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To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Mulumebet Balcha health extention worker.Romey Kebele, Deneba Woreda, Ethiopia.
Pneumonia is one of the main causes of under-5 mortality in Ethiopia. About 18 per cent of deaths among children under age 5 can be attributed to acute respiratory infections, and 13 per cent are caused by diarrhoea. The Ethiopian Health Sector Development Programme IV is prioritizing interventions to tackle these and other major causes of child mortality.According to Ethiopia’s 2011 Demographic and Health Survey, the under-5 mortality rate has been halved in the past decade, dropping from 166 to 88 deaths per 1,000 live births. The country is on track to meet Millennium Development Goal 4, the goal to reduce child mortality by two thirds by 2015.©UNICEFEthiopia/2015/Michael Tsegaye
Cabo da Roca (Cape Roca) is a cape which forms the westernmost extent of mainland Portugal and continental Europe (and by definition the Eurasian land mass). The cape is in the Portuguese municipality of Sintra, west of the district of Lisbon, forming the westernmost extent of the Serra de Sintra
The Laxminarayan Temple, also known as the Birla Mandir is a Hindu temple up to large extent dedicated to Laxminarayan in Delhi, India. Laxminarayan usually refers to Vishnu, Preserver in the Trimurti, also known as Narayan, when he is with his consort Lakshmi. The temple, inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, was built by Jugal Kishore Birla from 1933 and 1939. The side temples are dedicated to Shiva, Krishna and Buddha.
It was the first large Hindu temple built in Delhi. The temple is spread over 7.5 acres, adorned with many shrines, fountains, and a large garden with Hindu and Nationalistic sculptures, and also houses Geeta Bhawan for discourses. The temple is one of the major attractions of Delhi and attracts thousands of devotees on the festivals of Janmashtami and Diwali.
HISTORY
The construction of temple dedicated to Laxmi Narayana started in 1933, built by industrialist and philanthropist, Baldeo Das Birla and his son Jugal Kishore Birla of Birla family, thus, the temple is also known as Birla Temple. The foundation stone of the temple was laid by Maharaj Udaybhanu Singh. The temple was built under guidance of Pandit Vishwanath Shastri. The concluding ceremony and Yagna was performed by Swami Keshwa Nandji. The famous temple is accredited to have been inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1939. At that time, Mahatma Gandhi kept a condition that the temple would not be restricted to the upper-caste Hindus and people from every caste would be allowed inside.
This is the first of a series of temples built by the Birlas in many cities of India, which are also often called Birla Temple.
ARCHITECTURE
Its architect was Sris Chandra Chatterjee, a leading proponent of the "Modern Indian Architecture Movement." The architecture was influenced heavily by the principles of the Swadeshi movement of the early twentieth century and the canonical texts used. The movement did not reject the incorporation of new construction ideas and technologies. Chatterjee extensively used modern materials in his buildings. The three-storied temple is built in the northern or Nagara style of temple architecture. The entire temple is adorned with carvings depicting the scenes from golden yuga of the present universe cycle. More than hundred skilled artisans from Benares, headed by Acharya Vishvanath Shastri, carved the icons of the temple. The highest shikhara of the temple above the sanctum sanctorum is about 160 feet high. The temple faces the east and is situated on a high plinth. The shrine is adorned with fresco paintings depicting his life and work. The icons of the temple are in marble brought from Jaipur. Kota stone from Makarana, Agra, Kota, and Jaisalmer was used in the construction of the temple premises. The Geeta Bhawan to the north of the temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna. Artificial landscape and cascading waterfalls add to the beauty of the temple.
TEMPLE
The main temple houses statues of Lord Narayan and Goddess Lakshmi. There are other small shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva, Lord Ganesha and Hanuman. There is also a shrine dedicated to Lord Buddha. The left side temple shikhar (dome) houses Devi Durga, the goddess of Shakti, the power. The temple is spread over an area of 30,000 m2 approximately and the built up area is 2,100 m2.
LOCATION
The temple is located on the Mandir Marg, situated west of the Connaught Place in New Delhi. The temple is easily accessible from the city by local buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws. Nearest Delhi Metro station is R. K. Ashram Marg metro station, located about 2 km away. Also on the same road lies the New Delhi Kalibari.
WIKIPEDIA
"The American Cemetery at Colleville-sur- Mer is situated on the top of the cliff overlooking the famous Omaha Beach. The cemetery, 172 acres in extent, is one of fourteen American World War II Cemeteries constructed on foreign soil. Beyond the reception building, you will see a magnificent semi-circular memorial. Centered in the open arc of the memorial is a bronze statue which represents “The Spirit of American Youth rising from the waves”. In the extension of the ornamental lake there is a central path leading to the 10 grave plots where 9 387 soldiers are buried among which are 4 women and 307 unknown soldiers.
The crosses are oriented Westwards, towards their native land. The precisely aligned headstones against the immaculately maintained emerald green lawn and the omnipresence of the sea convey an unforgettable feeling of peace and serenity. At the crossing of the main paths laid in the form of a Latin Cross, the Chapel shelters a black marble altar on which is the inscription : “I give them eternal life and they shall never perish”. In the garden of the missing located behind the memorial is a semi-circular wall containing the names of 1 557 missing in the region.
The little haven of verdure invites you to meditation and memory. The Normandy American Cemetery is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), an independent agency created in 1923 by the Congress of the United States of America and attached to the executive branch of the US Gouvernment. The Commission is responsible for commemorating the services and achievements of the United States Armed Forces through the execution of suitable memory shrines, for designing, constructing, operating and maintaining permanent US military cemeteries and memorials in foreign countries. No one enters the Colleville Cemetery by chance, it must be a voluntary process. The visitor prepares himself to penetrate with attention and contemplation a piece of United States in France."
www.musee-memorial-omaha.com/en/partenaire/american-cemet...
www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-america...
