View allAll Photos Tagged extented
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
A test shot using homemade extention tubes. Shot with a Canon 18-55mm IS lens. The very narrow field of focus is very difficult to work with and will take alot of practice to get perfect results. I think this shot is great considering the self made tubes only cost £7. Having once owned a Sigma 180mm Macro lens in the passed it does not compare but, still im pretty happy with the results.
The extent of the redevelopment is hard to believe. This particular cleared area is Huang Mu Chang, an old industrial site, but most of the areas being redeveloped used to be a mixture of old hutongs and more modern housing estates built in the 1980s and 1990s. Imagine that half your town has been demolished (including two-thirds of the high street) and you'll have some idea of the scale of this project.
The extent of damage to the right field corner is clear here, just one month after the beginning of demolition. Note the foul pole bending in when it reaches the upper deck. This is not a result of demolition, as the poles always bent in like this.
Situated on a slight rise about 200m NW of the original extent of Manorhamilton town and separated from it by NE-SW section of the Owenbeg River. Sir Frederick Hamilton received a grant of over 5,000 acres in 1621-2 which he proceeded to increase, and by 1631 he had over 16,000 acres. He had undertaken to build a castle, which was probably not finished until 1636. In January 1642, Manorhamilton was besieged by Irish rebels under such leaders as Brian McDonogh and Owen O'Rourke or Teige O'Connor Sligo, who were encamped at Lurganboy. On January 30th they burnt the town but failed to capture the castle, and they lifted the siege on April 3rd. In the following year Hamilton used the castle as a base for raids as far afield as Sligo and Donegal. Hamilton left Ireland in 1643-4 and died in Scotland in 1647, but the castle seems to have survived until it was burnt by the earl of Clanrickard in 1652.
The castle is a two or three-storey rectangular house, although most of the third storey does not survive. There are two wings projecting on the N side which are not separated from the main house by party walls. The house is U-shaped and open to the N. The wings have a court between them, but its S wall, which would have had the original doorway, does not survive. There is a sallyport which is partly below ground level at the centre of the S wall of the house. There are four slightly rhomboid corner-towers which have three storeys at SW and SE, but those at NE and NW have five and four storeys with the use of mezzanine floors.
The house had two large transom and mullion windows in the S wall at ground and first floors, but these are either robbed or blocked and there are smaller windows, either blocked or robbed, on the E and W walls. The NE wing was probably the kitchen as its W wall at the ground floor has a large robbed fireplace. The main house was poorly provided with fireplaces with only small ones at the S end of the E and W walls and in each wing at the first floor.
Each floor of the corner towers usually has a window and two gun-loops, and some even have fireplaces. The corner towers communicated with the main house through lintelled passages, but there are no garderobes or latrines in the house.
All the quoins, except those from two angles of the corner towers, have been robbed, as has most of the dressed stonework from windows and doorways. There is a plinth all around and string-courses externally over the ground and first floors. The corner towers have three courses of banded masonry only on their outward-facing walls over the first floor.
The house is within a bawn defined by a reconstructed wall at W and remnants of the N end of the E wall. The interior is flush with the surviving top of the S wall, but there is evidence of corner towers only at SW where the W wall survives to three floors, and at SE where the foundations of a tower are visible. Elsewhere the bawn is defined by more modern walls, but there is no indication of where the original entrance may have been. Archaeological testing in the vicinity of the castle has failed to produce any related material, but an excavation inside the bawn has produced evidence of a cobbled surface in the courtyard and evidence of a basement within the castle. The castle has now been conserved, and guided tours can be had for a modest fee.
The leg extension is performed while seated on a leg extension machine. The feet are tucked under a weight (or pulley system) and then the weight is raised out in front of the body with the feet. It is an isolation exercise for the quadriceps.
And so, to the Isle of Eels.
I was up at half five, having slept surprisingly well, and the room actually cool.
I messed around for half an hour, then packed and with one last sweep, left the oven for the last time, not looking back.
The station was a five minute walk away, and the ring road quiet at quarter to seven. Once inside I bought a ticket to Ely, then went to the station buffet to buy a bottle of Coke and a sausage roll to have on the train once it pulled in.
Again it was an eight car class 387 set, so plenty of space on the train, and early enough to beat the last dregs of the festival crowd who might be travelling.
Ely, or the Isle of Ely, stands on a low hill, that was once surrounded by marshes, mires and pools until polderisation took place and these turned into farmland. So, imagine the cathedral as it is now, but rising from the marshes and fens, it must have seemed miraculous.
The cathedral as an unusual feature, the Octagon or Lantern, which relaced a tower that collapsed possibly as part of the construction of the Lady Chapel.
How something so large just seems to sit on the roof, and has done so for some 600 years is a wonder, and testament to the work of the builders and the used of the supporting columns and arches that hold and spreads the weight.
I have over two hours to kill before the cathedral opens, so watch trains coming and going for half an hour or so. Good as Ely is the junction of lines north, south, east and west, and then some, so a good mix of traction and liveries. And then the passing freight train en route to Felixstowe too.
Trains to Cambridge are packed, and cycles not allowed during the rush hour, so good to watch people squeeze on, content for me that all I have to worry about is where to get breakfast.
I walk out of the station, down through the car park and seeing the cathedral about half a mile away, up the hill, I set off.
Signs lead along a typical Fenland town street, plan, if not downright ugly houses and dirty boarded up shops and takeaways, before walking left and beside the car park, up a fairly steep path and out through what might have been the arch of a coaching inn, and out onto the main street.
I tried to find a place for breakfast, but the only café I found was an hour from opening, and they were just setting the chairs and tables outside. So it was a Costa Coffee, a huge vat of Americano, along with a sausage bap, microwaved, but good enough.
I took my time and people watched, so that by the time i left I had just half an hour to wait.
The twin west towers and the lantern rise above the roofs of the town, so drew me ever closer like a moth to a flame. I approached the cathedral gate along a cobbled alleyway, then into the grounds, a large grassed area with shaded seating, at least at that time of day, to ponder and admire the scene.
I was first in the west door at half nine, waiting to pay my entrance and then get out and take shots. There is a tour up to the lantern, 175 steps, which on such a hot day didn't seem like a good idea, so I bailed. But we shall return.
I go around with the 50mm on my camera, and soon even in the coolness of the Nave, I was getting hot, and needed to take five minutes here and there to try to cool down and mop my brow.
The Lantern dominates everything, or course, and on the Transept in front of the Quire, and altar the size and shape of the Lantern above sits on a wooden platform.
Above there is the pained wooden roof of the Nave, and in each Transept wooden ceilings are flanked by a hoard of angels and attendants. All highly painted.
I switched to the big lens, to get details of the windows and carvings, so that by eleven or so, I was very hot and bothered.
So, back outside, on the hunt for a taxi to take me the short drive to the station. I asked one driver packed up, so he advised me to go past The Lamb, turn right and past The Hereward there's the rank.
So I follows his direction, see taxis up ahead, but seeing people with pints of ice cold beer inside, I go in and treat myself to a pint of Amstel.
