Divis Tower rises near the interface between Falls Road and Shankill Road. It is currently the sixth tallest building in Belfast.

  

Divis Tower is a 61-metre (200 ft) tall tower in Belfast, Northern Ireland. 20 floors tall, it was built in 1966 as part of the now-demolished Divis Flats complex. It is named after the nearby Divis Mountain. The complex of 850 flats, housing 2,400 residents was designed by architect Frank Robertson for the Northern Ireland Housing Trust.

 

Due to Provisional IRA activity in the area, the British Army constructed an observation post on the roof in the 1970s and occupied the top two floors of the building. At the height of the Troubles, the Army was only able to access the post by helicopter.

 

Divis Tower was a flashpoint area during the height of the Troubles. Nine-year-old Patrick Rooney, the first child killed in the Troubles, was killed in the tower during the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969, when the RUC fired a Browning machine gun from its Shorland armoured car into the flats. The RUC claimed that it was coming under sniper attack from the tower at the time. Patrick Rooney's death took place during a day of street violence in the area. Chairman of the enquiry into the riots, Mr Justice Scarman, found the use of the Browning machine gun "wholly unjustifiable".

 

On 12 May 1981, an Army sniper killed INLA member Emmanuel McClarnon from the top of Divis Tower on the night that Francis Hughes died on hunger strike.

 

Following the IRA's statement that it was ending its armed campaign, the Army decided to dismantle the observation post. Dubbed a 'spy' post by Sinn Féin, removal of the observation post commenced on 2 August 2005. In 2009 the top two floors of the tower floors were reinstated as residential properties. As part of a £1.1 million refurbishment programme by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive 8 extra flats were provided.

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LANDSCAPE exhibition at the Center for Fine Arts Photography, Ft. Collins, CO. 2017.

Caligula Æ Quadrans. C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG, pileus between S-C / PONT M TR P III PP COS DES III around large RCC.

 

If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:

 

Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/

 

The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at

portraitsofcaligula.com/

 

Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.For more on Caligulan Numismatic Articles see: Coins courtesy cngoins.com

 

Related Articles of Caligula from American Numismatic Society Library Search

 

Library Catalog Search (Preliminary Version)

Full Record: Barrett, Anthony A. The invalidation of currency in the Roman Empire : the Claudian demonetization of Caligula's AES. (1999)

Full Record: Bost, Jean-Pierre. Routes, cits et ateliers montaires : quelques remarques sur les officines hispaniques entre les rgnes d'Auguste en de Caligula. (1999)

Full Record: Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information de Grenoble. Grenoble : Bibliothque Municipale d'Etude et d'Information : catalogue des monnaies. II. Monnaies romaines. Monnaies impriales romaines. 2. Caligula - Neron . Index. / Bernard Rmy, Frdric Bontoux, Virginie Risler. (1998)

Full Record: Gainor, John R. The image of the Julio-Claudian dynasty from coins / by John R. Gainor.

Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Monete romane imperiali del Museo G. B. Adriani. Parte 3, Caius (37-41 d.C.) / Rodolfo Martini. (2001)

Full Record: ACCLA privy to presentation by Richard Baker on Caligula. (2002)

Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 1. (2002)

Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 2. (2002)

Full Record: Wend, David A. Caligula, the emperor as autocrat. Part 3. (2002)

Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. Caligula on the Lower Rhine : Coin finds from the Roman Fort of Albaniana (The Netherlands) / Fleur Kemmers. (2004)

Full Record: Estiot, Sylviane. Le trsor de Meussia (Jura) : 399 monnaies d'argent d'poques rpublicaine et julio-claudienne / Sylviane Estiot, Isabelle Aymar. (2002)

Full Record: Gocht, Hans. Namenstilgungen an Bronzemünzen des Caligula und Claudius / Hans Gocht. (2003)

Full Record: Gomis Justo, Marivi. Ercavica : La emision de Caligula. Estimacion del numero de cunos originales.