"Located between Arromanches and Grandcamp Maisy, on the Normandy coast, the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a haven of peace which encourages contemplation. Here, in a beautifully green space perched upon a cliff overlooking Omaha Beach, about 10,000 perfectly aligned white crosses point towards America. In fact, within 173 acres, the cemetery of Omaha gives a home to the fallen American soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the name of freedom during World War II, namely the first episode of the battle of Normandy, “Operation Overlord” which commenced on 6th June 1944.
As well as this cemetery, the Omaha Beach site – a codename for one of the 5 ally landing sectors – is home to a semi-circle memorial, where at the centre is a bronze statue titled The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves. A chapel and orientation table stand just a stone’s throw away, pointing towards the beaches where the allied forces landed in 1944. Discover the museum here which puts into perspective the daily life of these soldiers in France, who fought for liberty. Film, reconstitutions, uniform collections, weapons and vehicles will throw you into the heart of the history of the Normandy landings.
Outside of Omaha Beach, the landing beaches of Sword Beach, Juno Beach, Gold Beach and Utah Beach were the centre stage for the largest airborne military operation in history. Amongst these places of remembrance, Omaha Beach is the place where The Allies lost the majority of their troops. It is also a small corner of America on French turf: given to the US, these Normand territories are managed by the American Battle Monuments Commission."
us.france.fr/en/discover/normandy-visit-omaha-beach-ameri...
Spätkauf mit Volker Zander + Christian Jendreiko
Donnerstag 05-03-2009 ab 19 Uhr
Zu Gast ist Volker Zander aus München (und Wahl-Kölner), seines
Zeichens Bassist bei Calexico und Betreiber des feinen apparent extent
Labels. Assistieren wird ihm der Düsseldorfer Künstler Christian
Jendreiko (u.a. hobbypopMUSEUM), dessen Album demnächst auf Apparent
Extent erscheinen wird.
Sie spielen apparent extent & Liegengebliebenes, später dann
schnauzbärtige CCR, ZZ Top, Elektra und A&M bis Ladenschluss. Frisch
auf dem Büchertisch "Heterologics" von Christian Jendreiko.
a-musik.blogspot.com/2009/03/spatkauf-mit-volker-zander-c...
Der Laden ist bis 23 Uhr geöffnet.
Wie immer ein Kasten Bier für alle.
a-Musik
Kleiner Griechenmarkt 28-30
50676 Köln
Tel. 0221-5107591
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
new color blends, mix of all greens, some erathy or green blues, and some browns, with brown glitter through.
dreadgoddess on etsy
"The American Cemetery at Colleville-sur- Mer is situated on the top of the cliff overlooking the famous Omaha Beach. The cemetery, 172 acres in extent, is one of fourteen American World War II Cemeteries constructed on foreign soil. Beyond the reception building, you will see a magnificent semi-circular memorial. Centered in the open arc of the memorial is a bronze statue which represents “The Spirit of American Youth rising from the waves”. In the extension of the ornamental lake there is a central path leading to the 10 grave plots where 9 387 soldiers are buried among which are 4 women and 307 unknown soldiers.
The crosses are oriented Westwards, towards their native land. The precisely aligned headstones against the immaculately maintained emerald green lawn and the omnipresence of the sea convey an unforgettable feeling of peace and serenity. At the crossing of the main paths laid in the form of a Latin Cross, the Chapel shelters a black marble altar on which is the inscription : “I give them eternal life and they shall never perish”. In the garden of the missing located behind the memorial is a semi-circular wall containing the names of 1 557 missing in the region.
The little haven of verdure invites you to meditation and memory. The Normandy American Cemetery is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), an independent agency created in 1923 by the Congress of the United States of America and attached to the executive branch of the US Gouvernment. The Commission is responsible for commemorating the services and achievements of the United States Armed Forces through the execution of suitable memory shrines, for designing, constructing, operating and maintaining permanent US military cemeteries and memorials in foreign countries. No one enters the Colleville Cemetery by chance, it must be a voluntary process. The visitor prepares himself to penetrate with attention and contemplation a piece of United States in France."
www.musee-memorial-omaha.com/en/partenaire/american-cemet...
www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-america...
"Located between Arromanches and Grandcamp Maisy, on the Normandy coast, the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a haven of peace which encourages contemplation. Here, in a beautifully green space perched upon a cliff overlooking Omaha Beach, about 10,000 perfectly aligned white crosses point towards America. In fact, within 173 acres, the cemetery of Omaha gives a home to the fallen American soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the name of freedom during World War II, namely the first episode of the battle of Normandy, “Operation Overlord” which commenced on 6th June 1944.
As well as this cemetery, the Omaha Beach site – a codename for one of the 5 ally landing sectors – is home to a semi-circle memorial, where at the centre is a bronze statue titled The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves. A chapel and orientation table stand just a stone’s throw away, pointing towards the beaches where the allied forces landed in 1944. Discover the museum here which puts into perspective the daily life of these soldiers in France, who fought for liberty. Film, reconstitutions, uniform collections, weapons and vehicles will throw you into the heart of the history of the Normandy landings.
Outside of Omaha Beach, the landing beaches of Sword Beach, Juno Beach, Gold Beach and Utah Beach were the centre stage for the largest airborne military operation in history. Amongst these places of remembrance, Omaha Beach is the place where The Allies lost the majority of their troops. It is also a small corner of America on French turf: given to the US, these Normand territories are managed by the American Battle Monuments Commission."
us.france.fr/en/discover/normandy-visit-omaha-beach-ameri...
Aluminium bodied, custom-built camera for 127 format relying to large extent on the mechanics of a Foth Derby.