It was cold and wet.
But when I came out, the rank was empty, but there was an office nearby, and they got a car to come, driven by a friendly guy who took me down past the cathedral, down the hill to the station.
For a fiver.
There was a Thameslink train waiting, wasn't due to leave, but has 12 air conditioned carriages, so I got on one near the front and took a seat to ait, and from there I cold still watch trains coming and going on the other two platforms.
The train moved off on time, and only stopped at Cambridge North to pick up a few passengers, and Cambridge to pick up a lot. It was certainly full of life with two families of Indian, three mothers with six children between them, and the age old struggle of how to keep them entertained.
The Class 700 Thameslinks are infamous for their hard seating. Which is true, but under each seat there is a supporting strut which reduces footroom and caused my knee to complain for the rest of the day.
Non-stop into King's Cross, and over the road I found I had missed a Dover train by ten minutes, so had 50 minutes to kill, so into M&S to do some shopping, get bread for dinner, then into the 'Spoons next door for yet more old beer.
I go up onto the platform to wait for the train to pull in, and get talking to two ladies from or near Leeds who were cycling the southern part of Cycling Route 1 from Dover to Felixstowe.
I confirmed for them the climb out of Dover to the National Trust place was indeed, one heck of a climb.
So, onto the train and a quick hour back under London, through the southern Essex badlands and into Kent to Dover where I had arranged a taxi to take me home.
AJ appeared interested in me photographing churches, and so the trip went quickly, and he insisted on dropping me at the door rather than on Station Road, as it was "too dangerous".
A short walk home where Mulder and Scully were waiting for dinner, it was four after all.
I prepared Caprese, sliced the bread and made sure there was some fizz chilling, so that when Jools got home we could eat well. Her journey home was made difficult by a crash on Townwall Street, and then all other roads around it quickly jammed.
There could have been football to watch, but needing a shower and being footsore meant I went to bed instead, though couldn't sleep.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ely Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, is an Anglican cathedral in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England.
The cathedral can trace its origin to the abbey founded in Ely in 672 by St Æthelthryth (also called Etheldreda). The earliest parts of the present building date to 1083, and it was granted cathedral status in 1109. Until the Reformation, the cathedral was dedicated to St Etheldreda and St Peter, at which point it was refounded as the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely. It is the cathedral of the Diocese of Ely, which covers most of Cambridgeshire and western Norfolk, Essex, and Bedfordshire. It is the seat of the Bishop of Ely and a suffragan bishop, the Bishop of Huntingdon.[1]
Architecturally, Ely Cathedral is outstanding both for its scale and stylistic details. Having been built in a monumental Romanesque style, the galilee porch, lady chapel and choir were rebuilt in an exuberant Decorated Gothic. Its most notable feature is the central octagonal tower, with lantern above, which provides a unique internal space and, along with the West Tower, dominates the surrounding landscape.
The cathedral is a major tourist destination, receiving around 250,000 visitors per year,[2] and sustains a daily pattern of morning and evening services.
Ely Abbey was founded in 672, by Æthelthryth (St Etheldreda), a daughter of Anna, King of East Anglia. It was a mixed community of men and women.[4] Later accounts suggest her three successor abbesses were also members of the East Anglian Royal family. In later centuries, the depredations of Viking raids may have resulted in its destruction, or at least the loss of all records.[5] It is possible that some monks provided a continuity through to its refoundation in 970, under a Benedictine rule.[5] The precise siting of Æthelthryth's original monastery is not known. The presence of her relics, bolstered by the growing body of literature on her life and miracles, was a major driving force in the success of the refounded abbey. The church building of 970 was within or near the nave of the present building, and was progressively demolished from 1102 alongside the construction of the Norman church.[6] The obscure Ermenilda of Ely also became an abbess sometime after her husband, Wulfhere of Mercia, died in 675.
The cathedral is built from stone quarried from Barnack in Northamptonshire (bought from Peterborough Abbey, whose lands included the quarries, for 8,000 eels a year[clarification needed]), with decorative elements carved from Purbeck Marble and local clunch. The plan of the building is cruciform (cross-shaped), with an additional transept at the western end. The total length is 164 metres (537 ft),[8] and the nave at over 75 m (246 ft) long remains one of the longest in Britain. The west tower is 66 m (217 ft) high. The unique Octagon 'Lantern Tower' is 23 m (75 ft) wide and is 52 m (171 ft) high. Internally, from the floor to the central roof boss the lantern is 43 m (141 ft) high. The cathedral is known locally as "the ship of the Fens", because of its prominent position above the surrounding flat landscape.
Having a pre-Norman history spanning 400 years and a re-foundation in 970, Ely over the course of the next hundred years had become one of England's most successful Benedictine abbeys, with a famous saint, treasures, library, book production of the highest order and lands exceeded only by Glastonbury.[11] However the imposition of Norman rule was particularly problematic at Ely. Newly arrived Normans such as Picot of Cambridge were taking possession of abbey lands,[12] there was appropriation of daughter monasteries such as Eynesbury by French monks, and interference by the Bishop of Lincoln was undermining its status. All this was exacerbated when, in 1071, Ely became a focus of English resistance, through such people as Hereward the Wake, culminating in the Siege of Ely, for which the abbey suffered substantial fines.
The half-built west tower and upper parts of the two western transepts were completed under Bishop Geoffrey Ridel (1174–89), to create an exuberant west front, richly decorated with intersecting arches and complex mouldings. The new architectural details were used systematically to the higher storeys of the tower and transepts. Rows of trefoil heads and use of pointed instead of semicircular arches,[24] results in a west front with a high level of orderly uniformity.[25]
Originally the west front had transepts running symmetrically either side of the west tower. Stonework details on the tower show that an octagonal tower was part of the original design, although the current western octagonal tower was installed in 1400. Numerous attempts were made, during all phases of its construction to correct problems from subsidence in areas of soft ground at the western end of the cathedral. In 1405–1407, to cope with the extra weight from the octagonal tower, four new arches were added at the west crossing to strengthen the tower.[26] The extra weight of these works may have added to the problem, as at the end of the fifteenth century the north-west transept collapsed. A great sloping mass of masonry was built to buttress the remaining walls, which remain in their broken-off state on the north side of the tower.