Full Record: Sayles, Wayne G. Fakes on the Internet. (2002)

Full Record: Kemmers, Fleur. The coin finds from the Roman fort Albaniana, the Netherlands / Fleur Kemmers . (2005)

Full Record: Lopez Snchez, Fernando. La afirmacion soberana de Caligula y de Claudio y el fin de las acunaciones ciudadanas en occidente / Fernando Lopez Snchez. (2000)

Full Record: Besombes, Paul-Andr. Les monnaies hispaniques de Claude Ier des dpôts de la Vilaine (Rennes) et de Saint-Lonard (Mayenne) : tmoins de quel type de contact entre l'Armorique et la pninsule ibrique ? / Paul-Andr Besombes. (2005)

Full Record: Catalli, Fiorenzo. Le thesaurus de Sora / Fiorenzo Catalli et John Scheid.

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Faux deniers de Caligula de la Renaissance.

Full Record: Vermeule, Cornelius. Faces of Empire (Julius Caesar to Justinian). Part II(B), More young faces : Caligula again and Nero reborn / Cornelius Vermeule. (2005)

Full Record: Geranio, Joe. Portraits of Caligula : the seated figure? / Joe Geranio. (2007)

Full Record: Aguilera Hernandez, Alberto. Acerca de un as de Caligula hallado en Zaragoza / Alberto Aguilera Hernandez. (2007)

Full Record: Butcher, K. E. T. Caligula : the evil emperor. (1985)

Full Record: Fuchs, Michaela. Frauen um Caligula und Claudius : Milonia Caesonia, Drusilla und Messalina. (1990)

Full Record: Faur, Jean-Claude. Moneda de Caligula de Museo Arqueologico Provincial de Tarragona. (1979)

Full Record: British Museum. Dept. of coins and medals. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British museum. Vol. I: Augustus to Vitellius / by Harold Mattingly. (1976)

Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. A Caligula Isotope of Hadrian. (1968)

Full Record: Conrad, Edwin. The Metamorphosis of an Allegad 'As of Hadrian.' (1968)

Full Record: Bendall, Simon. A 'new' gold quinarius of Caligula. (1985)

Full Record: Cortellini, Nereo. Le monete di Caligola nel Cohen.

Full Record: Guey, Julien. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula "Immensi Avreorvm Acervi (Sutone, Cal., 42,3).

Full Record: Guey, J. Les "bains d'or" de Caligula : Sutone, Cal. 42, 3.

Full Record: Curry, Michael R. The Aes Quadrans of Caligula. (1968)

Full Record: Jonas, Elemr. L'emploi dar "damnatio memoriae" sur l'un des "dupondius" de Calgula. (1937)

Full Record: Julian, R. W. The coins of Caligula. (1994)

Full Record: Donciu, Ramiro. Cu privire la activitatea militara a lui Caius (Caligula) in anul 40 e.n. (1983)

Full Record: Hansen, Peter. A history of Caligula's Vesta. (1992)

Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Augustus, Caligula oder Caludius? (1978)

Full Record: Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Die Organisation der Münzprgung Caligulas. (1987)

Full Record: Johansen, Flemming S. The sculpted portraits of Caligula. (1987)

Full Record: Carter, G. F. Chemical compositions of copper-based Roman coins. V : imitations of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero / G. F. Carter and others. (1978)

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. L'atelier de Lyon sous Auguste : Tibre et Caligula. (1979)

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Les missions d'or et d'argent de Caligula dans l'atelier de Lyon. (1976)

Full Record: Giard, Jean-Baptiste. Le monnayage de l'atelier de Lyon des origines au rgne de Caligula (43 avant J.-C. - 41 aprs J.-C.). (1983)

Full Record: Nony, D. Quelques as d'imitation de Caligula trouves a Bordeaux (Gironde). (1981)

Full Record: Levy, Brooks Emmons. Caligula's radiate crown. (1988)

Full Record: Poulsen, Vagn. Un nouveau visage de Caligula. (1972)

Full Record: Price, Martin Jessop. Elephant in Crete? New light ona cistophorus of Caligula. (1973)

Full Record: MacInnis, H. Frank. Ego-driven emperor commits excesses. (1979)

Full Record: McKenna, Thomas P. The case of the curious coin of Caligula : a provincial bronze restruck with legend-only dies. (1994)

Full Record: Mowat, Robert. Bronzes remarquables de Tibre, de son fils, de ses petits-fils et de Caligula. (1911)

Full Record: Koenig, Franz E. Roma, monete dal Tevere : l'imperatore Gaio (Caligola). (1988)

Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. Caligula's coins profile despot. (1993)