Used were the Foth Anastigmat f2.5/50mm lens and focussing helical, the strut and bellows system and the cloth focal plane shutter unit with speed settings of B, 1/25, 1/50, 1/75, 1/100, 1/200, and 1/500. The camera also utilises the notched pressure plate with the two red windows from a Foth Derby 2A/2.5.
The unit is hard to date. It clearly utilises components drawn from a Foth Derby 2A which was introduced in 1932 and which was replaced in 1935 by the Forth Derby 3 (which had two green and two red oval windows on the back).
Note the absence of a viewfinder, the presence of an accessory shoe (presumably to fit a removable rangefinder?), and the addition of a larger shutter adjustment knob shaped from the brass fitting of a Bausch & Lomb Optical Com. Rapid Rectilinear lens. The camera has a has a snap-on back lid and the unit is overall is VERY WELL machined.
It is unclear whether this camera is a prototype of some sort, or whether this is a highly skilled personal modification. The fact that pencil-writing on the inside of the fully removable back lid states "winding end" is not necessarily indicative that it was a British-made unit (although it was acquired from the UK).
© Dirk HR Spennemann 2012, All Rights Reserved.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Picture of current extent of mountaintop removal in Marsh Fork, West Virginia.
Originally published on the Appalachian Voices website.
Click here to see more photos from Marsh Fork Elementary, Sundial, WV
This picture is part of the National Memorials for the Mountains photo stream, hosted by www.ilovemountains.org.
The extent of dismantling of a Leyland 0.680 horizontal engine to replace the rear crankshaft seal (see separate picture) as with all jobs like this it took longer than I thought but good opportunity was made in tweeking bits like setting the timing bob on and retorquing the heads and resetting the valve gaps (just as well we did both!) Athough having to fit new seals and bearings in the compressor/fuel pump drive housing and the fluid flywheel were unexpected (and expensive) it was worth doing whilst it was apart and (touching wood) will never have to come apart again
5752. The extent of striping of the masts suggests this is may be taken in 1979 at the start of STUART [II]'s long 1979-1983 half-life modernisation at Williamstown Naval Dockyard.
As previously discussed, STUART [II]'s LW02 air warning radar was moved to a new and lower mainmast aft. Other "s changes included upgrades to weapons and systems, reinforcement of the hull, and improvements to seakeeping and habitability. A main improvement was the installation of the Australian-developed Mulloka sonar sysytem. An SPS-55 surface-search/navigation radar and a pair of Mk 32 triple torpedo tubes were also installed [from Wikipedia].
There were major delays and cost increases in all the Type 12/River Class upgrades at Williamstown, however - so much so that the RAN finally lost faith in the dockyard and its workforce.
No new ship orders would be placed there for almost 20 years, between the completion of HMAS SWAN [III] in January 1970 and the local assembly of the Oliver Hazard Perry/ Adelaide Class HMAS MELBOURNE [III], launched in 1989 and completed in Feb. 1992. Huge amounts of ship maintenance and repair work would be moved to the new complex at Henderson on Cockburn Sound in Western Australia.
Williamstown would be revived by privatisation, and the Anzac Class frigate project, a huge 10-ship project completed satisfactorily.
Photo: collection of the late Eric Hogben, courtesy of Geoff Eastwood, Sydney.
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
Now I understand that this guy's name is Taj Prasad, someone pointed this out to me on an instagram post yesterday. However means little too me, have never really followed surfing to any great extent except to know that Aussies are generally damn good at it and that we have guys like Mick Fanning, Joel Parkinson, girls like Steph Gilmore, Lane Beechly, and that is about my extent of knowledge. However, do like the uniquity of what can be achieved with a camera, just thought I would give photographing a bit of surfing action a try, no doubt the phase will pass, but it is fun for the minute.
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Mulumebet Balcha Health extention worker.Romey Kebele, Deneba Woreda, Ethiopia.
Pneumonia is one of the main causes of under-5 mortality in Ethiopia. About 18 per cent of deaths among children under age 5 can be attributed to acute respiratory infections, and 13 per cent are caused by diarrhoea. The Ethiopian Health Sector Development Programme IV is prioritizing interventions to tackle these and other major causes of child mortality.According to Ethiopia’s 2011 Demographic and Health Survey, the under-5 mortality rate has been halved in the past decade, dropping from 166 to 88 deaths per 1,000 live births. The country is on track to meet Millennium Development Goal 4, the goal to reduce child mortality by two thirds by 2015.©UNICEFEthiopia/2015/Michael Tsegaye
A huge discovery! This image shows the extent to which kings Weston Park was altered in the years after 1720. The original section drawing, at the top, appears in the Kings Weston Album and is clearly dated August 1720. It shows the profile of the gardens from the door to the garden front of Kings Weston House southwards towards where the 'Echo' was later built.
The orange profile is the same section through the landscape today. The final drawing in the series shows how much of Kingsweston Hill was removed to improve the views from the gardens out over Shirehampton Park. This must have been a huge undertaking. Further landscaping may have been undertaken by 'Capability' Brown later in the century to further naturalise the profile of the slope to the south.
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
This Italiante structure is the former Taylor House. Once the home of John C. Taylor and his family of seven children. Taylor owned the pharmacy on Main Street at one time and in later years he was the owner of Mexico Motor Car Company. He came to the village with his father in 1835 from Herkimer County. He died in 1887. The home was later sold and became the welfare office. When the welfare office grew to include many social services they moved their office to a new location and Cornell Cooperative Extention Association moved in. Located at 3288 Main Street in Mexico, NY. (S/B 258)
Contamination of drinking water & air presently unknown. Extent of below ground contamination & waterways unknown. Fish, turtles and other wildlife killed by oil & gas waste in area of 884 Sodom Hutchings Road NE, Vienna, Ohio - photo taken April 4, 2015; spill date: March 30. Investigation ongoing, source undetermined.
