietetics taken at Miss Farmer's School of Cookery, Boston, Mass.

----------------- 605

INSTRUCTIONS ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY:

Patients suffering with tuberculosis or neuropsychiatric diseases and conditions

who are veterans of the Spanish-American War, Boxer Rebellion, and the

Philippine lnsurrection, now under treatment but who are not beneficiaries of

the Veterans' Bureau as veterans of the World War, and who are not at present

members of the regular military and naval establishments--Hospital Corps

Handbook. U.S. Navy, 1923, issue of-Adoption of revised Nomenclature of Diseases

and Injuries, Medical Department. U.S. Navy-Classified expenditures and per

diem cost in naval hospitals (continental), during the quarter ending September

30, 1923--Paragraphs 1280 and 1281, Naval Courts and Boards,

1923-Epidemiological study of influenza, the common cold and other respiratory

disorders, now being carried on by the U. S. Public Health Service, request for

cooperation by medical officers of the Navy-Influenza, the common cold, and

other respiratory disorders - Schedule of wages for civilian employees,

effective .January 1. 1924 -Laboratory courses for nurses of the U.S. Navy -

Enlistment of men not physically qualified - Administration of triple antityphoid

vaccine-Classified expenditures and per item cost in naval hospitals

(continental) during October, 1923 - Form F cards in cases of patients taken up

as from change of diagnosis - Form “ X " - Abstract of enlistments- Addition

of diagnostic title number 1973, “Urticaria," to

Navy Nomenclature of Diseases and Injuries-Care in handling

concentrated spirit of nitrous ether- Equalization

bill - Modification of present allotment system-Instrument, plastic filling.

Black’s, Nos. 1 to 7, addition to Supply Table, Part II – Assignment of light

duty to hospital patients- Form N. M. S. H. C. S.

forwarding of, in the case of hospital corpsmen whose records have been

closed fo1· desertion and convicted of absence without leave, or absence over

leave, 01· restored to duty-American Red Cross-Disciplinary regulations

referring to beneficiaries of the U. S. Veterans' Bureau in naval hospitals--Complement

fixation tests for syphilis-Transportation of Insane patients-Closer relation

between medical officers on recruiting duty and the Bureau of Medicine and

Surgery-Memorandum for medical officers on recruiting duty-. Applicants for

appointment in the Navy Nurse Corp, physical examination of--Change in the

Manual of the Medical Department - --- --------------- - ----- -------- ----- -

- - -- __ 617

BOOK NOTICES __ --------- - --- --- - ------ --- ---- ----- --- - -----

- - 653

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE STATISTICS:

Resuscitation apparatus - Follow-up treatment of syphilis- Accident statistics

injuries and poisonings-Methods used in the prevention and control of

communicable diseases at the naval training station, Hampton Roads, Va.-

Venereal disease experience of the U.S. S. Detroit during her

"shakedown" cruise—Typhoid fever report-Eradication of vermin : note

from the Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C.- Food poisoning- Improved sanitary quality

of foods now marketed compared with conditions ten years ago, as observed in

Detroit-Physiological effects of high temperatures and high relative

humidity-Supplementary report on tentative bacteriological standards for

swimming pools in Detroit-Correct reporting of cases remaining at the end of

the calendar year 1923 ---------------------- 659

Number 6

PREFACE ________ v

NOTICE TO SERYICE CONTRIBUTORS ----------------------------- vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

DIAGNOSIS OF EARLY PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

By Lieut. W. L. Rathbun, Medical Corps, U. S. Naval Reserve Force

____________ 685

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF.

By Lieut. Commander J. B. Pollard, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy_ 691

EXTENSIVE SUPERFICIAL BURNS.

By Lieut. Commander G. W. Shepard, ledical Corps, U. S. Navy_ 697

SULPHARSPHENAMINE, A REPORT ON ITS USE AT THE MAYO CLINIC, ROCHESTER.

MINN.

