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All Hallow's Eve.

And Saturday. The weekend. Shopping has been done, so we can do whatever we want.

Or what the restrictions will allow.

And as churches seem pretty much locked down, we have to find something else to do.

So, as the oroginal art from the orchid book had arrived, I needed to get it framed, so we decide to go to Sandwich for a wander, take some shots and get the picture into the framers.

As usual, for a Saturday, I am awake at the normal time, just after five, and so lay in bed until light shows in the window.

I go down to make coffee, feed the cats and get us ready for the day. Outside it is a fine morning, the sun rose just before seven, and all seemed well with the world.

Even better when we have the second coffee with croissants, tidy up and am ready to leave the house at half eight. The framing shop didn't open to ten, giving me an hour to wander round, snapping.

Almost no traffic on east Kent roads, meaning we drive along to Deal, along the prom and then down through the town centre and out to Sholden and Worth. We arrive in Sandwich, park behind the Guildhall, and see that the cheese shop, No Name Shop in No Name Street, was already open, so we go over and manager to spend thirty quid on curdled dairy products and a couple of apple and rhubarb tarts, which we would eat mid=afternoon with a coffee.

We put the cheese and tarts in the car, and set off through the town, me drawn towards St Peter's, which was open, though for an craft fayre, but with the stalls being set up, I was able to go round and rattle of thirty or so shots of the fixtures and fittings, as I had managed to take just nine shots when I was there eleven years ago.

We end up on the narrow street that runs beside the river, I see that there is a cafe open opposite the framing shop, so we go in for second breakfast. We sit outside as it was just about warm enough in the milky sunshine, though the breeze was keen. I have bacon and sausage butty and a pot of tea. Breakfast of champions. JOols has a bagel with smoked salmon, avacado and stuff generally healthy.

I drop the picture off, pick a frame and mounting board.

Walking out we were amazed by the amount of traffic along the narrow streets, so Jools asked me what we should do now? Go home.

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Easily identified from afar by its unusual cupola built in the seventeenth century to complete the reconstruction of the tower following its total collapse. The base of the tower still displays some medieval stonework, whereas the top is seventeenth-century brick. The interior is tall and light with a heavily timbered crownpost roof. Among many items of interest the church contains three fine canopied wall monuments. One of them shows a husband and wife of mid-fourteenth-century date. Their heads are turned a little to the south to face the altar and they have a particularly animated lion at their feet. The church is now maintained by The Churches Conservation Trust who allow the nave to be used for a variety of alternative uses. The Trust also has charge of St Mary's church a little further down the road and visitors are welcomed at both.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Sandwich+3

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THE town of Sandwich is situated on the north-east confines of this county, about two miles from the sea, and adjoining to the harbour of its own name, through which the river Stour flows northward into the sea at Pepperness. It is one of the principal cinque ports, the liberty of which extends over it, and it is within the jurisdiction of the justices of its own corporation.

Sandwich had in antient time several members appertaining to it, (fn. 1) called the antient members of the port of Sandwich; these were Fordwich, Reculver, Sarre, Stonar, and Deal; but in the later charters, the members mentioned are Fordwich incorporated, and the non-corporated members of Deal, Walmer, Ramsgate, Stonar, Sarre, all in this county, and Brightlingsea, in Sussex; but of late years, Deal, Walmer, and Stonar, have been taken from it; Deal, by having been in 1699 incorporated with the charter of a separate jurisdiction, in the bounds of which Walmer is included; and Stonar having been, by a late decision of the court of king's bench in 1773, adjudged to be within the jurisdiction of the county at large.

The first origin of this port was owing to the decay of that of Richborough, as will be further noticed hereafter. It was at first called Lundenwic, from its being the entrance to the port of London, for so it was, on the sea coast, and it retained this name until the supplanting of the Saxons by the Danes, when it acquired from its sandy situation a new name, being from thenceforward called Sandwic, in old Latin, Sabulovicum, that is, the sandy town, and in process of time, by the change of language, Sandwich.

Where this town now stands, is supposed, in the time of the Romans, and before the decay of the haven, or Portus Rutupinus, to have been covered with that water, which formed the bay of it, which was so large that it is said to have extended far beyond this place, on the one side almost to Ramsgate cliffs, and on the other near five miles in width, over the whole of that flat of land, on which Stonar and Sandwich too, were afterwards built, and extending from thence up to the æstuary, which then flowed up between the Isle of Thanet and the main land of this county.

During the time of the Saxons, the haven and port of Richborough, the most frequented of any in this part of Britain, began to decay, and swarve up, the sea by degrees entirely deserting it at this place, but still leaving sufficient to form a large and commodious one at Sandwich, which in process of time, became in like manner, the usual resort for shipping, and arose a Flourishing harbour in its stead; from which time the Saxon fleets, as well as those of the Danes, are said by the historians of those times, to sail for the port of Sandwich; and there to lie at different times, and no further mention is made of that of Richborough, which being thus destroyed, Sandwich became the port of general resort; which, as well as the building of this town, seems to have taken place, however, some while after the establishment of the Saxons in Britain, and the first time that is found of the name of Sandwich being mentioned and occurring as a port, is in the life of St. Wilfred, archbishop of York, written by Eddius Stephanus; in which it is said, he and his company, prosper in portum Sandwich, atque suaviter pervenerunt, happily and pleasantly arrived in the harbour of Sandwich, which happened about the year 665, or 666, some what more than 200 years after the arrival of the Saxons in Britain. During the time of the Danes insesting this kingdom, several of their principal transactions happened at this place, (fn. 2) and the port of it became so much frequented, that the author of queen Emma's life stiles it the most noted of all the English ports; Sandwich qui est omnium Anglorum portuum famosissimus.

FROM THE TIME of the origin of the town of Sandwich, the property of it was vested in the several kings who reigned over this country, and continued so till king Ethelred, in the year 979, gave it, as the lands of his inheritance, to Christ-church, in Canterbury, free from all secular service and fiscal tribute, except the repelling invasions, and the repairing of bridges and castles. (fn. 3) After which king Canute, having obtained the kingdom, finished the building of this town, and having all parts and places in the realm at his disposal, as coming to the possession of it by conquest, by his charter in the year 1023, gave, or rather restored the port of Sandwich, with the profits of the water of it, on both sides of the stream, for the support of that church, and the sustenance of the monks there.

Soon after this, the town of Sandwich increased greatly in size and inhabitants, and on account of the commodity and use of its haven, and the service done by the shipping belonging to it, was of such estimation, that it was made one of the principal cinque ports; and in king Edward the Confessor's days it contained three hundred and seven houses, and was an hundred within itself; and it continued increasing, as appears by the description of it, in the survey of Domesday, taken in the 15th year of the Conqueror's reign, anno 1080, in which it is thus entered, under the title of the lands of the archbishop:

Sandwice lies in its own proper hundred. This borough the archbishop holds, and it is of the clothing of the monks, and yields the like service to the king as Dover; and this the men of that borough testify, that before king Edward gave the same to the Holy Trinity, it paid to the king fisteen pounds. At the time of King Edward's death it was not put to ferme. When the archbishop received it, it paid forty pounds of ferme, and forty thousand herrings to the food of the monks. In the year in which this description was made, Sanuuic paid fifty pounds of ferme, & Herrings as above. In the time of king Edward the Confessor there were there three hundred and seven mansions tenanted, now there are seventy six more, that is together three hundred and eighty three.

