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The art lesson, Cyfarthfa Junior School.
In the UK school desks were still ordered by schools up to the 1970s.
There was an odd tax at the time - Purchase Tax was put on all non essential goods from a low amount on simple items, to high amounts on very luxury goods.
If an item was for business use, providing it was of basic design it could be purchased without tax, but if it was later sold on, some form of tax should normally been accounted for.
School desks were purchased free of tax if they had inkwells, without inkwells as they could be classed as an item of general furniture, so attracted purchase tax.
Schools ordered desks with inkwells even if none of their children used dip pens, but at the end of their life, it was easier for the school to destroy the desks rather than try and sell them and face accounting for tax.
At a local wood salvage depot, they had several hundred almost new desks, the school had changed their form rooms so the desks were not needed, whilst many other school could have used them, the desks were cut up for firewood.
Then we had VAT and all it's madness.
A length of wire for a fire was taxed at 10%, the same wire, if it was to be connected to a television was taxed at 25%. Also plugs that the buyer had to buy separately when buying the goods was also taxed at two different amounts.
People stopped buying high tax items, the country went into stagnation, eventually the high tax was abolished. First we got 8%, then 10%, add a Falklands war 15%, and now we are a rich nation 20%.
Bring on Britexit, and a new form of tax will have to be thought up.
Fault slickensides on slate from the Precambrian of Minnesota, USA.
This rock is from a Minnesota iron mine that is targeting banded iron formations, or BIFs, which are unusual, dense, marine sedimentary rocks consisting of alternating layers of iron-rich oxides and iron-rich silicates. Most BIFs are Proterozoic in age, although some are Late Archean. They do not form in today's oceans - they're an example of an “extinct” rock type. Many specific varieties of iron formation are known. The most attractive type is jaspilite, which is a reddish & silvery gray banded rock consisting of hematite, red chert (“jasper”), and specular hematite or magnetite. Most BIFs have been subjected to one or more orogenic (mountain-building) events, resulting in folding and/or metamorphism. BIFs are known from around the world, but some of the most famous & extensive deposits are found in the vicinity of North America’s Lake Superior Basin. Many BIFs have economic concentrations of iron and are mined as iron ores.
The lineations that extend from right to left are "slickensides", which were formed by fault movement.
Stratigraphy: lower slaty member, Biwabik Iron-Formation, middle Animikie Group, upper Paleoproterozoic, ~1.878 Ga
Locality: Thunderbird Mine/Auburn Mine - open-pit mine complex on the western side of Rt. 53, south of the town of Virginia & north of the town of Eveleth, Mesabi Iron Range, central St. Louis County, northeastern Minnesota, USA
In places, the collision of the two plates that created the San Andreas Fault is clearly visible as it traverses California, as shown in this photo of the Carrizo Plain 100 m north of Los Angeles.
La Falla de San Andrés
En algunos lugares, la colisión de las dos placas que creó la Falla de San Andrés es claramente visible, atravesando California. La falla se muestra aquí, en la Llanura Carrizo, 100 millas al norte de Los Ángeles.
Author: John Wiley, via Wikipedia
A miner celebrates with his father (R) after an explosion on May 13, 2014 in Manisa. Four miner were killed and as many as 300 trapped after a mine collapse in the western Turkish city of Manisa, a local official said."At least 200-300 workers were working in the mine when an electric fault caused an explosion," the mayor of Soma, a district of Manisa, told private NTV television. AFP PHOTO/BULENT KILIC (Photo credit should read BULENT KILIC/AFP/Getty Images)
Saprolitized cataclastic rocks in the Paleozoic of North Carolina, USA.