By Lieut. Commander R. Hayden, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy.__ _ 702

LEPROSY IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

By Lieut. J. M. McCants, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy ________ _ 705

CLINICAL NOTES:

KONDOLEON OPERATION AND FILARIASIS.

By Lieut. Commander H. M. Stenhouse. Medical Corps, U. S. Navy

____________ 715

MAXILLARY SINUSITIS OF DENTAL ORIGIN.

By Lieut. E. B. Howell, Dental Corps, U. S. Navy_____________ 716

REPORT OF A CASE OF LARGE "SOLITARY" TUBERCULOUS ABSCESS OF LIVER.

By Lieut. L. F. Robinson. Medical Corps, U. S. Naval Reserve Force-------------------------------

719

ADVANCED TUBERCULOSIS UNSUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY ARTIFICIAL PNEUMOTHORAX,

COMPLICATED BY PYO-PNEUMOTHORAX AND TREATMENT BY THORACOPLASTY, A CASE OF.

By Lieut. (Junior Grade) E. W. Gutzmer, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy

---------------------------------- 721

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

A correction.-Value and limitations of the Rontgen ray in the diagnosis

of pulmonary affections. - Sulpharsphenamine on board ship.-A note on

interpretation of dental radiographs __________ - 727

NAVY NURSE CORPS:

MY FIRST DUTY ABOARD SHIP. THE U. S. S.

"RELIEF"-------------- 739

BOOK NOTICES--------------------------------- 751

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:

STUDIES OF SUBMARINE VENTILATION IN TROPICAL WATERS.

By Lieut. Commander R. F. Jones and Lieut. G. H. Mankin, Medical Corps,

U. S. Navy ----------- 759

STUDIES BY THE UNIITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE REGARDING CHEMICAL

AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE__ 795

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT OF AN OUTBREAK OF BACILLARY DYSENTERY AT THE MARINE BARRACKS,

RIFLE RANGE, SANTO DOMINGO CITY, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.

By Lieut. H. B. LaFavre, medical Corps, U. S. Navy____________ 797

Bacillary dysentery among Marine Corps and Nay personnel serving with

the gendarmerie of Haiti.- Bacillary dysentery in Guam. Needless noise a

detriment to health and efficiency.-Naval training stations, notes

from.-Venereal disease conditions from the U. S. S. "Pittsburgh,"

report on.-Fatal accident attributed to rusty surface of a revolving

shaft-Admissions for injuries and poisonings,

January and February, 1924------------------------- 800

INDEX …. I

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

Read/Download from the Internet Archive

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See all MHL images published in the same year

Forcipiger flavissimus - Poisson-pincette jaune ou Chelmon à long bec ou Poisson-papillon long bec - Yellow longnose butterflyfish or Forceps butterflyfish - 12/03/19 by Philippe BOISSEL

6 1

Forcipiger flavissimus - Poisson-pincette jaune ou Chelmon à long bec ou Poisson-papillon long bec - Yellow longnose butterflyfish or Forceps butterflyfish

lesser earwig, Labia minor, female by David_W_1971

5 5

Thanks to Nigel Jones for these fine specimens, my first lesser earwigs. Perfect miniatures, only 6mm or so long (excluding forceps).

She's Engaged, 1942 by Dave

15 1

The sadness of the test tube is beyond measure. — Tolstoy

The rubber tipped forceps look like the word PG to me...as in preggers.

Hand Tools by Pat McKay

My most frequently used tools.

Choices by Alan Nachman

14 3

I've been at it again with another dental motivational poster. Hope these things aren't too freaky for people on here.

Strobist info: DIY Macro Studio with Sunpak 383 @ 1/8 power camera right with 16 channel remote trigger (love these things)....some tools of my trade and something someone lost last week.

Learn how to light at Strobist

CDV Nurse Southsea by Peter Maleczek

Lovely clear picture of this Victorian/Edwardian nurse.Shows her chatelaine with scissors,forceps,etc.She is wearing an armband with a crown which I am unfamiliar with,I presume this may relate to her being a military nurse,can anyone confirm?Photographer is H G Chase,326 Fawcett road Southsea so that may help to date this?