Full Record: Kollgaard, Ron. A numismatic mystery : "the Caligula quadrans." (1994)

Full Record: Martini, Rodolfo. Osservazioni su contromarche ed erosioni su assi de Caligula. (1980)

Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Moneta Imperii Romani. Band 2 und 3. Die Münzprgung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41 / von Wolfgang Szaivert. (1984)

Full Record: Boschung, Dietrich. Die Bildnisse des Caligula. Kaenel, Hans-Markus von. Jucker, Hans. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Das Romische Herrscherbild. 1. Abt., Bd. 4, Die Bildnisse des Caligula / Dietrich Boschung ; mit einem Beitrag von Hans-Markus von Kaenel ; auf Grund der Vorarbeiten und Marterialsammlungen von Hans Jucker. (1989)

Full Record: Rosborough, Ruskin R. An epigraphic commentary on Suetonius's life of Gaius Caligula. A thesis...for the...Doctor of Philosophy. (1920)

Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. A propos de l'aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)

Full Record: Richard, Jean-Claude. Un aureus de Caligula dcouvert Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (Savoie). (1982)

Full Record: Ritter, Hans-Werner. Adlocutio und Corona Civica unter Caligula und Tiberius. (1971)

Full Record: Kumpikevicius, Gordon C. A numismatic look at Gaius. (1979)

Full Record: Savio, Adriano. La coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta / Adriano Savio. (1988)

Full Record: Savio, Adriano. Note su alcune monete di Gaio-Caligola. (1973)

Full Record: Stylow, Armin U. Die Quadranten des Caligula als Propaganda-münzen.münzen" aus der stdtischen sammlung zu Osnabrück. (1971)

Full Record: Schwartz, Jacques. Le Monnayage Snatorial entre 37 et 42 P.C. (1951)

Full Record: Rodolfo Martini, ed. Sylloge nummorum Romanorum. Italia. Milano, Civiche Raccolte Numismatiche Vol. 1 Giulio-Claudii / a cura di Rodolfo Martini. (1990)

Full Record: Szaivert, Wolfgang. Zur Julisch-Claudischen Münzprgung. (1979)

Full Record: Vedrianus. The Roman Imperial series. V. Gaius. (1963)

Full Record: Tietze, Christian M. Kaiser Cajus Caesar, genannt Caligula. (1979)

Full Record: Wood, Susan. Diva Drusilla Panthea and the sisters of Caligula / Susan Wood. (1995)

Full Record: Sutherland, Carol Humphrey Vivian. Coinage in Roman imperial policy 31 B.C.-A.D. 68. (1951)

Full Record: Sutherland, C. H. V. The mints of Lugdunum and Rome under Gaius : an unsolved problem. (1981)

Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius : Agrippina Maior und Antonia Augusta auf Münzen. (1978)

Full Record: Voirol, August. Eine Warenumsatzsteuer im antiken Rom und der numismatische Beleg inher Aufhebung : Centesima rerum venalium. (1943)

Full Record: Trillmich, Walter. Zur Münzprgung des Caligula von Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza). (1973)

 

This could be you reading under the Divi Tree!

Gaius (Caligula). AD 37-41. Æ Sestertius (35mm, 27.05 g, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 40-41. C • CAESAR • DIVI • AVG • PRON • AVG • P • M • TR • P • IIII • P • P • around, PIETAS in exergue, Pietas, veiled and draped, seated left on stool, holding patera in extended right hand and resting left elbow on small draped figure standing facing on basis / DIVO AVG/S C in two lines across field, sacrifice scene in front of temple: Gaius (Caligula), veiled and togate, standing left, holding patera in right hand over garlanded altar, raising hem of toga with left hand; victimarius holding bull for sacrifice and attendant holding a patera standing on either side; garlanded hexastyle temple of Divus Augustus in background; pediment decorated with sacrificial scene; quadriga and Victories as acroteria; statues of Romulus and Aeneas along roof line. RIC I 51; BMCRE 69; BN 118-9. cngcoins.com

Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AV Aureus (7.12 g, 6h). Lugdunum (Lyon) mint. Struck 15 BC. AVGVSTVS DIVI • F, bare head right / IMP • X in exergue, bull butting right, left foreleg raised, lashing his tail. RIC I 166a; Lyon 18; Calicó 212; BMCRE 450 = BMCRR Gaul 162; BN 1372.