And under the title of the bishop of Baieux's lands, as follows, under the description of the manor of Gollesberge:

In Estrei hundred, in Sandunic, the archbishop has thirty two houses, with plats of land belonging to this manor,(viz. Gollesberge) and they pay forty-two shil lings and eight pence, and Adeluuold has one yoke, which is worth ten shillings.

These houses, with all the liberties which the bishop of Baieux had in Sandwich, had been given by him to Christ-church, in Canterbury, and confirmed to it in the year 1075, by his brother the Conqueror. (fn. 4)

Afterwards king Henry II. granted to the monks the full enjoyment of all those liberties and customs in Sandwich, which they had in the time of king Henry his grandfather, that is, the port and toll, and all maritime customs in this port, on both sides of the water, that is, from Eadburgate unto Merksflete, and the small boat to ferry across it, and that no one should have any right there except them and their servants.

The town, by these continued privileges, and the advantages it derived from the great resort to the port, increased much in wealth and number of inhabitants; and notwithstanding, in the year 1217, anno 2 king Henry III. great part of the town was burnt by the French, yet the damage seems soon to have been recompenced by the savors bestowed on it by the several kings, in consideration of the services it had continually afforded, in the shipping of this port, to the nation. The first example of royal favor, being shewn by the last-mentioned king, was in his 11th year, who not only confirmed the customs before granted, but added the further grant of a market to this town and port, (fn. 5) and in his 13th year granted the custom of taking twopence for each cask of wine received into it.

After which, the prior and convent of Christ-church, in the 18th year of King Edward I. gave up in exchange for other lands elsewhere, to his queen Eleanor, all their rights, possessions, and privileges here, excepting their houses and keys, and a free passage in the

haven, in the small boat, called the vere boat, (fn. 6) and free liberty for themselves and their tenants to buy and sell toll free, which the king confirmed that year; and as a favor to the town, he placed the staple for wool in it for some time.

The exception above-mentioned, was afterwards found to be so very prejudicial, as well as inconvenient, that king Edward III. in his 38th year, gave them other lands in Essex, in exchange for all their rights, privileges, and possessions, in this town and port. After which king Richard II. in his first year, removed the staple for wool from Queenborough, where it had been for some time, hither.

During the whole of this period from the time of the conquest, this port continued the general rendezvous of the royal sleets, and was as constantly visted by the several monarchs, who frequently embarked and returned again hither from France; the consequence of which was, that the town became so flourishing, that it had increased to between eight and nine hundred houses inhabited, divided into three parishes; and there were of good and able mariners, belonging to the navy of it, above the number of 1500; so that when there was occasion at any time, the mayors of it, on the receipt of the king's letters, furnished, at the town's charges, to the seas, fifteen sail of armed ships of war, which were of such continued annoyance to the French, that they in return made it a constant object of their revenge. Accordingly, in the 16th year of king Henry VI. they landed here and plundered the greatest part of the inhabitants, as they did again in the 35th year of it; but but this not answering the whole of their purpose, Charles VIII. king of France, to destroy it entirely, sent hither four thousand men, who landing in the night, after a long and bloody conflict gained possession of the town, and having wasted it with fire and sword, slew the greatest part of the inhabitants; and to add to these misfortunes it was again ransacked by the earl of Warwick, in the same reign.

To preserve the town from such disasters in future, king Edward IV. new walled, ditched, and fortifield it with bulwarks, and gave besides, for the support of them, one hundred pounds yearly out of the customhouse here; which, together with the industry and efforts of the merchants, who frequented this haven, the goodness of which, in any storm or contrary wind, when they were in danger from the breakers, or the Goodwin Sands, afforded them a safe retreat; in a very short time restored it again to a flourishing state, infomuch, that before the end of that reign, the clear yearly receipt of the customs here to that king, amounted to above the sum of 16 or 17,000l. (fn. 7) and the town had ninety five ships belonging to it, and above fifteen hundred sailors.

But this sunshine of prosperity lasted no long time afterwards, for in king Henry VII.'s time, the river Stour, or as it was at this place antiently called, the Wantsume, continued to decay so fast, as to leave on each side at low water, a considerable quantity of salts, which induced cardinal archbishop Moreton, who had most part of the adjoining lands belonging to his bishopric, for his own private advantage, to inclose and wall them in, near and about Sarre; which example was followed from time to time, by several owners of the lands adjoining, by which means the water was deprived of its usual course, and the haven felt the loss of it by a hasty decay. Notwithstanding which, so late as the first year of king Richard III. ships failed up this haven as high as Richborough, for that year, as ap pears by the corporation books of Sandwich, the mayor ordered a Spanish ship, lying on the outside of Richborough, to be removed. (fn. 8)

"Leland, who wrote in the reign of Henry VIII. gives the following description of Sandwich, as it was in his time. "Sandwich, on the farther side of the ryver of Sture, is neatly welle walled, where the town stonddeth most in jeopardy of enemies. The residew of the town is diched and mudde waulled. There be yn the town iiii principal gates, iii paroche chyrches, of the which sum suppose that St. Maries was sumtyme a nunnery. Ther is a place of White Freres, and an hospistal withowt the town, fyrst ordened for maryners desesid and hurt. There is a place where monkes of Christ-church did resort, when they were lords of the towne. The caryke that was sonke in the haven, in pope Paulus tyme, did much hurt to the haven and gether a great bank. The grounde self from Sandwich to the heaven, and inward to the land, is caullid Sanded bay".

The sinking of this great ship of pope Paul IV. in the very mouth of the haven, by which the waters had not their free course as before, from the sand and mud gathering round about it, together with the innings of the lands on each side the stream, had such a fatal effect towards the decay of the haven, that in the time of king Edward VI. it was in a manner destroyed and lost, and the navy and mariners dwindled to almost nothing, and the houses then inhabited in this town did not exceed two hundred, the inhabitants of which were greatly impoverished; the yearly customs of the town, by reason of the insufficiency of the haven, were so desicient, that there was scarcely enough arising from it to satisfy the customer his fee. This occasioned two several commissions to be granted, one in the 2d year of that reign, and another in the 2d year of queen Eli zabeth, to examine the state of the haven, and make a return of it; in consequence of the first of which, a new cut was begun by one John Rogers, which, however, was soon left in an untinished state, though there are evident traces of what was done towards making this canal still remaining, on the grounds between the town and Sandowne castle; and in consequence of the second, other representations and reports were made, one of which was, that the intended cut would be useless, and of no good effect.