A&E At The QMC! by Space Cowboy!!

5 4

Lepanthes forceps Luer & R. Escobar by Sebastián Vieira

Pleurothallis forceps-cancri by Andreas Kay

Pleurothallis forceps-cancri f. rectapetala by Kevin Holcomb

10 1

Atlanta Botanical Garden

Ponte massive par des Lestes à forceps / Massive egg laying by Sweetlag Spreadwings by Alain Maire

3 4

Red Mill, côté sablière / Red Mill, sand pits

Trois-Rivières, Mauricie, Québec, Canada.

Pleurothallis forceps-cancri aff. by Kevin Holcomb

Pike at Haslingden Grane, Rossendale, Lancashire, England - November 2014 by Saffy H

29 33

This one weighed 15lb and they can grow up to 30lb. It was released back into the water.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_pike

The northern pike (Esox lucius), known simply as a pike in Britain, Ireland, most of Canada, and most parts of the USA, (also called jackfish or simply "northern" in the Upper Midwest of the USA and in Manitoba, Canada), is a species of carnivorous fish of the genus Esox (the pikes). They are typical of brackish and fresh waters of the Northern Hemisphere (i.e. holarctic in distribution). Pike grow to a relatively large size: the average length is about 70–120 cm (28–47 in). Even so, lengths of up to 150 cm (59 in) and weights of 25 kg (55 lb) are very rare. The heaviest specimen known so far was caught in 1983 at an abandoned stone quarry in Germany, where the species is called Hecht. This specimen was 147 cm (58 in) long and weighed 31 kg (68 lb). The longest pike ever recorded and confirmed was 152 cm (60 in) long and weighed 28 kg (62 lb). A pike of 60.5 in (154 cm) was caught and released in May 2004 in Apisko Lake, Manitoba. Historic reports of giant pike, caught in nets in Ireland in the late 19th century, of 41–42 kg (90–93 lb) with a length of 173–175 cm (67–68 in), were researched by Fred Buller and published in The Domesday Book of Mammoth Pike. Neither Britain nor Ireland has managed to produce much in the way of giant pike in the last 50 years, so substantial doubt exists surrounding those earlier claims. Currently, the IGFA recognizes a 25-kg pike caught by Lothar Louis in Lake of Grefeern, Germany, on 16 October 1986, as the all-tackle world-record northern pike.

Etymology

The northern pike gets its name from its resemblance to the pole-weapon known as the pike (from the Middle English for pointed). The genus name, Esox, comes from the Greek and Celtic for "big fish" and "salmon" (see Esox: Name). Various other unofficial trivial names are: American pike, common pike, great northern pike, Great Lakes pike, grass pike, snot rocket, slough shark, snake, slimer, slough snake, northern, gator (due a head similar in shape to that of an alligator), jack, jackfish, Sharptooth McGraw, Mr. Toothy, and other such names as long head and pointy nose. Numerous other names can be found in Field Museum Zool. Leaflet Number 9.

Description

Northern pike are most often olive green, shading from yellow to white along the belly. The flank is marked with short, light bar-like spots and a few to many dark spots on the fins. Sometimes, the fins are reddish. Younger pike have yellow stripes along a green body; later, the stripes divide into light spots and the body turns from green to olive green. The lower half of the gill cover lacks scales and it has large sensory pores on its head and on the underside of its lower jaw which are part of the lateral line system. Unlike the similar-looking and closely related muskellunge, the northern pike has light markings on a dark body background and fewer than six sensory pores on the underside of each side of the lower jaw.