    

Prideaux notes that along with Apollo and Diana, the butting bull is one of the most common reverse designs on the Lugdunum imperial (military) coinage. It has been tentatively linked to the herds of southern Gaul, to the Rhodanum (mod. Rhône), and even as a symbol of the god Mars(?), but these ideas have no substantial foundation. Any unusual reference, or difficult interpretation, would have been solved by engraving some explicit detail or short legend. The butting bull was necessarily some obvious symbol. Prideaux notes that the bull on RIC 475, with its head erect, was the emblem of Caesar’s legions, so with little risk of error we can say the butting bull must have been the emblem of Augustus’ legions, inspired by his adoptive father’s. The imperator’s legionary emblem was known and famous to all soldiers as well as the empire’s inhabitants. It didn’t need a legend to be read and understood, and it fits well with the Apollo and Diana types making a coherent group. cngcoins.com

The national tree of Aruba, where the wind blows continuously in the same direction.

Augustus. 27 BC-AD 14. AV Aureus (19mm, 7.73 g, 6h). Lugdunum (Lyon) mint. Struck 11 BC. AVGVSTVS DIVI • F, bare head right / IMP • XII in exergue, bull butting right. RIC I 176a; Lyon 32; Calicó 220.cngcoins.com

Divis Tower is a 20-floor, 200-foot (61 m) tall residential tower in Belfast. It is located in Divis Street which is the lower section of the Falls Road. It was constructed in 1966.The apartment tower is located in the Republican part of Belfast.

 

The Divis Tower was one of the centers of anti-British resistance. In the 1970s, the British Army constructed and maintained an observation post on the roof and occupied the top two floors of the building. At the height of the Troubles, the Army was only able to access the post by helicopter.

Empty beach

Best of 2011

Trajan (Latin: Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus; 18 September 53 – 9 August 117 AD) was Roman emperor from 98 AD until his death.

Officially declared by the Senate as optimus princeps ("the best ruler"), Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death.

He is also known for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies, which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world.

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan

  

The Uffizi Gallery (Italian: Galleria degli Uffizi), is one of the main museums in Florence, and among the oldest and most famous art museums of Europe.

 

The building of Uffizi was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, "offices". The construction was later continued by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti and completed in 1581. The cortile (internal courtyard) is so long and narrow, and open to the Arno at its far end through a Doric screen that articulates the space without blocking it, that architectural historians treat it as the first regularized streetscape of Europe.

 

The building is an artwork itself, of Renaissance architecture and decoration, which walls and ceilings are painted and decorated by frescoes, its presents either magnificent views of Florence from its wide windows.

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi

Divis and Black Mountain, Northern Ireland.

The mural culture in Belfast still is very much alive. Here are murals along Falls Road / Divis Street in the Republican part of Belfast.

 

There are significant differences between the Loyalist and Republican mural cultures. The Republicans update their murals continuously. Republicans to this day clearly see themselves as a liberation movement, and many murals express an affinity to other liberation movements around the world, past and present.

The mural culture in Belfast still is very much alive. Here are murals along Falls Road / Divis Street in the Republican part of Belfast.

 

Many murals deal with liberation movements elsewhere in the world. This mural expresses solidarity for Catalonia in their struggle for autonomy in the Spanish state.

 

There are significant differences between the Loyalist and Republican mural cultures. The Republicans update their murals continuously. Republicans to this day clearly see themselves as a liberation movement, and many murals express an affinity to other liberation movements around the world, past and present.

The mural culture in Belfast still is very much alive. Here are murals along Falls Road / Divis Street in the Republican part of Belfast.

 

There are significant differences between the Loyalist and Republican mural cultures. The Republicans update their murals continuously. Republicans to this day clearly see themselves as a liberation movement, and many murals express an affinity to other liberation movements around the world, past and present.

Two pictures I took when in Aruba in the nineties, can't remember the year precisely.

Divi All Inclusive after sunset.