MEETING TONITE April 6, Monday 6pm: www.facebook.com/events/876258532432993/
SEE album caption for links, UPDATES: www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.870184209695183.1073741...
It was a town of great importance in medieval times, to such an extent that it was the first to receive the Charter of Castile in the year 1089. Andaluz, Fandaluz, Handaluz or Andalux, as it is named in some documents, was repopulated by Count Gonzalo Núñez with Andalusian Mozarabs, who probably gave it its name. It had an important Arab castle that defended the gate where the town is strategically located and a crossing point for Muslim raids.
Its magnificent church of San Miguel Arcángel, declared a National Monument, is one of the oldest temples in the province, with a portico and capitals of great artistic value.
From guia de Soria
The church of San Miguel conserves from its original factory from the year 1114 (date that appears on its cover along with the name of the builder, Ansur Piranus), the cover and the gallery, although the latter may be later. The rest was completely rebuilt in the 17th century.
But the cover is an excellent work, both for its design and for its sculptures. Its five archivolts are adorned with boceles, half rounds, jonquils, double zigzag arranged in such a way that it creates a chain of rhombuses, scotland and, on the chambrana, a wide strip of heels. The supports are two thick columns, on each side, as well as jambs with the edge hidden by a baton.
In the innermost capitals we will see, in one, large leaves and in the front one Samson fighting with the lion. In the other pair, on even thicker shafts, four musicians playing their instruments are displayed, and the fight of two knights riding at a gallop trying to knock each other down with their lances. Everything was chiseled with virtuoso art so it is perceived that its author was a sculptor of the highest category.
The decoration of the nine arcades of the portico is more elegant and elaborate, probably dating after the temple. The capitals rest on large paired shafts, with beautiful sculptural representations.
Inside it houses a baptismal font and the carving of a virgin. A large set of medieval funerary steles has appeared in the surroundings of this church.
The Laxminarayan Temple, also known as the Birla Mandir is a Hindu temple up to large extent dedicated to Laxminarayan in Delhi, India. Laxminarayan usually refers to Vishnu, Preserver in the Trimurti, also known as Narayan, when he is with his consort Lakshmi. The temple, inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, was built by Jugal Kishore Birla from 1933 and 1939. The side temples are dedicated to Shiva, Krishna and Buddha.
It was the first large Hindu temple built in Delhi. The temple is spread over 7.5 acres, adorned with many shrines, fountains, and a large garden with Hindu and Nationalistic sculptures, and also houses Geeta Bhawan for discourses. The temple is one of the major attractions of Delhi and attracts thousands of devotees on the festivals of Janmashtami and Diwali.
HISTORY
The construction of temple dedicated to Laxmi Narayana started in 1933, built by industrialist and philanthropist, Baldeo Das Birla and his son Jugal Kishore Birla of Birla family, thus, the temple is also known as Birla Temple. The foundation stone of the temple was laid by Maharaj Udaybhanu Singh. The temple was built under guidance of Pandit Vishwanath Shastri. The concluding ceremony and Yagna was performed by Swami Keshwa Nandji. The famous temple is accredited to have been inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1939. At that time, Mahatma Gandhi kept a condition that the temple would not be restricted to the upper-caste Hindus and people from every caste would be allowed inside.
This is the first of a series of temples built by the Birlas in many cities of India, which are also often called Birla Temple.
ARCHITECTURE
Its architect was Sris Chandra Chatterjee, a leading proponent of the "Modern Indian Architecture Movement." The architecture was influenced heavily by the principles of the Swadeshi movement of the early twentieth century and the canonical texts used. The movement did not reject the incorporation of new construction ideas and technologies. Chatterjee extensively used modern materials in his buildings. The three-storied temple is built in the northern or Nagara style of temple architecture. The entire temple is adorned with carvings depicting the scenes from golden yuga of the present universe cycle. More than hundred skilled artisans from Benares, headed by Acharya Vishvanath Shastri, carved the icons of the temple. The highest shikhara of the temple above the sanctum sanctorum is about 160 feet high. The temple faces the east and is situated on a high plinth. The shrine is adorned with fresco paintings depicting his life and work. The icons of the temple are in marble brought from Jaipur. Kota stone from Makarana, Agra, Kota, and Jaisalmer was used in the construction of the temple premises. The Geeta Bhawan to the north of the temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna. Artificial landscape and cascading waterfalls add to the beauty of the temple.
TEMPLE
The main temple houses statues of Lord Narayan and Goddess Lakshmi. There are other small shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva, Lord Ganesha and Hanuman. There is also a shrine dedicated to Lord Buddha. The left side temple shikhar (dome) houses Devi Durga, the goddess of Shakti, the power. The temple is spread over an area of 30,000 m2 approximately and the built up area is 2,100 m2.
LOCATION
The temple is located on the Mandir Marg, situated west of the Connaught Place in New Delhi. The temple is easily accessible from the city by local buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws. Nearest Delhi Metro station is R. K. Ashram Marg metro station, located about 2 km away. Also on the same road lies the New Delhi Kalibari.
WIKIPEDIA
Since the times of the Babenberg to 1850, the territorial extent of the City of Vienna remained virtually unchanged, so that also until 1850 the story of the inner city with the history of the city is identical. Only with the introduction of the municipal districts 1 to 8 on March 6, 1850 the former City of Vienna was turned into the 1st district of Vienna, the "Inner City".
Still in 1857 the "city" has been extended to the spaces of the fortifications, the town moat and the glacis, that were designated for urban development. Of the bastions few remains have been preserved to this day: Parts of Mölkerbastei, of the Augustinerbastei at the Albertina, the Coburgbastei and the Dominikanerbastei. The glacis, the free area outside the city walls, in former times as well as the bastions a popular promenade ground was quickly developed - with the exception of Josefstädter Glacis between the Castle gate and the Schotten gate that still for over a decade has been used as exercise and parade ground.