A hybrid between northern pike and muskellunge is known as a tiger muskellunge (Esox masquinongy × lucius or Esox lucius × masquinongy,[1] depending on the sex of each of the contributing species). In the hybrids, the males are invariably sterile, while females are often fertile, and may back-cross with the parent species.[2] Another form of northern pike, the silver pike, is not a subspecies but rather a mutation that occurs in scattered populations. Silver pike, sometimes called silver muskellunge, lack the rows of spots and appear silver, white, or silvery-blue in color.[3] When ill, silver pike have been known to display a somewhat purplish hue; long illness is also the most common cause of male sterility.

In Italy, the newly identified species Esox cisalpinus ("southern pike") was long thought to be a color variation of the northern pike, but was in 2011 announced to be a species of its own.[4]

Length and weight

Northern pike in North America seldom reach the size of their European counterparts; one of the largest specimens known was a 21-kg specimen from New York. It was caught in Great Sacandaga Lake on 15 September 1940 by Peter Dubuc. Reports of far larger pike have been made, but these are either misidentifications of the pike's larger relative, the muskellunge, or simply have not been properly documented and belong in the realm of legend.

As northern pike grow longer, they increase in weight, and the relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between total length (L, in inches) and total weight (W, in pounds) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:

W = cL^b\!\,

Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species. For northern pike, b = 3.096 and c = 0.000180. (c=7.089 enables one to put in length in meters and weight in kg)[5] The relationship described in this section suggests a 20-in northern pike will weigh about 2 lb (0.91 kg), while a 26-in northern pike will weigh about 4 lb (1.8 kg).

Behavior

Aggressiveness

The northern pike is a relatively aggressive species, especially with regards to feeding. For example, when food sources are sparse, cannibalism develops, starting around five weeks in a small percentage of populations.[6] This cannibalism occurs when the ratio of predator to prey is two to one.[6] One can expect this because when food is scarce, Northern pike fight for survival, such as turning on smaller pike to feed; this is seen in other species such as tiger salamanders. Usually, pike tend to feed on smaller fish, such as the banded killifish. However, when pike exceed 700 mm long, they feed on larger fish.[7] As one can probably assume, these pike are the ones most likely to develop cannibalistic traits.

Because of cannibalism when food is short, pike suffer a fairly high young mortality rate.[8] Cannibalism is more prevalent in cool summers as the upcoming pike have slow growth rates in that season and might not be able to reach a size to deter the larger pike. Cannibalism is likely to arise in low growth and low food conditions.[8] Pike do not discriminate siblings well, so cannibalism between siblings is likely.

Aggressiveness also arises from a need of space.[9] Young pike tend to have their food robbed by larger pike.[9] Pike are aggressive if not given enough space because they are territorial.[10] They use a form of foraging known as sit-and-wait. Unlike species such as perch, pike undergo bursts of energy instead of actively chasing down prey. As such, a fair amount of inactive time occurs until they find prey. Hunting efficiency decreases with competition;[10] the larger the pike, the larger the area controlled by that particular pike. An inverse relation to vegetation density and pike size exists, which is due to the possibility of cannibalism from the largest pike.[11] This makes sense, as the smaller pike need more vegetation to avoid being eaten. Large pike do not have this worry and can afford the luxury of a large line of sight. They prefer a tree structure habitat.[11]

Physical behavioral traits

Pike are capable of "fast start" movements, which are sudden high-energy bursts of unsteady swimming.[12] Many other fish exhibit this movement, as well. Most fish use this mechanism to avoid life-threatening situations. For the pike, however, it is a tool used to capture prey from their sedentary positions. They flash out in such bursts and capture their prey. These fast starts terminate when the pike has reached terminal velocity.[12] During such motions, pike make S conformations while swimming at high rates. To decelerate, they, simply make a C conformation, exponentially slowing down their speed so that they can "stop".[12] An interesting behavioral trait that pike have is that they have short digestion times and long feeding periods.[7] They can undergo many of these fast bursts to collect as much prey as they can. Pike are least active during the night.[10]