DIVIA 810 - ligne 3 vers Fontaine d'Ouche

Dijon, rue Rameau - 17 août 2009

 

Mercedes O.530G Citaro (02/05/2006)

Esta torre, fea donde las haya, es historia de nuestro tiempo. En 1969 Patrick Rooney, de apenas nueve años, se convirtió en el primer niño victima de los “Troubles”. Murió en la torre por disparos desde un coche de la RUC, la policia de Irlanda del Norte. Aquí comenzaba el territorio comanche. Tal era la importancia de su localización a la entrada del barrio republicano de Falls y las vistas sobre el unionista Shankill, que el ejercito británico ocupó las dos últimas plantas como puesto de observación durante la época más dura de enfrentamientos entre católicos y protestantes. Lo tenían complicado para subir a pie por ella porque sus vecinos no les eran amistosos y sólo podían acceder en helicóptero.

 

La Divis Tower, de 61 metros de altura, fue construida en 1966 como parte del complejo Divis Flats, ahora demolido.

 

-05/04/2020, edición, en cuarentena.

The mural culture in Belfast still is very much alive. Here are murals along Falls Road / Divis Street in the Republican part of Belfast.

 

There are significant differences between the Loyalist and Republican mural cultures. The Republicans update their murals continuously. Republicans to this day clearly see themselves as a liberation movement, and many murals express an affinity to other liberation movements around the world, past and present.

chaooo

Aruba Sunset at Druif Beach - Divi Tamarijn

© marius fechete

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti

 

Res Gestae Divi Augusti, (Latin: "The Deeds of the Divine Augustus") is the funerary inscription of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, giving a first-person record of his life and accomplishments. The Res Gestae is especially significant because it gives an insight into the image Augustus portrayed to the Roman people. Various inscriptions of the Res Gestae have been found scattered across the former Roman Empire. The inscription itself is a monument to the establishment of the Julio-Claudian dynasty that was to follow Augustus.

Contents [hide]

1 Structure of the text

2 History

3 See also

4 References and sources

5 External links

[edit]Structure of the text

    

The text consists of a short introduction, 35 body paragraphs, and a posthumous addendum. These paragraphs are conventionally grouped in four sections,[1] political career, public benefactions, military accomplishments and a political statement.

The first section (paragraphs 2 – 14) is concerned with Augustus' political career, it records the offices and political honours that he held. Augustus also lists numerous offices he refused to take and privileges he refused to be awarded. The second section (paragraphs 15 – 24) lists Augustus' donations of money, land and grain to the citizens of Italy and his soldiers, as well as the public works and gladiatorial spectacles that he commissioned. The text is careful to point out that all this was paid for out of Augustus' own funds. The third section (paragraphs 25 – 33) describes his military deeds and how he established alliances with other nations during his reign. Finally the fourth section (paragraphs 34 – 35) consists of a statement of the Romans' approval for the reign and deeds of Augustus. The appendix is written in the third person, and likely not by Augustus himself. It summarizes the entire text, and lists various buildings he renovated or constructed; it states that Augustus spent 600 million silver denarii (ie 600,000 gold denarii) from his own funds during his reign on public projects. Ancient currencies cannot be reliably converted into modern equivalents, but it is clearly more than anyone else in the Empire could afford. The annual expenses of the Roman State during the reign of Augustus are unknown, but modern authors estimate 200-300,000 pounds of annually (250-300 million denarii).[citation needed]

[edit]History

            

The Monumentum Ancyranum in Ankara, Turkey.

According to the text it was written just before Augustus' death in AD 14, but it was probably written years earlier and likely went through many revisions.[2] Augustus left the text with his will, which instructed the Senate to set up the inscriptions. The original, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars and placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum. Many copies of the text were made and carved in stone on monuments or temples throughout the Roman Empire, some of which have survived; most notably, almost a full copy, written in the original Latin and a Greek translation was preserved on a temple to Augustus in Ancyra (the Monumentum Ancyranum of Ankara, Turkey); others have been found at Apollonia and Antioch, both in Pisidia.

By its very nature the Res Gestae is less objective history and more propaganda for the principate that Augustus instituted. It tends to gloss over the events between the assassination of Augustus' adoptive father Julius Caesar and the victory at Actium when his foothold on power was finally undisputed. Augustus' enemies are never mentioned by name.[3] Caesar's murderers Brutus and Cassius are not referred to by name, they are simply "those who killed my father." The Battle of Philippi is mentioned only passim and not by name. Mark Antony and Sextus Pompeius, Augustus' opponents in the East, remain equally anonymous; the former is "he with whom I fought the war," while the latter is merely a "pirate." Likewise, the text fails to mention his imperium maius and his exceptional tribunicial powers. Often quoted is Augustus' official position on his government: "From that time (27 BC, the end of the civil war) I surpassed all others in influence, yet my official powers were no greater than those of my colleague in office." This is in keeping with a reign that promoted itself from the beginning as a "restoration" of the old republic, with a leader who was nothing more than "first among equals," but was virtually akin to absolute monarchy by divine right, backed by the swords of the legions.