The central octagonal tower, with its vast internal open space and its pinnacles and lantern above, forms the most distinctive and celebrated feature of the cathedral.[41] However, what Pevsner describes as Ely's 'greatest individual achievement of architectural genius'[42] came about through a disaster at the centre of the cathedral. On the night of 12–13 February 1322, possibly as a result of digging foundations for the Lady Chapel, the Norman central crossing tower collapsed. Work on the Lady Chapel was suspended as attention transferred to dealing with this disaster. Instead of being replaced by a new tower on the same ground plan, the crossing was enlarged to an octagon, removing all four of the original tower piers and absorbing the adjoining bays of the nave, chancel and transepts to define an open area far larger than the square base of the original tower. The construction of this unique and distinctive feature was overseen by Alan of Walsingham.[43] The extent of his influence on the design continues to be a matter of debate, as are the reasons such a radical step was taken. Mistrust of the soft ground under the failed tower piers may have been a major factor in moving all the weight of the new tower further out.[44]
The large stone octagonal tower, with its eight internal archways, leads up to timber vaulting that appears to allow the large glazed timber lantern to balance on their slender struts.[45] The roof and lantern are actually held up by a complex timber structure above the vaulting which could not be built in this way today because there are no trees big enough.[46] The central lantern, also octagonal in form, but with angles offset from the great Octagon, has panels showing pictures of musical angels, which can be opened, with access from the Octagon roof-space, so that real choristers can sing from on high.[46] More wooden vaulting forms the lantern roof. At the centre is a wooden boss carved from a single piece of oak, showing Christ in Majestry. The elaborate joinery and timberwork was brought about by William Hurley, master carpenter in the royal service.
A happy life must be to a great extent a quiet life, for it is only in an atmosphere of quiet that true joy can live. - Bertrand Russell
More Bertrand Russell Quotes and Sayings
Picture Quotes on Life
5 Marvelous Floating Markets near Bangkok
Original photo credit: < href="https://pixabay.com/photos/boat-calm-lake-waters-nature-4117718/">John from Pixabay
Puri is a city and a Municipality of Odisha. It is the district headquarters of Puri district, Odisha, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city. It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Indian Hindus.
Puri was known by several names from the ancient times to the present, and locally called as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim rulers, starting from the 4th century to the start of the 19th century with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.
The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of nearly 80%. The festivals which contribute to the economy are the 24 held every year in the temple complex, including 13 major festivals; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the important crafts of the city. Puri is one of the 12 heritage cities chosen by the Government of India for holistic development.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
GEOGRAPHY
Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the center of the district of the same name. It is delimited by the Bay of Bengal on the south east, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauz Gopinathpur in the north and Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres spread over 30 wards, which includes a shore line of 5 kilometres.
Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was near to Sisupalgarh (Ashokan Tosali) when the land was drained by a tributary of the River Bhargavi, a branch of the Mahanadi River, which underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These sand hills could not be "cut through" by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River flowing to the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake. This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons known as Sar and Samang on the eastern and northern parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 8.0 km in an east-west direction and has a width of 3.2 km in north-south direction. The river estuary has a shallow depth of 1.5 m only and the process of siltation is continuing. According to a 15th-century chronicle the stream that flowed at the base of the Blue Mountain or Neelachal was used as the foundation or high plinth of the present temple which was then known as Purushottama, the Supreme Being. A 16th century chronicle attributes filling up of the bed of the river which flowed through the present Grand Road, during the reign of King Narasimha II (1278–1308).
CLIMATE
According to the Köppen and Geiger the climate of Puri is classified Aw. The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36 °C and during winter it is 17 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres and the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C.
HISTORY
NAMES IN HISTORY
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jaganath, also known popularly as Badadeula in local usage, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda, Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila samhita and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place where the Creator deity of the world – Supreme Divinity deified on altar or mandapa was venerated near the coast and prayers offered with vedic hymns. Over time the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further shortened to Puri and the Purusha became Jagannatha. Close to this place sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya had their hermitage. Its name is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri is however, a common usage now. It is also known the geographical features of its siting as Shankhakshetra (layout of the town is in the form of a conch shell.), Neelāchala ("blue mountain" a terminology used to name very large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this name is not in vogue), Neelāchalakshetra, Neelādri, The word 'Puri' in Sanskrit means "town", or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek.
Another ancient name is Charita as identified by Cunningham which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang.When the present temple was built by the Ganga king Chodangadev in the 11th and 12th centuries it was called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottama-chhatar or just Chhatar. In Akbar's Ain-i-Akbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama authored by Murari Mishra in the 8th century it is referred as Purushottama only. It was only after twelfth century Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.
ANCIENT PERIOD
According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta King Rakatavahu. The temple's ancient historical records also finds mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana as having been built by the king Indradyumna of Ujjayani.
According to W.J. Wilkinson, in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the Buddha deity in now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said that some relics of Buddha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the Brahmins claimed were the bones of Krishna. Even during Ashoka’s reign in 240 BC Odisha was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu (barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now worshipped as Jagannatha. It is also said that Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts of the temple.
Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136 and completed towards the later part of the 12th century. The King of the Ganga dynasty, Anangabhima dedicated his kingdom to the God, then known as the Purushottam-Jagannatha and resolved that from then on he and his descendants would rule under "divine order as Jagannatha's sons and vassals". Even though princely states do not exist in independent India, the heirs of the Gajapati dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the chariots before the start of the Rathayatra.
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN PERIODS
History of the temple is the history of the town of Puri, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the Jagannath Puri temple. The first invasion was in the 8th century by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798–814) and the last was in 1881 by the followers of Alekh Religion who did not recognize Jagannath worship. In between, from the 1205 onward there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of the Afghans and Moghuls descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners; they had mounted attacks to ransack the wealth of the temple rather than for religious reasons. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted. Puri is the site of the Govardhana matha, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, when he visited Puri in 810 and since then it has become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwaraka and Jyotirmath. The matha is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. The significance of the four dhams is that the Lord Vishnu takes his dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the night at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal who established the Bhakti movements of India in the sixteenth century, now known by the name the Hare Krishna movement, spent many years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to have merged his "corporal self" with the deity. There is also a matha of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.
In the 17th century for the sailors sailing on the east coast of India, the landmark was the temple located in a plaza in the centre of the town which they called the "White Pagoda" while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres away to the east of Puri, was known as the "Black Pagoda".
The iconographic representation of the images in the Jagannath temple are believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a special event carried out ritulistically by special group of carpenters.
The town has many Mathas (Monasteries of the various Hindu sects). Among the important mathas is the Emar Matha founded by the Tamil Vaishnav Saint Ramanujacharya in the 12th century AD. At present this matha is located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple is reported to have been built in the 16th century during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapati. The matha was in the news recently for the large cache of 522 silver slabs unearthded from a closed room.
The British conquered Orissa in 1803 and recognizing the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of the people of the state they initially placed an official to look after the temple's affairs and later declared it a district with the same name.
MODERN HISTORY
In 1906, Sri Yukteswar an exponent of Kriya Yoga, a resident of Puri, established an ashram in the sea-side town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram" as a spiritual training center. He died on 9 March 1936 and his body is buried in the garden of the ashram.
The city is the site of the former summer residence of British Raj built in 1913–14 during the era of governors, the Raj Bhavan.
For the people of Puri Lord Jagannath, visualized as Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that the Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the state. However, after the incident of the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple, the Amalaka part of the tower on 14 June 1990 people became apprehensive and thought it was not a good omen for the welfare of the State of Odisha. The replacement of the fallen stone by another of the same size and weight (seven tons) had to be done only in the an early morning hours after the gods had woken up after a good nights sleep which was done on 28 February 1991.
Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is one of 12 the heritage cities chosen with "focus on holistic development" to be implemented in 27 months by end of March 2017.
Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from the roof of the Raghunandan library within the precincts of the temple for a small donation.
DEMOGRAPHICS
As of 2001 India census, Puri city, an urban Agglomeration governed by Municipal Corporation in Orissa state, had a population of 157,610 which increased to 200,564 in 2011. Males, 104,086, females, 96,478, children under 6 years of age, 18,471. The sex ratio is 927 females to 1000 males. Puri has an average literacy rate of 88.03 percent (91.38 percent males and 84.43 percent females). Religion-wise data is not reported.
ECONOMY
The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80%. The temple is the focal point of the entire area of the town and provides major employment to the people of the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meets the huge requirements of the temple, with many settlements aroiund the town exclusively catering to the other religious paraphernalia of the temple. The temple administration employs 6,000 men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides economic sustenance to 20,000 people belonging to 36 orders and 97 classes. The kitchen of the temple which is said to be the largest in the world employs 400 cooks.
CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisastion, Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the principal organizations that are devolved with the responsibility of providing for all the urban needs of civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting, and infrastructure of roads. The major activity which puts maximum presuure on these organizations is the annual event of the Ratha Yatra held for 10 days during July when more than a million people attend the grand event. This event involves to a very large extent the development activities such as infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from security to the pilgrims.
The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of the Puri Municipality which came into existence in 1864 in the name of Puri Improvement Trust which got converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After India's independence in 1947, Orissa Municipal Act-1950 was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is represented by elected representative with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the municipal limits.
LANDMARKS
JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI
The Temple of Jagannath at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, in respect of its plan, front view and structural detailing. It is one of the Pancharatha (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha with well-developed pagas. Vimana or Deula is the sanctum sanctorum where the triad (three) deities are deified on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls), and over which is the temple tower, known as the rekha deula; the latter is built over a rectangular base of the pidha temples as its roof is made up of pidhas that are sequentially arranged horizontal platforms built in descending order forming a pyramidal shape. The mandapa in front of the sanctum sanctorum is known as Jagamohana where devotees assemble to offer worship. The temple tower with a spire rises to a height of 58 m in height and a flag is unfurled above it fixed over a wheel (chakra). Within the temple complex is the Nata Mandir, a large hall where Garuda stamba (pillar). Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to stand here and pray. In the interior of the Bhoga Mantap, adjoining the Nata mandir, there is profusion of decorations of sculptures and paintings which narrate the story of Lord Krishna. The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about 39,000 m2 area), 20 ft above the adjoining area. The temple rises to a height of 214 ft above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 4,3 ha. There is double walled enclosure, rectangular in shape (rising to a height of 20 ft) surrounding the temple complex of which the outer wall is known as Meghanada Prachira, measuring 200 by 192 metres. The inner walled enclosure, known as Kurmabedha. measures 126m x 95m. There are four entry gates (in four cardinal directions to the temple located at the center of the walls in the four directions of the outer circle. These are: the eastern gate called Singhadwara (Lions Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). The four gates symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma (right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned with pyramid shapes structures. There is stone pillar in front of the Singhadwara called the Aruna Stambha {Solar Pillar}, 11 metres in height with 16 faces, made of chlorite stone, at the top of which is mounted an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode. This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun temple. All the gates are decorated with guardian statues in the form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers and elephants in the name and order of the gates. A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and Vijaya. The main gates is ascended through 22 steps known as Baisi Pahaca which are revered as it is said to possess "spiritual animation". Children are made to roll down these steps from top to bottom to bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple on the left hand side there is huge kitchen where food is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities that it is termed as "the biggest hotel of the world".
The legend says that King Indradyumma was directed by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him and he built it as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the 12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. It was however completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deified here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became a part of the Mughal empire till 1751 AD. Subsequently it was under the control of the Marathas till 1803. Then, when British Raj took over Orissa, the Puri Raja was entrusted with its to management until 1947.
The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, his older brother, and Subhadra his younger sister, which are made of wood (neem) in an unfinished form. The stumps of wood which form the images of the brothers have human arms and that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads are large and un-carved and are painted. The faces are made distinct with the large circular shaped eyes.
THE PANCHA TIRTHA OF PURI
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha Tirtha or the five sacred bathing spots of Puri, India, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The five sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the Markandeya Tank, Swetaganga Tank, and the The Sea also called the Mahodadhi is considered a sacred bathing spot in the Swargadwar area. These tanks have perennial sources of supply in the form of rain water and ground water.
GUNDICHA TEMPLE
Known as the Garden House of Jagannath, the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres to the north east of the Jagannath Temple. The two temples are located at the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a legend, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who originally built the Jagannath temple.
The temple is built using light-grey sandstone and architecturally, it exemplifies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple is set within a garden, and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath. The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall which measures 131 m × 98 m with height of 6.1 m.
Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when triad images are worshipped in Gundicha Temple, the rest of the year it remains unoccupied. Tourists can visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period. The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri – the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.
SWARGADWAR
Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea were thousands of dead bodies of Hindus are brought from faraway places to cremate. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disppaeread from this Swargadwar about 500 years back.
BEACH
The beach at Puri known as the "Ballighai beach} is 8 km away at the mouth of Nunai River from the town and is fringed by casurian trees. It has golden yellow sand and has pleasant sunshine. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions here. Waves break in at the beach which is long and wide.
DISTRICT MUSEUM
The Puri district museum is located on the station road where the exhibits are of different types of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures, patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting) and ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts and local craft work.
RAGHUNANDANA LIBRARY
Raghunandana Library is located in the Emmra matha complex (opposite Simhadwara or Lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti (Jagannatha Historical Center) is also located here. The library contains ancient palm leaf manuscripts of Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city. From the roof of the library one gets a picturesque view of the temple complex.
FESTIVALS OF PURI
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are major festivals. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra or the Car festival held in the month June–July which is attended by more than 1 million people.
RATH YATRA AT PURI
The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel 3 kilometrer to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The yatra starts, according to Hindu calendar Asadha Sukla Dwitiya )the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha (June–July) every year.
Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.
The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is about 14 m high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct. Th chariot is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 2.1 m diameter. The carvings in the front of the chariot has four wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces the wooden carvings are Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The next chariot is that of Balabhadra which is 13 m in height fitted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot also include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannath's companions. The next chariot in the order is that of Subhadra, which is 13 m in height supported on 12 wheels, roof covered in black and red colour cloth and the chariot is known as Darpa-Dalaan. The charioteer carved is Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are that of Vana Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut. The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra
CHHERA PAHARA
The Chhera Pahara is a significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.
CHADAN YATRA
In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.
SNANA YATRA
On the Purnima day in the month of Jyestha (June) the triad images of the Jagannath temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: "golden well") located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of this religious bath of the deities. After the bath the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant god, Ganesha. Later during the night the original triad images are taken out in a procession back to the main temple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi. After this the Jhulana Yatra is when proxy images of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21 days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.