Whether these different reports where the occasion that no further progress was made towards this work, and the restoration of this haven, or the very great expence it was estimated at, and the great difficulty of raising so large a sum, being 10,000l which the queen at that time could no ways spare, but so it was, that nothing further was done in it.

¶The haven being thus abandoned by the queen, and becoming almost useless, excepting to vessels of the small burthen before mentioned, the town itself would before long have become impoverished and fallen wholly to decay, had it not been most singularly preserved, and raised again, in some measure, to great wealth and prosperity, occasioned by the persecution for religion in Brabant and Flanders, which communicated to all the Protestant parts of Europe, the paper, silk, woollen, and other valuable manufactures of Flanders and France, almost peculiar at that time to those countries, and till then, in vain attempted elsewhere; the manufacturers of them came in bodies up to London, and afterwards chose their situations, with great judgment, distributing themselves, with the queen's licence, through England, so as not to interfere too much with one another. The workers in sayes, baize, and flannel in particular, fixed themselves here, at Sandwich, at the mouth of a haven, by which they might have an easy communication with the metropolis, and other parts of this kingdom, and afforded them like wife an easy export to the continent. These manufacturers applied accordingly to the queen, for her protection and licence; for which purpose, in the third year of her reign, she caused letters patent to be passed, directed to the mayor, &c. to give liberty to such of them, as should be approved of by the archbishop, and bishop of London, to inhabit here for the purpose of exercising those manufactures, which had not been used before in England, or for shishing in the seas, not exceeding the number of twenty-five house holders, accounting to every household not above twelve persons, and there to exercise their trade, and have as many servants as were necessary for carrying them on, not exceeding the number above mentioned; these immediately repaired to Sandwich, to the number, men, women, and children, of four hundred and six persons; of which, eight only were masters in the trade. A body of gardeners likewife discovered the nature of the soil about Sandwich to be exceedingly favourable to the growth of all esculent plants, and fixed themselves here, to the great advantage of this town, by the increase of inhabitants, the employment of the poor, and the money which circulated; the landholders like wife had the great advantage of their rents being considerably increased, and the money paid by the town and neighbourhood for vegetables, instead of being sent from hence for the purchase of them, remained within the bounds of it. The vegetables grew here in great perfection, but much of them was conveyed at an easy expence, by water carriage, to London, and from thence dispersed over different parts of the kingdom.

These strangers, by their industry and prudent conduct, notwithstanding the obstructions they met with, from the jealousy of the native tradesmen, and the avarice of the corporation, very soon rose to a flourishing condition.

ST. PETER'S CHURCH stands nearly in the centre of the town; it consisted formerly of three isles, and in that state was next in size to St. Clement's which was the largest church in Sandwich. In 1641 it was certified to the lord keeper by the mayor, &c. that the steeple of St. Peter's church was in a very ruinous condition; that it was a principal sea mark, and that it was beyond the parishioners abilities to rebuild it; the estimate of the expence being 1500l. The steeple fell down on Sunday, Oct. 13, 1661, and demolished the south isle, which has never been rebuilt. There had been two sermons preached in it that day; it fell down about a quarter after eleven at night; had it fallen in the day time, the greatest part of the town and parish would probably have been killed and buried under the rubbish, but no one was hurt and few heard of it. The rubbish was three fathom deep in the middle of the church and the bells underneath it. This church, as well as the other two, seems to have been formerly constructed entirely, or at least cased externally, with the stone of Normandy, well squared, and neatly put together. The east end of the chancel is a good specimen of the old work, and there are detached portions of the same fort of masonry in other parts of the building.

The present structure, which is evidently the work of different times, is composed of fragments of the older fabric, mixed with Kentish rag and sand stone, and slints from the shore. The south isle is said to have been built by Sir John Grove, about the year 1447, and Sir Simon de Sandwich, warden of the cinque ports in Edward II.'s reign, both having given liberally towards the new building of the steeple. The present steeple is a square tower, built with the old materials to the height of the roof of the church, and from thence to the battlements with bricks of the haven mud. There are eight small, but musical bells, cast in 1779; they cost 430l. 12s. 6d. which expence was in great measure defrayed by the metal of the former six old bells; and a clock, which is the property of the corporation, who keep it in repair.

In this church there are the following monuments and inscriptions, among others too numerous to mention.—In the south isle, now in ruins, are the remains of a handsome tomb under an arch in the wall, in which was interred the body of Sir John Grove, who flourished in king Henry VI.'s reign, on which were his arms, now obliterated, viz.Three leaves in bend, on a canton, three crescents. There has been another arched monument in this wall, but all the ornamental parts are gone. In the north isle are several gravestones, with memorials for the Jenkinsons, for Jeffreys, and for the Olivers. On a large stone, coffin shaped, is a cross resting on a small dog or lion, and round the verge of the stone some mutilated gothic square characters cut in the stone, for Adam Stannar, priest. Part of another stone, with similar characters on it, lies in the same space a little to the westward. On a brass plate in black letter is an inscription for Thomas Gilbert, gent. searcher, of Kent, who married Katharine, daughter of Robert Fylmer, of East Sutton, in Kent, and had six sons and three daughters; arms, Gilbert, Gules, a saltier, or, on a chief, ermine, three piles, gules. He died in 1597. In this chancel a gravestone for Mr. Henry Furnese, obt. 1672; Anne his wife, obt. 1696. (They were the parents of Sir Henry Furnese, bart.) Mr. John Blanch, merchant, obt. 1718; Elizabeth his wife, daughter of the above Henry and Anne Furnese, obt. 1737. A memorial for Mary, first wife of Mr. John Solly, mercer, eldest sister of Sir Henry Furnese, bart, obt. 1685; and Mr. John Solly, obt. 1747. Within the altar rails are memorials for many of the family of Verrier of this town. On a marble monument against the north wall, an inscription for the Olivers. Opposite the above, a mural monument with an inscription for Henry Wife, esq. obt. 1769; Elizabeth his daughter, wife of Mr. Wm. Boys, obt. 1761; Mary his wife, obt. 1772; arms, Wife, sable, three chevronels, ermine. An oval tablet of marble for Elizabeth, wife of John Rolse, jun. gent. of New Romney, obt. 1780. A marble mural monument against the south wall, near the door of the nave, for the Jekens and Youngs. A marble tablet underneath for Susannah Wyborn, formerly wife of the above named Mr. Thomas Young, but late of Mr. William Wyborn, brewer, of this town, obt. 1755. On a marble tablet against the north wall of the nave, an inscription for the Jekens. The gallery at the west end of the north isle was built by subscription, and is secured to the subscribers by a faculty. There are stones in the church pointing out the licenced vaults of Brown; the Jeken family; Solly; and Ferrier; the Thurbarne family, a hatchment over it has three coats of arms, viz. Thurbarne, sable, a griffin passant, argent, with impalements. In the south east angle of the north isle is a vault, now belonging to the heirs of Mr. Solomon Ferrier, but built originally for the family of Mennes, whose atchievment, helm, and crest are suspended over the place. The arms are, Gules, a chevron, vaire, or, and azure, between three leopards faces of the second. In an escutcheon of pretence, quarterly, first and fourth, the royal arms of Scotland, debruised with a batton, sable; second and third, a ship with sails furled, within a double tressure, story, counterflory. In the wall of the north isle are three arches, under the eastermost, between the second and third windows, on an altar tomb are the mutilated figures of a man and woman lying at length in the dresses of the time, their heads supported by double pillows, a lion at his feet, a dog at hers; in the front of the tomb are narrow gothic arches. The tomb projects into the church-yard; the second arch is behind the pulpit; the tomb was exposed to view in digging a vault in 1770; its front is divided into six compart ments, in each of the four middle ones is a shield, the first of which has three wheat fans, a crescent in the centre; the second a fess fusilly, between three griffins beads; the third has three lions rampant, and the fourth is void; over this monument in stones in the wall, are two coats of arms, that on the right hand being fretty, a chief; and the other the ports arms, three demi lious, impaling three demi ships. Under the westermost arch, which does not penetrate through the wall, is an handsome altar tomb of Caen stone, in the front of which are six small shields; there were arms in all of them, but the bearing and colours are nearly effaced.