Reproduction/habitat

Pike have a strong homing behavior;[11] they inhabit certain areas by nature. During the summer, they tend to group closer to vegetation than during the winter.[13] The exact reason is not clear, but likely is a result of foraging or possibly reproductive needs to safeguard young. Pike diel rhythm changes significantly over the year.[14] On sunny days, pike stay closer to the shallow shore. On windy days, they are further from shore.[15] When close the shore, pike have a preference for shallow, vegetated areas.[15] Pike are more stationary in reservoirs than lakes.[16] A possibility is that lakes have more prey to feed upon, or possibly in reservoirs prey will ultimately cross paths with the pike. As such, this could be a form of energy conservation. Pike breed in the spring.[9] They also mature in around two years before they are physically capable of breeding. Pike also have a tendency to lay a large number of eggs.[9] A likely explanation for such actions are to produce as many surviving offspring as possible as many most likely die early in life. In females, the gonads enlarge when it is time to shed her eggs.[9] However, after they are shed, these eggs will not hatch if the water is below 6 °C.[9] Male pike arrive to the breeding grounds before females do. In addition, the males stay after the spawning is finished.[9] Male parental care in fish is not uncommon, so such behavior is to be expected. Parental stock is vital for pike success.[17] In addition, mortality rates do indeed change from high to low with more eggs, a tenfold difference.[17] Such behavior has been developed through evolutionary trials.[citation needed] For breeding, the more stable the water, the greater the fitness of the pike.[18] Mortality results from toxic concentrations of iron or rapid temperature changes,[18] and adult abundance and the strength of the resulting year classes are not related. It is based upon two points of development: one during embryo stage between fertilization and closure of the blastophore and the second is between hatching and the termination of the alevin stage.[18]

Ecology

Habitat

Pike are found in sluggish streams and shallow, weedy places in lakes, as well as in cold, clear, rocky waters. They are typical ambush predators; they lie in wait for prey, holding perfectly still for long periods, and then exhibit remarkable acceleration as they strike. In short, they inhabit any water body that contains fish, but suitable places for spawning are essential for their numbers. Because of their cannibalistic nature, young pike need places where they can take shelter between plants so they are not eaten. In both cases, rich submerged vegetation is needed. Pike are seldom found in brackish water, except for the Baltic Sea area. They seem to prefer water with less turbidity, but that is probably related to their dependence on the presence of vegetation and not to their being sight hunters.

Reproduction

Pike are known to spawn in spring when the water temperature first reaches 9 °C (48 °F).[19] The males arrive first at the spawning grounds, preceding the females by a few weeks. The larger females tend to arrive earlier than the smaller ones. A female may be followed by several smaller males. When a pair starts slowing down, the male puts his tail under the female's body and releases his sperm, that is then mixed with the eggs by tail movement. The spawning consists of a great number of these moves several times a minute and going on for a few hours a day. Every move, between five and 60 eggs are laid. A female can continue the mating for three days in a row. After the mating, the males tend to stay in the area for a few extra weeks.

The color of the sticky eggs is yellow to orange; the diameter is 2.5 to 3 mm. The embryos are 7.5 to 10 mm in length and able to swim after hatching, but stay on the bottom for some time. The embryonic stage is five to 16 days, dependent on water temperature (at 19 °C and 10 °C, respectively). Under natural circumstances, the survival from free-swimming larva to 75-mm pike is around 5%. Pike can reach the reproductive stage in a year, females being 30 cm, males 19 cm. Pike normally live five to 15 years, but can be as old as 30. Life expectancy and growth are dependent on circumstances.

Feeding

The young free-swimming pike feed on small invertebrates starting with daphnia, and quickly moving on to bigger prey, such as the isopods asellus or gammarus. When the body length is 4 to 8 cm. they start feeding on small fish.