ANAVASARA OR ANASARA
Anasara literally means vacation. Every year, the triad images without the Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra are taken to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar Palso known as "Anasara pindi} where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu. Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the gods suffer from fever after taking ritual detailed bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. Daitapatis perform special niti (rite) known as Netrotchhaba (a rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.
NAVA KALEVARA
One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Naba Kalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha, called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that were worshipped in the temple, installed in the year 1996, were replaced by specially made new images made of neem wood during Nabakalebara 2015 ceremony held during July 2015. More than 3 million devotees were expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalebara 2015 held in July.
SUNA BESHA
Suna Bhesha also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja bhesha or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images of the Jagannath Temple are adorned with gold jewelry. This event is observed 5 times during a year. It is commonly observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Vijyadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November), and Pousa Purnima (December). While one such Suna Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the lion's gate or the Singhdwar; the other four Bheshas' are observed inside the temple on the Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannath and Balabhadra; Jagannath is also adorned with a Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. However, Balabhadra is decorated with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden mace adorns his right hand.
NILADRI BIJE
Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi. It marks the end of the 12 days Ratha yatra. The large wooden images of the triad of gods are moved from the chariots and then carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically, a ritual which is known as pahandi.
SAHI YATRA
Considered the world's biggest open-air theatre, the Sahi yatra is an 11 day long traditional cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on Ram Navami and ending in Rama avishke (Sanskrit:anointing) every year. The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayan. The residents of various localities or Sahis are entrusted the task of performing the drama at the street corners.
TRANSPORT
Earlier when roads did not exist people walked or travelled by animal drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten tracks. Up to Calcutta travel was by riverine craft along the Ganges and then by foot or carriages to Puri. It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East India Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri which became operational in 1898. Puri is now well connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railways connects with Puri and Khurda is an important Railway junction. By rail it is about 499 kilometres away from Calcutta and 468 kilometres from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes NH 203 that links the town with Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha which is about 60 kilometres away. NH 203 B connects the town with Satapada via Brahmagiri. Marine drive which is part of NH 203 A connects Puri with Konark. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar, about 60 kilometres away from Puri. Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.
ARTS AND CRAFTS
SAND ART
Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches of the sea coast of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet who lived in the 14th century. He started crafting the sand art forms of the triad deities of the Jagannath Temple at the Puri beach. Now sculptures in sand of various gods and famous people are created by amateur artists which are temporal in nature as they get washed away by waves. This is an art form which has gained international fame in recent years. One of the well known sand artist is Sudarshan Patnaik. He has established the Golden Sand Art Institute in 1995 at the beach to provide training to students interested in this art form.
APPLIQUE ART
Applique art work, which is a stitching based craft, unlike embroidery, which was pioneered by the Hatta Maharana of Pipili is widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities but also for sale. His family members are employed as darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri who prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for various festivals and religious ceremonies. These applique works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, flags, coberings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles which are marketed in Puri. The cloth used are in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue and turquoise blue.
CULTURE
Cultural activities, apart from religiuos festivals, held annually are: The Puri Beach Festival held between 5 and 9 November and the Shreeksherta Utsav held from 20 December to 2 January where cultural programmes include unique sand art, display of local and traditional handicrafts and food festival. In addition cultural programmes are held every Saturday for two hours on in second Saturday of the moth at the district Collector's Conference Hall near Sea Beach Polic Station. Apart from Odissi dance, Odiya music, folk dances, and cultural programmes are part of this event. Odishi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance form originated in Puri in the dances performed Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannath temple who performed dances in the Natamantapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadadsi practice has been discontinued, the dance form has become modern and classical and is widely popular, and many of the Odishi virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.
EDUCATION
SOME OF THE EDUCATIONNAL INSTITUTIONS IN PURI
- Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and Management
- Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in 1981[84]
- Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy; Puri under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi established in March 2006
- Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, established in July 1981
- The Industrial Training Institute, a Premier Technical Institution to provide education in skilled, committed & talented technicians, established in 1966 of the Government of India
PURI PEOPLE
Gopabandhu Das
Acharya Harihar
Nilakantha Das
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Pankaj Charan Das
Manasi Pradhan
Raghunath Mohapatra
Sudarshan Patnaik
Biswanath Sahinayak
Rituraj Mohanty
WIKIPEDIA
M1854-M1855
National Library of Australia View Catalogue Record
Created: 2018
Collection Summary
Creator
Cambridgeshire Record Office. Huntingdon Office
Title
Collections held by the Cambridgeshire Record Office, Huntingdon (as filmed by the AJCP)
Date Range
1850 - 1911
Collection Number
M1854-M1855
Extent
45 items
Language of Materials
English
Repository
Australian Joint Copying Project
Sponsor
The Australian Joint Copying Project (AJCP) online portal was created with the assistance of the Australian Public Service Modernisation Fund, 2017-2020. The National Library of Australia gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the other foundation AJCP partners, the State Library of New South Wales and The National Archives of the UK, and all other organisations which supported the work of the AJCP, the world's most extensive collaborative copying project, operating from 1948 to 1997.
Introduction
Scope and Contents
The material filmed by the Australian Joint Copying Project includes: Records of H. Wilson, Clerk of the City of Peterborough Education Committee, relating to the exchange of flags between St Peter's Church School, Sydney, and St John's School, Peterborough, 1911; Papers 1856-1893 of George Montagu, 6th Duke of Manchester, and William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester, concerning properties in Australia, Australian Transcontinental Railway and Queensland Emigration Scheme and Papers 1885-1900 of Linton Family of Stirtloe, Buckden, concerning the estate of Sydney Linton, Bishop of Riverina, and the marriage of Frederick Chamberlin and Helen Kaye.
Conditions Governing Access
Available for Access.
Conditions Governing Use
Many of the records digitised as part of the AJCP are still in copyright. Readers wishing to publish or reproduce documents should seek permission, in the first instance, from the owner of the original material.
Preferred Citation
Acknowledgement of use of this material should refer to the location of the original material and to the Australian Joint Copying Project.
Items from this collection should include references to the location of the original material and to the AJCP nla.obj number, which serves as the online identifier for the digital copy.
Example: M Series: Journal of Capt. James Cook, 18 February 1770, British Library Add. MS 27885 (AJCP ref: nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1234)
Archival History
Material selectively filmed at the Cambridgeshire Record Office, England, as part of the Australian Joint Copying Project, 1983 (AJCP Reels: M1854-M1855). Original microfilm digitised as part of the AJCP Online Delivery Project, 2017-2020.
Existence and Location of Originals
Cambridgeshire Archives. Formerly the 'Cambridgeshire Record Office', Shire Hall, Castle Hill, Cambridge CB3 0AP, England.
For further information, see Cambridgeshire Archives Service (calm.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/calmview/).
Existence and Location of Copies
The original AJCP microfilm of the records filmed from this collection is available at the National Library of Australia [nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn746708] as well as other institutions holding AJCP microfilm.
Finding-Aid Notes
This finding aid is a revised online version of the original finding aid prepared by the Australian Joint Copying Project (AJCP), published by the National Library of Australia in 2018. The original AJCP finding aids were unpublished typescripts or photocopies available from libraries that held copies of the original microfilm.
