View allAll Photos Tagged flatulence
Bee Balm is edible and medicinal, the entire plant above ground is edible used as a pot herb, and it is also used as a flavoring in cooked foods. The flowers make an attractive edible garnish in salads. The fresh or dried leaves are brewed into a refreshing aromatic and medicinal tea. An infusion of young Bee Balm leaves used to form a common beverage in many parts of the United States.
The Catawba and the Cherokees Indians combined the leaves and flowers of the bee balm to prepare a medicinal tea. Bee Balm tea is a natural method to relieve colds, stomachache, measles, and heart ailments. Drink one six-ounce cup of bee balm tea to boost your immune system.
Bee Balm leaves and flowers and stems are used in alternative medicine as an antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant. An infusion is medicinal used internally in the treatment of colds, catarrh, headaches, and gastric disorders, to reduce low fevers and soothe sore throat, to relieve flatulence, nausea, menstrual pain, and insomnia. Steam inhalation of the plant can be used for sore throats, and bronchial catarrh (inflammation of the mucus membrane, causing an increased flow of mucus). Externally, it is a medicinal application for skin eruptions and infections. Bergamot's distinctive aroma, found in both the leaf and flower is wonderful for use in potpourri.
photographer: Me ( with my systemic camera ) (taken in the late 90s)
Model: Lokman H.
This is weirdly the last time I saw Lokman!
I Actually searched for him and found him on the internet, he has moved back to his hometown of Jönköpinge…
We used to be Bench friends most of the time when I studied Society at vārnhem’s school!
I was both good and bad, good because we would chat away endlessly while not listening to the teacher… ( most of the time )
The Bad thing was his guts, or his flatulence… He was a competitive player in the Swedish Mastership frisbee ( yes Frisbee is a sport )
So all the sudden a nasty stench would fill the room, I being the Bench mate would be the first to notice (by often being close to pass out ) then it would spread like a ripples on a gaseous pond and you would hear others in the classroom complain by yelling: Lokman for god's sake ( and similar stuff )
Yes everyone was so used to his sneaking gas-attacks that they would usually just know that it was him when it started to smell funny ( a mild word )
Then Lokman would reply: it is not my fault, it is my trainer he says I have to eat large amounts of oatmeal!!
Oh sweet memories!
I am not surprised that he moved back to his hometown, because he was talking a lot of Jönköping his hometown!!!
So if you read this Lokman!
Thanks for the good times in school and well thank you fir your farts, now when I mo longer have to endure them they are fond memories!
Peace and Noise!
/ MushroomBrain
Bean dip on my plate
Fritos are it's only friend
Tonight, blame the dog
Haiku written by Scott Henderson
March 17th 2022
A very good friend of mine has a doctorate in literature. I can honestly say he is the smartest man that I know. Last week we met up for a beer at the local brewery. We started discussing haikus and he challenged me to write 100 haikus.
He knows that I have a real love of food and cooking and he expects to see a lot of food related haikus along with many other subjects.
I told my wife I was going to start writing again and she's excited to see what I come up with. Back in high school I used to hand her notes in the hallway with various haikus and writings. Granted, she may find a haiku involving a farting dog a bit odd, but she's always been there to support me in whatever I do
All of my haikus will be entered into the notes app of my iPhone and posted to Flickr
I got a wonderful gift from my son & his wife: a Fart Filter Personal Flatulence Plug with 12 seasonal scents.
You may or may not have noticed -- because it happens so gradually -- but the odors that naturally float through the atmosphere change from month to month in what Windologists call the Fragrance Flow.
The Fart Filter features specialized monthly aromas. With the help of these pungent plugs, it is possible to fart freely year round while blending into the world's surroundings.
Jan: Vodka & Champagne
Feb: Flowers & Chocolate
Mar: Irish Ale & Corned Beef
Apr: Rain Puddles & Easter Eggs
May: Tulips & Daffodils
Jun: Fresh Cut Grass
Jul: Hot Dogs & Fireworks
Aug: BBQ Pork & Sunscreen
Sep: McIntosh Apples
Oct: Candy Corn & Dead Leaves
Nov: Pumpkin Spice
Dec: Peppermint Candy Cane
N70-200 01-06-21 40 811_0919 f
Queen Anne’s Lace.
The Wild Carrot, Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a white, flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia, and naturalized to North America and Australia. Domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus.
The plant is a herbaceous, somewhat variable biennial plant that grows between 30 and 60 cm (1 and 2 ft) tall, and is roughly hairy, with a stiff, solid stem. The leaves are tripinnate, finely divided and lacy, and overall triangular in shape. The leaves are bristly and alternate in a pinnate pattern that separates into thin segments. The flowers are small and dull white, clustered in flat, dense umbels. The main identifier is the hairy stem of the wild carrot.
Scientific name: Daucus carota subsp. L.
Taxonomy -
Class: Equisetopsida Subclass: Magnoliidae Superorder: Asteranae
Order: Apiales Family:Apiaceae Genus: Daucus
Common name( s): wild carrot, carrot, Queen Anne’s lace, bird’s nest, devil’s plague
Synonym (s): Carota sylvestr is (Mill.) Rupr., Caucalis carnosa Roth more here
Conservation status: Widespread and not considered to be threatened.
Habitat: Rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes.
Key uses: Food and drink.
Known hazards: Wild carrot has some medical properties and is similar in appearance to poisonous species such as poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium).
Taxonomy Class: Equisetopsida
Subclass: Magnoliidae Super or der : Asteranae
Order : Apiales Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Daucus (source for the above - Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, London UK - more information - www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Daucus-carota.htm) picture - Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen, Jacob Sturm und Johann Georg Sturm (1796) Original Description Echte Möhre, Daucus carota.
The Wild Carrot (Daucus Carota) (a.k.a.Queen Anne's Lace) is thought to have originated on the Iranian Plateau (an area which now includes Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran). It is abundant in temperate regions across the globe, particularly Western Asia and Europe, and is widely distributed across much of the United States whereCarrot Now and then - wild and domestic it is often found along roadsides, abandoned fields, and pastures.
Cultivated plant species and their sexually-compatible wild relatives often overlap in terms of geographic proximity and phenology. This overlap provides the opportunity for gene flow between crops and their wild relatives. Farmers and breeders are often concerned with the potential for wild allelic contamination into agricultural fields, which can hinder production efficiency.
In many carrot producing regions throughout the world, wild carrot populations can be found growing in close proximity to cultivated carrot fields.
Wild carrot is the progenitor of the cultivated carrot, D. carota subsp. sativus, and the two subspecies are sexually compatible. The cultivated carrot was likely domesticated in Central Asia roughly 1,100 yr ago and is grown worldwide from both open pollinated and hybrid seed.
Wild Carrot mainly occurs in free-draining and slightly acidic soils on rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes. It frequently naturalises in fields and gardens.
It is one of many umbelliferous plants to be found growing around the world. Wild carrot appears in many temperate regions of the world, far beyond its Mediterranean and Asian centres of origin where this plant displays great diversity. It is quite possible that ancient cultures in those regions used wild carrot as a herb, and it is also quite likely that the seeds were used medicinally in the Mediterranean region since antiquity (Banga 1958).
Almost certainly the wild and early forms of the domesticated carrot were first used as a medicine before they were used as a root vegetable in the conventional sense of that term today. There is good genetic evidence that wild carrot is the direct progenitor of the cultivated carrot (Simon 2000). Selection for a swollen rooted type suitable for domestic consumption undoubtedly took many centuries.
Both the wild and the cultivated carrots belong to the species Daucus carota. Wild carrot is distinguished by the name Daucus carota, Carota, whereas domesticated carrot belongs to Daucus carota, sativus. As a member of the carrot family it has a long taproot and lacy leaves. Dig up and crush a Wild Carrot root and you will find that it smells just like a carrot.
It is yellowish or ivory in colour, spindle-shaped, slender, firm and woody; a pernicious weed in some areas. It is edible when young but the root (especially the centre) soon gets tough and woody due to the high content of xylem tissue. The domestic carrot is a relative that lacks most of this tissue. The wild carrot has finely divided leaves like that of the domesticated carrot. The leaves, petioles and flower stems may be densely hairy or have no hair. The leaves on the stem are arranged alternately. Flowering wild carrot may grow four feet tall. At the end of the stem is a primary umbel (seed head) made up of numerous individual white flowers and possibly a purple flower in the center together with drooping, narrow bracts on the underside . Plants also may have many secondary umbels produced at any node on the stem below the primary umbel.
Each flower on the umbel produces two seeds. After seed set, the umbel closes upward. Once the seeds have turned brown, they are mature. The roots of wild carrot are typically white. The characteristic odour of carrot is present when any part of the plant is crushed. Spent umbels curl inwards forming a depressed cup. The fruits are covered in hooked spines, which aid dispersal by clinging to the fur of passing animals. Flowering period (in England) is from June to August and the native biennial can reach a height of 90 centimetres.
Wild Carrot is also known as Queen Anne's Lace, Birds Nest Weed, Bees Nest, Devils Plague, garden carrot, Bird's Nest Root, Fools Parsley, Lace Flower, Rantipole, Herbe a dinde and Yarkuki. Herbe a dinde derives from its use as a feed for young turkeys-dinde.
"Daucus" comes from daukos, name given by the Greeks to some members of the Umbelliferae family and it seems to derive from "daîo" : I overheat . Carota means carrot in Latin.
Can you eat carrot flowers? - Yes at your won risk! - Your best bet is to read up on survival or self sufficiency foods, a good source from people who have tried and lived to tell the tale!
As I recall from reading such a survival book, wild carrot flowers (and many others ) are edible. The big caveat is, and I cannot emphasise this too much - be absolutely sure it is Wild Carrot as it is very similar to poison hemlock (which killed Socrates!).
Deep fried carrot flower is supposed to be a delicacy - www.altnature.com/gallery/Wild_Carrot.htm
So on that basis domestic carrot flowers should be edible too.
My friend from What's Cooking America has a useful guide for you - whatscookingamerica.net/EdibleFlowers/EdibleFlowersMain.htm
And another guide for you - www.herbsarespecial.com.au/self-sufficiency/edible-flower...
The Mystery of the Purple Floret
Queen Anne’s Lace is common in North America, Europe and Asia. In the summer it produces beautiful compound flowers that form a carpet of hundreds of tiny white florets. Strangely, quite often you will find a single darkly coloured floret just off center, standing tall above the rest. No one knows why.
Botanists have debated the mystery of the coloured floret in Daucas carota (also known as “Queen Anne’s Lace,” “Wild Carrot,” “Bishop’s Lace,” and “Bird’s Nest”) for at least the last 150 years. Back then some of the most learned botanists believed that the floret was a genetic oddity that provided no service to the plant. Many modern botanists disagree. Some suspect that the coloured floret tricks flying insects into thinking that a bug is already sitting on the flower.
Perhaps this attracts predatory wasps to land hoping to snatch a quick meal. Perhaps the presence of one insect is a signal to others that there is something on this flower worth having. If so, then the floret might entice flying insects to land and thereby help pollinate the plant.
The research that’s been done so far on this question has produced contradictory results. Some naturalists argue that they have found evidence that favours the idea that the dark floret is an insect mimic. Others have presented data that suggests that the floret does nothing to help the plant increase the number of viable seeds it produces, and therefore does nothing to help it propagate its species.
By solving the great debate of its function, new knowledge about the central dark spot and its possible role as an insect attractant could lead to future developments in cultivation as well as in methods for improving agricultural processes in cultivated carrots.
The wild carrot is an aromatic herb that acts as a diuretic, soothes the digestive tract and stimulates the uterus. A wonderfully cleansing medicine, it supports the liver, stimulates the flow of urine and the removal of waste by the kidneys. An infusion is used in the treatment of various complaints including digestive disorders, kidney and bladder diseases and in the treatment of dropsy.
An infusion of the leaves has been used to counter cystitis and kidney stone formation, and to diminish stones that have already formed. Carrot leaves contain significant amounts of porphyrins, which stimulate the pituitary gland and lead to the release of increased levels of sex hormones.
The plant is harvested in July and dried for later use. A warm water infusion of the flowers has been used in the treatment of diabetes. The grated raw root, especially of the cultivated forms, is used as a remedy for threadworms. The root is also used to encourage delayed menstruation.
The root of the wild plant can induce uterine contractions and so should not be used by pregnant women. A tea made from the roots is diuretic and has been used in the treatment of urinary stones.
An infusion is used in the treatment of oedema, flatulent indigestion and menstrual problems. The seed is a traditional 'morning after' contraceptive and there is some evidence to uphold this belief. It requires further investigation. Carrot seeds can be abortifacient and so should not be used by pregnant women.
Ancient folk lore said that to cure epileptic seizures you should eat the dark coloured middle flower of Queen Annes Lace. The flower is also used in ancient rituals an spells, for women to increase fertility and for men to increase potency and sexual desire!
A warm water infusion of the flowers has been used in the treatment of diabetes. The grated raw root, especially of the cultivated forms, is used as a remedy for threadworms.
The root is also used to encourage delayed menstruation. The root of the wild plant can induce uterine contractions and so should not be used by pregnant women.
A tea made from the roots is diuretic and has been used in the treatment of urinary stones. The seeds are diuretic, carminative, emmenagogue and anthelmintic.
An infusion is used in the treatment of oedema, flatulent indigestion and menstrual problems. The seed is a traditional ‘morning after’ contraceptive and there is some evidence to uphold this belief. It requires further investigation. Carrot seeds can be abortifacient and so should not be used by pregnant women.
Queen Annes Lace is the wild progenitor of the domesticated carrot. Although native to the Old World, these white lacy umbels are a familiar sight in the United States and Canada. The medicinal properties of Queen Annes Lace are many. More detail is given below. Its seeds may be collected, dried and used for tea. It is interesting to note that this plant is the closest living relative (on the basis of family and medicinal activity) to Silphion, which was picked and used by the Romans as a culinary spice and contraceptive until it became extinct in the first century AD. Apparently it was extremely effective. Supposedly Nero was given the last remaining root.
In the late 1980s scientists began studying Queen Annes Lace and found that (in mice at least) it blocked the production of progesterone and inhibited fetal and ovarian growth. Check out thecontraception page of the Museum.
Queen Anne's Lace is quite an aggressive plant. It is a biennial, so lives only 2 years, thus never forms a big root mass like daisies or other perennial wildflowers. However, it is such a prolific seeder, it does spread rapidly, and is almost impossible to eradicate. It is an alien, but one of the ones that's been in the US since colonial times. It came across the ocean in sacks of grain, probably with the Pilgrims. It's now established in every State. It's beautiful in the wildflower meadow I am not so sure in the garden.
If you want to plant it, easiest way is to gather a handful of the seeds from a plant dying down in the fall. They seem to be everywhere. But there is also another option. Try an annual named Ammi majus. It's the flower common in the cut flower trade as "Queen Anne's Lace", and is also sometimes called "Bishop's Flower." The two look very similar, but the latter doesn't last in your soil forever as Daucus does.
Today, in some parts of rural United States, this herb is used as a sort of morning-after contraceptive by women who drink a teaspoonful of the seeds with a glass of water immediately after sex. The seeds are also used for the prevention and washing out of gravel and urinary stones. As they are high in volatile oil, some find them soothing to the digestive system, useful for colic and flatulence. Be very, very sure that if you do decide to harvest any part of Queen Annes Lace for consumption that you have the correct plant. It is similar to Hemlock (Conium maculatum), a herb which was used medicinally but is now seldom used because of its high toxicity.
The Wild Carrot is still very much prevalent, particularly in the US where it was introduced from Europe and is the genetic source of edible carrots. Wild Carrot is found in sandy or gravelly soils and in wets areas. It is abundant west of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington where it is classed as a Class C noxious weed. Wild Carrot causes problems in pastures, hay fields, Christmas tree farms, grass seed fields and most other open areas that are not tilled annually. It is an especially serious threat in areas where carrot seed is produced because it hybridizes with the crop and ruins the seed.
Washington state has gone so far as to quarantine the plants to prevent any further escapes into its wildlands and agricultural regions. It is illegal to transport, buy, sell or distribute seed there. The penalty is a $5,000 fine.
Wild Cwild carrot and rosettearrot is easy to grow, it prefers a sunny position and a well-drained neutral to alkaline soil. Considered an obnoxious weed by some, it can spread very quickly. Its root is small and spindle shaped, whitish, slender and hard, (tender when young), but soon gets tough, with a strong aromatic smell. Harvest entire plant in July or when flowers bloom, and dry for later herb use. Collect edible roots and shoots in spring when tender. Gather seed in autumn (the fall).
There is no record of wild carrot toxicity in the US but in Europe wild carrot has been known to be mildly toxic to horses and cattle. A high concentration of wild carrot in hay is potentially a problem because livestock eat hay less selectively than green forage. Sheep appear to graze wild carrot without any harmful effect. Find out about some of the myths as to why Queen Annes Lace is so called click here.
wild carrot plantThis plant is a biennial which grows, in its second year, from a taproot (the carrot) to a height of two to four feet. The stems are erect and branched; both stems and leaves are covered with short coarse hairs.
The leaves are very finely divided; the botanical term is tri-pinnate. When a leaf is composed of a number of lateral leaflets, it is said to be pinnate or feather-like; and when these lateral divisions are themselves pinnated, it is said to be bi-pinnate, or twice-feathered. The leaves of this plant are like that but some of the lower leaves are still more divided and become tri-pinnate. The lower leaves are considerably larger than the upper ones, and their arrangement on the main stem is alternate. All of these leaves embrace the stem with a sheathing base.
wild carrot flowerThe attractive two to four inch "flower" is actually a compound inflorescence made up of many small flowers. The umbels of the flowers are terminal and composed of many rays. The flowers themselves are very small, but from their whiteness and number, present a very conspicuous appearance. The central flower of each umbel is often purple.
During the flowering period the head is nearly flat or slightly convex, but as the seeds ripen the form becomes very cup-like; hence one of the popular names for this plant is "bird's nest." The seeds are covered with numerous little bristles arranged in five rows. For more photos click here.
Like their domestic cousins, wild carrot roots can be eaten. However, they are only edible when very young. After that, they are too tough and woody. The flowers are also edible. Flower clusters can be french fried for a carrot-flavoured, quite attractive dish.
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We're Here - Superhero Ego Trip
So the Hereios are being super heroes today...so of course I had to be the Antihero...so I went with The Eliminator, sworn to rid the world of nasty flatulence...arch nemesis to Fartina Goddess of Sulfur!
Looking to spice up your 365? Looking for some inspiration? Want to have some fun? C'mon over and join the Hereios!!
If it's one thing I can't stand is people farting in my presence. I know it's a natural thing, but come on... cantcha just squeak it out silently ? And if you know that yours are nasty smelling... please: go in the next room and do it.
So... what are your pet peaves ?
The KOM League Flash Report
For week of
April 17 thru 23, 2016
A slight departure:
Most of the time I ignore stories or obituaries from the major league scene. I figure there are experts who handle that kind material and that by the time my reports come out that would be old news. However, with the recent death of Mike Sandlock www.google.com/search?rls=aso&client=gmail&q=mike...
it propelled Edwin Carnett www.google.com/search?rls=aso&client=gmail&q=mike...
to the top of the list as the oldest former big league player. That wouldn’t have made news in this publication had I not had a note from Barry McMahon in Ladysmith, British Columbia, Canada. The back and forth went like this. In his first e-mail McMahon mentioned the Sandlock issue and noted that he had a letter received from Carnett back in 1985 when the old ballplayer was living at Lebanon, Mo. I related to McMahon that I had met Carnett, in 1995, at a reunion of former Ponca City players from the Western Association, KOM and Sooner State leagues. McMahon surmised that I had met many former players, over the years, and my remark was “When you are as old as I am, you’re bound to have met a few people.”
At the Ponca City event Carnett approached me and said he’d like to talk with me because I was doing my first book at the time. As it turned out our scheduled meeting didn’t take place for one of those “emergencies” arose and I had to get out of Ponca City in a hurry.
Over the past few years I have received as much, or maybe even more, information on former Pacific Coast league players, from McMahon, than I have accumulated on former KOM leaguers.
Although Eddie Carnett graduated from Ponca City, OK High School he was a Missouri boy. His father was born at Marshfield, Mo. and later became a regional manager for Metropolitan Life Insurance. His dad served in Lebanon and Springfield, Mo. and then worked for "Mother Met" in Enid, Ponca City and Tulsa, OK. I was an agent for Metropolitan, in Tulsa, in 1963. So, Carnett's dad paved the way for one of my jobs. Jesse, was his father’s name, and is buried at Russ which is south of Lebanon. I imagine that will be Eddie's final resting place.
Unlike most of my reports I’m going to leave out a lot of the “filler” material that McMahon and Yours truly send back and forth. Carnett played for Ponca City after graduating from high school in 1935 and by 1936 he had made it to Los Angeles of the Pacific Coast league after performing most of that second season at Ponca City. He returned to Los Angeles in 1938 and that is where the human interest story comes in.
In a very nice handwriting style, Carnett shared this story with McMahon in 1985. “It was interesting to hear about old Sick’s Stadium (Seattle) and Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. They bring back lots of fond memories. Besides baseball another memory flashes back to me while playing in Los Angeles in 1938. A young man approached me one night early in the season and introduced himself. We spent many times having dinner at the old ‘Wichstand’ at the corner of Santa Barbara and Figueroa Sts. in L. A.. I always left a ticket at the ball park for him as he was having a hard time getting started as an extra actor in Hollywood. Many years later this young man became a star and I finally remembered from a note that his name was Richard Alban. But. later he went under the name of ‘Ricardo Montalban.’ (Fantasy Island) Back in those days all the movie stars came to the baseball games for exposure. There was no television then.”
Well, that is another story you wouldn’t have been apt to have known had it not been for Barry McMahon, so I thank him for sharing the material three times before it ever made it into a KOM Flash Report. For the youngsters who never heard of Richard Alban or Ricardo Montalban you can check him out right here: www.google.com/search?rls=aso&client=gmail&q=Rich... As the URL indicates, Montalban had a long life. However, if Eddie Carnett lives until October 16 of this year he’ll make the century mark.
In a bit of trivia the second oldest living former big leaguer, Carl Miles, also lives in Missouri at Trenton. But, you all know that or have a way of finding out. The trivia question to ponder this week is who were the other two Ponca City High School graduates to play major league baseball? Here’s a hint, only one of them was born in Ponca City. The other one was born in Alabama and died in Cuba. The Cuba, however, is in Missouri. This guy even had KOM league experience at the close of his career. Get those guesses in to be considered for the trivia championship. Actually, the question shouldn’t even cause anyone, with a computer, to break a sweat in solving.
______________________________________________________________________________
The Rose Bank School photo.
In the last issue of this seldom read publication the photo of where some of the Boyer brothers attended grade school was shown. It was mentioned that if anyone would like to have the identity of the student athletes, the names would be shared. Well, less than a thousand people responded to that offer so I’m sending along the names to the faces shown at the Flickr site last week. www.flickr.com/photos/60428361@N07/25708676133/
Rose Bank School
District 17-Jasper County, MO—Taken in 1939
Front Row: L-R: Kenton Boyer, Ray Dell Coss, Lynn Brown, Milton Wayne Boyer, Leonard Brown, Harold Martin and Royden Laverne Coss (Ray's brother.)
Back Row: Carl Parker-Teacher, Charles Buford Coss (cousin to Royden. and Ray Coss), Cloyd Boyer, Dale Moore and Walter Comstock.
Photos from the John Hall Collection--1709 Rainwood Place--Columbia, MO 65203 Tel: 573 445-8125. Used by permission.
In viewing the photograph keep in mind this was a grade school baseball team. The members ranged in class range from the third to eighth grade. Think back in your life. That grade span seemed to be ‘”forever.” But, to have a team in small country grade schools they had to include all ages. From that group of eleven boys, five of them played professional baseball. They were Kenny, Wayne and Cloyd Boyer, Ray and Royden Coss and Dale Moore. Of that group only Royden Coss and Kenny Boyer missed playing in the KOM league. However, both Royden Coss and Kenny Boyer signed with the St. Louis Cardinals. Dale Moore was signed by the New York Yankees and spent a little time on the 1947 Independence, Kansas roster.
Not by popular demand, but due to it being too wet to mow or roto-till on a cool spring morning, I cooked up a brief bowl of stew on each of those in the aforementioned photo.
Kenton Lloyd Boyer:
Born May 20, 1931 Liberty, MO
Died: September 7, 1982 St. Louis, MO
It would insult most of my readers to talk about his baseball career since most know about it and one reader wrote a great book on the subject. So, the Internet is there for you to look up his life.
Okay, I give in. Here is a link to make life easier for the interested. www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&am...
Ray Dell Coss
Born: July 1, 1929 Oronogo, MO
Died: April 7, 2014 Cossville, MO
Ray was a friend for over 20 years and supplied me with most of the knowledge I have of early baseball in Alba. He took me to see the Alba Aces founder, Buford Cooper, who supplied many photos of that era.
Ray Coss obituary: Ray Dell Coss, 84, of Cossville, Missouri, passed away peacefully April 8, 2014. He was born July 1, 1929 in Cossville, MO to Royden and Frances Coss.
Ray grew up in Cossville attending the Rose Bank School. After graduating high school, he played baseball for the Carthage Cardinals in the Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri league from 1946 - 1947. His baseball career continued in the Shreveport Baseball Club in Monroe, LA, from 1947 - 1950. He enlisted in the U.S. Army and served during the Korean Conflict from 1951 to 1953. He began working for General Motors Acceptance Corp. in 1956 in Monroe, LA. He worked for GMAC in various locations throughout north Louisiana, retiring in 1989 after 33 years service in Shreveport, LA. He was very active in the Central Christian Church in Shreveport, LA. His passions included Saint Louis Cardinals baseball and golf. He is one of few golfers to achieve a hole-in-one.
Ray is preceded in death by his parents, Royden and Frances Coss of Cossville. He is survived by his wife of 60 years, Lynn Swope Coss, currently of Cossville. He leaves behind four children, Karen Limbird and her husband Mark of Scranton, AR, Carey Coss of Nashville, TN, David Coss of Cossville, MO, and Laurin Coss of Sarasota, FL. He also has four grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.
A graveside service will be conducted at Nashville Cemetery Thursday, April 10 at 2:00. Rev. Bob Simon will officiate. Arrangements are under the direction of Parker Mortuary (417)623-4321.
In lieu of flowers, the family requests memorials be made to the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research or Avalon Hospice of Joplin.
Ed note: Exception to the obituary is taken by what Ray revealed to me in 1996. We had gone to visit Buford Cooper the founder of the Alba Aces. On the way back to Pittsburg, Kansas we passed by a road that led to Oronogo. At that time Ray said he was born in that old mining town. Legend has it that the mining company paid off their workers in company script. Local businesses didn’t take the script and wanted something of value and their motto was “Ore-or-no-go.”
If you care to see how Ray Coss appeared at age 10 and then at 84 look at the 1939 Rose Bank School photo and then the one that accompanied his obituary at: www.parkermortuary.com/home/index.cfm?action=public%3Aobi...
Lynn Brown and Leonard Brown:
As the photograph indicates they were twins. They were born in September 2, 1927 in the Township of South West which is located in Southwest Barton County, MO. That is east of Pittsburg, KS and North of Alba, Mo. The county seat of Barton County is Lamar which is where Harry Truman was born. That is your history and geography lesson.
Opal Brown’s was the mother of the Lynn and Leonard. Her father was from Canada. There was another brother and sister who were four and two years older than the twins, respectively. Not much was ever found on the Brown boys after 1939. It appears they attended high school in Webb City, MO and in 1946 Leonard was cited in the high school yearbook as having served in WWII. It was on a Memorial page that caused me to wonder if he had been killed in action. However, a check of WWII casualties didn’t indicate he was killed or injured.
Milton Wayne Boyer
Born: 1929 in Washington Twp. Clay County, MO near Liberty, MO
Graduated from Alba High School in 1947 and signed by Runt Marr to a St. Louis Cardinal contract. Pitched for the Carthage Cardinals in 1947.
Wayne graduated from the UMKC School of Dentistry. An institution that was a forerunner to that institution was the Western Missouri School of Dentistry where Charles Dillon “Casey” Stengel attended before going solely with baseball. Here is a citation for the history of “Learning Centers to Fix Teeth in Kansas City.” (My title for the school) library.umkc.edu/lc/dental-history
When the Boyer brothers were making headlines in big league baseball the Kokomo, Indiana Tribune covered the events due to Wayne being a dentist in that city. Here are a couple of items from the October 7, 1964 edition of that publication.