Dr. Harris says, in the north isle were buried Tho Ellis, esq. of Sandwich, and Margaret his wife; Sir Simon Sandwich, warden of the cinque ports temp. Edward II. who was a great benefactor to the building of the steeple of this church. The Sandwich MS. quoted by Mr. Boys, says, that the former of these lies buried here, under a most antient monument, and that John Ive, esq. a worshipful merchant likewise, and Maud his wife, lie buried under an arched sepulchre in the wall; and that here likewife were buried divers of the worshipful men of the Sandwich's knights. Through the wall that divides the chancel from the north isle has been an arched door, now closed up; and another in the opposite wall, from an inclosed chapel at the upper end of the south isle, between which and the small house appointed for the chaplains of Ellis's chantry, was a door of communication, which, as well as the arch, is still visible; but they are now shut up with masonry. This probably was the chapel, where these chantry priests performed divine offices.

There are inscriptions on boards of the benefactions to the parish by Sir Henry Furnese and Mr. Jarvis. The figure of Sir John Grove has lately been removed by Mr. Boys from the fallen isle, where it must soon have been destroyed, into the church beside the font, at which time his remains were searched for; an arched grave was found under the monument containing a coffin with the date 1664, so that probably the remains of Sir John Grove were removed from hence at the time that the isle was brought into its present ruinous state. The outward parts of the figure having been much injured by the weather and the trampling of boys, its position has been reversed, and the other parts brought to view, where the sculpture is remarkably sharp and elegant.

In 1564 it was ordered by the mayor, jurats, &c. that the church of St. Peter should be appropriated to the use of the Flemmings, on account of the plague; that they might be all at one place.

The church yard, which was much too small, has been considerably enlarged in 1776, and was consecrated by archbishop Moore, at his primary visitation on July 9, 1786

¶The church of St. Peter is a rectory, and was antiently of the alternate patronage of the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, and of the mayor, jurats, and commonalty; but this was not without continual dispute made by the former, of the latter's right to it. At length this controversy was finally settled in the year 1227, anno 11th Henry III. when they mutually acknowledged each others right in future to the alternate presentation to it. After which, the abbot and convent continued in the possession of their interest in the patronage of this church, till the dissolution of their monastery in the 30th year of king Henry VIII. when it came into the hands of the crown, where their alternate turn of presentation to this rectory has ever since continued, the king being at this time entitled to it. The other alternate right of presentation has continued in the mayor, jurats, and commonalty, to the present time.

It is valued in the king's books at eight pounds. In 1640 here were communicants 825, and it was valued at eighty pounds. It is now a discharged living, of about the clear yearly value of fifty pounds. It pays five shilling to the archdeacon for procurations, and 3s. 4d. to the archbishop at his ordinary visitations.

The revenues of this rectory arise from dues, collected in like manner as in the other parishes in this town, from the house in this parish, and from the tithe of land belonging to St. Bartholomew's hospital, called Cowleez, containing about ten acres.

In 1776, there were in this parish 228 houses, and 958 inhabitants.

The oldest register begins in 1538, and ends in 1615; the one in use begins from that period.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol10/pp152-216

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 7, Nos. 1-4, 1913 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 7, Nos. 1-4, 1913

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1913

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface VII

Special articles:

Rotch method of roentgenographic age determination, by Harold W. Smith,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 1

Physical training in the United States naval service, by J. A. Murphy, surgeon,

United States Navy 20

The present status of color blindness, by G. B. Trible, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 28

The organization and finances of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, by

W. S. Gibson, chief clerk Bureau Medicine and Surgery 39

The United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo., the Navy's sanatorium

for tuberculosis, by Philip Leach, medical director, United States Navy 53

Hospital ships for fishing fleets, by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United

States Navy 64

Prevention of the spread of infectious diseases on shipboard, by E. R. Stitt,

medical inspector, United States Navy 70

The treatment of the insane in the Navy, by G. A. Riker, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 77

Intestinal parasites and diseases found in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger,

surgeon, United States Navy 86

The clinical manifestations of pityriasis rosea, by W. D. Owens, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 93

An easy method for the cultivation of the gonococcus, by G. F. Clark, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 99

Some statistical observations concerning tattooing as seen by the

recruiting surgeon, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 100

Report on flat foot, by Bruce Elmore, acting assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 102

A note in regard to the height and weight, at different ages, of

applicants at the recruiting station, Cleveland, Ohio, by J. E. Gill, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 103

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the pathological collection 105

Additions to the miscellaneous collection 105

Suggested devices:

Apparatus for obtaining blood from a vein, or from the heart of an

animal, by G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 107

Diet list for use on board ship, designed by B. F. Jenness, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 108

Clinical notes:

Three cases demonstrating the need for care in diagnosis of lead

poisoning and appendicitis, by J. S. Woodward, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 109

Loose bodies in the knee joint, with report of two cases, by A. M.

Fauntleroy, surgeon, and L. M. Schmidt, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 110

Korsakow's psychosis, with report of a case, by Heber Butts, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 113

Multiple compound fracture of the skull, with hemorrhage from longitudinal

sinus, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 121

A case of sudden death during thoracentesis, by E. O. J. Eytinge,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 124

Extensive carcinoma of stomach and omentum complicating pulmonary tuberculosis,

by G. D. Hale, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 125

Eighteen cases resembling climatic bubo, by R. G. Heiner, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 126

Editorial comment:

The present status of first aid in the Navy 127

Naval Medical School laboratories 128

Fractures of the long bones 129

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. — -Auricular fibrillation. The rapid cure of amoebic dysentery

and hepatitis by hypodermic injections of soluble salts of emetine. The effects

of college athletics on after life. ByA.W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 131

Surgery. —Neprectomy without drainage for tuberculous kidney. Embryonic

bands and membranes about the caecum. The recognition and treatment of lesions

of the right iliac fossae other than appendicitis. By R. Spear and H. C. Curl

136

Hygiene and sanitation. —A device for keeping garbage cans in place. The

sanitary aspect of a besieged town. Sunstroke —a heresy. The Bimple life. By C.