Dates used in this finding aid refer to the date range of the records selected for filming rather than to the date range of the Series or Files.
Subjects
Australian Transcontinental Railway; Chamberlin, Frederick; Emigration and immigration; Kaye, Helen; Land: Australia; Linton Family; Linton, Sydney, Bishop; Montagu, George, 6th Duke of Manchester; Montagu, William, 7th Duke of Manchester; Peterborough, England; Queensland: immigration to; Railways: Australia; St John's School, Peterborough; St Peter's Church School, Sydney; Transcontinental Railway; Wilson, H.
Bibliography
Originally cited in Australian Joint Copying Project Handbook. Part 8: Miscellaneous (M) Series. Third Edition, published 1998. Entry 87, pp.30-31.
Item Descriptions
thumbnail
Fonds Acc. 2899. County Council. Education Department, 1911
Papers of H. Wilson, Clerk of the City of Peterborough Education Committee, relating to the exchange of flags between St. Peter's Church School, Sydney, and St. John's School, Peterborough, 1911. The flags were seen 'of symbols of the colonial relationship as well as the attachments suggested by the local names.' The papers include the programme for the ceremony of the unfurling of the flags at Peterborough, 3 Nov. 1911.
Fonds DDM. Manchester Muniments, 1850 - 1980
37 items
Papers of George Montagu (1799-1855), 6th Duke of Manchester (succeeded 1843) and William Montagu (1823-1890), 7th Duke of Manchester (succeeded 1855). The 7th Duke, who owned properties in New Zealand and Australia, was the first President of the Royal Colonial Institute.
thumbnail
Series DDM 8A/1. Guard book of H.J. Ker Porter (Brampton, Hunts.), 1856 - 1873
Agent of the Duke of Manchester, concerning the Duke's New Zealand properties 1856-1873. The correspondents include H. Scott (Christchurch), Harman and Stevens (Christchurch), H. Gresson (Christchurch) and V. Hill (St. Neots). In addition to correspondence, there are schedules of investments, accounts and lists of tenants.
Series DDM 8A/2. Correspondence, 20 October 1880
1 item
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
A. Morris (Sydney) to Duke of Manchester, 20 October 1880 (File)
Award of gold medal of Sydney International Exhbibition for work in initiating and supporting Royal Colonial Institute.
Series DDM 10A/9. Correspondence and miscellaneous, 12 May 1881 - 6 January 1882
7 items
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
Memorandum of association of Australian Trans-Continental Railway Syndicate Ltd. (3 pages, printed), 12 May 1881 (File)
thumbnail
Articles of association of Australian Trans-Continental Railway Syndicate Ltd. (21 pages, printed), 12 May 1881 (File)
thumbnail
Correspondence between Duke of Manchester and H. Kimber, 8 August 1881 - 15 August 1881 (File)
Declines to join Australian Trans-Continental Railway Syndicate.
Difficulty owing to Duke's election to board of Syndicate; distribution of shares between founders and principal capitalists; T. Archer.
Australian Trans-Continental Railway; loan of £100.
thumbnail
Sir Joshua Bell (Brisbane) to Duke of Manchester, n.d. (File)
Darling Downs and Western Land Co.; increase of capital; sends articles of association; debentures; rise in value of sheep and cattle properties in Queensland. (badly damaged).
thumbnail
T. McIlwraith (Brisbane) to Duke of Manchester, 10 October 1881 (File)
Duke's work for Queensland; Hut Rails scandal, McIlwraith's strong political position; Darling Downs and Western Land Co.; formation of mining and smelting company in Queensland by Robertson of Glasgow.
thumbnail
T. McIlwraith to Duke of Manchester, 30 December 1881 (File)
Death of Sir Joshua Bell; Sir Arthur Palmer to be managing director; London Board; tour of interior of Queensland; by-election victories; opposition to McIlwraith in Brisbane.
thumbnail
Sir Charles Stirling to Duke of Manchester, 6 January 1882 (File)
Appointment of City men to London board of Darling Downs and Western Land Co.; T. McIlwraith; debentures taken up in Queensland.
Series DDM 10A/14. Correspondence, 1850 - 1855
2 items
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
Bundle of letters relating to Lord Frederick Montagu in New Zealand and New South Wales, 1850 - 1855 (File 74)
They refer to his ill-health, income, debts, the tack of servants in the Australian bush, rough treatment of horses, and Archdeacon W. Cowper. The correspondents include Lord Frederick Montagu and Sir S. Osborne Gibbs.
thumbnail
Lord Mandeville Montagu (London) to Lord Frederick Montagu, January 1853 - July 1853 (File 75)
Lord Frederick's conduct in New Zealand and New South Wales; income and debts. (3 letters).
Also includes a letter from H. Porter (Sydney) to Lord Mandeville Montagu regarding despatch of effects of Lord Frederick Montagu, 1855-06-01.
Series DDM 10A/16. Correspondence, 1854 - 1855
1 item
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
Correspondence concerning illness and death of Lord Frederick Montagu, 1854 - 1855 (File 7-14)
The correspondents include H. Porter (Lyttelton), Sir.S. Osborne Gibbs (Sydney), and Mackellar and Mackay (Sydney).
thumbnail
Series DDM 10B/22. Papers relating to the Queensland Emigration Scheme, 1862
The papers include letters of H. Jordan on assistance to operatives in cotton mills to emigrate to Queensland, letters of J. Lang (Manchester), a letter of the Duke of Manchester to the Times, and H. Jordan. Queensland: emigration to the new colony of Australia the future cotton field of England. (London, 1862).
(12 documents).
Series DDM 12/7. Correspondence, 15 August 1851
2 items
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
Lord Frederick Montagu (Sydney) to Duke of Manchester, 15 August 1851 (File)
Accident; loan from Capt. Fitzroy.
thumbnail
F. Clarke to Duke of Manchester, 28 Aug. (File)
Letter from Mrs Reav of Sydney concerning loan made to Lord Frederick Montagu.
Series DDM 17/2. Miscellaneous, 21 October 1880 - 1893
7 items
thumbnail
Menu for public banquet for Duke of Manchester, 29 October 1880 (File 1)
thumbnail
Address of welcome to Duke of Manchester by Mayor and Aldermen of Singleton, 21 October 1880 (File)
thumbnail
Address of welcome to Duke of Manchester by Mayor and Aldermen of Dubbo, 26 October 1880 (File)
thumbnail
Address of welcome to Duke of Manchester by residents of Gunnedah and district, 22 October 1880 (File 2)
thumbnail
Address of welcome to Duke of Manchester by residents of Camatanakan, 25 October 1880 (File)
thumbnail
Clanwilliam Meade to Rev. R.C. Meade (St. Neots), 1891 - 1892 (File 3)
Work on stations in Queensland and South Australia; drought. (3 letters).
thumbnail
Correspondence concerning disappearance of C. Meade in bush at Palparra Station, South Australia, 1893 (File)
Correspondents include A. Helling (Coworie), A. Hay (Palparra) H. Williamson (Canterbury, Queensland). (9 letters).