ST. LOUIS -Clete Boyar of the New York Yankees poses at Buseh Stadium in St. Louis with his brother, Ken, of the St. Louis Cardinals. The two teams opened World Series action Wednesday with the Boyer brothers holding down third base for their respective teams. Dr. Milton Boyer, a Kokomo dentist, and brother of the two men is in St. Louis for the series and will.see the games scheduled for New York later this week.
(AP Wirephoto) Who's on "Third Is Top Series in interest to Kokomo's Boyers-- By BOB FORD Tribune Sports Editor : Kokomo dentist Dr. .Milton Wayne Boyer and his wife Lois are in St. Louis for the start of the 1964 World Series. But they find it hard to choose a favorite. Dr. Boyer's brothers, Ken and Clete, will be facing each other in the World Series for the first time. Ken is the slugging third baseman for the St. Louis Cards; Clete's glove at the hot corner helped carry the Yanks into their fifth straight series. 'I wish they both could win," ·Dr. Boyer said, "but since I know it's impossible, I guess I'd rather see Kenny and the Cards win. Clete already has his World Series ring, and Ken doesn't have." The Kokomo Boyers flew to St. Louis Wednesday, morning to join the rest of .the family for what will be a joyous .reunion. They have never seen Ken and Clete on the field at the same time. On hand for the Series will be Mom and Dad Boyer, and all seven Boyer boys, five of whom are in organized baseball.. .All seven have played baseball at one time or another. Wayne, the second-oldest gave, up what appeared to be promising baseball career to become a dentist. Cloyd, the oldest, is a pitching coach in the Yankees' minor league system. He spent his last year as an active player with-the Indianapolis Indians. Dr. Boyer and Lynn, the third-youngest, are the only lefthanders in the family.
Harold Gene Martin
Born: May 12, 1932 Cass Township in Texas County, Mo. Trying to find a town close to where he was born was tough. The villages in that area are; Solo, Simmons, Tyrone, Grogan and Elk Creek. So I settled on Cabool, as the nearest large city. Everyone has heard of Cabool.
Further investigation shows Harold’s father, Archie, lived in Tyronne and moved to Cabool. On Christmas Eve of 1927 Archie and a girl by the first name of Golda, from Houston, MO, were married at Grove, OK. They went back to Texas County where they had two sons before moving to Jasper County in 1936. The elder Martin was a home builder.
Died: November 4, 1999 Joplin, Missouri.
This is his Find-A-Grave site: www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=77176975
Royden Laverne Coss
Born: January 27, 1928 Oronogo, MO
Currently resides in Jacksonville, Florida.
His occupation was that of an Engineer.
Carl Marion Parker
Born: November 4, 1919 Joplin, MO
Died: January 23, 2005 Daleville, AL and was buried at Ozark Memorial Cemetery in Joplin.
Carl was the youngest of eight children. By the time he was 20-years-old he was teaching at the Rosebank School.
When Carl was nine years, 1928, old his father, Lewis, died leaving eight children for his wife, Edna, to raise. Lewis worked in the lead and zinc mines in that area which led to the premature deaths of many men. He was a foreman for the Waco Mining Company during most of his later life and the family lived on R. R. #1 which carried a Webb City post office address.
During WWII Carl served in the Army Air Corps and attained the rank of Sergeant which is supported in the forthcoming URL.
This is a link to his grave site. Tombstone indicates he was a Mason. www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=103791...
Charles Buford Coxs
This link is the best documentation I have on any of the deceased members of the Redbank students of 1939. www.legacy.com/obituaries/examiner-enterprise/obituary.as... For the rest of you, without the link, you’ll only miss his photo in the following. “Buford Coss passed away Monday, November 9, 2015. Services will be held at 1:30 p.m. Thursday, November 12, 2015 at East Cross United Methodist Church in Bartlesville, OK with Rev. Jeff Burress officiating. Interment will be in Memorial Park Cemetery. Arrangements are under the direction of Walker-Brown Funeral Home.
In lieu of flowers, donations can be made in memory of Buford Coss to: Oklahoma Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, 300 NE 18th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73105.
Charles Buford Coss was born August 20, 1927 in Oronogo, MO to Arthur and Marie (Harmon) Coss. Buford graduated from Neodesha Kansas High School and entered the US Navy as a seaman at the end of WWII and was discharged in July of 1946.
Buford married Thelma Marie Black on January 21, 1951 in Neodesha, KS. He started his career in accounting and worked up to General Manager of Independent Mfg. Co. in Neodesha. Buford & Thelma then went to Claremore, OK to become owners of the Coast to Coast Hardware Store. Buford was an accomplished artisan as a hobbyist woodworker. He was a devoted, kind, and loving husband, father, and grandfather to his family. Always positive in outlook, he brought out the best in everyone by his encouragement and patience.
Buford is survived by his wife, Thelma. Two sons: Clifford Coss and wife Nancy of Olathe, KS; Clayton Coss of Wagoner, OK. Daughter, Colleen Little and husband Randy of Harrah, OK. Buford was blessed with four grandchildren: Sara, David and wife Jen, Gabriel, and Katie. He is also survived by brother, Verlie Coss and wife Linda; sister, Alene Denney and husband Dean, along with numerous nieces, nephews and many friends.
Ed note: Buford’s mother lived to be 101 years-of-age.
Cloyd Victor Boyer
Born: September 12, 1927 Duvall, MO
He still lives in the same area as his birth and the address is listed as a Jasper, MO R. R.
I have visited with Cloyd at his home and it is just south of Baseline Road that stretches from from old Missouri highway71, now I-49, on the east and highway 171, on the west that goes north out of Joplin to Pittsburg, Kansas.
If you are interested in more about the baseball career of this former KOM leaguer it can be found, in abundance on the Internet.
Here is a site that will entertain you for as long as your attention span allows: www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&am...
Raymond Dale Moore
Born: April 3, 1927 Duval Twp. Mo
Signed by the Independence, KS Yankees in 1947.
Spoke to him in 2013 and he was retired and living in Springfield, Mo. He was the older brother of Ardell Moore, who I knew very well. Both the Moore brothers were in agricultural related businesses. Ardell operated a grain mill just east of Alba, north of Carthage and south of Jasper. Raymond Dale was in a similar line of work. Raymond had his 89th birthday just a week after I penned this article.
Walter Comstock
Born: 1927 Duvall Twp. Missouri
Around 1932 his father passed away and his mother, Nancy, married Calvin Storm of Jasper, MO. in 1933. The family lived at Oronogo, MO in 1935.
No further trace of Mr. Comstock has been found.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Old ball gloves
Mention, and even better yet, photos of old baseball gloves bring back memories to oldsters when they were youngsters. The catcher’s mitt that Mickey Owen gave Joe Garagiola, who sold it to Oscar “Pappy” Walterman, who in turn gave it to the guy who writes this report, got a lot of attention.
Always wanting to seize the moment I shared a photo of an old baseball mitt Gabby Street gave Robert Dale of Carthage, in 1930, following his leading the St. Louis Cardinals to a pennant and World Series title. I dug that old glove out of the archives and am sharing a couple of photos of it with this report. It is on the Flickr at:
The letter with the glove: www.flickr.com/photos/60428361@N07/26160180330/
The old tattered glove: www.flickr.com/photos/60428361@N07/25828154094/
Backside of tattered glove: www.flickr.com/photos/60428361@N07/26433053575/i
The bird dog insignia on strap: www.flickr.com/photos/60428361@N07/26433064075/
To go along with the photo I prepared a bit of narrative which follows:
*****
History of the baseball glove Gabby Street gave Robert Dale in October of 1930 who gave it to John G. Hall of Columbia, MO on March 30, 1994. Robert Dale was the son of E. L. Dale who was one of the founders and long term president of the KOM league.
*
At one time Plymouth, New Hampshire residents thought about baseball year round. For many locals, baseball was their livelihood and they made thousands of baseballs at the D & M Baseball Factory.
In the late 1800s to the early part of the 1900s, Plymouth was synonymous with baseball glove manufacturing. Over the years, the high quality gloves manufactured by the D & M gained such popularity that baseball giant Babe Ruth traveled to Plymouth and posed for publicity photos stitching a baseball glove and hobnobbing with local officials.
According to information at www.nhhistory.org, Jason F. Draper and John Maynard began business together in Ashland, NH in 1881 by producing buckskin gloves.
It seemed a natural progression from gloves to baseball gloves. The businessmen had a suggestion from a baseball player that they should design a padded glove specifically for baseball. Soon the factory was off and running; some information says the D & M was the first-ever company to produce baseball gloves. They were very popular and in its heyday, the D & M produced a huge quantity of baseball gloves.
A move to Ashland provided the company with a new and bigger factory, and by the late 1800s the D & M employed over 200 workers. Surely local residents appreciated the business because it brought much-needed employment to the area.
The new factory was started in a lot on Plymouth’s North Main Street. Soon a three-story, 100-foot building rose above the downtown Plymouth area. This new space allowed Draper and Maynard to expand their sporting goods line even further, and by 1905 the company was considered a leading manufacturer in northern New England, with an annual income of about $275,000. For a small town such as Plymouth, this prosperity meant jobs and a boost to the local economy.
At that time, the sport of baseball gaining in popularity, but the game was played a bit differently then: catchers didn’t have the padded luxury of today’s baseball gloves. Instead the players used thin leather gloves, which must have proven painful in catching a fastball.
The idea for the baseball glove revolutionized the sport, and spilled over into other sports as well, when the D & M began making padded boxing gloves and other padded leather sporting goods. Another trademark was adopted as well, according to www.nhhistory.org, depicting Maynard’s bird dog, Nick (the “Lucky Dog”).
Although a fire completely destroyed the factory in 1910, D & M workers continued to produce baseball gloves and other products in makeshift headquarters until a new, even larger factory was completed on the same lot.
A cottage industry grew out of the baseball factory and women sewed baseballs for D & M from their homes. This increased production met the demand from the national baseball leagues that needed hundreds of baseballs each year. During the 1920s better than 90 percent of all major league players used D & M gloves and mitts, as well as the company’s balls and bats. Also produced were footballs and basketballs, popular items as the sports grew and many schools and colleges offered football and basketball.
Not long after, Plymouth became famous when Red Sox players visited the factory and picked out their own gloves and balls. Whenever a player visited town, crowds gathered and excitement was in the air.
The most thrilling for New Hampshire was the day Babe Ruth came to town, with journalists and photographers in tow. Many locals lined up for autographs and indulgent parents let children stay home from school in hopes of meeting the Babe Ruth.
Jason Draper died around 1913, and John Maynard continued to run the business until his death in the 1930s. Although Maynard had retired as president in 1930, he was still active as a director and helped the company with expansion of distribution branches in New York City and San Francisco, as well as launching a second factory in Canada.
A few months after Maynard’s death when P. Goldsmith Sons, a Cincinnati, Ohio competitor purchased the rights to produce sporting goods bearing the Draper-Maynard name and Lucky Dog trademark. Goldsmith stopped manufacturing Draper-Maynard products in 1962 when the company merged with MacGregor Sporting Goods.
However, baseball players throughout the country remembered the high-quality D & M equipment that helped them achieve fame and lifted the sport of baseball to new highs.
_____________________________________________________________________________
News from 1949 Carthage Cubs
It seems to me that things happen to appear on my computer or I get other messages from people in order who played on the same team. For example I heard from two people telling me about a catcher and first baseman for the 1949 Carthage Cubs within minutes of each other. Neither of the former Carthage Cubs were doing the communicating as one doesn’t have a computer and the other is nursing a right arm after surgery.
With that bit of build-up out of the way here are the messages:
*****
Those pictures are so good of the kids and also the others that came up. I looked till we have to leave for a Wood Carvers monthly meeting. I am the designated driver since Bob has his right arm in a sling following right shoulder surgery on the 22nd. He is doing very well, actually had no pain which we understand is very rare after shoulder surgery. We had so many people praying for him and the Dr. don't know why we are surprised! He is in PT twice a week and will wear the sling for a few more weeks and PT for a few months. He is a good patient and does what the Dr tells him which is a big relief for me. Me being his driver may put him over the edge....but so far, so good. Thanks for the pictures. Joan Speake—Topeka, Kans,
*****
Hello John, I print your email reports and forward them to Hal Brown. He reads and saves all the them. I also enjoy reading your reports and the history of those who played in the KOM league. I can almost picture myself being there and playing with those you write about. Keep up the stories of those who you knew and have had contact with all these years, they are enjoyed.
Thank you. Jim Gray—Jim lives in Chicagoland and is the courier, as the e-mail denotes, with Hal Brown who caught for the 1949 Carthage Cubs when Dean Manns didn’t.
______________________________________________________________________________
This week’s word from Bernie Gerl
Have you ever seen this .a story must have happened to another catcher. In Duluth first hitter hit pop fly I caught, 1 out, next hit another l caught 2 out. Next hitter hit one up between our pitcher and third baseman. The whole Infield were screening “John, John” to our third baseman. His name was John Gierek. At same time I'm hollering, “I got it I got, l got it.” And I did. Three out going back to the dugout I figured I'm going to get chewed out by Al Todd, our manager, who was a manager in the majors. When I get to the dugout he pats me on the back and says “Way to go kid.” End of story. Hey, another story involved the toy bulldog, Clint Courtney.
For another time. Again pardon my spelling as I say I'm a rookie at this. Bernie Gerl—Joliet, Ill.
Ed reply:
Haven't heard that story but have heard of John Gierek. He played third base for the Miami, Oklahoma Eagles in 1950. In fact, I was the visiting team batboy for Miami a few times that year and had to have handed him a bat or two in the process. However, I’ll have to admit I don’t remember anything personal about him. His full name was John Thomas Gierek Jr. born November 19, 1929 in Chicago and died February 15, 2005 in Roselle, Illinois.
____________________________________________________________________________
This week’s missing person report
John, have you heard from Herb Heiserer lately? Bob Mallon –Highlands Ranch, Colo. 1949-50 Independence Yankees.
Ed reply:
I haven't heard from him in over a year, at least.
Ed comment:
The aforementioned is a way conversations get started by e-mail. Mallon sent me a couple of videos of his grandson taking batting practice and I asked him if that is how the ball sounded going off his bat when he was in the KOM league. Mallon and I discussed his two home run game at Independence in 1949. He hit the two homers off Bob Wheeler of Rockford, Illinois and he reminded me of a homer he hit in Joplin in 1950 that he had forgotten until I sent him a clipping regarding that achievement a few years ago.
Mallon recalled the night after his two homers. “Burleigh Grimes put me in to pinch hit and I struck out against a McLish. I don't remember first name as there was more than one McLish. One who made the majors with the Pirates. Bartlesville Oklahoma was a Pirate farm club.” To that comment I replied. “That was Eddie McLish who struck you out. His big brother was ambidextrous, Calvin, Coolidge, Julius, Caesar, Tuskahoma, McLish. That wasn't enough so they called him "Buster."
______________________________________________________________________________
Benediction:
Well, I guess that wraps up my ranting and verbosity for another week. If you read some or most of this report it prevented you from doing something that most likely would have been more entertaining, beneficial or productive to society. But, thanks for giving the report a glance, anyway. Each day I become more aware of the intrusiveness of all media from the telephone, television to the computer. I don’t hang out on the social media sites for I don’t think anyone cares about what I term as “Verbal flatulence.” My life isn’t that interesting and I don’t wish to burden anyone with my mundane existence. Thus, it has occurred to me that some people may regard these Flash Reports as nothing more than Facebook, Twitter or all the other junkie sites. If you do, and wish not to receive these reports, be sure and get back with me before I share another one.
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Tanacetum parthenium, known as feverfew, is a flowering plant in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It may be grown as an ornament, and may be identified by its synonyms, Chrysanthemum parthenium and Pyrethrum parthenium. It is used in traditional medicine.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial that grows into a small bush, up to 70 cm (28 in) high, with pungently-scented leaves. The leaves are light yellowish green, variously pinnatifid. The conspicuous daisy-like flowers are up to 20 millimetres (3⁄4 in) across, borne in lax corymbs. The outer, ray florets have white ligules and the inner, disc florets are yellow and tubular. It spreads rapidly by seed, and will cover a wide area after a few years. The plant produces achene fruit, and grows in stony slopes and river beds.
Feverfew is native to Eurasia, specifically the Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia, and the Caucasus, but cultivation has spread it around the world and the rest of Europe, North America, and Chile.
A perennial herb, it should be planted in full sun, 38 to 46 cm (15–18 in) apart, and cut back to the ground in the autumn. It grows up to 70 cm (28 in) tall. It is hardy to USDA zone 5 (−30 °C or −22 °F). Outside of its native range, it may become an invasive weed.
Feverfew contains parthenolide, which is under basic research to assess its possible properties. Other phytochemicals include camphor, parthenolide, luteolin, and apigenin. Camphor has aromatic properties, while luteolin and apigenin are flavonoids.
In traditional medicine, feverfew has been used to treat headache, but there is no confirmed scientific evidence that it has any effect.
Feverfew is registered as a traditional herbal medicine in the Nordic countries under the brand name Glitinum. Only powdered feverfew is approved in the European Union herbal monograph.
The parthenolide content of commercially available feverfew supplements varies substantially (by more than 40-fold) despite labeling claims of "standardization".
Long-term use of feverfew followed by abrupt discontinuation may induce a withdrawal syndrome featuring rebound headaches and muscle and joint pains. Feverfew may cause allergic reactions in those allergic to the daisy family, including contact dermatitis or swelling and numbness of the mouth. Other side effects have included gastrointestinal upset such as mild nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence, which are, fortunately mild and transient. When the herb is chewed or taken orally it may cause mouth ulcers. Feverfew should not be taken by pregnant women. It may interact with blood thinners and increase the risk of bleeding, and also may interact with a variety of medications metabolized by the liver.
The word feverfew derives from the Latin word febrifugia, meaning 'fever reducer', although it no longer is considered useful for that purpose.
Although its earliest medicinal use is unknown, it was documented in the 1st century CE as an anti-inflammatory by the Greek herbalist physician Dioscorides.
There is nothing puzzling or mysterious about it.
This is a list of some of many things that may have helped the Japanese to have suffered relatively fewer tragic deaths in the coronavirus pandemic so far include perhaps (I am not connected with medicine):
1. wearing face masks which have been de rigueur for those who are suffering from respiratory illnesses perhaps since the influenza pandemic of 100 years ago. ( Unfortunately the Japanese are being told that masks are ineffective protection despite there being considerable research in support of masks tiny.cc/maskswork )
2. a greater attention to covering ones mouth when one coughs (Japanese ladies cover their mouths even when they laugh),
3. far less dancing and discos,
4. bathing in the evening when arriving home dirty rather than the next morning (having passed the evening and night dirty at home!),
6. drying oneself after showering and bathing using small single use towels rather than large bath towels that may not be washed for a week,
7. high interpersonal distance,
8. boiled sweets (candy) provided at customer service locations for customers to suck upon as they consult sales staff, partly to reduce customer coughing,
9. generally lots of cleaning and sweeping by everyone from school children to university professors and monks as a form of spiritual practice which keeps Japan clean and everyone aware of the importance of cleaning,
10. food wrapping, and the lack of unwrapped food sales, polythene bagging of unwrapped foods such as fruit at the checkout,
11. non-food product wrapping so that even if the packaging has been handled purchased products are sterile when unwrapped at home,
12. changing of clothing upon returning to the home and arriving at school (school uniforms are worn only on the way there. Pupils often change to track suits in class),
13. removal of shoes indoors, using slippers or bare feet instead,
14. use of a separate pair of slippers inside toilets (domestic and some public toilets too),
15. passing things to other people with both hands thus interpersonal maintaining distance,
16. the widespread use of semi disposable gunte cotton gloves by service personnel such as ticket inspectors, taxi drivers and anyone doing a dirty task even at home*, which if worn in a pandemic helps people to be aware of their hands and prevent hand to face touching
17. the Japanese housewives' love of aprons which keep their clothes clean,
18. the way that Japanese taxi drivers open taxi doors for passengers so they don't need to touch the door handle**,
19. the predominance of uniforms in any job that may involve even a little dirt such as in any sort of manufacturing industry facilitating 12 above, or an extra change of clothes even before workers have left their workplaces,
20. preference for the "one room mansion" over shared houses and flats,
21. more vending machines per capita than anywhere in the world, allowing purchases without human interaction (and Japanese often prefer to use the machine than interact),
22. the practice of sterilizing ones mattress (futon) and duvet by hanging it out in the sun,
23. taking rubbish home rather than littering or even using (non-existent) public waste bins (if one asks to throw ones trash away Japanese traditionally often offer to accept it in their outstretched palms. This is probably not a good idea in the current pandemic but, perhaps this is a way of discouraging people from leaving potentially infected rubbish behind.)
24. plastic fairings along the sides of car windows to allow windows to be open a little refreshing car interior air even when it is pouring with rain,
25. a general preference for fresh air ventilation, over closed air-conditioned rooms,
26. a preference for new things rather than second hand,
27. a relative preference for disposable things (slippers, cameras, toothbrushes, cutlery) rather than things that can be reused (while this and the previous item are not good for the environment, the Japanese attempt to make up for it by being first rate at recycling)
28. a greater belief that "cleanliness is next to godliness" and conversely that sin is a sort of defilement,
29. regarding cleaning is a sort of spiritual practice (that at least teaches the importance of cleanliness),
30. respect paid to homes, temples, martial arts gyms and even shop premises and other spaces with markings such as piles of salt, cleaning and bowing and greetings at the entrance to such spaces, emphasising the importance of keeping them in all ways good and pure,
31. traditionally according to Shinto scripture considering (skin) disease to be one of the deadly sins,
32. the integration of hand and mouth washing (chouzu, temizu) into Shinto prayer ritual,
33. shame-culture severity towards mistakes and not things that one does intentionally (infection is generally unintentional caused by a lack of vigilance such as in failing to cover ones mouth when one coughs),
34. the traditional provision of hot hand washing wet towels (oshibori) and disposable chopsticks at restaurants (that remain open even now),
35. individual bowls and chopsticks rather than sharing a common stock of cutlery even within the home,
36. sitting beside partners and friends rather than facing them and enjoying their company side by side (e.g. using counter seats),
37 enjoying the presence of others without feeling the need to keep talking (and breathing on people) all the time,
38. swallowing ones nasal mucus rather than blowing ones nose (at least outside of the home),
39. the consumption of many healthy foods. An urban myth has it that natto (rotten soya beans) is preventative but the notion that it may help has been rejected by Japanese specialists. Something about the Japanese diet (which is higher in rice, soy, and) may help. Natto contains a serine protease (nattokinease) which may encourage the production of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) which may block infection, or do the opposite. I am not a doctor.
40. Washlet (and other brand) bidets fitted to toilets keeping coronavirus from wiping hands,
41. the avoidance of touchy feely greetings such as handshakes, hugging and kissing, which are all replaced by bows,
42. less petting at least in public and less sex out of courtship and procreation, and a greater use of prophylactic sheaths,
43. a greater use of the seated position by males when urinating (sometimes by order in public toilets) thus avoiding urine on the floor and seat and hand to genital contact (male genitals may act as a fomites and while it is not a Japanese tradition, I have taken to washing my hands before and after using the toilet),
44. washing ones hands inside toilet cubicles using a raised flush-cistern faucet/spigot or tiny sinks prior to touching, and infecting, the toilet door handle,
45. the provision of disposable paper toilet seat covers and or disinfectant for cleaning toilet seats in public toilets,
46. spitting is unacceptable,
47. flatulence is beyond the pale,
48. avoiding passing in front of people, for instance when someone is facing products in a shop isle, or facing a window or poster in a corridor. I thought that this was simply to avoid blocking whatever it is that the person is looking at but now see that it prevents infection to. Fewer germs come out of people's back sides (especially considering the previous item)
49. avoiding sitting on anything but chairs, and not on floors and stairs where people shoes have trod. Obvious really but when I go back to Europe I see people sitting everywhere.
50. avoiding eating other than in eating areas, not while walking down the street, or in class, where people might cough or breathe on your food, or where the food eater might leave spittle coated food crumbs behind (when in public),
51. the provision of hooks for bags at ATMs, toilets or anywhere that people have to stay for a while using their hands, so that people do not need put their bag on anything that may be infected,
52. drinking green tea and various medicinal teas,
53. having been loved as children to the extent that they are the centre of Japanese homes, so that they grow up to be confident individuals with less of a desire to congregate during a pandemic (it is my belief that Western individualism and Japanese collectivism are expressions of that which each society lacks),
54. spending less time cuddling and snuggling up together on sofas (this is perhaps one example of 53),
55. using lunch boxes, and flasks, prepared at home, which allow the avoidance of crowded canteens and allowing many or most Japanese office workers to eat lunch at their own private space, their desks (as well as healthier lunches) ,
56. avoiding smoking while walking, and carrying portable cigarette butt ash-trays so that there far fewer (fomite) cigarette butts on Japanese streets,
57. holding doctors and medicine in particularly high esteem, the Japanese have a great health system with the most CT scanners per capita, the most MRI units per capita, the second highest availability of acute care beds, and the second highest number of visits to a doctor (thanks to ht)
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58. a preference for sliding doors, that have often been automated at the entrance to shops and businesses, which allows Japanese to avoid touching door knobs or at least touch them less
59. using Japanese style squat toilets, obviating the need for sharing a seat, which are still preferred in situations where toilet hygiene, and seat disinfection, can not be fully ensured (Western toilets could conceivably be convert into squat toilets by the addition of blocks on each side),
60. avoiding the use of perfumes and deodorants as ways of keeping body odour in check (this is partly due to the fact that Japanese have fewer apocrine sweat glands making them less prone to body odour)
61, using visual management in manufacturing and clinical practice which stresses the 5S (sort set in order shine standardize sustain) leading to a more hygienic as well as more efficient workplace,
62. guiding customers to the products they seek, often at a jog, rather than explaining to them that "I think its on the left hand side of isle number 11, or perhaps on the right hand side of isle number 9." which cuts down on face-to-face, talking time (as do many things in Japan)
63. using a wide variety of gestures (such as crossing ones fingers to mean "bring me the bill"), signs (such as the cards hung on cash registers that one can place in ones shopping basket to indicate that you want to purchase a shopping bag), and non-verbal communication systems (such as the app that allows people to order sushi via their phone in Kura Sushi) to avoid face to face verbal communication and breathing on service staff,
64. trusting ones governmental recommendations (such as to stay home) without the need for lock-down laws (as of 3/30)
65. wearing light coloured casual clothes that show the dirt as opposed to dark clothes that can be worn dirty and kept when stained (Japanese casual clothes are closer than British ones to medical whites, which are white for the same reason - to show the dirt and be kept clean)
66. a stronger tendency to gargle, or wash out ones mouth, the latter practice being likewise integrated into Shinto shrine-visiting/prayer (COVID-19 may infect the throat and sinuses first so gargling may stop it before it reaches the lungs maybe),
67. installing sinks in many and diverse places. There are or at least until recently there were sinks in the offices of teachers, and classrooms of my humanities departments in my university allowing us to wash our hands without going to a restroom, touching door knobs, and meeting people (I have set up a sink outside my home so I can wash and gargle before entering)
68. having an age respecting culture. There are many reasons for this such as the effect of Confucianism but for me the biggest reason is that Japanese homes, and culture, is matriarchal in the sense that the parent child bond is the most important relationship, people see adults as parents (or mothers/women) rather than lovers (or men/mankind), and couples focus upon their children rather than attempting to maintain an everlasting romance. This means that Japanese children are not shut out of the parental bed, and do not dream of getting into one, and shutting their own children out a parental bed one day. Hence rather than looking forward to payback time (a sort of enforced "pay forward"), Japanese young people realise that they will be paying back, out of gratitude later. This means that older people are not people that take, but people that give, and young people do not feel aggression towards them. The current virus kills old people. The social isolation of the younger generations will save them. In a society where young people feel a bit of aggression towards old people it will be more difficult to persuade them to socially isolate. In a society where old people are the nice guys, that are paying back, then young people are likely to be more inclined to socially isolate to save them.
69. identifying with ones visual self, as opposed to ones self narrative so that being dirty, unhealthy, overweight, or otherwise visually imperfect becomes acceptable and being visually healthy more important (one famous Japanese doctor says "If you want to live a long time, look in the mirror." It may be the case that practising "forms" such as in no drama, karate, tea ceremony, or even aerobics helps the Japanese see themselves as if they always have a mirror, which they are argued to have in their head, or mind, at least according to our research***)
70. using chopsticks as opposed to forks and knives since chopsticks may be easier to wash, keep hands further from food, and because the virus may live longer on steel than wood (I have read it lasts longer on steel than cardboard but I am not connected with medicine in anyway)
71. caring about reputation, and face, such that the Japanese do not want to be the person that gets COVID and requires co-workers to take the test, or brings disrepute upon a place of work, town, region or prefecture.