A pike has a very typical hunting behavior; it is able to remain stationary in the water by moving the last fin rays of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins. Before striking, it bends its body and darts out to the prey using the large surface of its cordal fin, dorsal fin, and anal fin to propel itself. The fish has a distinctive habit of catching its prey sideways in the mouth, immobilising it with its sharp, backward-pointing teeth, and then turning the prey headfirst to swallow it. It eats mainly fish, frog, but also small mammals and birds fall prey to pike. Young pike have been found dead from choking on a pike of a similar size, an observation referred to by the renowned English poet Ted Hughes in his famous poem "Pike".[20] Northern pike also feed on frogs, insects, and leeches. They are not very particular and eat spiny fish like perch, and will even take sticklebacks if they are the only available prey.

The northern pike is a largely solitary predator. It migrates during a spawning season, and it follows prey fish like common roaches to their deeper winter quarters. Sometimes, divers observe groups of similar-sized pike that cooperate some to start hunting at the same time, so "wolfpack" theories are given. Large pike can be caught on dead immobile fish so these pike are thought to move about in a rather large territory to find food. Large pike are also known to cruise large water bodies at a few metres deep, probably pursuing schools of prey fish. Smaller pike are more of ambush predators, probably because of their vulnerability to cannibalism. Pike are often found near the exit of culverts, which can be attributed to the presence of schools of prey fish and the opportunity for ambush. Being potamodromous, all esocids tend to display limited migration, although some local movement may be of key significance for population dynamics. In the Baltic, they are known to follow herring schools, so have some seasonal migration.

Importance to humans

Although generally known as a "sporting" quarry, some anglers release pike they have caught because the flesh is considered bony, especially due to the substantial (epipleural) "Y-bones". Larger fish are more easily filleted, and pike have a long and distinguished history in cuisine and are popular fare in Europe. Historical references to cooking pike go as far back as the Romans. The flesh is white and mild-tasting. Fishing for pike is said to be very exciting with their aggressive hits and aerial acrobatics. Pike are among the largest North American freshwater game fish.

Because of their prolific and predatory nature, laws have been enacted in some places to help stop the spread of northern pike outside of their native range. For instance, Maine and California, anglers are required by law to remove the head from a pike once it has been caught.[21] In Alaska, pike are native north and west of the Alaska Range, but have been illegally introduced to the south-central Alaska by game fishermen. In south-central Alaska, no limit is imposed in most areas. Pike are seen as a threat to native wild stocks of salmon by some fishery managers.

Notably in Britain and Ireland, pike are greatly admired as a sporting fish and they are returned alive to the water to safeguard future sport and maintain the balance of a fishery. The Pike Anglers Club has campaigned to preserve pike since 1977, arguing that the removal of pike from waters can lead to an explosion of smaller fish, and to ensure pike removal stops, which is damaging to both the sport fishery and the environment.[22]

Geographic distribution

Esox lucius is found in fresh water throughout the Northern Hemisphere, including Russia, Europe, and North America. It has also been introduced to lakes in Morocco, and is even found in brackish water of the Baltic Sea, but they are confined to the low-salinity water at the surface of the sea, and are seldom seen in brackish water elsewhere.[citation needed]

Within North America, northern pike populations are found in Illinois, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Montana, Maryland, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Indiana, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Vermont, Iowa, Utah, Texas, northern New Mexico and Arizona, Colorado, New York, Idaho, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Québec (pike are rare in British Columbia and east coast provinces), Alaska, the Ohio Valley, the upper Mississippi River and its tributaries, the Great Lakes Basin and surrounding states, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Oklahoma. They are also stocked in, or have been introduced to, some western lakes and reservoirs for sport fishing, although some fisheries managers believe this practice often threatens other species of fish such as bass, trout, and salmon, causing government agencies to attempt to exterminate the pike by poisoning lakes.[23]

Sport fishing

Pike angling is becoming an increasingly popular pastime in the UK and Europe. Effective methods for catching this hard-fighting fish include dead baits, lure fishing, and jerk baiting. They are prized as game fish for their determined fighting.