N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 139

Tropical medicine. —Notes on a hitherto unknown "summer

fever" of the German East African coast. By R. 0. Ransdell. Climatic bubo.

The value of certain vermifuges in the treatment of ankylostomiasis. Quinine

prophylaxis in malaria. Some observations upon the healing of wounds in

sleeping-sickness patients. By E. R.

Stitt 141

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Structure of the posterior

extremity in the female ankylostoma and necator. The cultivation of malarial

plasmodia. The periodicity-lacking microfilariae. On

the length of life of the rat-flea apart from its host. By E. R. Stitt.

The occurrence and virulence of pneumococci in the circulating blood during

lobar pneumonia and the susceptibility of pneumococcus strains to univalent

antipneumococcus serum. The complement fixation test in the differential

diagnosis of acute and chronic gonococcic arthritis. A diluting fluid for

standardization of vaccines with the hvmocytometer. By M. E. Higgins and G. F.

Clark 145

Chemistry and pharmacy. —Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N.

Fiske. Improvement in the technique of sampling urine for microscopic examination.

Surgical disinfection of the hands with iodine, followed by decolorization with

sodium bisulphate. Determination of the chemical reaction of urine. Detection

of blood in urine and other physiological fluids. Chemistry of silver therapy.

Sensitive test for the detection of albumin in urine. The influence of dry and

moist air on gaseous metabolism. Has the temperature of the blood any influence

on the gaseous metabolism of man? Estimation of dirt in milk. By E.W. Brown and

O. G. Ruge . 149

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Chronic irido-cyclitis. The cerebrospinal fluid

as an aid to diagnosis in suppurative meningitis of otitic origin. Additional

experiments on the excretion of hexamethylenamine in the ocular humers. By G.

B. Trible 155

Miscellaneous.— Care of surgical and laboratory instruments in the

Tropics, by E. R. Stitt 156

Reports and letters:

Administration of typhoid prophylactic at the Naval Hospital, Yokohama,

Japan, by E. M. Shipp, surgeon, United States Navy 159

Report of laboratory work performed at Cafiacao Naval Hospital, by C.

S. Butler, surgeon, United States Navy 161

Number 2

Preface vii

Special articles:

Mental and moral training for war, by J. P. Leys, surgeon, United

States Navy 165

A few remarks on the detention and probation system of punishment, and

a classification of the offenses of the personnel of the United States Naval

Disciplinary Barracks, by W. L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 174

Some of the opinions of Baron Larrey, by John Chalmers Da Costa,

assistant surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 183

Gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy

188

Some laboratory notes upon the bacillus of dysentery, by C. S. Butler,

surgeon, United States Navy 200

Traumatic dislocation of the patella, by Morris B. Miller, assistant

surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 215

Further observations on the value of studying the pulse rate with the

blood pressure in croupous pneumonia, by H. A. Hare, assistant surgeon, Medical

Reserve Corps, United States Navy..., 218

Treatment of frambesia with salvarsan, by E. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 220

Cutaneous anthrax, with report of a case, by E. C. White, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 222

Essence of orange-ether anaesthesia, by C. M. Oman, surgeon, United

States Navy 231

Iodine sterilization as now used at the United States Naval Hospital,

Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton, surgeon, United States Navy 234

Hygiene of the personnel below decks, by B. F. Jenness, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 236

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to pathological collection 243

Additions to the helrainthological collection 243

Suggested devices:

A collapsible chair for eye, ear, nose, and throat work on board ship,

by A. H. Robnett, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 245

An apparatus for intravenous medication, by N. T. McLean, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 246

Chart for the correction of gas volumes, by E. R. Noyes, chief

pharmacist, United States Navy 247

Clinical notes:

A case of cholecystitis presenting some interesting features and some

knotty points in diagnosis, by N. J. Blackwood, surgeon, United States Navy. .

. 249

Report of a case of cholera on the U. S. S. Helena and notes on a

Shanghai epidemic, by W. A. Bloedorn, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 251

Report of a case of membraneous pericolitis, by E. L. Woods, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 252

Report of a case of chronic urticaria showing dermography, by George C.

Thomas, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 253

Report of a case of poisoning by sea-urchin, by W. S. Pugh, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 254

A case of malaria treated with salvarsan, by E. U. Reed, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 255

Editorial comment:

The physical qualification of recruits, by C. F. Stokes, Surgeon

General, United States Navy k 257

Statistical report of the health of the British Navy, covering the year

1911. .258

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —The relation of anaphylaxis to immunity and disease.

By G. F.Clark. Disorders of the pituitary body. Induced pneumothorax in the

treatment of pulmonary disease. Antityphoid vaccination in children. By A. W.

Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 261

Surgery. —Principles of general naval war surgery. Post-anaesthetic

paralyses. By H. G. Beyer. Extraocular hernia. Spontaneous rupture of the malarial

spleen. By R. Spear and H. C. Curl 269

Hygiene and sanitation. —Gaseous disinfection of equipment in the

field. By J. L. Neilson. New rapid method for the bacteriological examination

of water and application for the testing of springs and filter beds. Decomposition

and its microscopical detection in some food products. By E. W. Brown. A

substitute for fresh air. Some observations on metabolism in connection with an

experimental march. El servicio de desratizacion y la peste bubonica. Report on

water purification by chloride of lime at Bir-id-Dehib camp, Malta. By C. N.

Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 277

Tropical medicine. — The etiology of beriberi. Recent research on

cholera in India. The destruction of crescents: conclusions regarding the

prevention of malaria by the administration of quinine. A case of blackwater fever,

showing the cell inclusions of Leishman. The kala-azar problem. By E. R. Stitt

283

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Insect porters of

bacterial infections. Experimental amoebic dysentery and liver abscess in cats.

Uber das Vorkommen und die Lebensbedingiuigen von Ankylostomen und Strongyloides

Larven in Daressalam. By E. R. Stitt. The demonstration of the treponema

pallidum in the brain in cases of general paralysis. On anaphylatoxina and

endotoxins of the typhoid bacillus. By M. E. Higgins and G. F. Clark 287

Chemistry and pharmacy. —The chemical interpretations of the

serological content of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, with some reference

to cytology and chemistry of the latter, in mental diseases. Mett's method for determining

the activity of pepsin and the acidity maximum of peptic

digestion. A new method for determining sugar. The relations of phenol and

M-cresol to proteins. The mechanism of disinfection. Ointment bases. Merck's

Annual Report, Vol. XXV. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge . . 292

Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— The ozena problem. Paths of encephalic

infection in otitis. General anesthesic in cataract work. Studies of ocular tonometry.