72. always washing, and peeling all fruit including even grapes prior to consumption (in the US requesting that grapes be peeled is indicative of pampered indulgence, as exemplified by May West's character in the movie "I'm no Angel" (1933) about which a commenter wrote "[ the request to peel a grape] shows that she's used to being pampered and has no sense of proportion or social propriety. Imagine being so spoiled and coddled that you'd expect someone to actually peel a grape for you!" In Japan not peeling grapes for others would be considered unhygienic and mean-spirited)
73. fear and awe of nature (which in Japan with its typhoons
and earthquates can be quite fearsome) rather than a
belief sometimes ascribed to Britons that we can brave
this one out by sheer courage, stiff upper lip (and arrogance?)
alone -- the Japanese are humbled by nature.
74. There is I think a preference for the negative version of the golden rule (do not do unto others, that which you would not wish to be done to yourself) over the positive version (do unto others as you would like do be done to yourself) which means that Japanese may be happier and feel more morally compliant when they are social distancing, whereas those who have cultural preference for the positive form may feel less inclined to leave others alone and isolate, feeling perhaps that to do so is non-morally compliant.
75. perhaps the practice of getting neck deep in clean (Japanese wash before soaking) hot baths, resulting in increased core body temperature, almost every night,
76. the use of hot spas (onsen) as a folk treatment for almost everything (also prevalent in Korea and as Saunas in Germany, at least until last week, both countries with low corona virus death rates).
The last two (bathing resulting in whole body hyperthermia) might even conceivably be one reason why untested Japanese are not progressing to the serious phase of the illness, and would be my Japan-influenced suggestions for attempting to treat the virus even in the face of WHO "myth busting", but I am not connected with medicine in any way.
I thought that the Japanese would be especially inclined to catch the coronavirus due to their genetics but Japanese culture proved me wrong.
I hope and pray that everyone worldwide stays safe. When Japanese schools reopen in April, the Japanese may face a resurgence of the coronavirus, so, I am praying for Japan too. Perhaps prayer should be added to the list of hygienic behaviours. Many Japanese people pray in the face of adversity (kamidanomi) even if they do not believe in the existence of that which they are praying to. This I think promotes awareness of the strength of ones yearning, and lack of ones power, thereby promoting a kind of humble diligence, hopefully.
The above inaccurate image was drawn freehand by me based on an accurate graph in the New York times. An graph with a linear scale, showing Japan to have hand 1/50 to 1/100 of the deaths of other Northern Hemisphere OECD countries can be seen here. Korea seems to have even more successful.
*One hygiene product that I felt to be lacking Japan is the (Great British!) nail-brush. Upon reflection, however, I have come to realise that there are few nail brushes in Japan because Japanese would always wear gloves before performing a task that is so dirty as to result in dirt getting behind their nails. Oops.
**I now think back with regret at the number of times I have opened Japanese taxi doors for myself, in an expression of autonomy, as if to say I don't need you to open the door for me, and thereby putting my nasty germ ridden hands on the taxi probably forcing the taxi driver to get out and disinfect the door.
***
Heine, S. J., Takemoto, T., Moskalenko, S., Lasaleta, J., & Henrich, J. (2008). Mirrors in the head: Cultural variation in objective self-awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 879-887.
Takemoto, T., & Brinthaupt, T. M. (2017). We Imagine Therefore We Think: The Modality of Self and Thought in Japan and America. 山口経済学雑誌= Yamaguchi journal of economics, business administrations & laws, 66(1), 79-107.
Takemoto, T., & Iwaizono, M. (2016). Autoscopic Individualism: A Comparison of American and Japanese Women's Fashion Magazines. 山口経済学雑誌= Yamaguchi journal of economics, business administrations & laws, 65(3), 173-205.
I attempted to respond to the comments section of Why is Japan still a coronavirus outlier? | on "The Japan Times" website but, either they do not allow links, or they prefer comments from gaijin claiming there has been a cover up, as many of the comments there seem to be claiming, because my comment does not seem to have been approved.
The chestnut (Castanea) group is a genus of eight or nine species of deciduous trees and shrubs in the beech family Fagaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce.
SPECIES
Chestnuts belong to the family Fagaceae, which also includes oaks and beeches. The four main species are commonly known as European, Chinese, Japanese, and American chestnuts, some species called chinkapin or chinquapin:
European species sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) (also called "Spanish chestnut" in the US) is the only European species of chestnut, though it was successfully introduced to the Himalayas and other temperate parts of Asia. Unrelated but externally similar species of horse chestnut are abundant around Europe.
Asiatic species Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut, Korean chestnut), Castanea mollissima (Chinese chestnut), Castanea davidii (China), Castanea henryi (Chinese chinkapin, also called Henry's chestnut – China) and Castanea seguinii (also called Seguin's chestnut – China)
American species These include Castanea dentata (American chestnut – Eastern states), Castanea pumila (American- or Allegheny chinkapin, also known as "dwarf chestnut" – Eastern states), Castanea alnifolia (Southern states), Castanea ashei (Southern states), Castanea floridana (Southern states) and Castanea paucispina (Southern states).
Chestnuts should not be confused with horse chestnuts (genus Aesculus), which are not related to Castanea and are named for producing nuts of similar appearance, but which are mildly poisonous to humans, nor should they be confused with water chestnut (family Cyperaceae), which are also unrelated to Castanea and are tubers of similar taste from an aquatic herbaceous plant. Other trees commonly mistaken for chestnut trees are the chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) and the American beech (Fagus grandifolia), both of which are also in Fagaceae.
ETYMOLOGY
The name "chestnut" is derived from an earlier English term "chesten nut", which descends from the Old French word chastain (Modern French, châtaigne).
The name Castanea is probably derived from the old name for the sweet chestnut, either in Latin or in Ancient Greek. Another possible source of the name is the town of Kastania in Thessaly, Greece; more probable, though, is that the town took its name from the most common tree growing around it. In the Mediterranean climate zone, chestnut trees are rarer in Greece because the chalky soil is not conducive to the tree's growth. Kastania is located on one of the relatively few sedimentary or siliceous outcrops. They grow so abundantly there, their presence would have determined the place's name. Still others take the name as coming from the Greek name of Sardis glans (Sardis acorn) – Sardis being the capital of Lydia, Asia Minor, from where the fruit had spread.
The name is cited twice in the King James Version of the Bible. In one instance, Jacob puts peeled twigs in the water troughs to promote healthy offspring of his livestock. Although it may indicate another tree, it indicates the fruit was a local staple food in the early 17th century.
These synonyms are or have been in use: Fagus Castanea (used by Linnaeus in first edition of Species Plantarum, 1753), Sardian nut, Jupiter's nut, husked nut, and Spanish chestnut (U.S.).
DESCRIPTION
Chestnut trees are of moderate growth rate (for the Chinese chestnut tree) to fast-growing for American and European species. Their mature heights vary from the smallest species of chinkapins, often shrubby, to the giant of past American forests, C. dentata that could reach 60 m. Between these extremes are found the Japanese chestnut (C. crenata) at 10 m average; followed by the Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) at about 15 m, then the European chestnut (C. sativa) around 30 m.
The Chinese and more so the Japanese chestnuts are both often multileadered and wide-spreading, whereas European and especially American species tend to grow very erect when planted among others, with little tapering of their columnar trunks, which are firmly set and massive. When standing on their own, they spread on the sides and develop broad, rounded, dense crowns at maturity. The two latter's foliage has striking yellow autumn colouring.
Its bark is smooth when young, of a vinous maroon or red-brown colour for the American chestnut, grey for the European chestnut. With age, American species' bark becomes grey and darker, thick and deeply furrowed; the furrows run longitudinally, and tend to twist around the trunk as the tree ages; it sometimes reminds one of a large cable with twisted strands.
The leaves are simple, ovate or lanceolate, 10–30 cm long and 4–10 cm wide, with sharply pointed, widely spaced teeth, with shallow rounded sinuates between.
The flowers follow the leaves, appearing in late spring or early summer or into July. They are arranged in long catkins of two kinds, with both kinds being borne on every tree. Some catkins are made of only male flowers, which mature first. Each flower has eight stamens, or 10 to 12 for C. mollissima. The ripe pollen carries a heavy, sweet odour that some people find too sweet or unpleasant. Other catkins have these pollen-bearing flowers, but also carry near the twig from which these spring, small clusters of female or fruit-producing flowers. Two or three flowers together form a four-lobed prickly calybium, which ultimately grows completely together to make the brown hull, or husk, covering the fruits.
Chestnut flowers are not self-compatible, so two trees are required for pollination. All Castanea species readily hybridize with each other.
The fruit is contained in a spiny (very sharp) cupule 5–11 cm in diameter, also called "bur" or "burr". The burrs are often paired or clustered on the branch and contain one to seven nuts according to the different species, varieties, and cultivars. Around the time the fruits reach maturity, the burrs turn yellow-brown and split open in two or four sections. They can remain on the tree longer than they hold the fruit, but more often achieve complete opening and release the fruits only after having fallen on the ground; opening is partly due to soil humidity.
The chestnut fruit has a pointed end with a small tuft at its tip (called "flame" in Italian), and at the other end, a hilum – a pale brown attachment scar. In many varieties, the fruit is flattened on one or two sides. It has two skins. The first one is a hard, shiny, brown outer hull or husk, called the pericarpus; the industry calls this the "peel". Underneath the pericarpus is another, thinner skin, called the pellicle or episperm. The pellicle closely adheres to the seed itself, following the grooves usually present at the surface of the fruit. These grooves are of variable sizes and depths according to the species and variety.
The fruit inside these shows two cotyledons with a creamy-white flesh throughout, except in some varieties which show only one cotyledon, and whose episperm is only slightly or not intruded at all. Usually, these varieties have only one large fruit per burr, well rounded (no flat face) and which is called "marron" (marron de Lyon in France, marron di Mugello in Italy, or paragon).
Chestnut fruit have no epigeal dormancy and germinate right upon falling to the ground in the autumn, with the roots emerging from the seed right away and the leaves and stem the following spring. Because the seeds lack a coating or internal food supply, they lose viability soon after ripening and must be planted immediately.
The superior fruiting varieties among European chestnuts have good size, sweet taste, and easy-to-remove inner skins. American chestnuts are usually very small (around 5 g), but sweet-tasting with easy-to-remove pellicles. Some Japanese varieties have very large nuts (around 40 g), with typically difficult-to-remove pellicles. Chinese chestnut pellicles are usually easy to remove, and their sizes vary greatly according to the varieties, although usually smaller than the Japanese chestnut.
HISTORY
EUROPE
The sweet chestnut was introduced into Europe from Sardis, in Asia Minor; the fruit was then called the Sardian nut. It has been a staple food in southern Europe, Turkey, and southwestern and eastern Asia for millennia, largely replacing cereals where these would not grow well, if at all, in mountainous Mediterranean areas. Evidence of its cultivation by man is found since around 2000 BC. Alexander the Great and the Romans planted chestnut trees across Europe while on their various campaigns. A Greek army is said to have survived their retreat from Asia Minor in 401–399 BC thanks to their stores of chestnuts. Ancient Greeks, such as Dioscorides and Galen, wrote of chestnuts to comment on their medicinal properties - and of the flatulence induced by eating too much of it. To the early Christians, chestnuts symbolized chastity. Until the introduction of the potato, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates. In some parts of Italy, a cake made of chestnuts is used as a substitute for potatoes. In 1583, Charles Estienne and Jean Liébault wrote, "an infinity of people live on nothing else but (the chestnut)". In 1802, an Italian agronomist said of Tuscany that "the fruit of the chestnut tree is practically the sole subsistence of our highlanders", while in 1879 it was said that it almost exclusively fed whole populations for half the year, as "a temporary but complete substitution for cereals".
Boundary records compiled in the reign of John already showed the famous Tortworth Chestnut in South Gloucestershire, as a landmark; and it was also known by the same name of "Great Chestnut of Tortworth" in the days of Stephen. This tree measured over 15 m in circumference at 1.5 m from the ground in 1720. The chestnut forests on Mount Etna contain many trees that are said to be even larger. Chestnut trees particularly flourish in the Mediterranean basin. In 1584, the governor of Genua, which dominated Corsica, ordered all the farmers and landowners to plant four trees yearly, among which a chestnut tree – plus olive, fig and mulberry trees (this assumedly lasted until the end of Genoese rule over Corsica in 1729). Many communities owe their origin and former richness to the ensuing chestnut woods. In France, the marron glacé, a candied chestnut involving 16 different processes in a typically French cooking style, is always served at Christmas and New Year's time. In Modena, Italy, they are soaked in wine before roasting and serving, and are also traditionally eaten on Saint Simon's Day in Tuscany. It is traditional to eat roasted chestnuts in Portugal on St. Martin's Day.
Their popularity declined during the last few centuries, partly due to their reputation of "food for poor people". Many people did not want to take chestnut bread as "bread" because chestnut flour does not rise. Some slandered chestnut products in such words as the bread which "gives a sallow complexion" written in 1770, or in 1841 "this kind of mortar which is called a soup". The last decades' worldwide renewal may have profited from the huge reforestation efforts started in the 1930s in the United States to establish varieties of C. sativa which may be resistant to chestnut blight, as well as to relieve the strain on cereal supplies.
The main region in Italy for chestnut production is the Mugello region; in 1996, the European Community granted the fruit Protected Geographic Indication (equivalent to the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée) status to the Mugello sweet chestnut. It is markedly sweet, peels easily, is not excessively floury or astringent, and has notes of vanilla, hazelnut, and, more subtly, fresh bread. There is no unpleasant aroma, such as yeast, fungus, mold or paper, which sometimes occur with other chestnuts. The main regions in France for chestnut production are the départements of Ardèche, with the famous "Châtaigne d'Ardèche" (A.O.C), of the Var (Eastern Provence), of the Cévennes (Gard and Lozère départements) and of the Lyon region. France annually produces over 1,000 metric tons, but still imports about 8,000 metric tons, mainly from Italy.
In Portugal's archipelago of Madeira, chestnut liquor is a traditional beverage, and it is gaining popularity with the tourists and in continental Portugal.
ASIA
Always served as part of the New Year menu in Japan, chestnuts represent both success and hard times - mastery and strength. The Japanese chestnut (kuri) was in cultivation before rice and the Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) possibly for 2,000 to 6,000 years.
During British colonial rule in the mid-1700s to 1947, the sweet chestnut (C. sativa) was widely introduced in the temperate parts of the Indian Subcontinent, mainly in the lower-to-middle Himalayas. They are widely found in British-founded hill stations in northern India, and to a lesser extent in Bhutan and Nepal. They are mainly used as an ornamental tree and are found in almost all British-founded botanical gardens and official governmental compounds (such as larger official residences) in temperate parts of the Indian Subcontinent.
China has about 300 chestnut cultivars. Moreover, the Dandong chestnut (belonging to the Japanese chestnut C. crenata) is a major cultivar in Liaoning Province.
NORTH AMERICA
American Indians were eating the American chestnut species, mainly C. dentata and some others, long before European immigrants introduced their stock to America, and before the arrival of chestnut blight. In some places, such as the Appalachian Mountains, one-quarter of hardwoods were chestnuts. Mature trees often grew straight and branch-free for 15 m, up to 100 feet, averaging up to 5 ft in diameter. For three centuries, most barns and homes east of the Mississippi River were made from it. In 1911, the food book The Grocer's Encyclopedia noted that a cannery in Holland included in its "vegetables-and-meat" ready-cooked combinations, a "chestnuts and sausages" casserole besides the more classic "beef and onions" and "green peas and veal". This celebrated the chestnut culture that would bring whole villages out in the woods for three weeks each autumn (and keep them busy all winter), and deplored the lack of food diversity in the United States's shop shelves.
Soon after that, though, the American chestnuts were nearly wiped out by chestnut blight. The discovery of the blight fungus on some Asian chestnut trees planted on Long Island, New York, was made public in 1904. Within 40 years, the nearly four billion-strong American chestnut population in North America was devastated; only a few clumps of trees remained in Michigan, Wisconsin, California and the Pacific Northwest. Due to disease, American chestnut wood almost disappeared from the market for decades, although quantities can still be obtained as reclaimed lumber. Today, they only survive as single trees separated from any others (very rare), and as living stumps, or "stools", with only a few growing enough shoots to produce seeds shortly before dying. This is just enough to preserve the genetic material used to engineer an American chestnut tree with the minimal necessary genetic input from any of the disease-immune Asiatic species. Efforts started in the 1930s are still ongoing to repopulate the country with these trees, in Massachusetts and many places elsewhere in the United States. In the 1970s, geneticist Charles Burnham began back-breeding Asian chestnut into American chestnut populations to confer blight resistance with the minimum difference in genes. In the 1950s, the Dunstan chestnut was developed in Greensboro, N.C., and constitutes the majority of blight-free chestnuts produced in the United States annually.
Today, the nut's demand outstrips supply. The United States imported 4,056 metric tons of European in-shell chestnuts worth $10 million in 2007. The U.S. chestnut industry is in its infancy, producing less than 1% of total world production. Since the mid-20th century, most of the US imports are from Southern Italy, with the large, meaty, and richly flavored Sicilian chestnuts being considered among the best quality for bulk sale and supermarket retail. Some imports come from Portugal and France. The next two largest sources of imports are China and South Korea. The French varieties of marrons are highly favoured and sold at high prices in gourmet shops.
A study of the sector in 2005 found that US producers are mainly part-timers diversifying an existing agricultural business, or hobbyists. Another recent study indicates that investment in a new plantation takes 13 years to break even, at least within the current Australian market. Starting a small-scale operation requires a relatively low initial investment; this is a factor in the small size of the present production operations, with half of them being within 40,000 m2. Another predetermining factor in the small productivity of the sector is that most orchards have been created less than 10 years ago, so have young trees which are as now barely entering commercial production. Assuming a 10 kilograms yield for a 10-year-old tree is a reliable conservative estimate, though some exceptional specimens of that age have yielded 100 kilograms. So, most producers earn less than $5,000 per year, with a third of the total not having sold anything so far.
Moreover, the plantings have so far been mostly of Chinese species, but the products are not readily available. The American Chestnut Foundation recommends waiting a little while more before large-scale planting. This is because it and its associates (the American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation and many others from education, research and industry sectors contributing to the program) are at the last stages of developing a variety that is as close as possible to the American chestnut, while having incorporated the blight-resistant gene of the Asiatic species. Considering the additional advantage that chestnut trees can be easily grown organically, and assuming the development of brands in the market, it has been asserted that, everything else being equal, home-grown products would reach higher prices than imports, the high volume of which indicates a market with expanding prospects. As of 2008, the price for chestnuts sold fresh in the shell ranges from $3.30/kg wholesale to about $11/kg retail, depending mainly on the size.
AUSTRALIA - NEW ZEALAND
The Australian gold rush of the 1850s and 1860s led to the first recorded plantings of European chestnut trees, brought in from Europe by the first settlers. Along the years, most chestnut tree plantations were C. sativa stock, which is still the dominant species. Some of these are still standing today. Some trees in northern Victoria are around 120 years old and up to 60 m tall.
Chestnuts grow well in southwest Western Australia, which has cold winters and warm to hot summers. As of 2008, the country has just under 350 growers, annually producing around 1,200 metric tons of chestnuts, of which 80% come from northeast Victoria. The produce is mostly sold to the domestic fresh fruit market. Chestnuts are now slowly gaining popularity in Australia. A considerable increase in production is expected in the next 10 years, due to the increase in commercial plantings during the last 15 to 25 years. By far, the most common species in Australia is the European chestnut, but small numbers of the other species, as well as some hybrids have been planted.
The Japanese chestnut (C. crenata) does well in wet and humid weather and in hot summers (about 30 °C); and was introduced to New Zealand in the early 1900s, more so in the upper North Island region.
NUTRITION
Chestnuts depart from the norm for culinary nuts in that they have very little protein or fat, their calories coming chiefly from carbohydrates. Fresh chestnut fruits have about 180 calories (800 kJ) per 100 grams of edible parts, which is much lower than walnuts, almonds, other nuts and dried fruit (about 600 kcal/100 g). Chestnuts contain very little fat, mostly unsaturated, and no gluten.
Their carbohydrate content compares with that of wheat and rice; chestnuts have twice as much starch as the potato on an as-is basis. In addition, chestnuts contain about 8% of various sugars, mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose, and, in a lesser amount, stachyose and raffinose, which are fermented in the lower gut, producing gas. In some areas, sweet chestnut trees are called "the bread tree". When chestnuts are just starting to ripen, the fruit is mostly starch and is very firm under finger pressure from the high water content. As the chestnuts ripen, the starch is slowly converted into sugars, and moisture content also starts decreasing. Upon pressing the chestnut, a slight 'give' can be felt; the hull is not so tense, and space occurs between it and the flesh of the fruit. They are the only "nuts" that contain vitamin C, with about 40 mg per 100 g of raw product, which is about 65% of the U.S. recommended daily intake. The amount of vitamin C decreases by about 40% after heating. Fresh chestnuts contain about 52% water by weight, which evaporates relatively quickly during storage; they can lose as much as 1% of weight in one day at 20 °C and 70% relative humidity.
Tannin is contained in the bark as well as in the wood, leaves, and seed husks. The husks contain 10–13% tannin.
USES
CULINARY
The fruit can be peeled and eaten raw, but it can be somewhat astringent, especially if the pellicle is not removed.
Another method of eating the fruit involves roasting, which does not require peeling. Roasting requires scoring the fruit beforehand to prevent explosion of the fruit due to expansion. Once cooked, its texture is slightly similar to that of a baked potato, with a delicate, sweet, and nutty flavour. This method of preparation is popular in many countries, where the scored chestnuts may be cooked mixed with a little sugar.
Chestnuts can be dried and milled into flour, which can then be used to prepare breads, cakes, pies, pancakes, pastas, polenta (known in Corsica as pulenda), or used as thickener for stews, soups, and sauces. Chestnut cake may be prepared using chestnut flour. In Corsica, the flour is fried into doughnut-like fritters called fritelli and made into necci, pattoni, castagnacci, and cialdi. The flour can be light beige like that from Castagniccia, or darker in other regions. It is a good solution for long storage of a nutritious food. Chestnut bread can stay fresh as long as two weeks.
The nuts can also be eaten candied, boiled, steamed, deep-fried, grilled, or roasted in sweet or savoury recipes. They can be used to stuff vegetables, poultry, fowl, and other edibles. They are available fresh, dried, ground, or canned (whole or in puree).
Candied chestnuts (whole chestnuts candied in sugar syrup, then iced) are sold under the French name marrons glacés or Turkish name kestane şekeri ("sugared chestnuts"). They appeared in France in the 16th century. Towards the end of 19th century, Lyon went into a recession with the collapse of the textile market, notably silk. Clément Faugier, a civil engineer, was looking for a way to revitalize the regional economy. In 1882 at Privas, he invented the technology to make marrons glacés on an industrial scale (although a great number of the more than 20 necessary steps from harvest to the finished product are still accomplished manually). Chestnuts are picked in autumn, and candied from the start of the following summer for the ensuing Christmas. Thus, the marrons glacés eaten at Christmas are those picked the year before.
In Hungarian cuisine, cooked chestnuts are puréed, mixed with sugar (and usually rum), forced through a ricer, and topped with whipped cream to make a dessert called gesztenyepüré (chestnut purée). In Swiss cuisine, a similar dish made with kirsch and butter is called vermicelles. A French version is known as "Mont Blanc".
A fine granular sugar can be obtained from the fermentation of the juice, as well as a beer; the roasted fruit provides a coffee substitute. Parmentier, who among other things was a famous potato promoter, extracted sugar from chestnuts and sent a chestnut sugarloaf weighing several pounds to the Academy of Lyon. The continental blockade following shortly after (1806–1814) increased the research into developing chestnuts as a source of sugar, but Napoleon chose beets instead.
Sweet chestnuts are not easy to peel when cold. One kilogram of untainted chestnuts yields about 700 g of shelled chestnuts.
TIMBER
Chestnut is of the same family as oak, and likewise its wood contains many tannins. This renders the wood very durable, gives it excellent natural outdoor resistance, and saves the need for other protection treatment. It also corrodes iron slowly, although copper, brass, or stainless metals are not affected.
Chestnut timber is decorative. Light brown in color, it is sometimes confused with oak wood. The two woods' textures are similar. When in a growing stage, with very little sap wood, a chestnut tree contains more timber of a durable quality than an oak of the same dimensions. Young chestnut wood has proved more durable than oak for woodwork that has to be partly in the ground, such as stakes and fences.
After most growth is achieved, older chestnut timber tends to split and warp when harvested. The timber becomes neither as hard nor as strong as oak. The American chestnut C. dentata served as an important source of lumber, because that species has long, unbranched trunks. In Britain, chestnut was formerly used indiscriminately with oak for the construction of houses, millwork, and household furniture. It grows so freely in Britain that it was long considered a truly native species, partly because the roof of Westminster Hall and the Parliament House of Edinburgh were mistakenly thought to be constructed of chestnut wood. Chestnut wood, though, loses much of its durability when the tree is more than 50 years old, and despite the local chestnut's quick growth rate, the timber used for these two buildings is considerably larger than a 50-year-old chestnut's girth. It has been proven that the roofs of these buildings are actually Durmast oak, which closely resembles chestnut in grain and color.
It is therefore uncommon to find large pieces of chestnut in building structures, but it has always been highly valued for small outdoor furniture pieces, fencing, cladding (shingles) for covering buildings, and pit-props, for which durability is an important factor. In Italy, chestnut is also used to make barrels used for aging balsamic vinegar and some alcoholic beverages, such as whisky or lambic beer. Of note, the famous 18th-century "berles" in the French Cévennes are cupboards cut directly from the hollowed trunk.
OTHER USES
Fabric can be starched with chestnut meal. Linen cloth can be whitened with chestnut meal. The leaves and the skins (husk and pellicle) of the fruits provide a hair shampoo.
Hydrolysable chestnut tannins can be used for partial phenol substitution in phenolic resin adhesives production and also for direct use as resin.
Chestnut extracts were evaluated through several biochemical assays showing evident antioxidant properties.
Chestnut buds have been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".
WIKIPEDIA
Odd cousin Gary worked at one of the estate agents on the High Street. He'd come round to value the house (Mum was having one of her 'I-think-it'd-be-safer-to-leave-town' moments). He'd been all jolly, remarking on our 'satisfying aspect' or somesuch and helping himself from Dad's jelly bean dispenser, until Max the dog had one of his flatulence episodes. He went off with his tail between his legs soon after.
Cousin Gary, that is.
POET'S CORNER
For the Free Press.
The following lines were written by a friend of mine, a few days previous to his death at Bermuda, whither he had gone for his health. He hoped that a sea voyage and a change of air might restore his system, wasting by that heedless destroyer, Consumption. But, no! his destiny was fixed, and bright genius and noble nature bowed submissively. They are breathed in a tone of sorrow, natural to a mind highly sensitive, when it muses on the early joys of youth, and sees before it the termination of all its hopes. Friend .J., please give them a corner in your Journal.
E.
TO MISS ******
Though the life-blood of health has abandoned my cheek,
And hope with her syren song fled from my view,
Yet disease only conquers this poor, faded form!
The heart's green affection it cannot subdue.
O'er the couch, as I slumbered, thy dear image stood,
Recalling the scenes when our loves were yet new,
And it smiled as I murmur'd thy name in my dream,
To hear how a dying heart still could be true.
Oh, why did my infant heart kindle to thine,
And fondly confide in a vision of bliss;
Oh, why was thou fated to cling to a frame,
So hopeless, so fragile, so transient as this?
But farewell thou loved one, who gave life its charm,
And cherished a flower now fading so fast;
This bosom, though sinking, glows warmer to thee,
As the lamp blazes brightest when gleaming its last.
Miscellaneous.
From the People's Platform.
THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE
WORLD. – NO. 2.
By a reference to Great Britain it will be seen, and, it is hoped, felt that a nation may become strong in war, abound in men of science and scientific works, filled with all manner of labor-saving machinery, skilled in the science and practice of agriculture, and surfeited with money, and yet the great majority of those who do the labor be deprived of the elementary necessities of life, pure air, proper food and clothing, and their intellectual condition equally oppressed arid degraded.