Lake fishing for pike from the shore is especially effective during spring, when the big pike move into the shallows to spawn in weedy areas, and later many remain there to feed on other spawning coarse fish species to regain their condition after spawning. Smaller jack pike often remain in the shallows for their own protection, and for the small fish food available there. For the hot summer and during inactive phases, the larger female pike tend to retire to deeper water and/or places with better cover. This gives the boat angler good fishing during the summer and winter seasons. Trolling (towing a fairy or bait behind a moving boat) is a popular technique.

The use of float tubes has become a very popular way of fishing for pike on small to medium-sized still waters.[24] Fly fishing for pike is another eligible way of catching these fish, and the float tube is now recognized as an especially suitable water craft for pike fly-fishing. Also they have been caught this way by using patterns that imitate small fry or invertebrates.

In recent decades, more pike are released back to the water after catching (catch and release), but they can easily be damaged when handled. Handling those fish with dry hands can easily damage their mucus-covered skin and possibly lead to their deaths from infections.

Since they have very sharp and numerous teeth, care is required in unhooking a pike. Barbless trebles are recommended when angling for this species, as they simplify unhooking. This is undertaken using long forceps, with 30-cm artery clamps the ideal tool. When holding the pike from below on the lower jaw, it will open its mouth. It should be kept out of the water for the minimum amount of time possible, and should be given extra time to recover if being weighed and photographed before release. If practising live release, calling the fish "caught" when it is alongside a boat is recommended. Remove the hook by grabbing it with needle-nosed pliers while the fish is still submerged and giving it a flip in the direction that turns the hook out of the mouth. This avoids damage to the fish and the stress of being out of water.

In Finland, catching a kymppihauki, a pike weighing at least 10 kg (22 lb), is considered the qualification as a master fisherman.[citation needed]

Many countries have banned the use of live fish for bait, but pike can be caught with dead fish, which they locate by smell. For this technique, fat marine fish like herring, sardines and mackerel are often used. Compared to other fish like the eel, the pike does not have a good sense of smell, but it is still more than adequate to find the baitfish. Baitfish can be used as groundbait, but also below a float carried by the wind. This method is often used in wintertime and best done in lakes near schools of preyfish or at the deeper parts of shallow water bodies, where pike and preyfish tend to gather in great numbers.

Pike make use of the lateral line system to follow the vortices produced by the perceived prey, and the whirling movement of the spinner is probably good way to imitate or exaggerate these. Jerkbaits are also effective and can produce spectacular bites with pike attacking these erratic-moving lures at full speed. For trolling, big plugs or softbaits can be used. Spoons with mirror finishes are very effective when the sun is at a sharp angle to the water in the mornings or evenings because they generate the vibrations previously discussed and cause a glint of reflective sunlight that mimics the flash of white-bellied prey. Most fishermen tend to use small lures, but often that is not advisable because pike have a preference for large prey. When fishing in shallow water for smaller pike, lighter and smaller lures are frequently used. The humble 'woolly bugger' fly is a favourite lure among keen fly fisherman of the southern hemisphere.

Alveoloplastia e Remoção de raízes residuais - cirurgia II by Alessandra Souza

2ª Consulta

Data: 12/05/2010

Alessandra Souza (eu) e Priscilla Lopes

Prof. Marcelo

__________________________________Can u belive i did this :) ? Ohh i love my job!

Procedures:

-Removal of the remaining roots and teeths.

-Alveoloplasty & gingivectomy

---------------------------------------------------------------

2ª Consulta

Data: 12/05/2010

Alessandra Souza (eu) e Priscilla Lopes

Prof. Marcelo

_______________________________________

Região: Hemi-arcada inferior direita

Técnica anestésica: -Anestesia infiltrativa (nn alveolar médio e posterior) - -localizada em cada dente

-Anestesia N. Mentual

-Trígono retromolar

Anestésico: Mepivacaína com vaso [6 1/2 tubetes]

Procedimento: Remoção das raízes remanescentes e dentes perdidos, sem forceps, só com alavancas.