Series DDM 20A/3. Correspondence and miscellaneous, 23 November 1869 - 9 June 1871
6 items
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
C. Eddy to Duke of Manchester, 23 November 1869 (File)
Requests signature for petition; sends statistics on colonial trade.
thumbnail
J. Bate to Duke of Manchester, 21 January 1870 (File)
Sends letter for daily papers and letter from G. Spottiswoode on need for assistance for emigration from Aberdeen.
thumbnail
W. Collands to Duke of Manchester and H. Cocks to Duke of Manchester, 3 February 1870 - 2 February 1871 (File)
W. Collands: Sends preface to pamphlet on emigration, 1870-02-03.
H. Cocks: Conference on colonial question, 1871-02-02.
thumbnail
H. Cocks to Duke of Manchester, 6 April 1871 (File)
Seeks donation for National Emigration League; impending departure of emigrant ships from Liverpool.
thumbnail
H. Cocks to Duke of Manchester, 4 May 1871 (File)
Contribution of Duke to National Emigration League.
thumbnail
Circular signed by E. Jenkins on Conference on Colonial Questions (printed), 9 June 1871 (File)
Series DDM 51C/7/3. Papers relating to Darling Downs and Western Land Co, 1881 - 1884
1 item
thumbnail
Papers relating to Darling Downs and Western Land Co, 1881 - 1884 (File)
The letters deal with leases in Western Australia, directorships, and the formation of the London board. Correspondents include J. Forrest (Perth), A. McIlwraith, Sir Charles Stirling and T. McIlwraith (Brisbane).
(9 documents).
Series DDM 2. Manchester Muniments, 1870 - 1886
8 items
Archival History
Acquired by the Cambridgeshire Record Office in 1980.
thumbnail
Subseries DDM 2 Book 4. Papers relating to the Duke of Manchester's estates in New Zealand, 1873 - 1886
Mainly dealing with his Feilding and Halcombe properties, they include correspondence, accounts, plans and newspaper cuttings. They refer to the purchase and sale of land, rents, reports on the condition of properties, agents' accounts, the Manchester Block in the Province of Wellington, assets and liabilities of the Emigrant and Colonists Aid Corporation, and donations to Christchurch Cathedral Fund. Most of the letters were from Harman and Stevens (Christchurch).
Subseries DDM 2 Box 14. Correspondence and miscellaneous papers, 12 October 1870 - 27 January 1886
3 items
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
Sir Frederic Rogers to Duke of Manchester, 12 October 1870 (File)
Objections of Lord Kimberley to scheme of Emigrant and Colonists Aid Association.
thumbnail
Memorandum on Austral Downs Run, Northern Territory (14 pages, printed), [1885] (File)
Envelope, 1882 - 1885 (File)
14 items
thumbnail
Prospectus of Australian Mortgage Investment and Agency Corporation, October 1882 (Item)
List of proposed directors of Australian Mortgage Investment and Agency Corporation.
thumbnail
M. Smith to Duke of Manchester, 24 November 1882 (Item)
Urges Duke to have nothing to do with Corporation.
thumbnail
J.C. Bray (Adelaide) to Duke of Manchester, 27 January 1886 (Item)
Investments in South Australia.
thumbnail
F.H. Moore (Sydney) to Duke of Manchester, 28 July 188- (Item)
Thanks for cheese; price of stations in Australia; land investments in Western Australia.
thumbnail
F. Dalgety to Duke of Manchester, 17 October 1882 (Item)
Stocking of land in Western Australia.
thumbnail
W. Mackinnon to Duke of Manchester, July 1885 - December 1885 (Item)
Although described individually, this document was originally microfilmed with a page from another document. The last page of the document described can be found at the beginning of nla.obj-762387074.
Election: value of runs in Australia. (3 letters).
thumbnail
Memorandum on Walhallow and Piallaway sheep runs (Item)
thumbnail
Sir William Robinson (Perth) to Duke of Manchester, 15 April (Item)
Land investments in Western Australia; development of Kimberleys.
thumbnail
New Zealand Trust and Loan Co. to Duke of Manchester: loan (3 letters), July 1882 - August 1882 (Item)
thumbnail
E. Stevens (Christchurch) to Duke of Manchester, 20 March 1882 (Item)
Sale of property in New Zealand.
thumbnail
Capt. A. Cooter (Hobart) to Duke of Manchester, 29 January 1883 (Item)
Railway development in Western Australia.
thumbnail
Newspaper cuttings on Capt. A. Coote (Item)
thumbnail
J. Jamieson to Duke of Manchester Walhallow run (3 letters), May 1885 (Item)
thumbnail
R.C. Want to Duke of Manchester Walhallow run (2 letters), May 1885 (Item)
Subseries DDM 2 Box 33. Correspondence and miscellaneous, 15 December 1873 - 12 March 1874
4 items
Filmed selectively.
thumbnail
Prospectus of New Zealand Land and Emigration Department of Emigrant and Colonists Aid Corporation (File)
thumbnail
Some particulars relating to the lands of the Emigrant and Colonists Aid Corporation, known as the Manchester (Manawatu) Block, in the Province of Wellington, New Zealand, 12 March 1874 (File)
Comprises: Extract of note by A.F. Halcombe on Manchester Block (Printed), 15 December 1973.
thumbnail
Circular signed by Duke of Manchester on investment in New Zealand Department of Emigrant and Colonists Aid Corporation, 12 March 1874 (File)
Average June ice extent was the lowest in the satellite data record, from 1979 to 2010. Arctic air temperatures were higher than normal, and Arctic sea ice continued to decline at a fast pace. June saw the return of the Arctic dipole anomaly, an atmospheric pressure pattern that contributed to the record sea ice loss in 2007.
map from space showing sea ice extent, continentsFigure 1. Arctic sea ice extent for June 2010 was 10.87 million square kilometers (4.20 million square miles). The magenta line shows the 1979 to 2000 median extent for that month. The black cross indicates the geographic North Pole. Sea Ice Index data. About the data.
—Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center
Overview of conditions
Arctic sea ice extent averaged 10.87 million square kilometers (4.20 million square miles) for the month of June, 1.29 million square kilometers (498,000 square miles) below the 1979 to 2000 average and 190,000 square kilometers (73,000 square miles) below the previous record low for the month of 11.06 million square kilometers (4.27 million square miles), set in 2006. In June, ice extent declined by 88,000 square kilometers (34,000 square miles) per day, more than 50% greater than the average rate of 53,000 square kilometers (20,000 square miles) per day. This rate of decline is the fastest measured for June.
During June, ice extent was below average everywhere except in the East Greenland Sea, where it was near average.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Messing around with the extention tubes in the backyard. Still not as clear as I would like, probably should use the tripod I suppose.
For the amateur naturalist the extent of ones knowledge is going be restricted by the quality of ones reference material which is usually going to be a field guide. I have looked for years for a top quality field guide to insects but have yet to find one so inevitably I find and photograph a number of insects I never identify.