In Great Britain, and in all other countries similarly circumstanced, capital has become the enemy of labor. Lightning and steam and machinery have been brought to operate against the very vitality of the laboring man's interests. Every new invention hitherto has had a tendency to sink him lower in the scale of being. True, this is unnatural. Every achievement of Genius, every new discovery in the science of mechanism and agriculture, every element that is subjugated and brought to labor for man should be hailed by the laborer as a sure friend, should be esteemed by him as a co-laborer, should have had a direct tendency to elevate his condition and equalize and harmonize the great family of man. But such has not been the case. Why? Because capital has been esteemed and honored more than labor. Money has been permitted to seize on every valuable invention. Let it not be forgotten, that every real good which man can appropriate is the price of the laborer's effort. Sunshine and rain, climate and soil, will neither feed nor clothe, nor in any way supply the necessities of man, without man's labor. Capital is mere dust, gold without value, machinery of all kinds is worth nothing without the workings of man's hands and man's fingers. Still the mere laborer – the individual, whether male or female, who has nothing but the ability and willingness to labor, is pointed, at the family board of the wealthy, in the sanctuaries of our religion and in all our halls of science and pleasure, to the lowest seat, where humility should sit and be content. These are truths which should be inscribed among the clustering flowers and on the clustering stars.
To this state of things society is fast tending in our own country. Over a beautiful and extensive section of our republic, the dark cloud of Slavery hangs like a death-pall under which the trickling blood of the laborer answers to the sounding lash of the robber of God and the usurper of man's most holy rights, and where the bursting heart of the robbed mother avails not to save the child from a most unnatural and life-long captivity. There innocence pleads in vain. Tears fall on hearts of adamant. Groans and the smothered wails of crushed hearts excite only the derisive laugh. There the silent eloquence, that most powerful pleader of suffering infancy, excites no sympathy, obtains no relief. They are the tears, the groans, the wailings, the eloquence, the pleadings, only of the LABORER! Why should they be heard? Why?
Under that dark and portentous cloud, which distils only tears and blood, and mutters incessant groans and unavailing prayers, Degradation – a chattel without Human Rights – is stamped in unmistakable characters on the brow of every laborer, whether white or black.
But what think ye? Are those who sit under this cloud, in high places, who, with piratical hand, have garnered around themselves the surplus of the laborer's toil, and who hold the scorpion lash, and extract the tears and the blood of the laborer, sinners above all others? – Nay, verily. When capital and machinery are arrayed against labor, there sin abounds.
It is not only in the South, where the iron links of the slave-chain are visible to the material eye and the clanking of the manacles fall harshly on the ear, but at the North also, where the profits of labor are filched from the laborer, without noise and without visible manifestations, that “they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders, but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers.” – The present condition of the South is so evidently unnatural, that it needs but to be seen to be seen to be condemned. – Hence, eventually, it will work out its own cure. It needs no physician to feel the pulse and prescribe the cure. But at the North, the condition of the body politic may be truthfully likened to the “whitened sepulchers.” The outside is fair, the death-worm preys on the vitality. The disease, to be hated, must be bro't to light. The effects are being manifested, the cause lies deeply hidden.
Throughout the civilized world, and especially in our own country, the condition of the laboring class is truly this: The laborer is placed between two grades of paupers. On his right is situated the gilded pauper, who calls himself, and is called, rich-wealthy, and who demands of the laborer, as his especial right, the first fruits of the earth and the fatlings of all the flocks. On his left is situated the ragged, destitute, improvident, pauper, for the most part ignorant, filthy and degraded. For this class the laborer must build the poor house, the hospital and the asylum, provide the coarse nourishment and covering, do all the labor, and pay the keepers and officers. For the first class of paupers the laborer builds splendid mansions, with spacious airy rooms, furnishes them with the most costly furniture, velvet-covered sofas and ottomans, loads their tables with the world's choicest luxuries, fills their cellars with the grape's most mellow juice, affords them luxurious carriages, and rears for their particular benefit the high-blooded and glossy steed. Attired by the laborer with the finest clothing that ingenuity can fabricate, and waited upon, even to dressing their persons and holding their horses, by the daughters and sons of toil, – this class of paupers are placed at their ease, and have every opportunity for polishing their manners and informing their minds, or by speculation, party politics, and usury, to increase his facilities of controlling the muscles and hands of the laborer. The other class of paupers demand nothing, or if they do, they get but little. A poor-house and rags and coarse fare, are their portion. They have neither power nor influence. They are charity's poor. And yet they are the legitimate children of the rich pauper, who, like a parasite, robs the heart of society of life. Great wealth cannot exist at one end of society without producing heart-smitten and starved poverty at the other. A daguerreotype of the world, without coloring or falsities, presents this picture – two distinct classes of paupers, and the working class between them, to provide for and feed them both. On the laborer's broad shoulders rest the world's hope and the world's destiny.
But right manfully has he sustained the burden. Throughout the length and breadth of our country, the forest melts away from his presence, cultivated fields spring up around him. He improves the country and builds the city. He creates all the wealth. Without him there would be no canals, railroads, no internal nor external improvements. He builds up the State-House, and, hard by it, the prison-house. He has chequered our country all over with poor-houses and asylums, those living witnesses of a nation's misgovernment and disgrace. He has created all our costly cushioned churches, and clothes & feeds all our preachers. He equips, and warms, & nourishes all our soldiers, and sends them out to do the murderer's dark deeds, in the name of war. He builds up the palace, and makes the soft couch for the titled warrior, and circles his hard brow with war's bloody wreath. He sends forth the missionary of the cross to tell a lost and perishing world of a Christ crucified to redeem and save. Labor not only ‘conquers all things,’ but labor accomplishes all things. In our country, onward and westward has been the march of the laborer, transforming the wilderness into cultivated fields, and, like the keen scented blood-hound, the speculator has followed his tracks like a vampire, to darken his sky and blight his hopes, and everywhere around the speculator cluster abject want and robbed industry.
Such is the true condition of our country. Throughout its length and breadth labor is dishonored, wealth flattered and caressed. The consequence is that every body seeks to be wealthy. Mammon is our God, and our country is becoming a great arena of speculating gladiators, and misery and wretchedness and want are every day increasing.
Where rests the fault? Not solely with the wealthy – the speculator – the successful robber, or the more unholy usurer. But the whole body politic if fearfully diseased, the great heart of humanity beats with misdirected pulsations, and its vital members are fevered, bruised and bleeding. Where is the remedy? Let us enquire.
THEODOSIUS.
DIABOLICAL OUTRAGE.
The following account from the Lebanon (Warren Co.) Star, should cause the face of every white man in Ohio to tingle with shame. It shows that the diabolical spirit of slavery and the murderous malignity of caste are yet rife in at least one of the Counties of the State.
A riot occurred at Morrow on Saturday evening, which will probably give some trouble to the parties engaged in it. A theft was committed by a colored man named Henry Wadkins – a convict formerly in the Penitentiary, who was immediately arrested and committed to jail. This aroused the indignation of sundry persons in the village, who met on Friday and resolved that every negro should leave the place in one week thereafter. Notice was accordingly given, and on Saturday, as we understand, all had left with the exception of two, Charles Casey, and his wife, who had been assured that they would be suffered to remain. The ardor of the mob – for such we must characterize every body of men who set the laws of the country at defiance and meditate and commit violence on the persons and property of others – was quickened by their wrath, and on Saturday night they changed the time of the exodus of the Casey family and demanded that they should gird up their loins, put on their sandals and march forthwith. Casey refused to obey. At ten o'clock they approached the dwelling of the latter, and commenced an assault with stones and clubs. Casey took a position at the door, armed with an axe, and his wife guarded the window, club in hand. Soon the window was smashed in and a breach made through the door by the missiles of the assailants. An entry was then attempted by one of the mob, but the moment his head protruded through the door, Casey tapped him with the back of the axe, and he fell senseless to the ground. Instantly another mob-head was poked in and met a similar blizzard. These repeated and effectual rebuffs brought the mob to a parley. Terms of accommodation were proposed, which resulted in giving Casey & his wife five minutes start, to make their escape. They ‘closed in the overtures of mercy,’ thus graciously offered! The watch was held up. At a single bound, Casey and his wife leaped out of the house, followed by a shower of stones. – Fear gave suppleness to their limbs, and away they went up the road like deer pursued by a pack of wolves. As soon as the time was out, the mob started in pursuit, vengeful and eager for the prey. But, fortunately, they were led on a false trail. Instead of continuing on the Hopkinsville road, as it was supposed they would, the blacks left the road, waded the Miami, and found a sure refuge in the cornfields. The fight lasted some three hours, during which, Casey and wife defended themselves with a bravery and nerve worthy the highest commendation. Their only sin, so far as we can learn, was that God had given them a black skin! They were Africans! What an offence to justify a riot and expulsion from the town! We are told that every article of furniture in the house was destroyed, and sixteen dollars in money stolen! The matter will, of course, undergo a legal investigation, and we therefore forbear any further comments.
SMITH, THE RAZOR-STROP MAN.
A SPECIMEN OF HIS LOGIC.
Everybody, from Nova Scocia to Texas, from Cape Cod to the great city of St. Louis, and perhaps along the “far west” to California, knows the “Razor strop man.” Well, here he is, to that life. – Some editor, without telling his whereabouts, (for we find it in an exchange paper without credit,) reports the following “speech,” as obtained at a private interview. “We,” editor of the Watchman, have, oft and again, seen the “Razor strop man,” shook hands with him, conversed, heard his own story in private, and his cutting, witty speeches in public, and attest the following to be genuine – “no counterfeit.”
We have heard from him these same pithy remarks, and can assure our temperance friends, “there are a few more of the same sort left.” Here it is. – Western Watchman.
“Some folks say that it is right to drink alcohol, because it is a good creature of God. Well, grant that it is; so is castor oil and so is vinegar a good creature of God, but is that a sufficient reason for a person to drink it three, four, or a dozen times a day? A dog is a good creature of God; but suppose a dog gets mad, and bites a man or a woman, would you let him alone, because, as you say, he was a good creature! Would you be satisfied with cutting off his ear or his tail ; or would you knock him on the head, and pitch him headlong into the street. Now, alcohol is worse than a mad dog, for a bite from a mad dog only destroys life, while a bite from alchy destroys reason, reputation, life, and everything else, besides dragging down the family of the bitten man to poverty and want.
But alchy doesn’t bite a mouthful at first. When he first snapped at me, he only tickled me a little. I liked it first-rate, and was anxious to get another, and still another bite. The old rascal of a tyrant kept nibbling away at my heels, as though he didn’t mean to harm me; while I, like a poor fool, kept coaxing him on, until at last he gave me a “snap”, in earnest, and took the elbows right out of my coat! Next, he took the crown out of my hat, the shoes off my feet, the money out of my pocket, and the sense out of my head, until at last I went raving mad through the streets, perfectly a victim to alciphobia. But I signed the pledge and got cured ; and if there is any man who has been bitten as I was, let him take this teetotal medicine, and I'll warrant him a speedy cure.
But allowing that alcohol is a good creature of God, are there not other good creatures too, such as beef, pork, puddings, pies, clothes, dollars of ‘the same sort?’ Now, shall a man cling to the one good creature, and leave the ninety and nine untouched? Shall a man drink whiskey because it is a good creature of God, and go without good food, a good home, a good hat, a good fat wallet, a good handsome wife, and good, well-dressed children? No sir-ree! As for me, give me good beef and pudding, good pork and sausage, good friends, a good bed, good clothes, a good wife, and good children, (or bad, rather than miss, and I'll try to make ‘em good,) and old king alchy may go to Texas, for all I care.
Some say that wine is a ‘good creature,’ because our Savior once turned water into wine. Very good! but then he didn’t turn rum, gin whisky, logwood, coculus-indicus and cockroaches into wine, like some people do. He turned water into wine. Now, if any wine-bibbing apologist will take a gallon or a barrel of pure water, and by praying over it, or in any other way, will turn it into good wine, without mixing any other stuff with it, I'm the boy as will go in for a swig of it! Such wine must be good, and I go in for that kind, and nothing else. But as for your nasty, filthy, drunken stuff, which is sold in your grog-shops, it's a base counterfeit, and it's a blasphemous libel on our blessed Savior to liken it to the pure beverage he made.
Now, you, such as prefer one good creature of God's to all the rest, go and drink rum or whisky until you get picked as bare as a sheep's back, after it has crawled through a briar patch; but you as prefer the ninety and nine good creatures. go right straight and sign the pledge. Thousands have been saved by putting their names to that precious document, and still is there room for a ‘few more of the same sort.’”
HUNGARIAN WOMAN.
The world is paying tribute to the heroic character of the Hungarian women. One who knows them says that they have no fading moonlight countenances, blanched by privations and sorrow – on weary cheeks, lit up with the paroxysm of despair – no polished marble, with its cold, repulsive indifference – no figure of the drawing room, tortured into shape by some heathen milliner. There is a wild, daring, piercing beauty about these women, sprung from Caucasian mountains, by the side of which, your soft, blue-eyed, flaxen-haired, Saxon maid looks like a faint lithograph by the side of Correggio's incarnation.
There are three sights most detestable – a proud priest, giving his blessing, a knavish hypocrite saying his prayers, and a false patriot making a harangue.
If you are for pleasure – marry! If you prize rosy health – Marry! And even if money be your object – marry!
Why are all the ladies in favor of “Old Bullion?” Simon (the rascal) says it's because they're all “Bent-on-men.”
Retiring postmaster are all said to have the Collamer morbus.
THE LAW OF NEWSPAPERS,
For the benefit of ourselves, and some of our subscribers, who appear to have very imperfect notions of their responsibilities to newspaper publishers, we give below some of the common law principles of newspaper obligations, which our courts have established:
1. Subscribers who do not give express notice to the contrary, are considered as wishing to continue their subscriptions, and are legally responsible for the same.
2. If subscribers order the discontinuance of their papers, the publisher may continue to send them until all arrearages are paid.
3. If subscribers neglect or refuse to take their papers from the office to which they are directed, they are held responsible until they have settled the bill and ordered them discontinued.
4. If subscribers remove to other places without informing the publishers, and the papers are sent to the former direction, they are held responsible.
5. When newspapers are not taken from the post office, it is the duty of the postmaster to inform the subscribers of the same, and in default of doing so he is subject to reprimand or removal, from the head of the department.
6. Subscribers can have their papers stopped by paying up the arrearages, and directing the post master to order its discontinuance, or doing it themselves.
LOCAL AGENTS.
Those whose names are given below are authorized to act as agents for the Free Press, at their respective localities.
Cambridge, 0. - Samuel Craig.
Loudinville - A. R. Anderson.
Londonderry - Wm. Wilkins.
Leesville - J. N. Meek.
Scio - M. Jolly.
Steubenville - J. Orr and J. Steele.
Bloomingdale - Dr. J. Carter.
Moore's Salt Works - T. George.
Kimbolton - J. C. Walker.
Washington, 0. - John Craig.
Loydsville - Miss Jane Loyd.
Barnesville - Jesse Bailey.
Fairview - Rev. Merrill.
Flushing - Wm. Palmer.
Sewelsville - D. Pickering.
Shortcreek - Wm. Martin.
Elizabeth, Pa.- Z. Willson.
Venice, Pa. - Rev. Slater.
New-Alexandria, Pa. - Rev. A. M. Milligan.
Zanesville - S. Allen, Dr. Stokes.
Leesville Roads - Rev. Boyd.
Martinsburg - John McMillen.
Connersville, Ind. - D. Patterson.
Jamestown - James Morrow.
Greene - Matthew Wilkin.
Utica - Wm. Stevenson.
Cincinnati - James Brown.
New Richland - S. Mitchell.
Rushylvania - J. French, Jr.
Tranquility - Rev. Hucheson.
Morning Sun - James Milligan.
Bloomington, Ind. - Thomas Smith.
Dresden - Wm. Cunningham.
Otsego - Elijah Coulter.
Newcomerstown - George Walters.
Sicily - Joshua Bratton.
Columbus - David Jenkins.
Pickerington - John McDonald.
Iberia - Levi McGinnis.
Cumberland - William Rabe.
PROSPECTUS OF THE
NEW-CONCORD FREE PRESS.
THE FREE PRESS is an Anti-Slavery Journal, neutral in party politics, and independent of denomination, published weekly, in New-Concord, Muskingum county, Ohio, by N. R. Johnston.
Whilst the Free Press is neutral in politics, it is not intended that it shall be neutral in morals, or silent respecting the great questions which are now agitating the popular mind. Its objects are; to effect the Abolition of Slavery – prevent its extension over Territory now free – correct an erroneous public opinion respecting the rights of God and man – secure the establishment of Righteous Civil Government – the destruction of all systems of Oppression, whether in the form of Chattel Slavery, Land Monopoly, or Unequal Legislation the suppression of every kind of immorality now flooring and threatening to overwhelm our land, and the removal of every source of crime, destitution, ignorance, and degradation.
With these as the main objects of the Free Press, it will give a weekly summary of important foreign and domestic intelligence, necessary to acquaint its readers with the signs of the times, and bearing upon the interests of Education, Science, Temperance, Morals and Religion; and it is hoped that its weekly visit will be made welcome to all the lovers of truth and equity who may give it their patronage. To the friends of Truth and lovers of Liberty desiring National and Social Reform, we look for support – to the power of Truth, under the influence of the Divine Spirit, we look for success.
See Terms on first page.
BULLETIN, No. 1.
THE reflective traveler, as he reaches the highest ridge of the Alleghenies, on his journey Westward, is filled with the most profound and interesting sensations. His fancy rapidly surveys that vast and magnificent region which stretches itself far away towards the setting sun, bounded only by the waves of the Pacific ocean, and the rivers flow on through interminable woods. Rich prairies, like seas of verdure, are spread out, decked with bright and nameless bowers. Upon those countless millions of richest acres, the entire population of two worlds like this might find homes of plenty! These wonderful features of the mighty West fills his mind with the profoundest sensations. He reflects still further and the painful fact occurs to him that one great difficulty affects that regions namely, that which relates to Health. He knows that beside those streams, and upon those Prairies the enterprising inhabitants are often and sorely afflicted with Billious Complaints, in all their multiplied forms. A feeling of impatience comes over him that so little has thus far been accomplished to prevent and cure these; especially when he considers that no class of diseases yield so readily to proper means. It is not too much to say that if the difficulty alluded to were removed, and the West made as Healthy as the East, tens upon tens of thousands of human lives would be annually saved and every acre of land in the entire West be doubled in value.
THE GRAFENBERG COMPANY come before the public fully impressed with the importance of this subject; and with the positive certainty that they can prevent and cure sea die tsees of the West. The public has welcomed the Company with unparalleled enthusiasm. Everywhere its medicines are taking the lead of all others; and curing diseases which have baffled all other means.
The Company will hereafter issue Monthly Bulletins, by means of which the public can learn more of its operations. In the present one it can only be stated that
1. The Grafenberg Medicines are purely Vegetable.
2. They have been tested in tens of thousands of cases, with perfect success.
3. Of the Vegetable Pills alone thirty thousand boxes are sold each and every week!
4. The demand is constantly increasing.
5. Every article purchased of the Company or any of its Agents is warranted; and if it does not give satisfaction the money will be refunded.
The three Medicines to which the Company would call attention in the present Bulletin are the Grafenberg Vegetable Pills, for the prevention and cure of the diseases which afflict humanity (especially Billious) these pills are infinitely superior to any the world has before seen. No language can describe their virtues. They are as different from all others before the public as light is from darkness. Every family in the whole West should try them. If they do not give perfect satisfaction the money will be promptly refunded, Price 25 cents a box.
The Grafenberg Fever and Ague Pills. This Pill is the great conqueror of Fever and Ague, and Fever of all other types and forms.
The Grafenberg Health Bitters; A preventives of bilious and other diseases; and a restorer of the strength, the appetite and a healthy complexion. Price 25 cents a package; which will make two quarts of Bitters superior to any in the world.
The other Medicines are the Grafenberg Eye Lotion, the Children's Panacea, The Green Mountain Ointment the Consumptive's Balm, the Dysentery Syrup.
It is intended that there shall be a Grafenberg Depot in every neighborhood in the United States, at which the company's Medicines may be found.
The general Agent for this section of Ohio, is RICHARD GRIFFEE, Frazeysburg, to whom applications for agencies may be addressed.
[Dec. 15.] EDWARD BARTON. Sec'y.
Agents. – R. Harper, New-Concord; Philip Bastian, Bridgeville; Jos. F. Brown, Zanesville; J. & J.Crosby, do.; L. H. Worrell, West Zanesville; M. C. Eean, Putnam; Mrs. Wills, S. Zanesville; Benj. Adams, Dresden; Jacob Ackerson, Adam's Mills; D. S. Springer, do.; & Claypole, Nashport; Wymer, Bridgeville.
Jan. 14 ‘47-ly
GEMINI!!!
External Strength – Internal Comfort!!
GEORGE'S CONCENTRATED
QUAKING ASP BITTERS;
AND
Oleine Compound.
THE LATTER is confidently offered to the public as a certain cure for many diseases; and the most effectual prescription in some obstinate diseases, said to be incurable. It is a SPECIFIC in old, running sores, suppurated wounds, cuts and bruises, burns, boils, tumors and sloughing ulcers of almost every variety.
SCROFULA,
In all its forms and aggravations, has invariably yielded to its sanative influence. Its medicinal powers have been fully tested in the great master disease.
WHITE SWELLING,
And have never been known to fail, in a single instance, when applied according to directions. It is also an unequalled nepenthic and strengthening plaster for the back, breast, side, or any other part of the system which may demand such an assistant. In deep seated inflammations, if applied in time, it will often prevent suppuration; and when it does not do this, it will hasten the development of the disease with much less pain, and prepare for an easy and speedy cure.
The Concentrated Quaking Asp should invariably accompany the application of the Salve. These Bitters have not been mixed up and presented to the public as an experiment, but they have been prepared with the greatest care and their medicinal properties fully tested. They are an excellent remedy for Indigestion, Dyspepsia, Loss of Appetite, Flatulence, Pain in the Stomach, Cholic, Costiveness, Heart-Burn, Dysentery, Diarrhea, Influenza, Cold, Cough, Pain in the Breast, Asthma, Pleurisy, Palpitation of the Heart, Liver Complaint, Impurity of Blood, and general Nervous Debility. Nearly all the above diseases, or in fact, any derangement of the digestive organs or corrupt humors in the system, exposes the subject to great danger during the prevalence of any epidemic. CHOLERA can be prevented much more easily than cured.
The Quaking Asp Bitters are an invaluable Alterative. They are slightly cathartic, and as a tonic, eminently calculated to restore energy to the system, purify the blood, promote the secretions, remove torpidity of the organs, kindly assist nature in her operations, and thus prevent the necessity of resorting to poisonous and destructive drugs.
They are pleasant to take, purely vegetable, and perfectly safe for either male or female in all conditions. If permitted, we could exhibit certificates of their agreeable and salutary effects in diseases peculiar to women, proving them peculiarly applicable to even the most sensitive and delicate constitution.
Costiveness in children, Colic and Cholera Infantum, or Summer Complaint, have invariably and speedily been relieved.
Don’t put off too long. Delays are dangerous. Disease is more easily checked by some mild and gentle medicine in an incipient state, than cured by the best physicians and strongest drugs when it has fully possessed the whole system. We present a very few certificates, selected from many, of the beneficial effects of our Salve and Bitters.
NEW CONCORD, January, 1849.
I do hereby certify that I was for more than two years afflicted with the White Swelling. The very best medical aid was tried for a considerable time, but the disease still became worse. I then obtained some of the OLEINE COMPOUND, and after using it according to directions, the disease was speedily and perfectly cured. I have since used it with the best success in running sores. I therefore recommend it to the world, as in my opinion being an effectual cure for White Swelling, which is one of the most obstinate diseases.
JOHN BELL.
CHANDLERSVILLE, Jan., 1849.
In reference to the Oleine Compound I can say, that it was the “good Samaritan” to us. My eldest daughter was long and almost hopelessly afflicted with the real White Swelling. At last I procured this excellent Salve, the disease was mastered, and our daughter restored to health. Many of my neighbors can witness to the uncommon medicinal qualities of the Compound. Its application is attended neither by danger nor pain.
ROBERT WILSON.
From the Rev. J. Love.
To the PUBLJC: – Having been attacked with bilious Cholic and having suffered severe pain during thirty-six hours, a friend kindly and opportunely presented me a small portion of the Quaking Asp Bitters. Having taken it, the effect was instantaneous relief: and fifteen minutes after, my bowels were as free from pain as before I had the attack. I feel confidently persuader that the Bitters have all the medicinal properties, which are attributed to them in the card with which the public are presented, and that the afflicted will in consequence of a trial, test in their own happy experience their benign salutary effects.
J. LOVE.
Londonderry, O., Feb. 12th, 1849.
By the use of one bottle of the Concentrated Quaking Asp Bitters I was permanently cured of Diarrhea which has troubled me very much during the past three months.
ESTHER MILHOLLAND.
New-Concord, July, 1849.
I hereby certify that the Quaking Asp Bitters have been used by myself and family with unusual success. – invariably relieving pain in the breast, troublesome coughs, indigestion, colic and dysentery.
ROBERT GEORGE.
New-Concord, August, 1819.
I take pleasure in recommending George's Quaking Asp Bitters as a certain remedy for pain in the stomach or bowels, Indigestion and Dysentery.
JOHN M'CARTNEY.
New-Concord, August 6th, '49.
We have used the Oleine Compound in very aggravated running sores and sloughing ulcers, and also in scalds and burns, with the most satisfactory success. We consider it a most useful family medicine.
GEORGE MADDEN.
ISABELLA MADDEN.
New-Concord, August 6th, 1849.
We are well assured of the powerful medicinal properties of the Oleine Compound, having tried it with success in a very severe attack of Scrofula, in which the skill of different physicians had been tried and failed. It is an excellent salve for sores, cuts and burns. We use it as a family medicine.
JAMES HANSON.
REBECCA HANSON.
For sale at New-Concord and the neighboring villages.
Home remedies for lactose intolerance: Lactose intolerance has many symptoms such as tummy rumbles, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, gas, bloating, stomach aches and other gastrointestinal problems.
www.homenaturalcures.com/lactose-intolerance-treatment-re...
From my set ewntitled “Lilies”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607186495368/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Daylilies comprise the small genus Hemerocallis of flowering plants in the family Hemerocallidaceae. They are not true lilies which are Lilium in Liliaceae.
These plants are perennial. The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful". The flowers of most species open at sunrise and wither at sunset, possibly replaced by another one on the same stem the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.
Originally native from Europe to China, Korea, and Japan, their large showy flowers have made them popular worldwide. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Only a few cultivars are scented. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their developing seedpods are removed.
Daylilies occur as a clump including leaves, the crown, and the roots. The long, often linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite flat fans with leaves arching out to both sides. The crown of a daylily is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots, an essential part of the fan. Along the flower stem or scape, small leafy "proliferations" may form at nodes or in bracts. These proliferations form roots when planted and are the exact clones of the parent plant. Some daylilies show elongated widenings along the roots, made by the plant mostly for water storage and an indication of good health.
The flower consists of three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in the same or in a contrasting color. The centermost section of the flower, called the throat, has usually a different and contrasting color. There are six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After pollination, the flower forms a pod.
Daylilies can be grown in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the most adaptable landscape plants. Most of the cultivars have been developed within the last 100 years. The large-flowered clear yellow 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where their heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys during the later 20th century. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions soon reach reasonable prices.
'Kwanzo' - a triple-flowered triploid cultivar
Tawny Daylily Hemerocallis fulva, and sweet-scented H. lilioasphodelus (H. flava is an illegitimate name), colloquially called Lemon Lily, were early imports from England to 17th century American gardens and soon established themselves. Tawny Daylily is so widely growing wild that it is often considered a native wildflower. It is called Roadside or Railroad Daylily, and gained the nickname Wash-house or Outhouse Lily because it was frequently planted at such buildings.
Hemerocallis is one of the most hybridized of all garden plants, with registrations of new hybrids being made in the thousands each year in the search for new traits. Hybridizers have extended the plant's color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, a blue daylily is a milestone yet to be reached.
Other flower traits that hybridizers develop include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of the bloom, and an illusion of glitter or "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements in foliage include color, variegation, disease resistance, the ability to form large, neat clumps and being evergreen or semi-evergreen instead of herbaceous (also known as "dormant" — the foliage dies back during the winter.)