On the site of the former fortification complex the ring road was built. In its course emerged a chain of representative public buildings, as whose first one the Court Opera was completed in 1869. However, the construction of the ring road was not made in one go; its last section could only be tackled after the demolition of Franz Joseph's barracks at Stubenring in 1898. In addition to the large public buildings - Opera, Burgtheater, Parliament, University, Museums, Stock Exchange, etc. - built the high nobility and the upper middle class along the boulevard their ring street palaces "Ringstraßenpalais". The already 1862 completed and in 1945 destroyed court Heinrichhof opposite the Opera was the first ever major construction of Ring street era.
Remarkably enough, arose at the Ring road no religious building, apart from the Votive Church, which has already been built earlier and no longer belongs to the 1st District.
Given the huge construction project of the Ring road one easily forgets the massive construction activity, in the 19th century also changing the internal parts of the district. By doing so, towards the preservation of the existing city image, which had evolved over time, no consideration was given, and culturally and historically unique buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. So was in 1825 the Katzensteigtor (Cat path gate) (Seitenstetten alley 6) demolished, still stemming from the 12th century. All still existing Gothic town towers but one (in the courtyard of the house FIeischmarkt/Meat market 9) had been removed, but also entire complexes of buildings were demolished, so in 1821/22 the old court Passauer Hof below Mary on the Strand, the court Federlhof 1845, the old court Lazenhof 1852. The ditch in 1840 in the West was deprived of its ending, in 1866 in the East, with the result that the old elephant house was razed. The complex of the Brandstätte (Fire site) was totally remodeled in 1874-75, the Minorite monastery demolished, the area of the Civil hospital in 1882/83 anew parcelled out. The built here court Philipphof was hit in 1945 by a bomb and in the course of this died over 50 people.
Consequently, the representative old housing stock of Inner City, apart from a number but extremely remarkable noble palace, is greatly reduced. On the other hand, especially from the 19th century a sufficient number of impressive buildings have been preserved.
Today, the 1st district is primarily an office, business and shopping district: because of its numerous attractions, it is also the destination of swarms of foreign tourists. The street Kärntner Straße is one of the most popular shopping and strolling streets of Vienna, a considerable contribution was provided through the creation of a pedestrian zone (1971). The city center which was already in danger to become deserted as a pure business district after work hours, since the opening of the first pedestrian zone and the opening of various restaurants in the northern part of the center, the so-called "Bermuda Triangle", has a very active nightlife.
Seit den Zeiten der Babenberger bis 1850 blieb der territoriale Umfang der Stadt Wien praktisch unverändert, sodass auch bis 1850 die Geschichte der Inneren Stadt mit der Geschichte der Stadt ident ist. Erst mit der Einführung der Gemeindebezirke 1 bis 8 am 6. März 1850 wurde aus der bisherigen Stadt Wien der 1. Wiener Gemeindebezirk, die „Innere Stadt".
Noch 1857 wurde die "Stadt" um die zur Verbauung freigegebenen Flächen der Befestigungsanlagen, des Stadtgrabens und des Glacis erweitert. Von den Basteien haben sich bis heute geringe Reste erhalten: Teile der Mölkerbastei, der Augustinerbastei bei der Albertina, der Coburgbastei und der Dominikanerbastei. Das Glacis, die freie Fläche vor den Stadtmauern, ehedem ebenso wie die Basteien ein beliebter Promenadengrund, wurde rasch verbaut - mit Ausnahme des Josefstädter Glacis zwischen Burg- und Schottentor, das noch über ein Jahrzehnt als Exerzier- und Paradeplatz benutzt wurde.
Auf dem Gelände der einstigen Befestigungsanlagen wurde die Ringstraße errichtet. in ihrem Verlauf entstand eine Kette repräsentativer öffentlicher Gebäude, als deren erstes 1869 die Hofoper fertiggestellt wurde. Gleichwohl erfolgte der Bau der Ringstraße nicht in einem Zug; ihr letzter Abschnitt konnte erst nach dem Abbruch der Franz-Josephs-Kaserne am Stubenring 1898 in Angriff genommen werden. Neben den großen öffentlichen Gebäuden - Oper, Burgtheater, Parlament, Universität, Museen, Börse usw. - errichteten der Hochadel und das Großbürgertum entlang der Prachtstraße ihre "Ringstraßenpalais". Der bereits 1862 fertiggestellte, 1945 zerstörte Heinrichhof gegenüber der Oper war überhaupt der erste Großbau der Ringstraßenära.
Bemerkenswerterweise entstand an der Ringstraße kein Sakralbau, sieht man von der Votivkirche ab, die jedoch bereits etwas früher errichtet wurde und nicht mehr zum 1. Bezirk gehört.
Angesichts des Riesenbauprojektes der Ringstraße vergisst man gerne auf die gewaltige Bautätigkeit, die im 19. Jahrhundert auch die Innenteile des Bezirkes veränderte. Dabei wurde auf die Erhaltung des gewachsenen Stadtbildes so gut wie keine Rücksicht genommen, und kulturhistorisch einmalige Bauwerke fielen der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. So wurde 1825 das Katzensteigtor (Seitenstettengasse 6) abgerissen, das noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte. Alle noch bestehenden gotischen Stadttürme bis auf einen (im Hof des Hauses FIeischmarkt 9) wurden abgetragen, aber auch ganze Baukomplexe wurden demoliert, so 1821/22 der alte Passauer Hof unterhalb Maria am Gestade, der Federlhof 1845, der alte Lazenhof 1852. Der Graben wurde 1840 im Westen seines Abschlusses beraubt, 1866 im Osten, wobei das alte Elefantenhaus geschleift wurde. Der Komplex der Brandstätte wurde 1874/75 total umgestaltet, das Minoritenkloster abgetragen, das Areal des Bürgerspitals 1882/83 neu parzelliert. Der hier gebaute Philipphof wurde 1945 von einer Bombe getroffen und es starben dabei über 50 Menschen.