Instrumentos: cj alavancas e elevadores (apenas luxando com as alavancas), sindesmótomo e alveolótomo. Fio de sutura nª04.

***Sem nenhum forceps***_____

Região: Hemi-arcada inferior direita

Técnica anestésica: -Anestesia infiltrativa (nn alveolar médio e posterior) - -localizada em cada dente

-Anestesia N. Mentual

-Trígono retromolar

Anestésico: Mepivacaína com vaso [6 1/2 tubetes]

Procedimento: Remoção das raízes remanescentes e dentes perdidos, sem forceps, só com alavancas.

Instrumentos: cj alavancas e elevadores (apenas luxando com as alavancas), sindesmótomo e alveolótomo. Fio de sutura nª04.

***Sem nenhum forceps***

A pair of forceps 337:365 (5:1798) by George Redgrave

2 5

These forceps are marked: stainless Pakistan

The Challenge Friday group has chosen Pair for Week 48.

Unidentified Nurse CDV by Peter Maleczek

Another nice nurses chatelaine. Looks to contain a pair of scissors,silver tongue depressor,Pulse Timer,Scissors/forceps and Thermometer case.

Here we go! by Alessandra Souza

Can u belive i did this :) ? Ohh i love my job!

Procedures:

-Removal of the remaining roots and teeths.

-Alveoloplasty & gingivectomy

---------------------------------------------------------------

2ª Consulta

Data: 12/05/2010

Alessandra Souza (eu) e Priscilla Lopes

Prof. Marcelo

_______________________________________

Região: Hemi-arcada inferior direita

Técnica anestésica: -Anestesia infiltrativa (nn alveolar médio e posterior) - -localizada em cada dente

-Anestesia N. Mentual

-Trígono retromolar

Anestésico: Mepivacaína com vaso [6 1/2 tubetes]

Procedimento: Remoção das raízes remanescentes e dentes perdidos, sem forceps, só com alavancas.

Instrumentos: cj alavancas e elevadores (apenas luxando com as alavancas), sindesmótomo e alveolótomo. Fio de sutura nª04.

***Sem nenhum forceps***

Pleurothallis aff. forceps-cancri by Kevin Holcomb

IMG_7231 spot belly forceps crab by budak

Ozius guttatus

lesser earwig, Labia minor, male by David_W_1971

3 5

This photo gets viewed many times every single day. Why? Please leave a comment, whoever you are!

Thanks to Nigel Jones for these fine specimens, my first lesser earwigs. Perfect miniatures, only 6mm or so long (excluding forceps). This male appears to be macrolabic ie his forceps are unusually long. (He is stood on mm squared paper). They are c. 2.5mm, whereas Marshall & Haes quote a size range of 0.75 - 1.25mm, with no mention of macrolabicity (is that a word?).

Common Earwig (Forficula auricularia) by Nancy Hall

"Forficula auricularia, the common earwig or European earwig, is an omnivorous insect in the family Forficulidae. The European earwig survives in a variety of environments and is a common household insect in North America. The name earwig comes from the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded; the species name of the common earwig, auricularia, is a specific reference to this feature. They are considered a household pest because of their tendency to invade crevices in homes and consume pantry foods, and may act either as a pest or as a beneficial species depending on the circumstances.

Forficula auricularia is reddish-brown in color, with a flattened and elongate body, and slender, beaded antennae. An obvious feature of earwigs is the pair of 'pincers' or forceps at the tip of the flexible abdomen. Both sexes have these pincers; in males they are large and very curved, whereas in females they are straight. Nymphs are similar to adults in appearance, but their wings are either absent or small."

Desafio da Semana - Fotografe OBJETOS CROMADOS by Lidiane Squarcini

5 4

"Sem chance contra os fórceps cromados"

Forcipiger flavissimus - Forceps Butterflyfish by Rafi Amar

for More marine life, please visit my site...

www.rafiamar.com/marine-life-categories

Forficula auricularia (forceps) by Natural Portraits

Dentist by tigercop2k3

dentist