A recent trend in hybridizing is to focus on tetraploid plants, with thicker petal substance and sturdier stems. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have double the number of chromosomes as a diploid plant.[1] Only one cultivar is known to be triploid, the brilliant orange 'Kwanzo' or 'Kwanso,' which cannot set seed and is reproduced solely by underground runners (stolons) and division. Usually referred to as a "double," meaning producing flowers with double the usual number of petals (e.g., daylily 'Double Grapette'), 'Kwanzo' actually produces triple the usual number of petals.
The flowers of some species are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīnzhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huánghuācài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the tubers of some (but not all[citation needed]) species are also edible. The plant has also been used for medicinal purposes. Care must be use as some species can be toxic.
From my set entitled “Monarda”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607217954847/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_balm
Monarda (bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, or bergamot) is a genus consisting of roughly 16 species of erect, herbaceous annual or perennial plants in the Lamiaceae, indigenous to North America. Ranging in height from 1 to 3 feet (0.2 to 0.9 m), the plants have an equal spread, with slender and long-tapering (lanceolate) leaves; the leaves are opposite on stem, smooth to nearly hairy, lightly serrated margins, and range from 3 to 6 inches (7 to 14 cm) long. In all species, the leaves, when crushed, exude a spicy, highly fragrant oil. Of the species listed, M. didyma (Oswego Tea) contains the highest concentration of this oil.[1]
The genus was named for Nicolás Monardes who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants found in the New World.
Several Bee Balm species (Monarda fistulosa and Monarda didyma) have a long history of use as a medicinal plants by many Native Americans including the Blackfeet, Menominee, Objibwe, Winnebago and others. The Blackfeet Indians recognized the strong antiseptic action of these plants, and used poultices of the plant for skin infections and minor wounds. A tea made from the plant was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis. Bee Balm is the natural source of the antiseptic Thymol, the primary active ingredient in modern commercial mouthwash formulas. The Winnebago used a tea made from bee Balm as a general stimulant. Bee Balm was also used as a carminative herb by Native Americans to treat excessive flatulence. [2][3]
Although somewhat bitter due to the thymol content in the plants leaves and buds, the plant has a very similar flavor to oregano, to which it is closely related. Bee Balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The plants are widespread across North America and can be found in moist meadows, hillsides, and forest clearings up to 5,000 feet in elevation. [2]
Monarda species include annual and perennial upright growing herbaceous plants with lanceolate to ovate shaped leaves. The flowers are tubular with bilateral symmetry and bilabiate; with upper lips narrow and the lower ones broader and spreading or deflexed. The flowers are single or in some cultivated forms double, generally hermaphroditic with 2 stamens. Plant bloom in mid to late-summer and the flowers are produced in dense profusion at the ends of the stem and/or in the stem axils, the flowers typically are in crowded into head-like clusters with leafy bracts. Flower colors vary, with wild forms of the plant having crimson-red to red, pink and light purple. M. didyma has bright, carmine red blossoms; M. fistulosa -- the "true" wild bergamot -- has smokey pink flowers. M. citriodora and M. pectinata have light lavender to lilac-colored blooms and have slightly decreased flower quantities. Both species are commonly referred to as "Lemon Mint." There are over 50 commercial cultivars and hybrids, ranging in color from candy-apple red to pure white to deep blue, but these plants tend to be smaller than wild species, and often developed to combat climatic or pest conditions. "M.didyma" species can grow up to 6 feet tall. Seed collected from hybrids — as with most hybridized plants — does not produce identical plants to the parent.
The Monarda plants prefer full sun and moist yet well-drained soil. Plants established in partial shade or filtered sun have higher incidences of rapid horizontal spread and flower less. An aggressive plant in the South-eastern United States, Bergamots can grow in a wide variety of soil conditions. Powdery mildew, rust, and (rarely) tobacco mosaic viruses disrupt established plants on occasion, but the plants are in general highly resistant to most wilts and viruses and are not easily damaged. Used most frequently in areas in need of naturalization, Monarda is often used in beds and borders to encourage and increase the appearance of hummingbirds, pollinating insects, and because of oils present in its roots is sometimes used to companion plant around small vegetable crops susceptible to subterranean pests. While seed should be stratified briefly before starting, seed may be cast directly or started in coldframes or greenhouses at soil temperatures approaching 70° Fahrenheit. Generally, propagation occurs by hardwood and softwood cuttings, root cuttings, layering, and division; the latter, quite frequently, is the most popular method out of necessity: the plant should be divided every 3 to 5 years to reduce spread, keep the central core of the plant healthy, preclude root rot, and improve air circulation about the foliage.
Bee balm is considered a good plant to grow with tomatoes, ostensibly improving both health and flavor. It also is a good companion plant in general, attracting pollinators and some predatory/parasitic insects that hunt garden pests.
Monarda species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including case-bearers of the genus Coleophora including C. heinrichella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa), C. monardae (feeds exclusively on Monarda spp) and C. monardella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa).
The Bergamot of the Monarda species should not be confused with the popular flavoring used in Earl Grey tea. Dried leaves may be used for teas or aromatherapies, but the odor is subtly different from Citrus bergamia, the Earl Grey flavoring. For medicinal usage, Monarda has been known to treat headaches and fevers by infusing crushed leaves in boiling water.
Harrison stayed with us this weekend. He is an excellent houseguest. Except for his excessive flatulence.
One of our most common weeds, but what a useful plant.
In Colombia it goes by these names; cadillo , masquia, or papunga chipaca.
Young leaves sometimes eaten raw or steamed, but the taste can be a bit strong. In Zimbabwe the leaves are boiled with peanut butter and eaten. Bidens pilosa is eaten in Africa as a vegetable.
Added to salads or steamed and added to soups and stews, they can also be dried for later use. A good source of iodine. Young shoot tips are used to make a tea.
A juice made from the leaves is used to dress wounds and ulcers. A decoction of the leaves is anti-inflammatory, styptic and alterative]. The whole plant is antirheumatic, it is also used in enemas to treat intestinal ailments. Substances isolated from the leaves are bactericidal and fungicidal, they are used in the treatment of thrush and candida.
The roots, leaves and flowers are strongly phototoxic, the achenes weakly so. Substances isolated from the leaves can kill human skin in the presence of sunlight at concentrations as low as 10ppm
Africa - for bleeding, blood clots, burns, cataracts, colitis, conjunctivitis, constipation, diarrhea, earache, eye disorders, food poisoning, hemorrhages, inflammation, malaria, pneumonia, postpartum hemorrhage, respiratory infections, rheumatism, sores, stomach pains, tuberculosis, worms, wounds, yaws, and as an antiseptic
Amazonia - for angina, chills, diabetes, dysentery, edema, eye disorders, headache, hepatitis, jaundice, laryngitis, malaria, menstrual disorders, parasites, sore mouth, sore throat, stomachache, toothache, urinary insufficiency, worms, wounds
Bahamas - for cancer, fever, heat-rash, itch, intestinal gas, lacerations, skin sores, water retention, wounds
Brazil - for breast engorgement, cough, diabetes, diaper rash, dysentery, fever, fungal infections, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids, hepatitis, inflammation, insect bites, jaundice, lactation aid, liver tonic, liver obstructions, lung disorders, malaria, parasites, pharyngitis, rheumatism, sclerosis (glands), scurvy, sore throat, toothache, tonsillitis, ulcers, urinary infections, urinary insufficiency, vaginal infections, vaginal discharge, wounds, and as an antiseptic, astringent
Dominican Republic - for chest problems, toothaches, and to promote milk production, salivation, urination and menstruation
Ghana -for allergies, bleeding, earaches, eye infections, hives
Haiti for angina, catarrh, diabetes, foot-and-mouth disease, mental disorders, milk production, nervous shock, stomatitis, tonsilitis, vomiting
Mexico for blood clots, chest problems, diabetes, fever, gastroenteritis, hemorrhoids, inflammation, jaundice, kidney, liver disorders, mouth blisters, nervous problems, snakebite, stomach problems, and as a antiseptic and diuretic
Panama - for colds, headache, intestinal disorders, prostate tumors, rheumatism
Peru for abscesses, angina, anuria, baldness, bile stimulation, childbirth, chills, conjunctivitis, cystitis, diabetes, dysentery, edema, foot-and-mouth disease, fever, fungal infections, headache, hemorrhage, hepatitis, inflammation, jaundice, lacerations, laryngitis, liver problems, liver support, mouth sores, menstrual disorders, nephritis, nervous system disorders, pain, obesity, parasites, rheumatism, sores, sore throat, tonsilitis, toothache, urinary infections, urinary insufficiency, venereal diseases, weight loss, worms, wounds
Elsewhere - for abortions, bleeding, blood cleansing, boils, bronchitis, burns, cancer, candida, colds, colic, colitis, conjunctivitis, coughs, cuts, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, eye problems, fever, flatulence, flu, food poisoning, gout, hair loss, hepatitis, hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation, intestinal infections, liver diseases, menstrual promotion, parasites, respiratory infections, rheumatism, skin problems, snakebite, stomach disorders, styptic, sweat promotion, thrush, toothache, ulcers, ulcerative colitis, urinary infections, urinary problems, worms, wounds, and as an antiseptic, astringent, diuretic
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Vernacular names
Black jack, cobbler’s pegs, hairy beggarticks, Spanish needles (En). Sornet, piquant noir, bident hérissé, herbe aiguille, herbe villebague (Fr). Carrapicho de agulha, Spanish needles (Po). Kichoma mguu, kichoma nguo (Sw).
Origin and geographic distribution
Bidens pilosa is a cosmopolitan weed, originating from South America and common in all tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In Africa Bidens pilosa is recorded as a weed in many countries and it is likely to occur in all countries, including the Indian Ocean islands. It is reported as a vegetable or potherb among others in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’ Ivoire, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Bidens pilosa is a weed in both field and plantation crops and is recorded as troublesome in about 30 crops in more than 40 countries, including about 20 African countries. It is considered one of the most noxious annual weeds in East Africa. It often becomes dominant after the eradication of perennial grasses, and displays allelopathic effects on a number of crops.
Uses
In sub-Saharan Africa, the fresh or dried tender shoots and young leaves are used as a leaf vegetable especially in times of food scarcity. It is an ingredient of sauces accompanying the staple food. The leaves are, fresh or after parboiling, dried in the sun and stored as powder for the dry season. In Uganda, the leaves are boiled in sour milk. Old leaves are not suitable for consumption because they have a bitter astringent taste.
Bidens pilosa is used as a medicinal plant in many regions of Africa, Asia and tropical America. Roots, leaves and seed have been reported to possess antibacterial, antidysenteric, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, diuretic, hepato-protective and hypotensive activities. In Uganda, five different medicinal uses are known: the sap from crushed leaves is used to speed up clotting of blood in fresh wounds; a leaf decoction is used for treating headache; sap from the plant is put in the ear to treat ear infection; a decoction of leaf powder is used to treat kidney problems; and a herbal tea made from the plant decreases flatulence. Extracts of Bidens pilosa are used in southern Africa to cure malaria. The Manyika people in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe retain the first water used for cooking Bidens pilosa foliage for later use as a medicinal drink to cure stomach and mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, headaches and hangover. The Zulu in South Africa use a suspension of powdered leaves as an enema for abdominal trouble, whereas in Congo a concoction made from the whole plant is taken as a poison antidote, or to ease child delivery and to relieve the pain from hernia. In South Africa, strong decoctions of the leaf taken in large doses have been reported to be helpful in treating arthritis. In Côte d’Ivoire, the plant is used for treating jaundice and dysentery. The plant sap is applied to burns in Tanzania. In Nigeria, the powder or ash from the seed is used as a local anaesthetic and rubbed into cuts. The Giriama tribe from the coastal areas of Kenya use a leaf extract to treat swollen spleens in children. This tribe also uses a mixture of the dried and ground leaves of Bidens pilosa, soap and hot pepper as an insecticide for the control of leaf miners and other insects. The traditional application of Bidens pilosa in local medicine, especially for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, will remain of importance, the more so as the plants are readily available. The immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and especially antimalarial properties deserve further attention.
Spanish needles are been used in traditional medicine systems for infections of all kinds: from such upper respiratory tract infections as colds and flu to urinary tract infections and venereal diseases-and even infected wounds on the skin. Research has begun to confirm these uses in several in vitro microbial studies. In 1991, scientists in Egypt first documented Bidens pilosa antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Other in vitro studies have demonstrated its antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria including Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus, Neisseria gonorrhea, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella. Extracts of the leaf also have been documented to have antimycobacterial activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. smegmatis. A water extract of the leaf has shown significant anti-yeast activity towards Candida albicans. Much of Spanish needles antimicrobial actions have been attributed to a group of chemicals called polyacetylenes, which includes a chemical called phenylheptatriyne. Phenylheptatriyne has shown strong in vitro activity against numerous human and animal viruses, bacteria, fungi, and molds in very small amounts.
In the tropics, Bidens pilosa is also used for snakebite and malaria; research has confirmed these uses as well. Several studies have confirmed the plant's antimalarial activity; it reduced malaria in animals by 43-66 percent, and in vitro by 90%. With regard to its status as a traditional snakebite remedy, one research group confirmed that a Spanish needles extract could protect mice from lethal injections of neurotoxic snake venom.
Other research has focused on Bidens pilosa's anticancerous characteristics. Early research, in various in vitro assay systems designed to predict antitumor activity, indicated positive results in the early 1990s. Spanish needles first was reported to have antileukemic actions in 1995. Then researchers from Taiwan reported (in 2001) that a simple hot-water extract of Spanish needles could inhibit the growth of five strains of human and mouse leukemia at less than 200 mcg per ml in vitro.
In Nanyuki, Kenya, Bidens pilosa is collected for the extraction of natural dyes. Among the Efe of the DR Congo the root is washed and dried, then used as a painting brush. Livestock browses on the plants and in South Africa Bidens pilosa has been used as a fodder for pigs. However, dairy cattle are discouraged from browsing on it because the aromatic oil present in the plant has an objectionable smell that can taint milk. Chicken feed on the seed. In Uganda and in Mexico, the leaves are used as an invigorating or stimulant substitute for tea; while in the Philippines the flowers are used in the preparation of a kind of wine. The flowers are a good source of nectar for honeybees.
Properties
The composition of raw Bidens pilosa leaves per 100 g edible portion is: water 85 g, energy 180 kJ (43 kcal), protein 3.8 g, fat 0.5 g, carbohydrate 8.4 g, fibre 3.9 g, β-carotene 1800 μg (Leung, W.-T.W., Busson, F. & Jardin, C., 1968). Consumption as a raw vegetable is not recommended because of a high saponin content.
Extracts of Bidens pilosa show antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo. The crude ethanol extract (50 μg/ml) causes up to 90% inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro, compared with 86–94% inhibition for the chloroform fraction and 68–79% for the butanol fraction (both at 50 μg/ml). In vivo the crude ethanol extract and the chloroform fraction cause about 40% reduction of Plasmodium berghei parasitaemia in mice. Phenylacetylenes and flavonoids have been found in the ethanol extract from the leaves and the roots. The results indicate that the antimalarial activity of Bidens pilosa may be attributed to the presence of acetylene compounds. The direct therapeutic usefulness of these compounds seems limited, since they are easily oxidized by air and light.
Polyacetylenes also have antimicrobial activity. A number of polyacetylenes extracts of Bidens pilosa are toxic to yeasts and some bacteria. This compound is an active anti-parasitic. Consumption of the leaves, as in South Africa, has been found to promote the development of oesophageal cancer, and dried leaves of Bidens pilosa have a co-carcinogenic action for oesophageal tumours induced in rats. In addition to the acetylenes, other compounds such as phytosterols (β-sitosterol), triterpenes and caffeic acid(s) are also reported from Bidens pilosa. The main flavonoids from leaf extracts are aurones and chalcones. Several flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties, their detection in extracts from Bidens pilosa, together with the presence of the described acetylenes, may explain the use of Bidens pilosa in traditional medicine, especially for treating wounds, against inflammations and against bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract.
The ethanolic extract of Bidens pilosa showed a high inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in an in vitro assay for cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. The methanol extract showed radiation-protection activity for bone marrow. In addition, other pharmacological activity such as, antihyperglycaemic, immunomodulator, anti-ulcer and hypotensive activity were reported.
Mvere, B., 2004. Bidens pilosa L. Record from Protabase. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
VIDEO HERE: www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8Pusl0wOqc
••• SCRIPT/LYRICS: •••
MOLEMAN'S EPIC RAP BATTLES…
…DEATH…
…VS…
…DEATH!
BEGIN!
• Death: •
Word of warning here: forget about the lofty Cost of Living,
'Cause the price of crossing me's a hundredfold if I'm forgiving!
Whether chilling in my realm or as a mortal each centennial,
The Endless biggest sis's gothic beauty is perennial!
A soul-collector nice as I? Good luck with ever finding one,
Yet here up on the mic, I've all the fury of the Kindly Ones,
When I attack a bony, hackneyed, homely phony reaper
As the one and only ultimate in mortal coil-keepers!
You'll end up like my poor middle brother: straight-vacate your station,
When I see you get a lifetime's worth of shame; humiliation
From the Vertigo my dizzying disses hit you with. You'll soon Despair!
I'll put the "psycho" into "psychopomp"; leave you in disrepair!
Contest against this Champion? You're hardly my competitor;
In terms of schticks-personified, you're more on par with Pedobear!
You oughta go and ask your old pal Marlo if she's heard of me;
Like Gadling finally croaking, my defeat will take Eternity!
• Death: •
Let Death arrest her customary silence for a spell
To drop omniscient lyrics deeper than the annals of my Well:
You're lost in deep Delirium; mad as a titan's hopeless courting.
I'm the empress of the end; you're as legit as Emperor Norton!
They say War Is Hell, but it hath not a fury close to mine;
I'll send you to Oblivion with Cosmic Power most divine!
Ensnare you like a Crowley wannabe with no mistake of target;
When you mess with Lady Death, she strikes with Adamantine hardness!
Watch mortality incarnate wreck an eldritch Marcia Brady;
Any Cancer of a wretch who steps to Death's Beyonder-Crazy!
Bring your siblings all along to aid in challenging my mantle,
For your Seven Ds are less a threat to me than Disney Channel's!
Inescapable as gravity, and twice as harsh a mistress;
Doesn't take your Dead Boy buddies to Detect which Death'll win this.
Go consult your older brother's book, and find it's quite confirmable:
Your effort's doomed as Captain Mar-Vell; diagnosis terminal!
• Death: •
That verse had all the logic of a rant on life's unfairness,
With a flow awkward as when they had me teaching AIDS awareness!
My demolishing this bag of bones will come as no surprise;
You're in the Dead Pool: even Wade is betting on your swift demise!
You're Dreaming if disputing Death is what your dreary rear's Desiring;
Ask any cosplay expert which of us is more inspiring.
Like metaphoric wings, all feel the beating of my voice,
For one must bend to me or face Annihilation; make your choice.
• Death: •
Giving ultimatums, are we, pasty punk? You're off your rocker;
Full of Rot, and tactless as that omnicidal sicko, Walker.
Still, it's high time for a change, so don't you think my aura fazed
As I once more resume my silence while my champion takes the stage...
• Thanos: •
I'm throwing down the Gauntlet: spitting Gems of Infinite dopeness;
Wooing the woman of my worship with this intricate opus!
I'm resurrected once again and back to cause galactic harm,
And you can bet this time I won't end up retired on some farm!
I'll bathe the star-ways with the innards of this Deviant impostor
With Titanic rhyming, sharper than the blades up on my copter!
Take one look into my eyes; you'll panic like my matron parent did.
When Thanos gets to Rising, taking flight is quite Imperative!
With Cosmic Cube in hand, I'll A.I.M. to conquer space and time,
And when my fleet's on the attack, the only Sanctuary's mine.
I'm an Eternal-dreaded warlord, carrying out cross-cosmic slaughter,
And your title-claim's legit as Nebula being my granddaughter!
• Death: •
That's enough of Mr. Purple People-Killer; shift the view to me:
I fought the Auditors, but now I'm bringing on the scrutiny.
A righteous Reaper Man who you'd do well not to offend,
Because you rodents couldn't even match my squeaky little friend!
No Rite of AshkEnte in effect; attendant of my own accord.
I'll reap you all as lowly peasants; you're unworthy of my sword!
Regardless whether you believe in me, I'll always be the realest,
And I pimp-smack punks so hard, even their unborn children feel it!
It's all Bad Omens for gothy here; poor Girl's out of her Element.
I'll crush her with the full force of four planet-carrying elephants,
Then Ultimately Nullify this other poser's smugness,
Right before destroying her boyfriend like my name was Arthur Douglas!
Well, my wit is like my Duty's instruments: sharp as can be,
And even Azrael agrees there can be no replacing me.
Your books are nearly finished; sands are dwindling in your hourglasses.
I'm the only justice here, so keep a Hogs-watch on your asses!
• Death: •
Oh, get back to your domain; those lines fell flatter than your planet.
It's Two Minutes To Midnight on all your clocks; you'd better panic!
Slender man ten times more terrifying than Slender Man, for real:
You're all bacteria before me! You know not with what you deal.
Lucifer's in his cage, but still I'm dishing out the violence:
Skill vaster than my age, I spit rhymes vicious as Leviathans!
I'm Super-Supernatural; not even God is safe from I.
Bump into me, you'll say you're sorry, or prepare to say "BUH*BYE"!
I'm always making scenes, from Sioux Falls to pizzeria restaurants;
The only men to cheat me more than once are those Winchester punks!
Precipitating storms with but a twiddle of the pinky;
Watch me rev my Eldorado up and run right over Binky!
My true form exceeds our budget, but my raps all come unfiltered;
Yours are trashy as my eating habits: ever-out-of-kilter.
You belong on Cartoon Network; I'm the Reaper all should fear!
My name is Death, and all you losers best believe the end is here!
• Death: •
Not so fast, old man; let me address the question in your heads:
"Am I going to get upstaged?" To that, the answer is a "Yes!"
Don't try to Pitt yourselves against me; Mr. Joe Black is a boss,
And it won't take three hours this time just to get my point across!
I'll soon see to it that you Parrish, and take over all your business:
Roast you with the lyrics smooth as peanut butter; they're delicious!
Never Taking Holidays from honing how I rock a mic,
And when I step up, always know that lightning's guaranteed to strike!
This hunky body may be borrowed, but my rhymes are funky-fresh;
They'll end your whole careers like Gigli did to poor old Martin Brest.
Like two successive car-collisions, better trust I'll leave you hurting:
Barring meeting me and taxes, nothing else in life's as certain.
• Death: •
You may say your deeds are meaningful, but I'd say you're a failure:
Half your ticket sales were only for a Star Wars prequel trailer!
As for me, I'm artful as they come; it's plain as black-and-white,
And like the Plague all over Europe, I shall prove your greatest blight!
When I set on my rap-crusade, you're all checkmated, end of story:
I'm the classic king of reaping, and you're barely pawns before me.
Revelation time: you're idiotic as a group of flagellants;
Could smite you to the sound of trumpets using just my flatulence!
I'll cut you down like trees: I'm not afraid to get medieval;
Can't be Blocked from conquest this time with some cheap chess piece-upheaval.
Granting no escapes, I ruin dinner parties with my presence:
Spit sweet Swedish speech so shocking, silence falls way up in Heaven!
I've inspired endless spoofs, from Bill & Ted to Animaniacs;
I'll claim your souls and force them all to join me in some zany danse!
You've not a chance; I'll counter every strategy you hatch.
God isn't here for you, and so I take the day: game, set and match!
• Death: •
…You won't when you behold this mighty rider on an ashen horse:
Despairing as the Seventh Seal is overtaken by the Fourth!
Kinslayer of the Nephilim, I forge Apocalyptic verses;
Saved humanity, but once I've dealt with you, I won't reverse it!
I drop shadow-bombs and zap away your lyrical Corruption;
Like the Dead Lords called to court, you're all in for abrupt destruction.
Time to meet your Makers; I've a Death Grip on this rhythm's beating:
Slaying you with possessed weapons, which your souls will soon be feeding!
Don't you go to War with me; my Fury's sure of bringing Strife.
Scale every wall, walk every void; the Arcane skill in me is rife!
You'll lose yourselves within my words, deep as the labyrinth of the Arbiter.
I'll reap you all in one fell swoop just like a combine harvester!
I'm Vigilant yet visceral while letting loose my Wrath;
Step to this Crucible prizefighter, you won't see the Aftermath!
You gnomes are Mad as Joe to take me on! There's no way I'll be bested,
'Cause your raps are for the birds, so Dust, show them to the exit.
(*MASSIVE CRASHING NOISE*)
Death: What in the multiverse was that?!
Death: 'Twas an explosion, it seems obvious.
Death: A massive one, I might add.
Death: This is feeling very ominous…
Announcer: ATTENTION, RAPPING REAPERS: CARRY ON; DON'T BE ALARMED!
SOUNDSTAGE FOUR HAS JUST EXPLODED; THANKFULLY, NO ONE WAS HARMED.
Death: Soundstage Four? That sounds familiar…
Thanos: That was what our memos said!
Death: …But then you wrote us all to meet up here at Soundstage Five instead…
Announcer: WELL, YOU SEE, I HAD A DREAM THE OTHER NIGHT, ONE VERY VIVID:
IT PREDICTED THIS WOULD HAPPEN, SO I SWAPPED THE SETS LAST-MINUTE.
• William Bludworth: •
Yo, I got no invitation; wasn't called from any mirror,
But happened to be passing by, and couldn't help but overhear.
Appears you had a premonition, but you're not supposed to be here:
Death's been shorted; now you cheaters have the ire of the reaper.
Seen this happen all before, and man, the end is never pretty!
There's no accidents and no coincidences; it's a pity.
Now, I'd tell you to be careful, but in truth, you're straight-up doomed:
The grim one's coming for the lot of you, and so I'll see you soon…
• Death: •
There's been a rift in my design, and so it's time again to play;
I take my time and make it bloody while I'm snuffing out my prey!
I ain't no force of nature's balance or some pretty emo girl:
This Death's the sickest, most vindictive S.O.B. in any world!
This battle's doing a 180 when I'm added to the mix;
I'll even channel Reuben Goldberg carrying out my fatal tricks.
The North Bay Bridge collapse was tame compared to how I'll leave your skulls!
None ever win my twisted game; I don't play by the rules at all.
I'm throwing wrenches in your plans; you're never in the Clear from me!
I'll take a deadly dump on you like logs on Highway 23.
The whole environment's my box of tools for your annihilation:
No escapes, Death only, Final fucking Destination!
Halt! Death is part of nature, but you take it way too far;
You think you're up there with my Father, but a Devil's what you are!
As for you other wretches, let me just remind you of your place,
For even you cannot deprive of my eternal gift of grace!
• Jesus Christ: •
Harbingers of woeful tidings, Gospel news is now upon thee:
Meet your conquerer; from death returned, although I ain't a zombie.
Christ's rap-craft is without sin, and thus I cast this final verse,
Leaving you withered like a fig tree fallen to my righteous curse!
Ask good ol' Lazarus about this water-walking living miracle;
Soul-savior supreme, my Superstardom's incomparable.
I suffered for salvation; Harrowed Hell for those before me.
Sorry, Shrek: as Lord of Love and Life, I am the one and only!
Generated food from scratch, and I would feed the multitudes;
Now here, I do the same with raps, good for defeating all of you.
Your vapid words are empty as my tomb; the Passion's strong in mine.
I'm bringing flavor to these beats like turning water into wine!
My birth defines the years; before that still, I struck fear into kings.
To Paradise, I am the key; forget Red Bull: I give you wings!
This Testament of mine complete, to Heaven I once more ascend,
And so to all, 'til next we meet, may praise be to the Lord; amen!
WHO WON?
WHO'S NEXT?
I DECIDE!
MOLEMAN'S EPIC RAP BATTLES!
Folkloric
- Used for coughs, toothaches and abdominal pains.
- In China, used for coughs.
- In China and Malaya, poultice of leaves used for wounds and sores.
- Poultice of leaves also used for itches, headaches and vertigo.
- In Reunion, used as stimulant and antirheumatic.
- A decoction of leaves and Nigella seed or the fresh juice of tumeric and rice, used for ulceration.
- Juice of leaves used for headaches and colds.
- In Ceylon, plant used for mild fevers associated with indigestion; also, for pain caused by intestinal worms.
- Leaves used for itches.
- Bitter roots and bitter and pungent leaves used for skin diseases and for scabies.
- Infusion used as insecticide.
- In Malaysia, leaves taken as sedative and for wound healing. Entire plant rubbed on the abdomen after child-birth. Leaves used as anthelmintic.