By G. B. Trible 297

Miscellaneous. —Athletics and candidates for service abroad. Direct

Roentgen pictures without the use of plates. By J. L. Neilson 299

Reports and letters:

Account of an outbreak of malaria on the U. S. S. Tacoma resultant upon

a visit to Tampico, Mexico, by J. B. Kaufman, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 301

Expedition to Santo Domingo, by S. S. Rodman, surgeon, United States Navy

303

Sanitary conditions found in, and surgical aid rendered to the wounded

at Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi, Santo Domingo, by R. A. Warner, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 305

Medico-military report on a cruise in Santo Domingan waters, by H. E.

Jenkins, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 308

A brief note on the Cape Cruz-Caailda surveying expedition from a

medical officer's point of view, by E. E. Woodland, assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 309

Medico-military report on ports of the west coast of Central America

and Mexico, by C. B. Camerer, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 311

Note upon temperature of Filipino applicants for enlistment, by Allan

E. Peck, surgeon, United States Navy 320

Number 3

Preface vii

Special articles:

Weak foot, by R. C. Holcomb, surgeon, United States Navy 321

A new theory of ventilation and its application in certain situations

aboard ship, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 332

Aural affections dependent upon visceral lesions and functional nervous

disorders, by J. J. Richardson, assistant surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United

States Navy 339

The detection of the feeble-minded applicant for enlistment; value of

the Binet-Simon scale as a diagnostic aid, by A. R. Schier, acting assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 345

Lost trails, a plea for naval medical biographies, by J. D. Gatewood,

medical director, United States Navy 360

Absorbable animal ligatures, by T. A. Berryhill, medical director,

United States Navy 367

A model camp hospital ashore, by E. Thompson, surgeon, United States Navy

375

Defensive elements of the body, by W. W. Wilkinson, assistant surgeon, Medical

Reserve Corps, United States Navy 381

Advantages of Paris from a medical postgraduate point of view, by R. A.

Bachmann, surgeon, United States Navy 391

Estimation of total nitrogen, by E. R. Noyes, chief pharmacist, United States

Navy 394

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the pathological collection 397

Additions to the helminthological collection 397

Suggested devices:

The use of a three-way cock in the intravenous administration of

salvarsan, by R. E. Stoops, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 399

A suggested improvement of the present form of the sanitary scuttle

butt, by W. E. Eaton, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 400

Clinical notes:

Report of a case showing mirror writing and associated movements

without palsy, by G. B. Crow, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 403

Transplantation of bone, by C. M. Oman, surgeon, United States Navy 406

Prevention of the complications of gonorrheal infection, by F. L.

Benton, surgeon, United Slates Navy 409

The first aid treatment of burns and scalds by live steam, by A.

Stuart, surgeon, United States Navy 410

A case of six-day fever, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United States Navy

412

Punctured wound of knee joint by the spine of a stingray, by N. J.

Black wood, surgeon, United States Navy 413

A case of cocaine poisoning with suicidal tendencies, by W. A.

Bloedorn, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 415

Poisoning by petroleum spirits, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United

States Navy 416

Editorial comment :

Mental fitness. Biographical data, by C. F. Stokes, surgeon general, United

States Navy 417

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. — Diseases observed at Derna during the Italo-Turkish

War. Mumps with orchitis and absence of parotiditis. By H. G. Beyer. Treatment

of gonorrhea with heated bougies. By W. E. Eaton. Diagnosis between pneumonia

and appendicitis. By L. W. Johnson. Experiments to determine the rate of

absorbability and intensity of action of quinine given hypodermically and by

the mouth. By C. N. Fiske. The use of antityphoid vaccine during the course of

an epidemic. Measles. Clinical observations of carbonic acid brine baths on the

circulation. High arterial tension; high tension hypertrophy of the heart.

The relation of bronchial asthma to pathological conditions of the

nose. "Osier's sign" and cutaneous phenomena sometimes associated

with heart disease. Nephritic hypertension. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 421

Surgery. —Rapid cure of suppurating buboes and of abscesses. Gunshot wounds

of the thorax, observed at Bengasi during the Italo-Turkish War. Gunshot wounds

treated in the military hospital at Palermo. By H. G. Beyer. The sterilization

of skin and wounds. By C. N. Fiske. Bastedo's sign: a new symptom of chronic

appendicitis. Adrenalin in chloroform anesthesia. A simple method of blood

transfusion. By L. W. Johnson. Excision and suture in the treatment of dense,

close urethral strictures. Operative fixation as a cause of delay in union of fractures.

The arrest of hemorrhage from bone by plugging with soft tissues. Membranous

pericolitis and allied conditions of the ileocecal region. Acute perforation of

duodenal and gastric ulcers. Observati6ns on the anatomy of inguinal hernia.

Osteoplasty. By H. C. Curl and R. A. Warner 434

Hygiene and sanitation. — The action on man of vapors of technical and hygienic

importance. XXX, Nitric acid. XXXI, The "nitrous gases." By E. W.

Brown. On the discolored spots sometimes found on chilled beef. Bacteriology of

incinerator smoke and ash. Leprosy and the bedbug. The regulation of body

temperature in extremes of dry heat. Experiences with spraying mosquitoes.

Artificial house cooling in the Tropics. Portable ozone outfit for military

use. By C. N. Fiske and R.C. Ransdell 449

Tropical medicine. — Cases of beri-beri. By H. G. Beyer. Glossina morsitans

as carriers of sleeping sickness. By R. C. Ransdell. Salvarsan treatment of

ulcerating processes. Chinese spenomegaly. Relapse in malarial infections. The

leprosy bacillus. By E. R. Stitt. . 454

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Transmission of

relapsing fever by lice. Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a human parasite. By

E. R. Stitt. Spirochneta pallida in conjunctival secretions. By H. G. Beyer. A

method of staining the capsule of the pueumococcus. By. G. B. Crow. Experiments

in the transmission of scarlet fever to the lower monkeys. Studies in smallpox

and vaccination. Protozoallike structures in the blood in a case of black-water

fever. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 461

Chemistry and pharmacy. — On a new test for indican in the urine. By H.

G. Beyer. Adrenalin in emergency treatment of noncorrosive poisoning. By L. W.

Johnson. Determination of pepsin activity. Test for the detection of albumen in

urine. Behavior of mercury in the human and animal organism?. Estimation of

mercury in the urine and in the tissues. Method of estimating sugar. Quantitative

reduction of methylene blue by milk bacteria. By E. W. Brown 465

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Blinding by sunlight. Enucleation in the treatment

of panophthalmitis. Ocular headache. On the tolerance of the vitreous to

dislocated lenses, as an index to reclination in given cases. Treatment of

nasal synechiae with mica plates. By G. B. Trible 469

Reports and letters:

Report of work done in the wards of the naval hospital, Norfolk, during

the year 1912, by L. M. Schmidt, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy

471

Report of relief work in Turkey, by D. C. Walton, assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 473

Notes on sanitary conditions along the Yangtze River, by R. H. Laning, assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 475

The Yangtze Valley, by J. J. O'Malley, assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 478

Number 4

Preface vii

Special articles:

Some aspects of the prophylaxis of typhoid fever by the injection of

killed cultures, by C. S. Butler, surgeon, United States Navy 489

William Longshaw, jr., assistant surgeon, United States Navy, by J. D. Gatewood,

medical director, United States Navy 503

Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder, by R. B. Williams, surgeon,

United States Navy 517

Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia. Rebreathing method of administration

in general surgery, by H. F. Strine, surgeon. United States Navy. . 521

Leukaemia, with report of a case of the lymphatic type, by H. L.