In the early spring we have a number of these small bees in our garden. Less than half an inch long they fly around almost continuously, perching only briefly on a leaf before launching off again. I believe this to be a 'mining bee'; one that nests under ground and you often see little 'volcanoes' on sandy soils from which they have emerged or where they intend to lay their eggs.
I can find no such mounds in our garden as yet but then, if this is the species I think it might be, our appear to be nearly all males!
Andrena bicolor in one of the very early species of mining bee to appear, March and April are their peak months. They are very partial to dandelions and blackthorn blossom. The females have quite a brownish-red back, the male is duller as in this photo. The male also has a yellow tip to its abdomen which one can just make out in this photo.
So, from the limited information at my disposal I am putting this down as Andrena bicolor but if I am wrong I would be really grateful if someone can enlighten me. Thanks.
Every year in London there is one singular opportunity to get caffeinated in a style and to an extent that is far beyond any other. Part festival, part industry gathering and ALL coffee - The London Coffee Festival is, as far as I can tell, the biggest java palaver / caffeine powered and related event in our glorious capital. I look forward to it every year...
Founded back in 2011 and attracting a âmereâ 7,500 visitors, the festival has grown, year on year, with over 23,500 coffee aficionados, neophytes (and everything inbetween) making their way to the legendary Truman Brewery (on Brick Lane) last year. They come for many reasons, amongst these (presumably); the specialty teas, artisan foods, educational seminars, live music/DJs, and a predictably insane combination of coffee - in all its myriad and magical forms. The festival also serves as the focal point/launch for UK Coffee Week, and is the host of the Coffee Masters Competition - where 16 top notch baristas compete for the title, the fame and a £5000 cash prize.
This year saw over 250 stalls - everything from an espresso bar set up by Illy and Campari to chocolate tastings/pairings with Hotel Du Chocolat and tastings of unusual blends from independent coffee roasters such as Caravan and Origin. Asides from this, thereâs an area called Milk & Sugar dedicated to coffee related design and fashion (and restaurants). âBasicâ tickets start at £14.50 - you can quite happily spend no money, floating around purely on a haze of free espressos and cold brew (though youâll have to get in line for most of theseâ¦). That said, half of the proceeds from ticket sales go to the excellent Project Waterfall, a charity that brings sanitation and clean water to coffee-growing communities in Rwanda, Tanzania and Ethiopia.
Situated on a slight rise about 200m NW of the original extent of Manorhamilton town and separated from it by NE-SW section of the Owenbeg River. Sir Frederick Hamilton received a grant of over 5,000 acres in 1621-2 which he proceeded to increase, and by 1631 he had over 16,000 acres. He had undertaken to build a castle, which was probably not finished until 1636. In January 1642, Manorhamilton was besieged by Irish rebels under such leaders as Brian McDonogh and Owen O'Rourke or Teige O'Connor Sligo, who were encamped at Lurganboy. On January 30th they burnt the town but failed to capture the castle, and they lifted the siege on April 3rd. In the following year Hamilton used the castle as a base for raids as far afield as Sligo and Donegal. Hamilton left Ireland in 1643-4 and died in Scotland in 1647, but the castle seems to have survived until it was burnt by the earl of Clanrickard in 1652.
The castle is a two or three-storey rectangular house, although most of the third storey does not survive. There are two wings projecting on the N side which are not separated from the main house by party walls. The house is U-shaped and open to the N. The wings have a court between them, but its S wall, which would have had the original doorway, does not survive. There is a sallyport which is partly below ground level at the centre of the S wall of the house. There are four slightly rhomboid corner-towers which have three storeys at SW and SE, but those at NE and NW have five and four storeys with the use of mezzanine floors.
The house had two large transom and mullion windows in the S wall at ground and first floors, but these are either robbed or blocked and there are smaller windows, either blocked or robbed, on the E and W walls. The NE wing was probably the kitchen as its W wall at the ground floor has a large robbed fireplace. The main house was poorly provided with fireplaces with only small ones at the S end of the E and W walls and in each wing at the first floor.
Each floor of the corner towers usually has a window and two gun-loops, and some even have fireplaces. The corner towers communicated with the main house through lintelled passages, but there are no garderobes or latrines in the house.
All the quoins, except those from two angles of the corner towers, have been robbed, as has most of the dressed stonework from windows and doorways. There is a plinth all around and string-courses externally over the ground and first floors. The corner towers have three courses of banded masonry only on their outward-facing walls over the first floor.
The house is within a bawn defined by a reconstructed wall at W and remnants of the N end of the E wall. The interior is flush with the surviving top of the S wall, but there is evidence of corner towers only at SW where the W wall survives to three floors, and at SE where the foundations of a tower are visible. Elsewhere the bawn is defined by more modern walls, but there is no indication of where the original entrance may have been. Archaeological testing in the vicinity of the castle has failed to produce any related material, but an excavation inside the bawn has produced evidence of a cobbled surface in the courtyard and evidence of a basement within the castle. The castle has now been conserved, and guided tours can be had for a modest fee.
blog.creativekismet.com/2009/01/05/birds-of-change-exchan...
Sign up deadline is still: Friday, January 9th.
Giveaway a bird on your blog (optional): January 20th
5 Birds need to get to me by January 31st.
Birds will be sent out by February 9th.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Regardless of the extent of the ongoing tyranny and oppression I have been forced to deal with in Greece for nearly a decade under the harshest environment, my efforts in finding Justice and Freedom for my life have not stopped and it never will until my last breath.
Hence, on December 23rd, 2022, while enduring day 140th of my 4th Hunger Strike outside the UNHCR office in Athens, I left my shelter again to reach the Indian Embassy and plead for their help in providing urgent Humanitarian aid and mediation with this UN Agency.
Although I managed to speak with two Embassy representatives and even though they said they would help, ultimately they had gotten the Police involved to take me away. This time I was held in Police Custody for 2-hours before being let go.
Watch the video and read in-depth details here: 👇
Please sign the Petition and Donate if you can.
Thank you. 🙏💔🆘
#HumanRights #Justice #Freedom #Immigration #Refugees #Politics #Democracy #Petition #Crowdfunding #Philanthropy #Europe #Greece #Athens #UnitedNations #UNHCR #India #IndiaInGreece
Extention tube macro of a Joy Buzzer.
Strobist: sb800 to camera right behind diffusion foam. reflector on left, black foam belowand behind. Triggered with ebay trigger.
1/125th sec at f13.
Extention tube macro of a Joy Buzzer.
image DSC_0264
"This is similar to the debate we have with Facebook and Twitter. To what extent do we create a vehicle that accelerates the spread of disinformation, and to what extent do you contribute to that? Stefano M. Bertozzi, the editor in chief of Rapid Reviews :COVID-19, an online journal published by M.I.T., disputed Ms. Yan's claim.
The extent to which deformation occurs plastically, ie. the memory of the object allows a return to its ' orginal shape. Photo courtesy of Gary Jones www.flickr.com/photos/garyjones/