- In India, used for fever, scorpion and snake bites. Leaves and flowers used for jaundice.
- In Sri Lanka, a principle vermifuge ingredient. Used for anorexia, flatulence, colic; in mixture, used to treat malaria. (11)
- In Thailand, leaves, roots, and flowers are used for weaning: the plant parts are crushed and smeared on the nipple. (10) Poultice of leaves used for wound healing and to stop bleeding. (12)
source: stuart xchange
I had this shot in mind when I chose today's FGR theme "Turn on your Asslight"
Actually a copy of TeeRish's supremely funny, original & childish shot.
I added the flames from when Sebe tried firebreathing with Vodka (see comments)
Title Quote by Dan Thompson
MSH - I Don't dare
FGR - Turn on your Asslight
Queen Anne’s Lace.
The Wild Carrot, Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a white, flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia, and naturalized to North America and Australia. Domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus.
The plant is a herbaceous, somewhat variable biennial plant that grows between 30 and 60 cm (1 and 2 ft) tall, and is roughly hairy, with a stiff, solid stem. The leaves are tripinnate, finely divided and lacy, and overall triangular in shape. The leaves are bristly and alternate in a pinnate pattern that separates into thin segments. The flowers are small and dull white, clustered in flat, dense umbels. The main identifier is the hairy stem of the wild carrot.
Scientific name: Daucus carota subsp. L.
Taxonomy -
Class: Equisetopsida Subclass: Magnoliidae Superorder: Asteranae
Order: Apiales Family:Apiaceae Genus: Daucus
Common name( s): wild carrot, carrot, Queen Anne’s lace, bird’s nest, devil’s plague
Synonym (s): Carota sylvestr is (Mill.) Rupr., Caucalis carnosa Roth more here
Conservation status: Widespread and not considered to be threatened.
Habitat: Rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes.
Key uses: Food and drink.
Known hazards: Wild carrot has some medical properties and is similar in appearance to poisonous species such as poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium).
Taxonomy Class: Equisetopsida
Subclass: Magnoliidae Super or der : Asteranae
Order : Apiales Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Daucus (source for the above - Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, London UK - more information - www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Daucus-carota.htm) picture - Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen, Jacob Sturm und Johann Georg Sturm (1796) Original Description Echte Möhre, Daucus carota.
The Wild Carrot (Daucus Carota) (a.k.a.Queen Anne's Lace) is thought to have originated on the Iranian Plateau (an area which now includes Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran). It is abundant in temperate regions across the globe, particularly Western Asia and Europe, and is widely distributed across much of the United States whereCarrot Now and then - wild and domestic it is often found along roadsides, abandoned fields, and pastures.
Cultivated plant species and their sexually-compatible wild relatives often overlap in terms of geographic proximity and phenology. This overlap provides the opportunity for gene flow between crops and their wild relatives. Farmers and breeders are often concerned with the potential for wild allelic contamination into agricultural fields, which can hinder production efficiency.
In many carrot producing regions throughout the world, wild carrot populations can be found growing in close proximity to cultivated carrot fields.
Wild carrot is the progenitor of the cultivated carrot, D. carota subsp. sativus, and the two subspecies are sexually compatible. The cultivated carrot was likely domesticated in Central Asia roughly 1,100 yr ago and is grown worldwide from both open pollinated and hybrid seed.
Wild Carrot mainly occurs in free-draining and slightly acidic soils on rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes. It frequently naturalises in fields and gardens.
It is one of many umbelliferous plants to be found growing around the world. Wild carrot appears in many temperate regions of the world, far beyond its Mediterranean and Asian centres of origin where this plant displays great diversity. It is quite possible that ancient cultures in those regions used wild carrot as a herb, and it is also quite likely that the seeds were used medicinally in the Mediterranean region since antiquity (Banga 1958).
Almost certainly the wild and early forms of the domesticated carrot were first used as a medicine before they were used as a root vegetable in the conventional sense of that term today. There is good genetic evidence that wild carrot is the direct progenitor of the cultivated carrot (Simon 2000). Selection for a swollen rooted type suitable for domestic consumption undoubtedly took many centuries.
Both the wild and the cultivated carrots belong to the species Daucus carota. Wild carrot is distinguished by the name Daucus carota, Carota, whereas domesticated carrot belongs to Daucus carota, sativus. As a member of the carrot family it has a long taproot and lacy leaves. Dig up and crush a Wild Carrot root and you will find that it smells just like a carrot.
It is yellowish or ivory in colour, spindle-shaped, slender, firm and woody; a pernicious weed in some areas. It is edible when young but the root (especially the centre) soon gets tough and woody due to the high content of xylem tissue. The domestic carrot is a relative that lacks most of this tissue. The wild carrot has finely divided leaves like that of the domesticated carrot. The leaves, petioles and flower stems may be densely hairy or have no hair. The leaves on the stem are arranged alternately. Flowering wild carrot may grow four feet tall. At the end of the stem is a primary umbel (seed head) made up of numerous individual white flowers and possibly a purple flower in the center together with drooping, narrow bracts on the underside . Plants also may have many secondary umbels produced at any node on the stem below the primary umbel.
Each flower on the umbel produces two seeds. After seed set, the umbel closes upward. Once the seeds have turned brown, they are mature. The roots of wild carrot are typically white. The characteristic odour of carrot is present when any part of the plant is crushed. Spent umbels curl inwards forming a depressed cup. The fruits are covered in hooked spines, which aid dispersal by clinging to the fur of passing animals. Flowering period (in England) is from June to August and the native biennial can reach a height of 90 centimetres.
Wild Carrot is also known as Queen Anne's Lace, Birds Nest Weed, Bees Nest, Devils Plague, garden carrot, Bird's Nest Root, Fools Parsley, Lace Flower, Rantipole, Herbe a dinde and Yarkuki. Herbe a dinde derives from its use as a feed for young turkeys-dinde.
"Daucus" comes from daukos, name given by the Greeks to some members of the Umbelliferae family and it seems to derive from "daîo" : I overheat . Carota means carrot in Latin.
Can you eat carrot flowers? - Yes at your won risk! - Your best bet is to read up on survival or self sufficiency foods, a good source from people who have tried and lived to tell the tale!
As I recall from reading such a survival book, wild carrot flowers (and many others ) are edible. The big caveat is, and I cannot emphasise this too much - be absolutely sure it is Wild Carrot as it is very similar to poison hemlock (which killed Socrates!).
Deep fried carrot flower is supposed to be a delicacy - www.altnature.com/gallery/Wild_Carrot.htm
So on that basis domestic carrot flowers should be edible too.
My friend from What's Cooking America has a useful guide for you - whatscookingamerica.net/EdibleFlowers/EdibleFlowersMain.htm
And another guide for you - www.herbsarespecial.com.au/self-sufficiency/edible-flower...
The Mystery of the Purple Floret
Queen Anne’s Lace is common in North America, Europe and Asia. In the summer it produces beautiful compound flowers that form a carpet of hundreds of tiny white florets. Strangely, quite often you will find a single darkly coloured floret just off center, standing tall above the rest. No one knows why.
Botanists have debated the mystery of the coloured floret in Daucas carota (also known as “Queen Anne’s Lace,” “Wild Carrot,” “Bishop’s Lace,” and “Bird’s Nest”) for at least the last 150 years. Back then some of the most learned botanists believed that the floret was a genetic oddity that provided no service to the plant. Many modern botanists disagree. Some suspect that the coloured floret tricks flying insects into thinking that a bug is already sitting on the flower.
Perhaps this attracts predatory wasps to land hoping to snatch a quick meal. Perhaps the presence of one insect is a signal to others that there is something on this flower worth having. If so, then the floret might entice flying insects to land and thereby help pollinate the plant.
The research that’s been done so far on this question has produced contradictory results. Some naturalists argue that they have found evidence that favours the idea that the dark floret is an insect mimic. Others have presented data that suggests that the floret does nothing to help the plant increase the number of viable seeds it produces, and therefore does nothing to help it propagate its species.
By solving the great debate of its function, new knowledge about the central dark spot and its possible role as an insect attractant could lead to future developments in cultivation as well as in methods for improving agricultural processes in cultivated carrots.
The wild carrot is an aromatic herb that acts as a diuretic, soothes the digestive tract and stimulates the uterus. A wonderfully cleansing medicine, it supports the liver, stimulates the flow of urine and the removal of waste by the kidneys. An infusion is used in the treatment of various complaints including digestive disorders, kidney and bladder diseases and in the treatment of dropsy.
An infusion of the leaves has been used to counter cystitis and kidney stone formation, and to diminish stones that have already formed. Carrot leaves contain significant amounts of porphyrins, which stimulate the pituitary gland and lead to the release of increased levels of sex hormones.
The plant is harvested in July and dried for later use. A warm water infusion of the flowers has been used in the treatment of diabetes. The grated raw root, especially of the cultivated forms, is used as a remedy for threadworms. The root is also used to encourage delayed menstruation.
The root of the wild plant can induce uterine contractions and so should not be used by pregnant women. A tea made from the roots is diuretic and has been used in the treatment of urinary stones.
An infusion is used in the treatment of oedema, flatulent indigestion and menstrual problems. The seed is a traditional 'morning after' contraceptive and there is some evidence to uphold this belief. It requires further investigation. Carrot seeds can be abortifacient and so should not be used by pregnant women.
Ancient folk lore said that to cure epileptic seizures you should eat the dark coloured middle flower of Queen Annes Lace. The flower is also used in ancient rituals an spells, for women to increase fertility and for men to increase potency and sexual desire!
A warm water infusion of the flowers has been used in the treatment of diabetes. The grated raw root, especially of the cultivated forms, is used as a remedy for threadworms.
The root is also used to encourage delayed menstruation. The root of the wild plant can induce uterine contractions and so should not be used by pregnant women.
A tea made from the roots is diuretic and has been used in the treatment of urinary stones. The seeds are diuretic, carminative, emmenagogue and anthelmintic.
An infusion is used in the treatment of oedema, flatulent indigestion and menstrual problems. The seed is a traditional ‘morning after’ contraceptive and there is some evidence to uphold this belief. It requires further investigation. Carrot seeds can be abortifacient and so should not be used by pregnant women.
Queen Annes Lace is the wild progenitor of the domesticated carrot. Although native to the Old World, these white lacy umbels are a familiar sight in the United States and Canada. The medicinal properties of Queen Annes Lace are many. More detail is given below. Its seeds may be collected, dried and used for tea. It is interesting to note that this plant is the closest living relative (on the basis of family and medicinal activity) to Silphion, which was picked and used by the Romans as a culinary spice and contraceptive until it became extinct in the first century AD. Apparently it was extremely effective. Supposedly Nero was given the last remaining root.
In the late 1980s scientists began studying Queen Annes Lace and found that (in mice at least) it blocked the production of progesterone and inhibited fetal and ovarian growth. Check out thecontraception page of the Museum.
Queen Anne's Lace is quite an aggressive plant. It is a biennial, so lives only 2 years, thus never forms a big root mass like daisies or other perennial wildflowers. However, it is such a prolific seeder, it does spread rapidly, and is almost impossible to eradicate. It is an alien, but one of the ones that's been in the US since colonial times. It came across the ocean in sacks of grain, probably with the Pilgrims. It's now established in every State. It's beautiful in the wildflower meadow I am not so sure in the garden.
If you want to plant it, easiest way is to gather a handful of the seeds from a plant dying down in the fall. They seem to be everywhere. But there is also another option. Try an annual named Ammi majus. It's the flower common in the cut flower trade as "Queen Anne's Lace", and is also sometimes called "Bishop's Flower." The two look very similar, but the latter doesn't last in your soil forever as Daucus does.
Today, in some parts of rural United States, this herb is used as a sort of morning-after contraceptive by women who drink a teaspoonful of the seeds with a glass of water immediately after sex. The seeds are also used for the prevention and washing out of gravel and urinary stones. As they are high in volatile oil, some find them soothing to the digestive system, useful for colic and flatulence. Be very, very sure that if you do decide to harvest any part of Queen Annes Lace for consumption that you have the correct plant. It is similar to Hemlock (Conium maculatum), a herb which was used medicinally but is now seldom used because of its high toxicity.
The Wild Carrot is still very much prevalent, particularly in the US where it was introduced from Europe and is the genetic source of edible carrots. Wild Carrot is found in sandy or gravelly soils and in wets areas. It is abundant west of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington where it is classed as a Class C noxious weed. Wild Carrot causes problems in pastures, hay fields, Christmas tree farms, grass seed fields and most other open areas that are not tilled annually. It is an especially serious threat in areas where carrot seed is produced because it hybridizes with the crop and ruins the seed.
Washington state has gone so far as to quarantine the plants to prevent any further escapes into its wildlands and agricultural regions. It is illegal to transport, buy, sell or distribute seed there. The penalty is a $5,000 fine.
Wild Cwild carrot and rosettearrot is easy to grow, it prefers a sunny position and a well-drained neutral to alkaline soil. Considered an obnoxious weed by some, it can spread very quickly. Its root is small and spindle shaped, whitish, slender and hard, (tender when young), but soon gets tough, with a strong aromatic smell. Harvest entire plant in July or when flowers bloom, and dry for later herb use. Collect edible roots and shoots in spring when tender. Gather seed in autumn (the fall).
There is no record of wild carrot toxicity in the US but in Europe wild carrot has been known to be mildly toxic to horses and cattle. A high concentration of wild carrot in hay is potentially a problem because livestock eat hay less selectively than green forage. Sheep appear to graze wild carrot without any harmful effect. Find out about some of the myths as to why Queen Annes Lace is so called click here.
wild carrot plantThis plant is a biennial which grows, in its second year, from a taproot (the carrot) to a height of two to four feet. The stems are erect and branched; both stems and leaves are covered with short coarse hairs.
The leaves are very finely divided; the botanical term is tri-pinnate. When a leaf is composed of a number of lateral leaflets, it is said to be pinnate or feather-like; and when these lateral divisions are themselves pinnated, it is said to be bi-pinnate, or twice-feathered. The leaves of this plant are like that but some of the lower leaves are still more divided and become tri-pinnate. The lower leaves are considerably larger than the upper ones, and their arrangement on the main stem is alternate. All of these leaves embrace the stem with a sheathing base.
wild carrot flowerThe attractive two to four inch "flower" is actually a compound inflorescence made up of many small flowers. The umbels of the flowers are terminal and composed of many rays. The flowers themselves are very small, but from their whiteness and number, present a very conspicuous appearance. The central flower of each umbel is often purple.
During the flowering period the head is nearly flat or slightly convex, but as the seeds ripen the form becomes very cup-like; hence one of the popular names for this plant is "bird's nest." The seeds are covered with numerous little bristles arranged in five rows. For more photos click here.
Like their domestic cousins, wild carrot roots can be eaten. However, they are only edible when very young. After that, they are too tough and woody. The flowers are also edible. Flower clusters can be french fried for a carrot-flavoured, quite attractive dish.
2005-2007
80" x48"
Colored pencil, modeling paste on wood panel
Below is a transcription of the handwritten words of GULA above:
Nothing fills me, satisfies me, binds my need. I hang bloated, an inflatable sack of gaseous inconsequence. Self-pity, self-loathing and disgust swell my perimeter. I consume everything and exhaust nothing. I have cannibalized all desire and packaged myself expandable. I am greed without anus. That which my sibling, Avaritia, cannot retain, I cannot expel. I am a single-holed hunger, a swollen toothless bladder of vast proportion My skin is moist with shit. I boil with the blessing of my punishment. Pity me. Pity me as I pity myself, with love and understanding. Let me devour your love. Afford me the sweets of your acceptance and loving understanding. Do not judge me repugnant and without merit. Enlarge me with your lack of judgement. Forsake punishment and retribution. I hang helpless of defense. Is there not some beauty in my dedication? A certain admiration for my capacity to retain? I have always been and will always be. As you swell my enormity with repetition, I will devour you generation upon layered generation; a vast compaction of obfuscation, a conspiracy of ignorance. Through your insatiable hunger and my infinite capacity, we will devour the earth. I require no change of diet. Repeat is the fare of the day and of all of the days. I am putrid with it and exalt in its exhilaration. The perfume of blood and shit expands my girth, gives measurement to my wastefulness. To eliminate unwelcome surprise or unpalatable experiment, let me list the menu: War—Only war—all else is a potpourri of surrogates and stuffing. Greed feeds me, expands my perimeter. I devour what he acquires. What he cannot retain, I contain. I am the reticule of avarice. Nothing escapes me save the stench of layered repetition. I hang heavy with it, crucified by consumption. Pity me. The menu never varies. I have no taste for it, but can stomach no other. In symbiotic stagnation, I serve my purpose with passive accumulation. Though what I hold is never used, the very weight of me is proof of our existence, our triangulation. Gula, Acedia, Avaritia. We three, in symbiotic triangulation, illustrate the entelechy of mankind; but it is I, only I, Gula, who is passive. I hang and I hold, absent of anus in constant and tractable expansion. A balloon of infinite compaction. My layered weight and weighted expansion is shaped and molded to the contours of war. I am what I eat: rape, torture, horror, suffering, torn flesh, burning flesh, rotten flesh...I am full of it, suppurated by it, hanging and twisting like a fragrant pudding. I am the right flank of Acedia, sloth, follower of dogma, ritual, and recipe, sleeper of dreamless sleep. It is Acedia who scribed the menu adding, perhaps, subtle variations depending on shifting taste and available condiments. Avaritia stuffs me like a goose’s gullet. Generation after generation after generation I have been crammed with the rot and spoils of war: Like carrion, works of art, raped and pillaged, putrefy my core. Screams and wailing waft my bowels. Base laughter and jeering fill the leaded chambers of my heart. I reek with piety and deceit, the stench of hypocrisy. I am stuffed to bursting—and yet I do not burst. My expansion is infinite—or so it seems. Acedia sustains me. In passivity I accept all things given. In suspension I hang heavy with the nothingness of belief. I accept all things. I accept all things save one: Absence. Absence is never proffered, never interred or contained. My expansion is secure. Contradiction hinders not my dedication. My crucifixion is assured...the ecstasy of my torment, self-hatred and pity, assured. What Avaritia feeds me suspends me, increases me, intensities my hunger. Greed feeds me and so I hang, swollen with self-satisfaction and contempt. All precious things are artifacts, man-made, artificial, indigestible—. I hang heavy with them. Precious ideas, precious objects, precious dogmas and manifestoes. I contain them all. Layer upon layer of them. Millennium upon millennium, I am bloated with their flatulence. Avaritia stuffs me with his plunder...Gods and rituals, jewels and gold, paintings and sculpture. Boundaries. Things. Manufactured values. Realities, gaseous and pervasive. Beliefs, metaphors, poetry. Greed feeds me, over-feeds me, stuffs me with illusion. I hang heavy in duplication. Stuffed with pretense, superstition, and lies. Only compassionate history forgives this gluttony, for it, too, lies within me. It is in me and of me and is me, for only history can contain the weight and volume of this layered repetition, this gluttony of repeat, this unchanging menu of greed. I am what I eat, the rotting spoils of masculine entelechy. But there are certain divertimeni, certain unexpected interludes of frivolity and license that lighten my bowels of the heavy wheat and potatoes of war. Though the menu never changes, the means of acquisition add flavor to my layering distension The Inquisition was one of Acedia’s finest diversions. Sincere, dedicated, passionate, it delivered unto me unselfishly, without pretension, expansion in the name of the salvation of souls. Ambitious, slothful Torquemada, in all the purity of Acedia’s sleep, delivered unto me a sumptuous feast of souls. There could be no greater fare than this. Gula eats, no matter who or what the provider. The layering proceeds without discrimination. War, holocausts, inquisitions, whatever guise the provider, whatever size the provision, Gula eats. My sin is accommodation, my distension, layered by Avaritia’s taking and Acedia’s slumber. These two, war and religion, greed and sloth, create me, distend me. I am history, a fabrication of man’s making, frangible and artificial, mythical and metaphorical, a layering repetition of man’s image of himself in frantic desperation to create himself viable. All that was written and remembered, I contain, repeat upon layered repeat. I am his reality, his proof of existence and yet I am not real, I am his interpretation of reality and reality itself is an artifact created out of the compulsion to endure and to prevail. I am swollen by conflict, bloated with competition, layer upon layer I fill and distend. In Acedia’s slumber, men compete to be first. I am puffed to bursting with fame and acclaim, awards and rewards. Names remembered and names forgotten stud my accumulation. Bodiless without axis or armature they lay draped across obscene ambition, prudishly covering their whorishness. What need forces this dedication? It can only be endemic, endemic to masculine entelechy. Men layer me with their dedication To be first! To make history! To kill and conquer and conquer and kill in an endless repetitious obsessive linearity of Acedia’s sleep. This is my accumulation. This is my expansion. But my expansion is no longer finite. I have become finite and terminal. Acedia stirs and Avaritia’s consumption abates. We succumb to chaos. There is a sense of famine and deprivation. My layering has become agitated and frenetic. Like a pig drowning in shit, there is a thrashing about in passed realties. All the metaphors have changed and this is known but unrecognized. Still, Acedia sleeps—with lids forced shut. But now he dreams. He dreams of death. He dreams of death and the end of repeat. He clings to his sleep in desperation with otiose religiosity. Fear shapes his dream and trembles his complacency. He is afraid. He is trapped in gluttony. I have swallowed him whole. Our conspiracy falters. That which was absolute has become transitory as mankind and all his metaphors slide into past tense. I, Gula, have become quaint, a hope chest filled with trinkets and ornaments for a future that must never come. Would that I could simply clamp shut my mouth and preclude repetition. As he has layered me in to redundancy, he, too, has become redundant. Even Avaritia with his consuming catholic appetite has become cautious of toxicity. We are over-whelmed by paradox and inevitability. If Acedia wakes, we will die. If Acedia sleeps, we will die. Sloth controls us all. What has provoked this dilemma? What suddenness has brought us to conclusion? I cannot accept my ending. After all these centuries of accumulation, to be now suddenly absurd is unbearable. Self-deprecation is not in me or of me. I, above all artifacts, am to be respected. Am I not sacred? Is not man’s memory of Acedia’s sleep and Avaritia’s greedy accomplishments magnificent? My enormity and longevity alone should ignite awe and yet I am threatened. My layering ingestion presumes conclusion. I have swallowed my end. I am become the product of conclusion. My forever ness has become momentary. I have eaten fear and am poisoned by it. Avaritia has destroyed me. By forcing one last layer of repetition, he has doomed me finite. Infinity exists now only within Acedia’s fevered sleep. Mankind’s triad of dominance has concluded. My mouth is sealed. My death is immanent. Embedded in Gula’s gut is war’s diffusion and history; the glut of me hangs heavy in completion. War, the meat and potatoes of Avaritia, has transferred its significance from Avaritia’s greed to Acedia’s slumber. It hovers in supposition. The date 8/6/45 turned men into boys and clamped shut forever the mouth of Gula. The history of mankind hangs reified in Gula’s gut. Layer after layer of Avaritia’s hunter has bloated me with weaponry. Boundaries moved forward and back by sheer force of innovation, borders erased and redrawn through death and dissemination. Whole countries and continents devoured and reconfigured by replacing one man with another. Gula is a history of death and regurgitation Trapped in the depths of Acedia’s sleep, mankind has blundered itself into suicide and disappearance. All humankind is at the disposal of one man-child. This seeming suddenness is the product of Acedia’s sleep. His otiose slumber. His sloth. His isness. Layer upon layer, Acedia has required nothing of me other than that I be filled, stuffed, and silenced by the stuffing. He has neither seen nor tasted the poison of his slumber. As he simply is, he expects Avaritia to do what he does and I, Gula, have to ingest it all. But I am become finite, finished, redundant. I await my layering but nothing comes. My mouth is clamped against it. 8/6/45 lies within me. Avaritia is stunned. He is become child’s play, all rhetoric and redundancy on an empty stage. The weeping and wailing of women, heroism, patriotism, the blood and gore of it all has become the laughter of little boys. There is no place for laughter in Gula’s gut. I am built of sterner stuff, neither mockery nor self-deprecation are stored here. Since 8/6/45 history has been sealed against games posturing as repeat. The layering of me is either real or it is not. In war, to withhold a weapon out of fear is a contradiction unworthy of recordation. Mankind has forsaken tragedy for farce, only the masks remain as time and space are compressed on a stage of finite proportion Humankind has increasingly become audience, leaving the stage to bad acting and foolery. As the stage shrinks so, too, the appreciation of the audience leaving apathy to occupy the emptied space. And so I hang layered by verbs and shifting boundaries, mouth clamped shut against light and other impossibilities. I am beyond complete. My death is immanent. Filtering down through my millennia of layered verbs, art, war,, and religion dominate my distension. I am swollen with them. In review, only war has achieved progression, only war increased through repeat, only war and the shifting of boundaries has brought me to conclusion, only war has wrought me finite...only war. In this brief hiatus before completion, all nouns await extinction There is a strange quiet amidst the mayhem of repetition, a curious awareness, a listening for that which is to come, a final visitation or a burst of light, a signal of arrival, a sign of fulfillment. Silence now is only the absence of laughter. My mouth is shut against it. Religion thrives. Carried along by rote and self-fulfilling prophecies, it is the noisome droning of Acedia’s sleep and the genius of Gula’s layering accumulation. Through memory, I have reified verbs into nouns and frozen moments of chaos into dogmatic linearity, denying questions and demanding answers—the same answers—to questions unproposed. This, religion does and does so well in the layering of Gula’s gut. Only my completion has created nullity. In all the weight of my distension, I am porous of significance. Religion is Acedia’s glory, the proudest and most profound depth of slumber, the complete absence of light in all its paralyzing stimulation. It pacifies me, comforts me, abets my laying repetition; and now it has sealed me whole. I hand in absurdity awaiting implosion. As I remember (I am doomed to remember) the layering of weaponry and the shifting of boundaries, I hold compacted within me that which escapes me—that which has always escaped me, and escapes me still—those verbs encapsulated in artifacts that elicit awakened response. Even in hiatus, even now in the depths of completion, they elicit response, the torn open eyes of Acedia, the death of sloth. As Avaritia’s relentless progression through laying repeat shifted the paradigm of weaponry from one kills one to one kills all, from murder to suicide, Art has remained singular in its ambition, fluctuating only in repose. Unlike war which transitions from verb to noun, Art’s transposition is from noun to verb, the transmutation of artifact into orgasm, the creation of silence. I, Gula, am fatted with noise, layer upon layer of it. It is Acedia’s lullaby and Avaritia’s appetite. I contain the applause of Genius and chicanery, the screaming futility of women in war, the snapping crackling flames of Inquisition and holocaust, the suicide’s horrific whimper. All, all lay layered within me. How I love the layering repetition of sounds. They adorn and define me, marking beginnings and ends from the chaste cries of birth to the gurgling chuckles of death. All the hellos and goodbyes that accompany repeat. They confirm me, distend me, make me whole. Without sounds, I would hang heavy with boredom, deathly interminable repetition. I have harbored throughout the layering centuries the layering cries of absence, the songs of departure, the melting sighs of glaciers and the volcanic rhetoric of rebirth and revolution. This is my storage, the layering variations of repetition. I am Gula. I am Gluttony. I am history. I am all the stacked and vaunted puffery of man’s reflection in tiresome feckless supposition. I would not speak of Art here. It is unsettling. I will say only this: Neither Avaritia’s plunder nor Acedia’s slumber has stuffed my gut with Art. It exists elsewhere. It lies not within me. It is a verb, active and ahistorical. It does not lie static within me. It is in and of the moment of response. The over and over ness of my filling has leaded me with conclusion. I am become finite in distension. Through extrusion I hand now in self-awareness of repeat. Repetition no longer describes my layering. I am become parody. In pause, in this hiatus between immanence and imminence, infinite and finite, I have only deception to deflect perception. I am bloated with noise, blinded by it, crucified by it. I hang senseless with mouth forced open to accept laughter, the final poison. Avaritia continues his blind consumption filling that which resists filling, filing that which can no longer be recorded, a clamorous froth of self-absorption. Acedia sleeps with eyes clamped shut and lids thinned transparent by evolution. How vapid and futile are all our metaphors! Our triad is no longer viable. We have become too simplistic for the vastness and complexity of it all. That which we have sought to diminish through sloth and avarice is not containable. We have cast our crucible too frail and our golden prophecies have become lead. Our incessant drumming of the present into the conformities of repetition no longer circumscribes the abstractions of Desire. Avaritia is hollow noise and Acedia is mindless slumber. My distension has been clamped shut against them. Our death is imminent. I long to release myself, to drain history of Avaritia’s layering plunder and Acedia’s dreamless sleep. Even in my earliest layering, I knew our end. The process of man’s completion through the technology of death rests now within me. His end is accomplished. All his feckless fearless metaphors of war have brought me to fulfillment. I can tolerate no more of him. 8/6/45 marks the end of history, the end of Gula, the end of gluttony. I can eat no more. Nothing can subsume Avaritia. He exists now, like Acedia, in exaggeration. Both are magnified by desperation. Cast large in the awesome victory of his accomplishment, Avaritia’s shadow has embraced the earth. Nothing can grow in this lightless place, nothing save the anxious expectancy of the final repeat, the great light that will lay waste all shadow. How clever was Acedia to write his slumber in the process of inevitability, his metaphors, in passive verbs, to make repetitive that which was irreversible, to make rote that which was endemic. Like all mystagogues, he created sin in order to forgive it and so he stalls, he procrastinates, he forgives it. He sleeps on because he has no dreams, because he is fearful of awakening, because he cannot, must not, awaken because if he awakens we will die. The triad and all man’s metaphors will die frozen in oblivion and I, Gula, will hang heavy with it all, a rotten pudding of narcissistic repeat. All, all will finally and forever revert to what it has always been: gluttony. I pity, if I were capable of pity, Avaritia. His mindless rapacious appetite has brought us to conclusion. And I envy Avaritia.. His senseless anusless consumption makes him incapable of retention and history has served him well. I, Gula, have served him well, as does Acedia’s blessed sleep. We, the triad of man’s reality, will die by virtue of Acedia’s sleep. I record now only the inevitabilities of epilogue.