The Res Gestae was a unique public relations move for the first emperor of the Roman Empire, whose political career was in many ways experimental. If their frequent use as "history" by later historians (both ancient and modern) who characterized Augustus' rule according to categories he himself constructed in the Res Gestae is any indication, it is a rather successful piece of propaganda. On the other hand, it would be absurd to overlook the usefulness to historians of what is essentially a first-person account of his rule.

 

Part of the Res gestae Divi Augusti from the Monumentum Ancyranum.

Date1883

SourceRes gestae Divi Augusti : acc. Tab 11 / ex monumentis Ancyrano et Apolloniensi iterum edidit Th. Mommsen

AuthorBerolini, Weidmann, Mommsen

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Res_Gestae.jpg

 

The Deeds of the Divine Augustus

By Augustus

  

Translated by Thomas Bushnell, BSG

 

A copy below of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he subjected

the whole wide earth to the rule of the Roman people, and of the money

which he spent for the state and Roman people, inscribed on two bronze

pillars, which are set up in Rome.

 

1. In my nineteenth year, on my own initiative and at my own expense,

I raised an army with which I set free the state, which was oppressed

by the domination of a faction. For that reason, the senate enrolled

me in its order by laudatory resolutions, when Gaius Pansa and Aulus

Hirtius were consuls (43 B.C.E.), assigning me the place of a consul

in the giving of opinions, and gave me the imperium. With me as propraetor,

it ordered me, together with the consuls, to take care lest any detriment

befall the state. But the people made me consul in the same year,

when the consuls each perished in battle, and they made me a triumvir

for the settling of the state.

 

2. I drove the men who slaughtered my father into exile with a legal

order, punishing their crime, and afterwards, when they waged war

on the state, I conquered them in two battles.

 

3. I often waged war, civil and foreign, on the earth and sea, in

the whole wide world, and as victor I spared all the citizens who

sought pardon. As for foreign nations, those which I was able to safely

forgive, I preferred to preserve than to destroy. About five hundred

thousand Roman citizens were sworn to me. I led something more than

three hundred thousand of them into colonies and I returned them to

their cities, after their stipend had been earned, and I assigned

all of them fields or gave them money for their military service.

I captured six hundred ships in addition to those smaller than triremes.

 

4. Twice I triumphed with an ovation, and three times I enjoyeda curule

triumph and twenty one times I was named emperor. When the senate

decreed more triumphs for me, I sat out from all of them. I placed

the laurel from the fasces in the Capitol, when the vows which I pronounced

in each war had been fulfilled. On account of the things successfully

done by me and through my officers, under my auspices, on earth and

sea, the senate decreed fifty-five times that there be sacrifices

to the immortal gods. Moreover there were 890 days on which the senate

decreed there would be sacrifices. In my triumphs kings and nine children

of kings were led before my chariot. I had been consul thirteen times,

when I wrote this, and I was in the thirty-seventh year of tribunician

power (14 A.C.E.).

 

5. When the dictatorship was offered to me, both in my presence and

my absence, by the people and senate, when Marcus Marcellus and Lucius

Arruntius were consuls (22 B.C.E.), I did not accept it. I did not

evade the curatorship of grain in the height of the food shortage,

which I so arranged that within a few days I freed the entire city

from the present fear and danger by my own expense and administration.

When the annual and perpetual consulate was then again offered to

me, I did not accept it.

 

6. When Marcus Vinicius and Quintus Lucretius were consuls (19 B.C.E.),

then again when Publius Lentulus and Gnaeus Lentulus were (18 B.C.E.),

and third when Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero were (11

B.C.E.), although the senateand Roman people consented that I alone

be made curator of the laws and customs with the highest power, I

received no magistracy offered contrary to the customs of the ancestors.