So kommt es, dass der repräsentative alte Hausbestand der Inneren Stadt, von einer Reihe allerdings äußerst bemerkenswerter Adelspalais abgesehen, sehr reduziert ist. Andererseits haben sich gerade aus dem 19. Jahrhundert eine genügende Anzahl eindrucksvoller Bauten erhalten.
Heute ist der 1. Bezirk vor allem ein Büro-, Geschäfts- und Einkaufsbezirk: er ist wegen seiner zahlreichen Sehenswürdigkeiten auch Ziel von Scharen ausländischer Touristen. Die Kärntner Straße ist eine der beliebtesten Einkaufs- und Bummelstraßen Wiens, wozu vor allem die Einrichtung einer Fußgängerzone (1971) wesentlich beitrug. Die Innenstadt, die schon in Gefahr stand, als reines Büroviertel nach Geschäftsschluss zu veröden, weist seit der Eröffnung der ersten Fußgängerzone und der Eröffnung diverser Lokale im nördlichen Teil des Zentrums, dem sogenannten „Bermudadreieck“ ein sehr aktives Nachtleben auf.
www.stadt-wien.at/wien/wiener-bezirke/1-bezirk-innere-sta...
Urban extents illustrate the shape and area of urbanized places. Urbanized localities are defined as places with with 5,000 or more inhabitants that are delineated by stable night-time lights. For poorly lit areas, alternate sources are used to estimate the extent of cities.
This picture shows the fire damage to Carvers Building Merchants in Wolverhampton.
The accidental fire which took place at end of February 2012, took 50% of their huge premises in Wolverhampton.
Carvers are were supplying Timber Only as from 1st March 2012 following the huge fire. (Info Source: www.carvers.co.uk)`
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
To what extent can we prepare for the global shifts reshaping our world? How should we respond to digitalisation, urbanisation, resource scarcity and economic power shifts? Will futureproofing today make for a better tomorrow? The Megatrends session explored global macroeconomic and geostrategic forces that are shaping the region and our world in significant ways. It was recorded before a live audience who asked questions directly to the panelists, and was later transmitted for the EBRD podcast series. This panel aimed to expose the depth and complexity of these Megatrends which will require innovative and collaborative solutions at the local, national, regional and international levels. With the help of five well-known thought leaders, the session discussed the major trends, their drivers, opportunities and risks, as well as explored what actions might help to manage the waves of disruptive transitions.
Moderator
Jonathan Charles
Managing Director, Communications, EBRD
Speakers
Neil Buckley
Chief Leader Writer, Financial Times Ltd.
Sergei Guriev
Chief Economist, EBRD
Tim Judah
Reporter, The Economist / Fellow at IWM - Institute for Human Sciences
Alexia Latortue
Managing Director, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Kerrie Law
Associate, Corporate Strategy, EBRD
Arctic Ocean circulate in a large clockwise rotational pattern moving from east to west around the polar ice cap. This rotating pattern, known as a gyre, occurs as a result of the clockwise winds that typically occur in this region. The Barents region is affected by this and the ice edge extent in the Arctic.
For any form of publication, please include the link to this page:
This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Philippe Rekacewicz
Extent of food losses and waste for each commodity (English language infographics)
More information: www.fao.org/save-food/savefood/en/
Vijaya Nagara is in Ballari district, Karnataka. It is the name of the now-ruined capital city that surrounds modern-day Hampi, of the historic Vijayanagara Empire which extended over South India.
Around 1500, Vijaynagara had about 500,000 inhabitants (supporting 0.1% of the global population during 1440-1540), making it the second largest city in the world after Beijing and almost twice the size of Paris. The ruins are now a World Heritage Site.
LOCATION
Most of the city lies on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River. The city was built around the religious center of the Virupaksha temple complex at Hampi. Other holy places lie within its environs, including the site that legend calls as Kishkindha, which includes the historically important Hanuman temple (the cave home of Anjana, Kesari and Shabari) and a holy pond called the Pampasarovar. It is known to house the cave home of Sugriva, the monkey king in the Hindu epic Ramayana.
The city at its greatest extent was considerably larger than the area described here; an account is given at the article on the Vijayanagara metropolitan area. The central areas of the city, which include what are now called the Royal Centre and the Sacred Centre, extend over an area of at least 40 km². It includes the modern village of Hampi. Another village, Kamalapura, lies just outside the old walled city, surrounded by ruins and monuments. The nearest town and railway is in Hospet, about 13 kilometres by road. Hosapete lies within the original extents of the old city, though most of the items of interest are walking distance of Hampi and Kamalapura.
The natural setting for the city is a hilly landscape, dotted with granite boulders. The Tungabhadra river runs through it and provides protection from the north. Beyond the hills, on the south bank on which the city was built, a plain extended further the south. Large walls and fortifications of hewn granite defended the centre of the city.
THE CITY
The name translates as "City of Victory", from vijaya (victory) and nagara (city). As the prosperous capital of the largest and most powerful kingdom of its time in all of India, Vijayanagara attracted people from all around the world.
After Timur's sack of Delhi, North India remained weak and divided up. South India was better off, and the largest and most powerful of the southern kingdoms was Vijayanagar. This state and city attracted many of the Hindu refugees from the north. From contemporary accounts, it appears that the city was rich and very beautiful - The city is such that eye has not seen nor ear heard of any place resembling it upon earth", says Abdur-Razzak from Central Asia. There were arcades and magnificent galleries for the bazaars, and rising above them all was the palace of the king surrounded by "many rivulets and streams flowing through channels of cut stone, polished and even." The whole city was full of gardens, and because of them, as an Italian visitor in 1420, Nicolo Conti writes, the circumference of the city was sixty miles. A later visitor was Paes, a Portuguese who came in 1522 after having visited the Italian cities of the Renaissance. The city of Vijayanagar, he says, is as "large as Rome and very beautiful to the sight"; it is full of charm and wonder with its innumerable lakes and waterways and fruit gardens. It is "the best-provided city in the world" and "everything abounds." The chambers of the palace were a mass of ivory, with roses and lotuses carved in ivory at the top"it is so rich and beautiful that you would hardly find anywhere, another such.
— Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India
The ruined city is a World Heritage Site, known in that context as the Ruins of Hampi. In recent years there have been concerns regarding damage to the site at Hampi from heavy vehicular traffic and the construction of road bridges in the vicinity. Hampi is now listed as a "threatened" World Heritage Site.
HISTORY
The Vijayanagara empire was founded by (Harihara) and Bukka, also called the Sangama brothers. The empire consolidated under Harihara I and began to expand and prosper under Bukka Raya. Some time after its original establishment the capital was established at the more defensible and secure location of Vijayanagara on the south side of the river.
Contemporary descriptions depict a very large and highly developed metropolitan area: recent commentators say,
"The massive walls, which can still be traced, enclosed an area of more than sixty square miles, much of which was occupied by fields and gardens watered by canals from the river. The population cannot be estimated with precision, but it was certainly very large when judged by the standards of the fifteenth century. The great majority of the houses were naturally small and undistinguished, but among them were scattered palaces, temples, public buildings, wide streets of shops shaded by trees, busy markets, and all the equipment of a great and wealthy city. The principal buildings were constructed in the regular Hindu style, covered with ornamental carving, and the fragments which have survived suffice to give point to the enthusiastic admiration of the men who saw the city in the days of its magnificence."
The city flourished between the 14th century and 16th century, during the height of the power of the Vijayanagar empire. During this time, the empire was often in conflict with the neighbouring kingdoms with Muslim rulers, which had become established in the northern Deccan, collectively termed the Deccan sultanates. In 1565, the empire's armies suffered a massive and catastrophic defeat at the hands of an alliance of the sultanates, and the capital was taken. The victorious Deccan armies then proceeded to raze, depopulate, and destroy the city and its temples and icons over a period of several months. Despite the empire continuing to exist thereafter during a slow decline, the original capital was not reoccupied or rebuilt. It has not been occupied since.
The buildings in the city are mostly built in the original native traditions of southern India, associated with the Hindu religion. Some of them show a certain amount of Islamic influence due the interaction with the Islamic kingdoms.
THE SACRED CENTRE
This title has been given by historians to the areas extending from Hampi village to Matanga Hill to its east. It is sometimes extended further northeast to the Vitthala Temple. It consists of a hilly region immediately to the south of the Tungabhadra.
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE
This surviving temple and temple complex is the core of the village of Hampi. Also known as the Pampapati temple, it predated the empire, and was extended between the 13th and 17th centuries. It has two courts with entrance gopurams. The main entrance with a 50-meter gopuram faces east into a ceremonial and colonnaded street, that extends for about 1 km to a monolithic statue of Nandi.
The temple is still in use now. It is dedicated to Virupaksha, an aspect of Shiva and his consort Pampa, a local deity.
HEMAKUTA HILL
The hill is situated to the south of Hampi village. It bears several small temples that predate the construction of Vijayanagara as the capital of the empire, some being as early as the 10th century. The hill was fortified when the main city was constructed, and a number of more recent temples, tanks, entrances, and gopurams exist on the hill, some of which were never completed.
KRISHNA TEMPLE
This is a ruined temple, south of Hampi and Hemakuta hill. It was built by the emperor Krishnadevaraya after military campaigns in Odisha. The temple is contained in twin enclosures. Parts of the temple and its compound have collapsed, and while some restoration has been carried out, it is generally in poor condition. There is now no image in the inner sanctuary.
LAKSHMI NARASIMHA
Also to the south of Hampi is this massive rock cut idol of Narasimha, the fierce aspect of Vishnu, 6.7 m high. Originally the idol bore a smaller image of Lakshmi on one knee; this had fallen off, probably due to vandalism. The Lakshmi statue is now in the museum at Kamalapuram.
Narasimha is depicted seated on the coils of Shesha. Shesha is shown here in a form with seven heads, the heads arching over Narasimha to form a canopy. The statue has recently been restored. The granite strap binding between his knees is a recent addition to stabilise it.
The donation of this work is ascribed to either Krishnadeva Raya, or to a wealthy merchant during his reign.
SUGRIVA`S CAVE
This is a natural cave, said to be the original home of the ape king Sugriva, where Rama is said to have met him and Hanuman on his journey . The cave is marked by coloured markings, and the attentions of pilgrims.
KODANDARAMA TEMPLE
This is situated to the east of Hampi, near the end of the colonnaded street that leads out from the Virupaksha temple. It is in the sacred centre of the city, and by a narrow point of the Tungabhadra river. This temple marks the spot where Rama crowned Sugriva. The temple is still in use, and the garbha griha contains statues of Rama, Lakshmana and Sita all carved out a single boulder.
VITTALA TEMPLE
Situated northeast of Hampi, opposite the village of Anegondi, this is one of the principal monuments of the city. It is dedicated to Vittala, an aspect of Vishnu worshipped in the Maratha country. It is believed to date from the 16th century.
In front of the temple is the world famous stone chariot or ratha. This is one of the three famous stone chariots in India, the other two being in Konark and Mahabalipuram. The wheels of the ratha can be rotated but the government cemented them to avoid the damage caused by the visitors.
One of the notable features of the Vittala Temple is the musical pillars. Each of the pillars that support the roof of the main temple is supported by a pillar representing a musical instrument, and is constructed as 7 minor pillars arranged around a main pillar. These 7 pillars, when struck, emanate the 7 notes from the representative instrument, varying in sound quality based on whether it represents a wind, string or percussion instrument.