Collection:
Crocker Art Museum
Sacramento, California
"You wouldn't think it should be important in 2010 . I mean it's obvious when you think about it .....
look at all the ladybird shots on the net or on flickr ....and yet where are mine ... I look better, I've got a more interesting collection of spots, I didn't let my house burn down ( not like some other bugs we can mention) and I don't do anything unpleasant to humans .... yet I don't get equal photographic exposure. So it has to come down to the name. I bet you wouldn't like it if it were yours. And I hope you didn't snigger, it's not at all descriptive - I do not have a body odour or flatulence problem.
So I am not staying for this photosession - and I have not provided a model release form - I expressly forbid it be uploaded to flickr ..... I will take whatever legal steps are necessary to safeguard my image. "
Grumbling continues off camera becoming more and more distant ....
This commentary provided by what I think might have been a stinkbug
with apologies to all ladybird posters and fanciers
no offense intended!!
A junco gave me a few chuckles as I was looking through my day's captures. A gust of wind managed to get him right under his white feathers and push them outwards. Let me just tell you that it took all of my willpower and resolve to refrain from making a flatulence related title.
It was a lovely day for photography. It was so quiet, you could hear a bird fart. Sorry, couldn't resist.
Sooo... we were looking through the Walmart clearance as usual, and found these Funrise novelty toys for $1. We didn't remember seeing them in the toy aisles when they were full price (about $5) but we probably just overlooked them.
There are two series, the Fart Ninjas and the Burp Zombies. They are motion activated and make various flatulence and burping sounds, with other effects mixed in as well such as a doorbell and even a dramatic sting. "Dun dun DUUUNNN!"
I was interested because $1 toys. CM, however, found great delight in the sounds. One of them, the Burp Zombie, had had it's battery tag removed so it was active. Throughout our journeys the rest of the day we would hear the bodily sounds and CM would break out in laughter. 😊
I don't think I have enjoyed them as much as CM, but they are fun. In fact, we've had consistent fun with Funrise toys, such as their dinos.
www.flickr.com/photos/paprihaven/52344023468/
A lot of the old rack toys from the 70s-90s are cherished and quite pricey now, so I'm happy there are still companies like Funrise and JaRu pumping these out. 😊
This is reloaded, by request, by furnishing instrument and by accident, as part of Jarl van Hoother's continuing series, concerning itself, as it does, with the study, deconstruction and reinterpretation of public statuary, with particular reference to Acker's Third Law Of Unforeseen Outcome, and its corollary - although unintentionally disproven syllogistically ab initio - The Intrepid Entropic Anthropy To Cause And Effect, But Not Necessarily In That Order pt. 17 b. II(a) revised.
This statue is supposed to represent Copernicus, and it shows him as as a handsome youth, with flowing hair and robes, taking a tentative, but firm heroic stride forward in his cowboy boots. He holds his heliocentric model proudly, and strikes it as if it were an instrument, as if he played on it the music of the spheres. His eyes are downcast, and his gaze seems relaxed, yet concentrated on the armillary.
The plinth on which he is raised, but from which he is strangely disconnected, is decorated with a quadruplicated globe motif, to which gilded vegetative designs are attached. Copernicus himself is shown perched on his book of mathematical proofs, which serves to remove, distance and sanitise him from any earthly connection whatsoever.
Copernicus seems confident and easy in the knowledge that he has revolutionised the history of science.
Or Is He???
- - - PLEASE REFER TO THE ABOVE IMAGE - - -
On an open - and closer - inspection, Copernicus is quite patently a bedraggled imbecile, with a blank and vacant look about him. Unkempt and unshorn, he wanders perilously close to the edge of his plinth.
While shown striding forward, Copernicus' weight is quite obviously on his back foot, and his forward step merely a pose, with no conviction or intent at a forward movement. In fact it is a cowardly stance, with a quivering posture, along with a concertina-type sock effect. His rear, or right leg also shows a suspicious bellows-like ankle inflation. This is typical of an uncourageous morbid flatulence, well known at the time, and characteristically kept within the hose.
His shabby oufit belongs to a man more used to begging and rooting in bins, than someone sorting out the mechanics of the Solar System. No collar - and no tie! And a lousy grandad vest, with buttons missing. What a getup! Hardly the uniform of a chap you'd see down at the Large Hadron Collider.
His hands also betray an unconvincing grasp on his subject - Copernicus' left hand is poised to fling away the armillary, just as soon as he untangles his right ring finger, which is caught in the mechanism. When he finally extricates that finger from the orbit of Saturn, his left hand will fire that toy into the nearest ditch.
His ascetic monkish upbringing will not allow the pain of the trapped finger to show on his face - or will it..... look again at that left eyebrow, the downturned corner of the mouth.... a slight petulance there? Perhaps even disgruntled annoyance?
The dead duck that Copernicus carries over his right shoulder, is a symbol of his failed unworkable heliocentric model of the solar system. A "dead duck" is common parlance for, and is seen to be symbolic of, a useless failure, and an unfeasible ideology. The "sun-centered" planetary system of Copernicus never took off, despite the enthusiastic backing of the Pope, and flew like a "dead duck", even with all the weight of the Catholic Church dragging it up, and the light cast on it by the Inquisition.
On further looking, Copernicus has a look of shame about him, and seems to be trying to hide or cast away the humiliating mechanism, which his face clearly shows has now become a tedious embarrassment.
A further clue to the truth is shown in the plinth decoration, stressing the earth and its vegetation (four times!) as the fundament, centre, axis and fulcrum of the system. The leafy growth seems to creep closer to Copernicus' book of nonsense, and will soon swallow it.
The book itself, seen by some misguided idiots (Brahe, Kepler, Newton, Einstein etc.) as evidence of a thread of common sense in humanity, from Ptolemy to the Egyptians through the Greeks, down through the Romans, Nubians, Goths, Huns, Visigoths, Aztecs, Incas, Thracians, Gauls, Icenii, Persians, Germanic tribes, Angles, Jutes, Saxons, Celts, Britons, Picts, Nova Scotians, Lobster Fishermen, Legion Of Mary, Girls From Waterford, Norwegians, FAI etc. - that book IS placed under the feet of Copernicus - is he wiping his feet on it? Is he cleaning his elegant boots on the filthy disgraceful tome of his "sun-centred" nonsense?
- You bet he is!
What more do we need to see in this representation? What would we see that shows us that Copernicus (if indeed it is him) hated and loathed the nonsensical heretical heliocentric absurdity with which his name will always be tied, and from which he tried in vain to disassociate himself while alive, and who, even in stone, has the shape and figure of a pathetic sham, still trying, like some old Buster Keaton figure, to dump something that is just going to stick like glue, forever.
The final clue and proof, as if further proof were needed, is shown in the gold coloured emblem under Copernicus. This clearly shows God himself revealing the fact that the earth is a flat object, held up on its wings by a Gryphon like creature, none other than Satan in fact. The earth is supported on the resilient shoulders of The Devil himself, he holds it up, he always did and he always will, and none of your atomic geometric physsics hydro-helium nonsense.
Look again at Copernicus and see the shame, the humiliation, the petulance, the embarrassment, the pain.... and yes, the misery of that haircut.
From my set entitled “Monarda”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607217954847/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_balm
Monarda (bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, or bergamot) is a genus consisting of roughly 16 species of erect, herbaceous annual or perennial plants in the Lamiaceae, indigenous to North America. Ranging in height from 1 to 3 feet (0.2 to 0.9 m), the plants have an equal spread, with slender and long-tapering (lanceolate) leaves; the leaves are opposite on stem, smooth to nearly hairy, lightly serrated margins, and range from 3 to 6 inches (7 to 14 cm) long. In all species, the leaves, when crushed, exude a spicy, highly fragrant oil. Of the species listed, M. didyma (Oswego Tea) contains the highest concentration of this oil.[1]
The genus was named for Nicolás Monardes who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants found in the New World.
Several Bee Balm species (Monarda fistulosa and Monarda didyma) have a long history of use as a medicinal plants by many Native Americans including the Blackfeet, Menominee, Objibwe, Winnebago and others. The Blackfeet Indians recognized the strong antiseptic action of these plants, and used poultices of the plant for skin infections and minor wounds. A tea made from the plant was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis. Bee Balm is the natural source of the antiseptic Thymol, the primary active ingredient in modern commercial mouthwash formulas. The Winnebago used a tea made from bee Balm as a general stimulant. Bee Balm was also used as a carminative herb by Native Americans to treat excessive flatulence. [2][3]
Although somewhat bitter due to the thymol content in the plants leaves and buds, the plant has a very similar flavor to oregano, to which it is closely related. Bee Balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The plants are widespread across North America and can be found in moist meadows, hillsides, and forest clearings up to 5,000 feet in elevation. [2]
Monarda species include annual and perennial upright growing herbaceous plants with lanceolate to ovate shaped leaves. The flowers are tubular with bilateral symmetry and bilabiate; with upper lips narrow and the lower ones broader and spreading or deflexed. The flowers are single or in some cultivated forms double, generally hermaphroditic with 2 stamens. Plant bloom in mid to late-summer and the flowers are produced in dense profusion at the ends of the stem and/or in the stem axils, the flowers typically are in crowded into head-like clusters with leafy bracts. Flower colors vary, with wild forms of the plant having crimson-red to red, pink and light purple. M. didyma has bright, carmine red blossoms; M. fistulosa -- the "true" wild bergamot -- has smokey pink flowers. M. citriodora and M. pectinata have light lavender to lilac-colored blooms and have slightly decreased flower quantities. Both species are commonly referred to as "Lemon Mint." There are over 50 commercial cultivars and hybrids, ranging in color from candy-apple red to pure white to deep blue, but these plants tend to be smaller than wild species, and often developed to combat climatic or pest conditions. "M.didyma" species can grow up to 6 feet tall. Seed collected from hybrids — as with most hybridized plants — does not produce identical plants to the parent.
The Monarda plants prefer full sun and moist yet well-drained soil. Plants established in partial shade or filtered sun have higher incidences of rapid horizontal spread and flower less. An aggressive plant in the South-eastern United States, Bergamots can grow in a wide variety of soil conditions. Powdery mildew, rust, and (rarely) tobacco mosaic viruses disrupt established plants on occasion, but the plants are in general highly resistant to most wilts and viruses and are not easily damaged. Used most frequently in areas in need of naturalization, Monarda is often used in beds and borders to encourage and increase the appearance of hummingbirds, pollinating insects, and because of oils present in its roots is sometimes used to companion plant around small vegetable crops susceptible to subterranean pests. While seed should be stratified briefly before starting, seed may be cast directly or started in coldframes or greenhouses at soil temperatures approaching 70° Fahrenheit. Generally, propagation occurs by hardwood and softwood cuttings, root cuttings, layering, and division; the latter, quite frequently, is the most popular method out of necessity: the plant should be divided every 3 to 5 years to reduce spread, keep the central core of the plant healthy, preclude root rot, and improve air circulation about the foliage.
Bee balm is considered a good plant to grow with tomatoes, ostensibly improving both health and flavor. It also is a good companion plant in general, attracting pollinators and some predatory/parasitic insects that hunt garden pests.
Monarda species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including case-bearers of the genus Coleophora including C. heinrichella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa), C. monardae (feeds exclusively on Monarda spp) and C. monardella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa).
The Bergamot of the Monarda species should not be confused with the popular flavoring used in Earl Grey tea. Dried leaves may be used for teas or aromatherapies, but the odor is subtly different from Citrus bergamia, the Earl Grey flavoring. For medicinal usage, Monarda has been known to treat headaches and fevers by infusing crushed leaves in boiling water.
Aedes albopictus
I noticed the movements of the abdomen but couldn't see what was coming out, but it's like a bubble of liquid, but much more air than liquid...a mosquito fart? :D
Home remedies for lactose intolerance: Lactose intolerance has many symptoms such as tummy rumbles, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, gas, bloating, stomach aches and other gastrointestinal problems
www.homenaturalcures.com/lactose-intolerance-treatment-re...
This is a Hummingbird Clear Wing (Hemaris thysbe) on (Monarda). They fly and move just like hummingbirds, and can remain suspended in the air in front of a flower while they unfurl their long tongues and insert them in flowers to sip their nectar. They even emit an audible hum like hummingbirds.
Bee Balm, Wild Bergamot , Oswego Tea, Bergamot, Horsebalm Botanical Name-Monarda didyma.
In the language of flowers, Monarda symbolizes compassion and sympathy.
The M. didyma and Monarda fistulosa can be used interchangeably.
Monarda is in the Lamiaceae (mint) family and is a perennial from Zones 4-9. It has the mint family’s trademark-square stems and opposite leaves. It is pollinated by bees, so it is a good one to grow in your gardens to help our ailing bee population. Bee Balm herb is edible and medicinal. All above ground parts of the plant are edible and used as a pot herb, and also used as a flavoring in cooked foods. The flowers make an attractive edible garnish in salads.
Bee Balm herb is noted for its fragrance, and is a source of oil of thyme. The fresh or dried leaves are brewed into a refreshing aromatic and medicinal tea. An infusion of young Bee Balm leaves used to form a common beverage in many parts of the United States.
Bee Balm leaves and flowers and stems are used in alternative medicine as an antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant. An medicinal infusion is used internally in the treatment of colds, catarrh, headaches, and gastric disorders, to reduce low fevers and soothe sore throat, to relieve flatulence, nausea, for menstrual pain, and insomnia. Steam inhalation of the plant can be used for sore throats, and bronchial catarrh (inflammation of the mucus membrane, causing an increased flow of mucus). Externally, Bee Balm is a medicinal application for skin eruptions and infections. Bergamot’s distinctive aroma, found in both the leaf and flower is wonderful for use in potpourri. While a fragrant herb in its own right, Wild Bergamot is not the source of the commonly used Bergamot Essential oil.
Due to the presence of a high thymol content which is a strong antiseptic (also in thyme), Monarda has been used in infusion form for a variety of ailments in its long past: colds, flu, upper respiratory problems, gas, diarrhea, nausea, fevers and whooping cough, and topically for skin problems and wounds.
The boiled leaves were historically wrapped in cloth for sore eyes, headaches, muscle spasms, fungal infections, and under bandages to slow bleeding. The leaves can be chewed and used for this purpose.
Used as a mouthwash, a strong infusion seems to give relief from sore throats, toothaches, and mouth sores. You can make monarda honey, elixirs, and oxymels, all of which are helpful and tasty. Monarda honey isn’t only great in teas, but also on burns and other wounds. The leaves are helpful in steams to clear the sinus and to make the whole house smell nice! They can also be added to a sock or muslin bag and thrown in your bath for the same effect, and additionally if have sore, tired or achy muscles. It's also good as a foot soak for tired sore feet.
My photographs are available for purchase through EliseCreations.net
Thanks for your visits, favs and comments. As always, appreciated very much!
© all rights reserved by Elise T. Marks. Please do not use this image on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit written permission.
From my set entitled “Monarda”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607217954847/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_balm
Monarda (bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, or bergamot) is a genus consisting of roughly 16 species of erect, herbaceous annual or perennial plants in the Lamiaceae, indigenous to North America. Ranging in height from 1 to 3 feet (0.2 to 0.9 m), the plants have an equal spread, with slender and long-tapering (lanceolate) leaves; the leaves are opposite on stem, smooth to nearly hairy, lightly serrated margins, and range from 3 to 6 inches (7 to 14 cm) long. In all species, the leaves, when crushed, exude a spicy, highly fragrant oil. Of the species listed, M. didyma (Oswego Tea) contains the highest concentration of this oil.[1]
The genus was named for Nicolás Monardes who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants found in the New World.
Several Bee Balm species (Monarda fistulosa and Monarda didyma) have a long history of use as a medicinal plants by many Native Americans including the Blackfeet, Menominee, Objibwe, Winnebago and others. The Blackfeet Indians recognized the strong antiseptic action of these plants, and used poultices of the plant for skin infections and minor wounds. A tea made from the plant was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis. Bee Balm is the natural source of the antiseptic Thymol, the primary active ingredient in modern commercial mouthwash formulas. The Winnebago used a tea made from bee Balm as a general stimulant. Bee Balm was also used as a carminative herb by Native Americans to treat excessive flatulence. [2][3]
Although somewhat bitter due to the thymol content in the plants leaves and buds, the plant has a very similar flavor to oregano, to which it is closely related. Bee Balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The plants are widespread across North America and can be found in moist meadows, hillsides, and forest clearings up to 5,000 feet in elevation. [2]
Monarda species include annual and perennial upright growing herbaceous plants with lanceolate to ovate shaped leaves. The flowers are tubular with bilateral symmetry and bilabiate; with upper lips narrow and the lower ones broader and spreading or deflexed. The flowers are single or in some cultivated forms double, generally hermaphroditic with 2 stamens. Plant bloom in mid to late-summer and the flowers are produced in dense profusion at the ends of the stem and/or in the stem axils, the flowers typically are in crowded into head-like clusters with leafy bracts. Flower colors vary, with wild forms of the plant having crimson-red to red, pink and light purple. M. didyma has bright, carmine red blossoms; M. fistulosa -- the "true" wild bergamot -- has smokey pink flowers. M. citriodora and M. pectinata have light lavender to lilac-colored blooms and have slightly decreased flower quantities. Both species are commonly referred to as "Lemon Mint." There are over 50 commercial cultivars and hybrids, ranging in color from candy-apple red to pure white to deep blue, but these plants tend to be smaller than wild species, and often developed to combat climatic or pest conditions. "M.didyma" species can grow up to 6 feet tall. Seed collected from hybrids — as with most hybridized plants — does not produce identical plants to the parent.
The Monarda plants prefer full sun and moist yet well-drained soil. Plants established in partial shade or filtered sun have higher incidences of rapid horizontal spread and flower less. An aggressive plant in the South-eastern United States, Bergamots can grow in a wide variety of soil conditions. Powdery mildew, rust, and (rarely) tobacco mosaic viruses disrupt established plants on occasion, but the plants are in general highly resistant to most wilts and viruses and are not easily damaged. Used most frequently in areas in need of naturalization, Monarda is often used in beds and borders to encourage and increase the appearance of hummingbirds, pollinating insects, and because of oils present in its roots is sometimes used to companion plant around small vegetable crops susceptible to subterranean pests. While seed should be stratified briefly before starting, seed may be cast directly or started in coldframes or greenhouses at soil temperatures approaching 70° Fahrenheit. Generally, propagation occurs by hardwood and softwood cuttings, root cuttings, layering, and division; the latter, quite frequently, is the most popular method out of necessity: the plant should be divided every 3 to 5 years to reduce spread, keep the central core of the plant healthy, preclude root rot, and improve air circulation about the foliage.
Bee balm is considered a good plant to grow with tomatoes, ostensibly improving both health and flavor. It also is a good companion plant in general, attracting pollinators and some predatory/parasitic insects that hunt garden pests.
Monarda species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including case-bearers of the genus Coleophora including C. heinrichella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa), C. monardae (feeds exclusively on Monarda spp) and C. monardella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa).
The Bergamot of the Monarda species should not be confused with the popular flavoring used in Earl Grey tea. Dried leaves may be used for teas or aromatherapies, but the odor is subtly different from Citrus bergamia, the Earl Grey flavoring. For medicinal usage, Monarda has been known to treat headaches and fevers by infusing crushed leaves in boiling water.
Back on the road. Don't you just love airport hotel rooms, horrid dishwater instant coffee rationed to two cups and listening to the flatulence from the room next door. The glamours of business travels!
Scientific Name: Pilli flatularum
Family: Flint Bug
Olimar's Notes:
While life-forms that excrete foul musks to warn of danger are not rare, the doodlebug is the only species known to release flatulence when active above ground. Interestingly enough, since it is merely releasing the gas created by decay of the contents of the creature's intestines, it does not have a special musk-producing organ. This means the creature is in fact merely flatulating. Spectral analysis of the rank gas indicates it contains not only methane, but hydrogen sulfide as well, making the flatulence a Grade XIII biohazard.
Louie's Notes:
Looking for a flavor that will surprise and delight your guests? This beast's aroma may surprise your guests, but it won't be delightful!
For more photos and details about this creation, click here!
Photo and Creation © 2009 Filip Johannes Felberg
Olimar and Louie's Notes © Nintendo
From my set entitled “Monarda”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607217954847/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_balm
Monarda (bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, or bergamot) is a genus consisting of roughly 16 species of erect, herbaceous annual or perennial plants in the Lamiaceae, indigenous to North America. Ranging in height from 1 to 3 feet (0.2 to 0.9 m), the plants have an equal spread, with slender and long-tapering (lanceolate) leaves; the leaves are opposite on stem, smooth to nearly hairy, lightly serrated margins, and range from 3 to 6 inches (7 to 14 cm) long. In all species, the leaves, when crushed, exude a spicy, highly fragrant oil. Of the species listed, M. didyma (Oswego Tea) contains the highest concentration of this oil.[1]
The genus was named for Nicolás Monardes who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants found in the New World.
Several Bee Balm species (Monarda fistulosa and Monarda didyma) have a long history of use as a medicinal plants by many Native Americans including the Blackfeet, Menominee, Objibwe, Winnebago and others. The Blackfeet Indians recognized the strong antiseptic action of these plants, and used poultices of the plant for skin infections and minor wounds. A tea made from the plant was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis. Bee Balm is the natural source of the antiseptic Thymol, the primary active ingredient in modern commercial mouthwash formulas. The Winnebago used a tea made from bee Balm as a general stimulant. Bee Balm was also used as a carminative herb by Native Americans to treat excessive flatulence. [2][3]
Although somewhat bitter due to the thymol content in the plants leaves and buds, the plant has a very similar flavor to oregano, to which it is closely related. Bee Balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The plants are widespread across North America and can be found in moist meadows, hillsides, and forest clearings up to 5,000 feet in elevation. [2]
Monarda species include annual and perennial upright growing herbaceous plants with lanceolate to ovate shaped leaves. The flowers are tubular with bilateral symmetry and bilabiate; with upper lips narrow and the lower ones broader and spreading or deflexed. The flowers are single or in some cultivated forms double, generally hermaphroditic with 2 stamens. Plant bloom in mid to late-summer and the flowers are produced in dense profusion at the ends of the stem and/or in the stem axils, the flowers typically are in crowded into head-like clusters with leafy bracts. Flower colors vary, with wild forms of the plant having crimson-red to red, pink and light purple. M. didyma has bright, carmine red blossoms; M. fistulosa -- the "true" wild bergamot -- has smokey pink flowers. M. citriodora and M. pectinata have light lavender to lilac-colored blooms and have slightly decreased flower quantities. Both species are commonly referred to as "Lemon Mint." There are over 50 commercial cultivars and hybrids, ranging in color from candy-apple red to pure white to deep blue, but these plants tend to be smaller than wild species, and often developed to combat climatic or pest conditions. "M.didyma" species can grow up to 6 feet tall. Seed collected from hybrids — as with most hybridized plants — does not produce identical plants to the parent.
The Monarda plants prefer full sun and moist yet well-drained soil. Plants established in partial shade or filtered sun have higher incidences of rapid horizontal spread and flower less. An aggressive plant in the South-eastern United States, Bergamots can grow in a wide variety of soil conditions. Powdery mildew, rust, and (rarely) tobacco mosaic viruses disrupt established plants on occasion, but the plants are in general highly resistant to most wilts and viruses and are not easily damaged. Used most frequently in areas in need of naturalization, Monarda is often used in beds and borders to encourage and increase the appearance of hummingbirds, pollinating insects, and because of oils present in its roots is sometimes used to companion plant around small vegetable crops susceptible to subterranean pests. While seed should be stratified briefly before starting, seed may be cast directly or started in coldframes or greenhouses at soil temperatures approaching 70° Fahrenheit. Generally, propagation occurs by hardwood and softwood cuttings, root cuttings, layering, and division; the latter, quite frequently, is the most popular method out of necessity: the plant should be divided every 3 to 5 years to reduce spread, keep the central core of the plant healthy, preclude root rot, and improve air circulation about the foliage.
Bee balm is considered a good plant to grow with tomatoes, ostensibly improving both health and flavor. It also is a good companion plant in general, attracting pollinators and some predatory/parasitic insects that hunt garden pests.
Monarda species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including case-bearers of the genus Coleophora including C. heinrichella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa), C. monardae (feeds exclusively on Monarda spp) and C. monardella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa).
The Bergamot of the Monarda species should not be confused with the popular flavoring used in Earl Grey tea. Dried leaves may be used for teas or aromatherapies, but the odor is subtly different from Citrus bergamia, the Earl Grey flavoring. For medicinal usage, Monarda has been known to treat headaches and fevers by infusing crushed leaves in boiling water.
Bukit Tagar, Selangor, Malaysia.
BN: Elettariopsis elan C.K.Lim. Zingiberaceae.
VN: Malay - Serai aceh, Serai ache, Tepus wangi, Puar kampung, Pud hom (Thai).
Distribution - Pen. Thailand to Pen. Malaysia. Lemon scented leaves and used for flavoring culinary as lemon grass substitutes and also folk medicines.
Ref. and suggested reading:
www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-243106
Journal of Thai Traditional & Alternative Medicine, Vol. 5 No. 3 September-December 2007
Note:
Indigenous but occasionally grown in the backyards in Malay villages as folk medicine. Decoction of roots and plant parts for treatment of food poisoning (muntah-berak) as carminative for flatulence and others.
via WordPress biophytopharm.com/benefits-bio-peppermint-essential-oil/
Benefits of Bio Peppermint Essential Oil
Benefits of Bio Peppermint Essential oil
Peppermint Essential Oil has many of benefits for health so let’s go explain :
Botanical name: Mentha piperita
Part used: flowering plant
Color: pale yellow
Smell & aroma: powerful, peppery, spicy, minty and very refreshing
Origin: Italy
Main properties of peppermint essential oil in aromatherapy:
Digestive, detoxifying, anti-nausea, refreshing, toning, nasal decongestant, antiseptic (especially intestinal).
Side properties of peppermint essential oil:
Anti-inflammatory, expectorant, mucolytic, anesthetic, analgesic, limit perspiration.
Directions for use of peppermint essential oil:
Digestive and stimulating for the liver, peppermint essential oil is particularly effective in case of bloating, indigestion, liver crisis, bad breath, vomiting, flatulence. It is also known for fighting nausea and motion sickness, headaches and migraines. Its anesthetic and analgesic properties calm and soothe the itching, as well as shocks or small traumatisms. Toning and stimulating are done wonders in cases of general fatigue (mental and physical), it is also very effective in case of lack of concentration. Decongestant, it can be used in cases of a runny nose, stuffy nose, rhinitis, or sinusitis.
Caution:
Mint essential oil is particularly powerful and concentrated, people sensitive to allergies and people with fragile skin need to be extra careful. Do not use in case of a heart problem, epilepsy, or fever.
Massage with essential oil of peppermint:
* Peppermint against bloating:
Mix in half a teaspoon of vegetable oil of olive or vegetable oil of hemp 1 drop of essential oil of peppermint, 1 drop of lemon, 1 drop of tarragon (or exotic basil). Massage the belly and stomach with this preparation 2 times a day.