Kelley, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 524

The Hospital Corps, by G. A. Riker, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 533

Veru montanitis, by H. W. Cole, passed assistant surgeon. United States

Navy 537

Tests for color blindness, by G. B. Trible, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 542

Medical work in American Samoa, by E. U. Reed, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 546

Recurrent dislocation of shoulder, by R. B. Williams, surgeon. United States

Navy 552

The medical department in warfare, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States

Navy 555

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the pathological collection 573

Additions to the helminthological collection 573

Suggested devices:

Iodized gauze for the first aid packet, by F. E. McCullough, surgeon,

United States Navy 575

Incinerator, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 576

Clinical notes:

Two cases of thermic fever occurring in the fireroom of a battleship,

by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United States Navy 579

Traumatic neuritis of brachial plexus, by W. A. Bloedorn, assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 583

Typhoid fever with perforation, by N. J. Blackwood, surgeon, United States

Navy 584

Anaphylaxis with death, by W. H. Connor, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 586

Two cases simulating appendicitis, by F. M. Furlong, surgeon, United States

Navy 588

Editorial comment: Page.

Medical Corps representation at the Naval War College 591

Training school for native nurses in Samoa 592

Annual report of the health of the Imperial Japanese Navy for the year

1910. 592

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. — On the origin of dreams. By H. G. Beyer. Occurrence

of the syphilitic organism in the brain in paresis. By G. A. Riker. Solubility

of white lead in human gastric juice and its bearing on the

hygiene of the lead industries. By L. W. Johnson. Psychosis following carbon-monoxide

poisoning with complete recovery. Relations of internal secretions to mental

conditions. Administration of ox bile in the

treatment of hyperacidity and of gastric and duodenal ulcer. New laboratory

test for cancer and sarcoma, also a method of separating bile acids and

pigment, indican being obtained if present. Pathology of syphilitic aortitis

with a contribution to the formation of aneurism. Tests for hepatic function

and diseases under experimental conditions. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow -.

595

Surgery. — Hernial formations caused by deficiencies in the peritoneum.

By H. G. Beyer. Chronic intestinal stasis. By R. Spear. Surgical method of

clearing up chronic typhoid carriers. By L. \Y. Johnson. An analysis and study

of 724 major amputations. Arthroplasty. Proctoclysis —an experimental study.

The first successful case of resection of the thoracic portion of the esophagus

for carcinoma. The kinetic theory of shock and its prevention through

anoci-association. By H. C. Curl and R. A. Warner 605

Hygiene and sanitation. — Search for pathogenic microbes in raw river water

and in crude sewage. Observations on the effects of muscular exercise upon man.

By E. W. Brown. On the physiology of the open-air treatment. My experiences

relative to malarial prophylaxis on board a battleship. By C. N. Fiske and R.

C. Ransdell 618

Tropical medicine. — Two cases of climatic bubo. By L. W. Johnson. Polyueuritis

gallinarum caused by different foodstuffs. By E. R. Stitt. 625

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Treponemata in the brain

in general paresis. Identity of entameba histolytica and entameba tetragena,

with observations upon the morphology" and life cycle of entameba

histolytica. The breeding places of phlebotomus. By E. R. Stitt. An

experimental investigation of the cytological changes produced in epithelial

cells by long-continued irritation. Effect of Rontgen and radium radiations

upon the vitality of the cells of mouse carcinoma. A contribution to the

etiology of pernicious anemia. The complement

content of the blood in malignant disease. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.

Clark 626

Chemistry and pharmacy. — Some modern problems in nutrition. By H. G. Beyer.

New reagent for detecting blood. Rapid clinical method for the estimation of

urea in urine. Preservation of milk samples for analysis. Dentifrices and their

ingredients. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 633

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Treatment of persistent otorrhea in

infants and young children by the establishment of post-auricular drainage. Parinaud'a

conjunctivitis; a mycotic disease due to a hitherto undescribed filamentous

organism. The significance of anaphylaxis in ear work. The difficulties of

tonsillectomy and how to deal with them. Notes on the vaccine treatment of

infections which involve the cornea. Intracranial division of the auditory

nerve for persistent tinnitus. By G. H. Trible 637

Miscellaneous. —The sanitary service in the Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese

War. Sanitatsbericht viber die Kaiserlieh Deutsche Marine fur den Zeitraum. By

H. G. Beyer. Annual Report of the Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands,

1912. By L. W. Johnson. . 640

Reports and letters:

Report of cases of lead poisoning, by L. C. Whiteside, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 647

Two cases of cerebrospinal fever, by P. S. Rossiter, surgeon, United

States Navy 649

Lead poisoning 651

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Yashica on Yashica. by Mike Novak

3

Yashica TL Electro X ITS with Yashinon DX 50/1.4, captured with Yashinon DX 50/2 on Sony A7II. The DX 50/2 is, in my estimation, the best of the Yashinon DX lenses.

My 1st 4"x5" Negative by Kurt Zoglmann

18 18

Please view large. Otherwise, it looks over sharpened.

This summer I got excited to shoot large format film for the first time. I have liked the results that I have gotten with pinhole photography in medium format using a Zero Image 612F camera. A flickr friend, integrity_of_light, inspired me to move up to large format. I love a lot of his work. But I had to upgrade my scanner in the process so that I could reasonably scan a negative that large and just as importantly I had to figure out the logistics of developing sheet film. After quite a lot of research I decided to develop my sheet film using BTZS 4x5 film tubes. It seemed to be well thought out and less error prone then some of the alternatives. The only down side is that I had to give up on using Rodinal as a developer because only 2 oz of developer is used in each tube. And there is a minimum required amount of Agfa Rordinal.

Yesterday when the day finally came, I quickly found out that loading sheet film is not entirely intuitive. I took one sheet out into the daylight just to see which side had the emulsion in relation to the notch in the sheet of film. For the curious, when you are holding the sheet film such that the notch is in the top right hand corner, the emulsion is facing you. Unlike roll film, you can load it backwards! It will take a bit of practice before I feel entirely comfortable loading sheet film into the holders. It took more time than I expected to get it right. The first time I tried I misloaded the film. I didn't find this out until after the first exposure. After taking the picture, the dark slide pushed the film out of the holder! I learned from that mistake and got it right the second time.