What the senate then wanted to accomplish through me, I did through

tribunician power, and five times on my own accord I both requested

and received from the senate a colleague in such power.

 

7. I was triumvir for the settling of the state for ten continuous

years. I was first of the senate up to that day on which I wrote this,

for forty years. I was high priest, augur, one of the Fifteen for

the performance of rites, one of the Seven of the sacred feasts, brother

of Arvis, fellow of Titus, and Fetial.

 

8. When I was consul the fifth time (29 B.C.E.), I increased the number

of patricians by order of the people and senate. I read the roll of

the senate three times, and in my sixth consulate (28 B.C.E.) I made

a census of the people with Marcus Agrippa as my colleague. I conducted

a lustrum, after a forty-one year gap, in which lustrum were counted

4,063,000 heads of Roman citizens. Then again, with consular imperium

I conducted a lustrum alone when Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius

were consuls (8 B.C.E.), in which lustrum were counted 4,233,000 heads

of Roman citizens. And the third time, with consular imperium, I conducted

a lustrum with my son Tiberius Caesar as colleague, when Sextus Pompeius

and Sextus Appuleius were consuls (14 A.C.E.), in which lustrum were

counted 4,937,000 of the heads of Roman citizens. By new laws passed

with my sponsorship, I restored many traditions of the ancestors,

which were falling into disuse in our age, and myself I handed on

precedents of many things to be imitated in later generations.

 

9. The senate decreed that vows be undertaken for my health by the

consuls and priests every fifth year. In fulfillment of these vows

they often celebrated games for my life; several times the four highest

colleges of priests, several times the consuls. Also both privately

and as a city all the citizens unanimously and continuously prayed

at all the shrines for my health.

 

10. By a senate decree my name was included in the Saliar Hymn, and

it was sanctified by a law, both that I would be sacrosanct for ever,

and that, as long as I would live, the tribunician power would be

mine. I was unwilling to be high priest in the place of my living

colleague; when the people offered me that priesthood which my father

had, I refused it. And I received that priesthood, after several years,

with the death of him who had occupied it since the opportunity of

the civil disturbance, with a multitude flocking together out of all

Italy to my election, so many as had never before been in Rome, when

Publius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius were consuls (12 B.C.E.).

 

11. The senate consecrated the altar of Fortune the Bringer-back before

the temples of Honor and Virtue at the Campanian gate for my retrn,

on which it ordered the priests and Vestal virgins to offer yearly

sacrifices on the day when I had returned to the city from Syria (when

Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinicius were consuls (19 Bc)), and it

named that day Augustalia after my cognomen.

 

12. By the authority of the senate, a part of the praetors and tribunes

of the plebs, with consul Quintus Lucretius and the leading men, was

sent to meet me in Campania, which honor had been decreed for no one

but me until that time. When I returned to Rome from Spain and Gaul,

having successfully accomplished matters in those provinces, when

Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius were consuls (13 B.C.E.), the

senate voted to consecrate the altar of August Peace in the field

of Mars for my return, on which it ordered the magistrates and priests

and Vestal virgins to offer annual sacrifices.

 

13. Our ancestors wanted Janus Quirinus to be closed when throughout

the all the rule of the Roman people, by land and sea, peace had been

secured through victory. Although before my birth it had been closed

twice in all in recorded memory from the founding of the city, the

senate voted three times in my principate that it be closed.

 

14. When my sons Gaius and Lucius Caesar, whom fortune stole from

me as youths, were fourteen, the senate and Roman people made them

consuls-designate on behalf of my honor, so that they would enter

that magistracy after five years, and the senate decreed that on thatday

when they were led into the forum they would be included in public

councils. Moreover the Roman knights together named each of them first

of the youth and gave them shields and spears.

 

15. I paid to the Roman plebs, HS 300 per man from my father's will

and in my own name gave HS 400 from the spoils of war when I was consul

for the fifth time (29 B.C.E.); furthermore I again paid out a public

gift of HS 400 per man, in my tenth consulate (24 B.C.E.), from my

own patrimony; and, when consul for the eleventh time (23 B.C.E.),

twelve doles of grain personally bought were measured out; and in

my twelfth year of tribunician power (12-11 B.C.E.) I gave HS 400

per man for the third time. And these public gifts of mine never reached

fewer than 250,000 men. In my eighteenth year of tribunician power,

as consul for the twelfth time (5 B.C.E.), I gave to 320,000 plebs

of the city HS 240 per man. And, when consul the fifth time (29 B.C.E.),

I gave from my war-spoils to colonies of my soldiers each HS 1000

per man; about 120,000 men i the colonies received this triumphal

public gift. Consul for the thirteenth time (2 B.C.E.), I gave HS

240 to the plebs who then received the public grain; they were a few

more than 200,000.