Attention this mixture is photosensitizing, do not expose yourself to the sun after its use.
* Itching:
Prepare a care oil containing 15 drops of lavender essential oil (fine lavender), 15 drops of peppermint essential oil, 15 drops of Roman chamomile HE, 4 ml of virgin oil borage, 4 ml of virgin rosehip oil. Apply to the area to be treated.
* Joint and muscle pain:
Mix in 50 ml of arnica macerate 30 drops of wintergreen essential oil, 30 drops of peppermint essential oil, 30 drops of lavender HE. Massage the painful areas morning, noon and night for 7 days.
Peppermint essential oil diffusion:
* Peppermint against a migraine and headaches:
broadcast 2 times a day 5 to 10 drops of pure peppermint essential oil using a diffuser.
* The essential oil of peppermint is ideal against motion sickness:
Pour on a handkerchief or a pebble of diffusion 1 drop of essential oil of peppermint + 1 drop of essential oil of basil + 1 drop of HE of lemon. Breathe when nausea rises, or preventively before traveling.
* Nasal flow:
Breath 3 times a day using a diffuser a mixture of 2 drops of eucalyptus essential oil and 2 drops of peppermint EO.
Peppermint essential oil oral and internal:
* Digestion difficult / Liver crisis:
Peppermint is here to help you. in a code-goutte glass bottle, prepare a mixture of 1 ml tarragon essential oil (or basil) + 1 ml peppermint EO + 1 ml lemon EO. Absorb 2 drops of your mixture mixed with a spoonful of honey, before or after each meal for 3 to 5 days.
* Concentration (in adults):
Mix in 1/2 spoon of honey 1 drop of lemon essential oil + 1 drop peppermint essential oil + 1 drop of scotch pine essential oil. To be absorbed before each meal for 1 week.
* General Fatigue:
Peppermint is an excellent tonic. prepare in a codigoutte a mixture of equal quantity of essential oil of ravintsara, basil, cinnamon, and peppermint. Absorb 2 times a day for 2 weeks 1 drop of this mixture in a teaspoon of vegetable oil of hemp.
* Bad breath:
our peppermint recipe. Mix in a small glass of water 1 drop of peppermint essential oil + 1 drop of lavender HE. Circulate the mixture in your mouth, between the teeth, under the tongue … etc. then spit it out. Repeat this process 2 to 3 times a day.
Precautions:
Do not use in pregnant or breastfeeding women, children under 6, epileptics and the elderly. Never use peppermint essential oil undiluted (even in the bath). Toxic for babies and the elderly. May irritate skin locally. Causes a strong cold sensation that can lead to hypothermia if used excessively. Maximum recommended concentration: 0.5% (neurotoxic and abortive at very high dose). No prolonged use without medical advice.
WARNING:
These properties, indications, and methods of use are in no way medical advice. They come from books or websites specialized in aromatherapy. This information is given for information purposes, they can not in any way engage our responsibility. For any use of essential oils for therapeutic purposes, consult a doctor.
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The post Benefits of Bio Peppermint Essential oil appeared first on BIOPHYTOPHARM.
Flatulence or intestinal gas is the state of having excessive gas in the stomach or waste gas, which is produced during digestion and is usually released from the anus with or without a sound and with or without an odor.
From my set entitled “Monarda”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607217954847/
In my collection entitled “The Garden”
www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_balm
Monarda (bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, or bergamot) is a genus consisting of roughly 16 species of erect, herbaceous annual or perennial plants in the Lamiaceae, indigenous to North America. Ranging in height from 1 to 3 feet (0.2 to 0.9 m), the plants have an equal spread, with slender and long-tapering (lanceolate) leaves; the leaves are opposite on stem, smooth to nearly hairy, lightly serrated margins, and range from 3 to 6 inches (7 to 14 cm) long. In all species, the leaves, when crushed, exude a spicy, highly fragrant oil. Of the species listed, M. didyma (Oswego Tea) contains the highest concentration of this oil.[1]
The genus was named for Nicolás Monardes who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants found in the New World.
Several Bee Balm species (Monarda fistulosa and Monarda didyma) have a long history of use as a medicinal plants by many Native Americans including the Blackfeet, Menominee, Objibwe, Winnebago and others. The Blackfeet Indians recognized the strong antiseptic action of these plants, and used poultices of the plant for skin infections and minor wounds. A tea made from the plant was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis. Bee Balm is the natural source of the antiseptic Thymol, the primary active ingredient in modern commercial mouthwash formulas. The Winnebago used a tea made from bee Balm as a general stimulant. Bee Balm was also used as a carminative herb by Native Americans to treat excessive flatulence. [2][3]
Although somewhat bitter due to the thymol content in the plants leaves and buds, the plant has a very similar flavor to oregano, to which it is closely related. Bee Balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The plants are widespread across North America and can be found in moist meadows, hillsides, and forest clearings up to 5,000 feet in elevation. [2]
Monarda species include annual and perennial upright growing herbaceous plants with lanceolate to ovate shaped leaves. The flowers are tubular with bilateral symmetry and bilabiate; with upper lips narrow and the lower ones broader and spreading or deflexed. The flowers are single or in some cultivated forms double, generally hermaphroditic with 2 stamens. Plant bloom in mid to late-summer and the flowers are produced in dense profusion at the ends of the stem and/or in the stem axils, the flowers typically are in crowded into head-like clusters with leafy bracts. Flower colors vary, with wild forms of the plant having crimson-red to red, pink and light purple. M. didyma has bright, carmine red blossoms; M. fistulosa -- the "true" wild bergamot -- has smokey pink flowers. M. citriodora and M. pectinata have light lavender to lilac-colored blooms and have slightly decreased flower quantities. Both species are commonly referred to as "Lemon Mint." There are over 50 commercial cultivars and hybrids, ranging in color from candy-apple red to pure white to deep blue, but these plants tend to be smaller than wild species, and often developed to combat climatic or pest conditions. "M.didyma" species can grow up to 6 feet tall. Seed collected from hybrids — as with most hybridized plants — does not produce identical plants to the parent.
The Monarda plants prefer full sun and moist yet well-drained soil. Plants established in partial shade or filtered sun have higher incidences of rapid horizontal spread and flower less. An aggressive plant in the South-eastern United States, Bergamots can grow in a wide variety of soil conditions. Powdery mildew, rust, and (rarely) tobacco mosaic viruses disrupt established plants on occasion, but the plants are in general highly resistant to most wilts and viruses and are not easily damaged. Used most frequently in areas in need of naturalization, Monarda is often used in beds and borders to encourage and increase the appearance of hummingbirds, pollinating insects, and because of oils present in its roots is sometimes used to companion plant around small vegetable crops susceptible to subterranean pests. While seed should be stratified briefly before starting, seed may be cast directly or started in coldframes or greenhouses at soil temperatures approaching 70° Fahrenheit. Generally, propagation occurs by hardwood and softwood cuttings, root cuttings, layering, and division; the latter, quite frequently, is the most popular method out of necessity: the plant should be divided every 3 to 5 years to reduce spread, keep the central core of the plant healthy, preclude root rot, and improve air circulation about the foliage.
Bee balm is considered a good plant to grow with tomatoes, ostensibly improving both health and flavor. It also is a good companion plant in general, attracting pollinators and some predatory/parasitic insects that hunt garden pests.
Monarda species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including case-bearers of the genus Coleophora including C. heinrichella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa), C. monardae (feeds exclusively on Monarda spp) and C. monardella (feeds exclusively on M. fistulosa).
The Bergamot of the Monarda species should not be confused with the popular flavoring used in Earl Grey tea. Dried leaves may be used for teas or aromatherapies, but the odor is subtly different from Citrus bergamia, the Earl Grey flavoring. For medicinal usage, Monarda has been known to treat headaches and fevers by infusing crushed leaves in boiling water.
Ironically Mike is wearing his "Beans, the musical fruit" shirt, how appropriate for this occasion haha.
Trish and Rob's place sometime in 2007...
A small spacecraft lands at an international intergalactic gas-station between The Stars Beta-max 5 and polyphone b… the ship is marked as a federation fighter, but it is only a Disguise as our heroine Irena jumps out also still in federation markings…
-Hello tank me full up! oh Sir Tock Tick don’t look that scared, I have gone through therapy now, I am cured from my grinding obsession… and anyhow I only want gas and I have kredits to pay with this time…
-Oh Miss Piddydote… that is actually not the matter, I know this is an international station, And I heard gossip that you are wanted by the federation, just rumors I hope… even though we are in international space, federation customers are plenty and provide for 78% of our revenue… I don’t want them to boycott me!!!
-Hey old friend and former bedfellow don’t listen to all the gossip!!! I am the federation's bijou without me and Gray the Hungry enemies of the feds would swallow the federation like a space-angler in one mouthful, the Blacktron and the Cadets would make a full scale invasion… so tank me up now and I will tip you with enough Kredits to by a glossy copy of Playmate intergalactica!!! …tell me the latest gossip that is not about me…
The clock-faced gas-droid made a optic morse-code to his gasolina-drones and they started to refuel the ship…
-Oh, the latest gossip, yes there haven’t been all that much, well the freebooters are back in space again after living on the capital planet for ages… oh yes the lisping walnut is doing a new show at the party planet, they say that it is the first show he did after straining his left flatulence hole.,.
-yes I heard, but is that not old gossip? So have you heard anything about the time Lords?
-Keep it down, the have optics and audios everywhere, many who have spoken about them have vanished as untraceable and mysterious as a xenomorph far it a drifting hulk… now you are full, I would suggest that you leave now, I am doing you a risky favor letting you tank here…
Irena pated and tipped the bot as promised and carried on with her mission.
When she left! First the bot called up Playmate intergalactica and ordered a new copy, then made a second call to the federation…
100,279 items / 609,618 views
Marziya Shakir is my 23 old month grand daughter who loves eating raw sprouts as much as she loves eating chocolates..I have copied the article below to show you the magical power of sprouts from Isabel Shipards book..
Benefits of Sprouts
www.herbsarespecial.com.au/free-sprout-information/so-goo...
This information on herbs is provided free from Isabel Shipard's book "How can I grow and use Sprouts as living food?"
"... ..." have been used to indicate omitted text.
My interest in sprouts began over 20 years ago, when I read a riddle that fascinated me. It caught my attention and started my interest in wanting to learn all I could about sprouts. The riddle went &
What will:
* grow in any climate at any time of the year
* require neither soil or sunshine, but is still rich in vitamins and minerals
* has not been subject to chemical sprays while growing
* is extremely economical and in preparation has no waste
* rivals meat in nutritive value
* can be grown indoors within a minimum amount of space
* multiplies 400% or more in 5 days
* matures in 3-5 days ... ?
The answer ... sprouts!
About the same time, I attended a demonstration on growing sprouts, with such a variety of seeds and tasty ways of enjoying them. I discovered that beneficial changes in nutrients take place, when seeds are sprouted:
* the starch converts to simple sugars
* the protein provides amino acids
* the fats break down into essential fatty acids
* and minerals chelate or merge with protein in a waythat increases their function.
All these actions increase the nutrient value, and enhance digestion and assimilation. Due to these dynamic influences, sprouts are considered predigested food.1
As I became more aware of the value of live food, I started to see that little things, like sprouts, can have a big impact on health, as they provide a high degree of vitality and rejuvenation to the body. After I completed writing the book, "How can I use herbs in my daily life?" in 2003, people were interested in knowing more about wheat grass and sprouts, which I had mentioned in the book. I showed them how I grew seeds, particularly fenugreek, which is my favourite sprout. Everyone was keen to know more about how to make sprouts and to learn of the various benefits. So, from that interest, this book on sprouts has come to be.
Sprouts have so many valuable
attributes:
*
Living sprouts are quality food of high biophotons (bio meaning 'life'; photon meaning 'electromagnetic'), which provide a high bio-energetic value, to energise our body and help the entire organism function, and prevent and repair defects.2 The bio-energetic value of sprouts and live foods has similarities to that of living Bio-genic Nutrition, a concept and way of life originating with Professor Edmond Bordeaux Szekely in California, USA in the 1920's. He classified sprouted seeds and baby greens as the most beneficial foods, calling them life-generating Bio-genic Foods, and recommended that they comprise 25% of our daily food. His four classifications make it easy to understand the true value of life-giving sprouts.
o
Bio-genic living foods offer the strongest support for the regeneration of cells (25% of daily food);
o
Bio-active foods are life sustaining organic fruit and vegetables (50% of daily food);
o
Bio-static foods include cooked foods (85% of the nutrient value may be lost in cooking), which slows down the life process and accelerates ageing (no more than 25% of daily food, but these are certainly not the best for the body);
o
Bio-acidic foods are regarded as 'life-destroying' and includes sugar, white flour, and all processed foods.
*
Sprouts are a powerful source of antioxidants in the form of vitamins, minerals and enzymes, which assist in protecting the body from free radical damage. Free radicals are created in our body by some foods, some cooking oils, preservatives, artificial colours, flavours, additives, and other substances in our environment. Free radicals are highly unstable oxygen molecules that can travel freely throughout the human body in search of an electron 'partner' and steal electrons from healthy cells. In doing so, they have the ability to create a dangerous chain reaction, breaking down vital, biological structures; and they have the ability to alter the structure of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). These are the vital blueprints and the DNA's messenger, required for the reproduction of cells. This change in the DNA structure is known as per oxidation. Once per oxidation has taken place within the cell, it will only reproduce the altered version.
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Raw foods contain oxygen, and sprouts have an abundance of this element. Oxygen is important for healthy cells, to allow cells to live and breathe. Dr Otto Warburg, twice Nobel Prize winner, 1931 and 1944, found the growth of cancer cells were initiated by a relative lack of oxygen, and that viruses, bacteria and cancer cells could not live in an alkaline and oxygen-rich environment. When we cook food, the oxygen is destroyed. For this reason, eating raw sprouts, regularly, is valuable to health.
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Sprouts are alkaline and have an alkalising affect in the body. If we desire health, the body needs to be alkaline. The immune system is made strong by high alkaline and alkalising foods (see p 19).
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Sprouts provide us with whole foods, full of living enzymes, a vital life-force (see p 20). Sprouts can be growing on your kitchen bench one minute, and transferred to the meal table the next, ready for eating...there is nothing else as fresh as this! We have to realise that fruit and vegetables, which look so colourful and beautifully displayed on supermarket shelves, may have been picked for a week or more and the vital life-force can be very depleted. This life-force energy is believed to correlate with the level of power of the enzymes in living food, and which researchers believe is seen with Kirlian photography as brilliant spikes of light, radiating harmoniously around living produce or plants. However, once the produce is picked and it is no longer growing, the luminescent light diminishes and then gradually disappears, altogether. The nutrients also diminish when food is picked. So, something we grow, pick, and serve fresh from our garden, or sprouts, growing in the kitchen, will definitely serve us with more nutrients, than food that has had a shelf life.
What we grow in our garden and in our kitchen can be with organic seeds and fertiliser. Therefore, our food will not have been subject to synthetic fertilisers, pesticides, growth hormones or other chemicals. These chemicals can have a detrimental impact and an accumulative effect, on the environment and our health. We cannot see the toxins, but they are around us and part of our lives & so subtle. Numerous scientific researchers believe they are the cause of an increase in the incidence of asthma, infertility, allergies, neurological damage, immune and endocrine disruptions, and many types of cancer.
A. mixed pea and bean sprout salad with epazote sprigs, a good combination with beans for flavour and flatulence (p 58) B. psyllium sprout smoothies flavoured with pineapple, coconut and banana.
Organic food generally has a higher vitamin C content, flavonoids, better protein quality and higher mineral and enzyme content, than conventionally grown produce.4 It is interesting too, and has been observed with Kirlian photography, that organic produce glows with a stronger, more dynamic, luminous light than non-organic produce. If we want to 'outsmart' cancer and other diseases that have accelerated in our modern way of life, we must reduce our exposure to chemicals, wherever we can, by looking for organic or biodynamic produce, or by growing our own & so sprouts in the kitchen are an easy way to start.
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Sprouts are a good source of essential fatty acids (EFA). The average diet is generally deficient in EFA. These fatty acids are essential to life, perform many vital body functions and play a major role in immune defences (see p 11 and p 105).
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Sprouts are one of the highest food sources of fibre, essential for good health (see p 12). High fibre foods make us chew more slowly and make us feel more satisfied.
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The chlorophyll content of sprouts and seedling microgreens, can perform the remarkable action of converting light energy into chemical energy, a process called photosynthesis. The green chlorophyll pigment of plants closely resembles haemoglobin, the pigment that gives human blood its colour and oxygen-carrying capacity. The difference between the two pigments is that chlorophyll has a core of magnesium and haemoglobin a core of iron.
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Chlorophyll-rich foods are our most powerful blood cleansers and blood builders. Sprouts grown to the chlorophyll-rich two-leaf stage have been shown to be effective in overcoming protein-deficiency anaemia. Some women have found that including chlorophyll-rich foods in their daily diet has given relief from hot flushes of menopause, and also supported hormonal function.
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Sprouts have a generous supply of vitamins . In fact the vitamin content of some seeds can increase from 100% to 2000% in several days of sprouting. Even soaking seeds, overnight, produces massive amounts of vitamin B complex and also of vitamin C.
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The formula for multi-vitamin B and C is hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, together with the life-force and elements in the seeds, this creates a complex carbohydrate, and nutrients are formed. These are the magical substances that provide the miracle of life and increased nutrients in sprouts.
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Sprouts have an excellent array of minerals that the body requires. During sprouting, the minerals are enriched and develop in a chelated form (which are more easily utilised by the body).
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Sprouts can be grown all year round to give a constant supply of food, in the very freshest form possible.
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Eating fresh sprouts provides essential nutrients in an easily assimilable form. Living enzymes, in sprouts, go to work to predigest the protein into their constituent amino acids: this makes them easily digested and absorbed by the body. We can digest sprouts in less than half the time of cooked foods. Cooked foods are acid forming. Continually consuming cooked food can be constipating, as the cellulose necessary for peristalsis has been broken down and softened in cooking.
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Sprouts provide the best nutritional value for money. They are the most economical food we can eat, at just a few cents a serve. We all like good value bargains, and when we find one, we usually like to share the information by passing the details on to family and friends, so they may get the benefits as well. For a few dollars we can purchase seeds that, when sprouted, will increase in volume 8-10 times, and provide many meals. The sprouted seeds also increase in nutrient value in just a few days of growing. Anyone, even on a tight budget, can afford seeds to sprout and get the best of food value.
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Seeds for sprouting store well and can be quickly utilised as food for emergency relief, during times of calamity or scarcity & but make use of them during times of plenty, too, as sprouts provide essential nutrients in the freshest way possible.
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Sprouts provide a good source of protein (for importance of protein see page 7). Many people use sprouts as an alternative to meat protein as ...
o sprouts take less time to digest than meat;
o sprouts are living food; meat is lifeless;
o sprouts are alkaline; meat is acidic;
o sprouts can cut the cost of living; meat is a highly priced item;
o sprouts have no additives; meat may have hormones and chemicals from farming practices;
o sprouts have zero cholesterol, compared to many meats;
o sprouts are a source of oxygen; all cooked foods lack oxygen (meat does however, build red blood cells, which carry 02 molecules);
o people eat sprouts for the health benefits; heavy meat-eaters have higher incidence of colon cancer.
Vegetarians, or people who are not heavy meat consumers, have less degenerative diseases. Some researchers say the human body is able to absorb haem iron at a rate 5-10 times higher than it absorbs non-haem iron, which would indicate that iron is better utilised from meat sources, than from sprout and other plant sources. Scientists have established that ascorbic acid can assist in the absorption of non-haem iron. As sprouts are a very good source of vitamin C, this should mean the iron is relatively well utilised.
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Sprouts are low in kilojoules (calories), so are good nutrient-dense food for weight watchers.
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Sprouts have a low glycaemic index (GI), which makes sprouts valuable for health (see p 22).
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Sprouts are preventive medicine . We can know, when we eat sprouts daily, that we are providing building materials for the growth and repair of the body. Our health is very much related to our diet: our choice of foods, determines the quality of our physical wellbeing. Over 2000 years ago, Hippocrates said, "Let food be your medicine, and your medicine be your food". Sprouts literally are super foods to build health and act as a prophylactic from illness. Hippocrates also said, "Each one of the substances of a man's diet acts upon his body and changes it in some way, and upon these changes his whole life depends, whether he be in health, in sickness or convalescence. To be sure, there can be little knowledge more necessary". And to think: Hippocrates said this, long before fertilisers and chemicals were manufactured, before grains were refined and nutrients removed, and before fast foods were ever conceived!
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant of the aster family, native to temperate Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, and in some areas has become invasive. It is also known as common tansy,[2] bitter buttons, cow bitter, or golden buttons. The Latin word vulgare means "common".[3]
Description
(Tanacetum vulgare) which is not blue.
Tansy is a flowering herbaceous plant with finely divided compound leaves and yellow, button-like flowers. It has a stout, somewhat reddish, erect stem, usually smooth, 50–150 cm (20–59 in) tall, and branching near the top. The leaves are alternate, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long and are pinnately lobed, divided almost to the center into about seven pairs of segments, or lobes, which are again divided into smaller lobes having saw-toothed edges, giving the leaf a somewhat fern-like appearance. The roundish, flat-topped, button-like, yellow flower heads are produced in terminal clusters from mid-to-late summer. The scent is similar to that of camphor with hints of rosemary. The leaves and flowers are toxic if consumed in large quantities; the volatile oil contains toxic compounds including thujone, which can cause convulsions and liver and brain damage. Some insects, notably the tansy beetle Chrysolina graminis, have resistance to the toxins and subsist almost exclusively on the plant.
History and distribution
Tansy is native to Eurasia; it is found in almost all parts of mainland Europe, as well as Britain and Ireland. It is absent from Siberia and some of the Mediterranean islands.[4] The ancient Greeks may have been the first to cultivate it as a medicinal herb.[5] In the sixteenth century it was considered to be "necessary for a garden" in Britain.[6]
History of uses
Tansy has a long history of use. It was first recorded as being cultivated by the ancient Greeks for medicinal purposes. In the 8th century AD it was grown in the herb gardens of Charlemagne and by Benedictine monks of the Swiss monastery of Saint Gall. Tansy was used to treat intestinal worms, rheumatism, digestive problems, fevers, sores, and to bring out measles.[5][7][8][9][10]
During the Middle Ages and later, high doses were used to induce abortions.[8][11][12] Contradictorily, tansy was also used to help women conceive and to prevent miscarriages.[7][8][13] In the 15th century, Christians began serving tansy with Lenten meals to commemorate the bitter herbs eaten by the Israelites.[10][13] Tansy was thought to have the added Lenten benefits of controlling flatulence brought on by days of eating fish and pulses[7][8] and of preventing the intestinal worms believed to be caused by eating fish during Lent.[14]
Tansy was used as a face wash and was reported to lighten and purify the skin.[7][8] In the 19th century, Irish folklore suggested that bathing in a solution of tansy and salts would cure joint pain.[15]
Insect repellent
Tansy has also been cultivated and used for its insect repellent and in the worm warding[clarify] type of embalming.[5][8][9] It was packed into coffins, wrapped in funeral winding sheets, and tansy wreaths were sometimes placed on the dead.[5][8][9][13] Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard University, was buried wearing a tansy wreath in a coffin packed with tansy; when "God’s Acre" was moved in 1846 the tansy had maintained its shape and fragrance, helping to identify the president's remains.[5][8][13] By the 19th century, tansy was used so much at New England funerals that people began to disdain it for its morbid association with death.[8][10]
During the American colonial period, meat was frequently rubbed with or packed in tansy leaves to repel insects and delay spoilage.[5][8][13] Tansy was frequently worn at that time in shoes to prevent malaria and other fevers;[8][13] it has been shown, however, that some mosquito species, including Culex pipiens, take nectar from tansy flowers.[16]
Tansy can be used as in companion planting and for biological pest control. It is planted alongside potatoes to repel the Colorado potato beetle, with one study finding tansy reduced the beetle population by 60 to 100 percent.[8][17][18]
In England tansy is placed on window sills to repel flies; sprigs are placed in bed linen to drive away pests, and it has been used as an ant repellent.[19]
In the 1940s, distilled tansy oil mixed with fleabane, pennyroyal and diluted alcohol was a well-known mosquito repellent; collectors were paid five cents a pound for tansy in full bloom.[8][20] Research has found that tansy extracts do indeed repel mosquitoes, but not as effectively as products containing DEET.[8][21] In 2008, researchers in Sweden investigated the use of tansy to repel ticks, showing a 64–72 percent repellency for each oil constituent.[22]
Toxicity
Tansy flower: detail
Many tansy species contain a volatile oil which can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. If taken internally, toxic metabolites are produced as the oil is broken down in the liver and digestive tract. It is highly toxic to internal parasites, and for centuries tansy tea has been prescribed by herbalists to expel worms. Tansy is an effective insecticide and is highly toxic to arthropods.[23] Because it contains thujone, the U.S. FDA limits the use of tansy to alcoholic beverages, and the final product must be thujone-free.[24] Tanacetum annuum is often confused with common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) but the former produces an essential oil that is completely different chemically as it contains no thujone and high amounts of chamazulene making the oil dark blue in color, giving rise to its common name of Blue Tansy Oil.[25][26] Despite claims by some unethical resellers of essential oils who adulterate the very expensive Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) oil with the much cheaper oil from Tanacetum vulgare, the oil from Tanacetum vulgare is never blue in color as it contains no chamazulene.[27][28] For this reason a high thujone oil from Tanacetum vulgare should never be referred to as "Blue Tansy" oil and any such blue oil containing significant thujone is an adulterated product.
The active components of the volatile oil include 1,8-cineole, trans-thujone, camphor and myrtenol, with the quantities and proportions of each varying seasonally and from plant to plant.[8][21][29][30][31]
1,8-Cineole is a toxin believed to defend the plant leaves against attacks by herbivores.[29][30]
Culinary uses
Tansy foil
Tansy was formerly used as a flavouring for puddings and omelettes, but is now almost unknown, except in Cork, where it is used in a sauce to accompany drisheens. The herbalist John Gerard (c. 1545–1612) noted that tansy was well known as “pleasant in taste”, and he recommends tansy sweetmeats as “an especial thing against the gout, if every day for a certain space a reasonable quantitie thereof be eaten fasting.” In Yorkshire, tansy and caraway seeds were traditionally used in biscuits served at funerals.[14]
During the Restoration, a "tansy" was a sweet omelette flavoured with tansy juice. In the BBC documentary "The Supersizers go ... Restoration", Allegra McEvedy described the flavour as "fruity, sharpness to it and then there's a sort of explosion of cool heat a bit like peppermint."[32] However, the programme's presenter Sue Perkins experienced tansy toxicity.
According to liquor historian A. J. Baime, in the 19th century Tennessee whiskey magnate Jack Daniel enjoyed drinking his own whiskey with sugar and crushed tansy leaf.
It can also be used as a substitute for sage.[33]
Ethnomedical use
For many years, tansy has been used as a medicinal herb despite its toxicity. 19th-century Irish folklore suggests bathing in a solution of tansy and salt as a cure for joint pain.[15] A bitter tea made with tansy flowers has been used for centuries as an anthelmintic to treat parasitic worm infestations, and tansy cakes were traditionally eaten during Lent because it was believed that eating fish during Lent caused intestinal worms.[14] Various Tanacetum species are used ethnomedically to treat migraine, neuralgia and rheumatism and as anthelmintics. Traditionally, tansy was often used for its emmenagogue effects to bring on menstruation or end an unwanted pregnancy, and pregnant women are advised to not use this herb.[34] Research published in 2011 identified 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) and axillarin in tansy as antiviral compounds that are active against herpes simplex virus.[35][medical citation needed]
Among Native Americans
The Cherokee use an infusion of the plant for backache, use the plant as a tonic, and wear it around the waist and in shoes to prevent miscarriages.[36] The Cheyenne use an infusion of the pulverized leaves and blossoms for dizziness and weakness.[37]
Other uses
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)
Some traditional dyers use tansy to produce a golden-yellow color.[38] The yellow flowers are dried for use in floral arrangements.
Tansy is also used as a companion plant, especially with cucurbits like cucumbers and squash, or with roses or various berries. It is thought to repel ants, cucumber beetles, Japanese beetles, squash bugs, and some kinds of flying insects, among others.
Dried tansy is used by some beekeepers as fuel in a bee smoker.