The image that you see is really not all that great. It was just a test to see if I could get the whole process down from start to finish. And in that regard I succeeded. I look forward to making a few more attempts in the coming weeks.

f/138 -- 1min 15 second

FujiFilm Acros ISO 100

taken with Zero Image 45 camera at 25mm

Developed in Ilford Ilfotec DD-X for 9min at 68F

Scanned with Epson Perfection V750 PRO

A couple of years ago I became interested in pinhole photography. It started with the realization that I could further explore black and white photography cheaply with the purchase of the Holga 120WPC--a plastic medium format pinhole camera. Later I would continue that exploration with the purchase of the Zero Image 612F and Zero Image 45 pinhole cameras. The small sticking point with a pinhole camera is getting the exposure right. This will usually require the use of a handheld light meter. Cameras with lenses will typically have apertures in the f/1.4 to f/32 range. And it no surprise that my Gossen Luna Pro light meter is capable of calculating shutter speeds with an aperture range of f/0.7 to f/128. The problem lies in finding the shutter speed outside of this range.

The Holga 120WPC pinhole camera has a stated fixed aperture of f/133. My large format Zero Image 45 pinhole camera has a f/138 aperture for 20mm. And my Zero Image 612F pinhole camera has a f/158 aperture. In the past, for all of these cameras I light metered at f/128 and multiplied by 1.25 for the small number f-stops and 1.5 for the larger number f-stop. The reasoning for this had to do with what I estimated the next f-stop to be from f/128 and where the given pinhole f/stop was in relation to f/128 and the next f/stop.

Even though I got perfectly acceptable exposures with my estimations, it always bothered me a little that I was unable to precisely calculate the exposure time. This changed last night when I stumbled across how the f-stop numbers are calculated. They are simply a geometric series of numbers based on taking the square root of two raised to some power with whole numbers. Thus the sqrt 2 ^ 4 = 4 and the sqrt 2 ^ 5 = 5.6. I already knew that with an increase in each f-stop, the shutter speed is doubled. Thus if you have a good exposure at 1/30th second with an f-stop of 4, you will have a good exposure at 1/15th second with an f-stop of 5.6. With these two pieces of information I set out on creating a formula to take any random shutter speed and f-stop and find the shutter speed at any other random f-stop. It took about an hour and re-deriving a couple of basic algebraic rules that I had forgotten. But I succeeded!

T-of-y = T-of-x * 2 ^ ( (log f-stop-of-y - log f-stop-of-x) / log (sqrt 2) )

T-of-x is the shutter time that was measured

f-stop-of-x is the f-stop that was used during the measurement

T-of-y is the shutter time we are trying to find

f-stop-of-y is the f-stop we are going to use

As an example, lets say that I take an indoor incident light meter reading at f/128 and it reads that the exposure should be 3 minutes. If I am going to use my large format Zero Image 45 camera at 20mm, what would be the right exposure? Recall that it has a fixed f-stop of f/138 at a focal length of 20mm.

T-of-x = 3min

f-stop-of-x = 128

T-of-y = unknown

f-stop-of-y = 138

T-of-y = T-of-x * 2 ^ ( (log f-stop-of-y - log f-stop-of-x) / log (sqrt 2) )

T-of-y = 3 * 2 ^ ( (log 138 - log 128) / log (sqrt 2) )

T-of-y = 3 * 1.16

T-of-y = 3.48 min

You can see in this example that I multiplied 3 minutes by 1.16. In my previous estimations, I would have multiplied by 1.25, which is relatively close to 1.16. And being close generally works in photography when it comes to getting a reasonable exposure with film.

Before you run off in delight that you can calculate the perfect exposure for your pinhole camera, you MUST keep in mind that the exposure times will typically be more than a few seconds. The problem with this is that film has a characteristic called reciprocity failure. This reciprocity failure means that film does NOT utilize light in an inverse linear fashion over an infinite range. If it were simply an inverse linear relationship, you would expect that any doubling in the intensity of light hitting the film would reduce the time of the exposure by half. This inverse linear relationship largely works for a certain range that is typically used in lens based cameras in well lit scenes. The problem for pinhole cameras is that you will almost always be outside of this range where it typically works. You will need to pull up the manufactures specification for the film and look for a graph showing the reciprocity failure. Once you have an exposure time you will look on the graph for an adjusted exposure time.

Because reciprocity failure can result in REALLY long times for most films, I almost always use Fujifilm Acros 100. It has one of the very best reciprocity failures out of any commercial film. No exposure compensation needs to be done for exposure times less than 120 seconds. For exposures between 120 and 1,000 seconds, only a 1/2 f-stop needs to be added in. I have seen no other film come anywhere near this. As a comparison, Ilford's HP5 Plus film needs corrections for exposures that are longer than half a second!

The only intellectual annoyance that I have yet to overcome is how to take one of these reciprocity failure graphs and turn it into a formula. If it were linear, I could easily do it. But it isn't. :)

Monte MM The Story of Brother Rex and More 8 28 2017 by Monte Mendoza

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I am terrible at estimating. I once had to estimate how many M&Ms were in a one-gallon bucket. After several minutes of deductive reasoning, I came up with my answer: 1,385,410. I went over the actual amount. Not long ago a man asked me what the odds of winning the Powerball jackpot were. I asked him for details on the number of lottery numbers, etc. He said that I would have to choose five numbers between one and sixty-nine and then choose a Powerball number between one and twenty-six. I thought back many decades ago when I took an algebra class. Classmates said we would never use it during our lives, but I was about prove them wrong. Instead of making a wild estimate, I wrote down an algebraic equation and inserted the values the man just told me. The first answer I got was one in five hundred and ninety-six. He told me that was the stupidest answer he ever heard. I wiped away the tears and checked my formula again. I had entered the wrong number of white balls. I then corrected that, recalculated, and arrived at my new and hopefully not stupid answer. I told him that the odds of winning the Powerball jackpot were in the neighborhood of one in 292,201,338. He shook his head in disgust and informed me that no one in their right mind would even play that game if the odds of winning were that bad.

My older brother, Rex, used to tell me that the odds of someone falling out of an airplane AND being struck by lightning were better than winning the Powerball jackpot. Sadly, two years after he told me that, he was riding along with a friend taking a test needed to get a pilot’s license. My brother's friend and the instructor sat up front while Rex sat in back, taking photos of the Earth below. At some point, my brother’s friend looked to his right and saw a flock of seagulls flying over the forest. Rex wanted to get some great photos of the birds. He leaned over toward the door and the door flew open. Rex fell thousands of feet to his death. He hated seat belts with a passion. His body wasn’t found for three days. A man was hiking in the forest when a thunderstorm broke out. He started to run back to his car when he saw something in a tree. It looked like a human body. He started to run toward the tree when a lightning bolt struck the tree and then my brother. During the service for Rex, I decided to not tell that story. I instead told them the story of when Rex used to pee on me when I was sleeping. That went on for about seven months. Everyone laughed, but all I thought about was how much better my senior year would have been if he didn’t do that.

St Peter, Sandwich, Kent by Jelltex