The British wanted to check the reason behind this wonder and so they had cut two pillars to check anything was there inside the pillars that was producing the sound. They had found nothing but hollow pillars. Even today we can see those pillars cut by the British.
The road leading to the temple was once a market where the horses were traded. Even today we can see the ruins of the market on both the sides of the road. The temple contains the images of foreigners like Persians selling horses.
The temple is the venue of the annual Purandaradasa festival.
THE KING`S BALANCE
This structure, the Tulapurushandana, stands to the southwest of the Vittala temple. consists of two carved granite pillars, spanned by a carved horizontal granite transom. This was used on ceremonial days, when scales were hung from the transom, and the Raya (the emperor) was ceremonially weighed against gold or jewels. The treasure was then distributed, to Brahmins or others in the city.
THE ROYAL CENTRE
This extensive area consists of a small plateau, which starts about 2 km to the southeast of Hampi, and extends southeast, almost to the village of Kamalapuram. It is separated from the Sacred Centre by a small valley, now consisting of agricultural fields, and which carries irrigation canals or streams that join the river opposite Anegondi. A granite platform overlooks the Royal Centre. The Royal Centre contains the ruins of palaces, administrative buildings, and some temples directly associated with royalty. Little remains of the palaces except the foundations, as they were largely timber structures, for comfort. The temples and some of the other stone structures survive however, as do many of the surrounding city walls.
An aqueduct runs through much of the Royal Enclosure and into the Great Tank where water was brought for special events. The west end of the tank is overlooked by a platform shrine. The aqueduct also runs into the large stepped tank, lined in green diorite, with a geometric design that has not required restoration
RAMACHANDRA TEMPLE
The temple stands in a rectangular courtyard, with entrances facing to the east. Reliefs showing daily life and festival scenes occur on the outer walls of the courtyard. Scenes from the Ramayana occur on the inner courtyard walls, and on the temple itself. There is a well-relief of baby Krishna on the walls.
The temple may have been exclusively for royal use. It is believed to be constructed at the site of Vaali's killing in the hands of Rama. It may have been a private shrine for royalty. It is unusual in that it has four black basalt columns in the mantapa (columned hall). The inner sanctuary of the temple is now empty.
This is also known as the Hazara Rama temple (temple of a thousand Ramas), due to the recurrence of images of Rama on the walls. Sometimes it is called the Hajara Rama temple (the Rama temple in the courtyard).
UNDERGROUND SHIVA TEMPLE
The temple has a] with an antarala and Aradhamantapa and a Mahamantapa. The mahamantapa has pillared corridors that fuse with the pillared Mukhamantapa, making a larger pillared frontal Mantapa which also encloses a Dwajasthamba. The pillars of this temple are plain.
An inscription referring to this temple states that Krishnadevaraya donated Nagalapura and other villages for worship and offerings to the Gods for the merit of his parents Narsa Nayaka and Nagaji Devi.
At times the base of the temple is flooded and may be inaccessible. When it is accessible, masses of small bats may be found in the temple.
LOTUS MAHAL
Lotus Mahal, also known as Kamal Mahal or Chitrangini Mahal is situated in the Zenana Enclosure of the monuments. It is a ticketed monument and a single ticket would let you into the Zenana Enclosure covering several monuments including Elephant Stables. The term Zenana refers to the Women and Zenana Enclosure in general would refer to the Queens’ enclosure along with the servants’ quarters around and private temples.
Lotus Mahal is a two storied very symmetric structure exhibiting a fine example of Indo-Islamic architecture. The base of the structure depicts a Hindu foundation of stone just like in the temples, typical of Vijayanagara Architecture while the upper superstructure is Islamic in architecture with pyramidal towers instead of regular dome shapes, giving it a Lotus-like look, originating in the name. Also, this is one of the very few buildings that have the plaster intact though it is defaced at several places due to wear and tear, especially; the dampness on the walls is very visible. The exemplary carvings on the pillar arches including those of birds and delicate art work can be very mesmerizing, especially with the Makara Torana on top of these arches that can still be seen on some of them.
It is also believed that the Mahal or Palace was air-cooled and maintained its temperature during summer. The proof of this can be seen in the pipeline work above and between the arches.
The entire monument is surrounded by a fortifying wall which is rectangular in plan. The four corners of the fortifications have watch towers that would have been used to keep an eye on the intruders into the Womens’ chambers. While it was a very popular practice to have Eunuchs hold guards at Queens’ Palaces in the North India, especially during Moghul rule, the existence of such a practice has not come to light in the Vijayanagara kingdom and era.
How to Reach There: The Lotus Mahal is situated in the Zenana Enclosure of the Royal Center and could be reached from Hazara Rama Temple.
PUSHKARANI
Also called the Stepped Bath, or the Queen's bath, this is a stepped well designed for bathing. Such sunken wells were created to provide relief from daytime heat. It would have been covered when the city was occupied.
ELEPHANT STABLES
A set of large stables, to house the ceremonial elephants of the royal household. The area in front of them was a parade ground for the elephants, and for troops. This is another structure that shows Islamic influence in its domes and arched gateways. The guards' barracks are located right next to the elephant stables.
OTHER AREAS
Other monuments and places of interest can be found outside of the above two major centers.
A number of modern populated towns and villages lie within the extents of the original city. These include;
- Anegundi, probably the earliest settlement in the area, on the north side of the Tungabhadra River.
- Hampi, the village lies in the middle of the ruins.
- Hospet, a town and railhead, to the southwest.
- Kamalapura, a small temple town to the southeast of the Royal Centre, also houses an archaeological museum.
All of these are in Ballari district, except Anegundi, which is in Koppal district.
WIKIPEDIA