These scrappy looking rocks are part of the Brevard Fault Zone in the Appalachians of eastern America. The Appalachians are broadly subdivided into three physiographic provinces: Valley & Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont. Extending from Alabama to Virginia, the Brevard Zone is at the boundary between the Blue Ridge and the Piedmont ("foothills" of the Appalachian Mountains) - the latter consists of structurally deformed metamorphic and igneous rocks. The eastern boundary of the Piedmont is the Fall Line, which marks the farthest west that flooded rivers extend. The character of rivers changes at the Fall Line as they flow eastward from Piedmont rocks to Coastal Plain rocks. To the west of the Piedmont is the Blue Ridge, a relatively narrow and topographically high zone of mountains. Rocks in the Blue Ridge are principally hard, Precambrian-aged, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
The Brevard Zone is thought to be an old fault zone that was active in the Late Paleozoic, when the Appalachian Mountains were forming. Some geologists interpret the Brevard Zone as a thrust fault, while others interpret it as a transform fault (strike-slip fault). Regardless, the Brevard Zone consists of cataclastic rocks, which are highly deformed fault zone rocks. Deep, long-term weathering has saprolitized these cataclastic rocks. Saprolite is a friable rock formed by intense weathering - much regolith (soil) in the Piedmont is actually saprolite (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157672727177763 ).
The parent rocks of the Brevard Zone were probably Neoproterozoic- to Cambrian-aged, passive margin sedimentary rocks that were metamorphosed during the Paleozoic. Active fault movement in the Brevard Zone probably occurred during the Pennsylvanian, about 310 million years ago (Vauchez, 1987).
Locality: railroad cut below the Route 70 bridge at the town of Old Fort, McDowell County, western North Carolina, USA (35° 37’ 44.29" North latitude, 82° 11’ 12.31" West longitude)
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Reference cited:
Vauchez (1987) - Brevard Fault Zone, Southern Appalachians: a medium-angle, dextral, Alleghenian shear zone. Geology 15: 669-672.
Day 315:
When I look back at the photographs I first posted when I was just using my webcam and knowing so little about how to really use photoshop, I am amazed at how far I have come, not with photography, but where I am mentally. Even though I am amazed at how far I have come, I am even more amazed how easily I could slip back to where I was... and what I am most amazed at is how no only how easily I could slip back into that state, but how most days I desire it.
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We've currently got out of town guests, so I had to excuse myself to sneak out for 20 minutes and shoot something. I've been liking how the city has been looking at night lately, so I decided to go out and shoot a skyline. While I can find lots of faults, overall I think it turned out fairly well for a quickie.
Check this one out in the lightbox.
This late Tertiary fault places Tertiary (11 ma) Bear Canyon Conglomerate against Jurassic, amphibolite-grade, gold-bearing gneiss in the Vista Pit. Water is perched in the sediments above the bedrock. Mesquite gold mine in southeastern California.
Facing north along fault trace which runs top to bottom at center as it crosses Simon Street in north Hayward, CA, USA.
The San Andreas Fault, here exposed on the floor of the Carrizo Plain in one of the most desolate and least-visited regions of California. Note the offset streams cutting across the fault. On the far side is the Pacific plate and on the near side the North American. It's a right-lateral fault, meaning the other side of it is moving to the right, on whichever side you stand. The Pacific side is moving to the northwest in a motion geologists call "right step." Streams that once flowed straight across the fault now step to the right before they continue. These steps are recent. The plate below has moved hundreds of miles in the last two dozen million years. One study says stream channels were offset up to 50 feet in the 1857 Fort Tejon quake, one of the largest in historic time. This section of the fault raises the Elkhorn Scarp through the Elkhorn Hills. The most spine-like segment is also called Dragon's Back
A cut-and-polished chunk of the Triassic New Oxford formation from Frederick, Maryland. This breccia is the product of faulting during the failed Triassic rift that created the down-dropped Frederick valley. It includes mostly angular Cambrian limestone and quartz fragments in a red mudstone matrix. This stuff was jokingly nick-named Rosie's Dinerite because at the time (before the area became completely built up and obliterated by progressive urbanization) there were some exceptional outcrops of it behind Rose's Diner on Route 40 just west of Frederick.