 

16. I paid the towns money for the fields which I had assigned to

soldiers in my fourth consulate (30 B.C.E.) and then when Marcus Crassus

and Gnaeus Lentulus Augur were consuls (14 B.C.E.); the sum was about

HS 600,000,000 which I paid out for Italian estates, and about HS

260,000,000 which I paid for provincial fields. I was first and alone

who did this among all who founded military colonies in Italy or the

provinces according to the memory of my age. And afterwards, when

Tiberius Nero and Gnaeus Piso were consuls (7 B.C.E.), and likewise

when Gaius Antistius and Decius Laelius were consuls (6 B.C.E.), and

when Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus were consuls (4 B.C.E.),

and when Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messalla were consuls (3 B.C.E.),

and when Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius were consuls (2 B.C.E.)

, I paid out rewards in cash to the soldiers whom I had led into their

towns when their service was completed, and in this venture I spent

about HS 400,000,000.

 

17. Four times I helped the senatorial treasury with my money, so

that I offered HS 150,000,000 to those who were in charge of the treasury.

And when Marcus Lepidus and Luciu Arruntius were consuls (6 A.C.E.),

I offered HS 170,000,000 from my patrimony to the military treasury,

which was founded by my advice and from which rewards were given to

soldiers who had served twenty or more times.

 

18. From that year when Gnaeus and Publius Lentulus were consuls (18

Bc), when the taxes fell short, I gave out contributions of grain

and money from my granary and patrimony, sometimes to 100,000 men,

sometimes to many more.

 

19. I built the senate-house and the Chalcidicum which adjoins it

and the temple of Apollo on the Palatine with porticos, the temple

of divine Julius, the Lupercal, the portico at the Flaminian circus,

which I allowed to be called by the name Octavian, after he who had

earlier built in the same place, the state box at the great circus,

the temple on the Capitoline of Jupiter Subduer and Jupiter Thunderer,

the temple of Quirinus, the temples of Minerva and Queen Juno and

Jupiter Liberator on the Aventine, the temple of the Lares at the

top of the holy street, the temple of the gods of the Penates on the

Velian, the temple of Youth, and the temple of the Great Mother on

the Palatine.

 

20. I rebuilt the Capitol and the theater of Pompey, each work at

enormous cost, without any inscription of my name. I rebuilt aqueducts

in many places that had decayed with age, and I doubled the capacity

of the Marcian aqueduct by sending a new spring into its channel.

I completed the Forum of Julius and the basilic which he built between

the temple of Castor and the temple of Saturn, works begun and almost

finished by my father. When the same basilica was burned with fire

I expanded its grounds and I began it under an inscription of the

name of my sons, and, if I should not complete it alive, I ordered

it to be completed by my heirs. Consul for the sixth time (28 B.C.E.),

I rebuilt eighty-two temples of the gods in the city by the authority

of the senate, omitting nothing which ought to have been rebuilt at

that time. Consul for the seventh time (27 B.C.E.), I rebuilt the

Flaminian road from the city to Ariminum and all the bridges except

the Mulvian and Minucian.

 

21. I built the temple of Mars Ultor on private ground and the forum

of Augustus from war-spoils. I build the theater at the temple of

Apollo on ground largely bought from private owners, under the name

of Marcus Marcellus my son-in-law. I consecrated gifts from war-spoils

in the Capitol and in the temple of divine Julius, in the temple of

Apollo, in the tempe of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars Ultor, which

cost me about HS 100,000,000. I sent back gold crowns weighing 35,000

to the towns and colonies of Italy, which had been contributed for

my triumphs, and later, however many times I was named emperor, I

refused gold crowns from the towns and colonies which they equally

kindly decreed, and before they had decreed them.

 

22. Three times I gave shows of gladiators under my name and five

times under the name of my sons and grandsons; in these shows about

10,000 men fought. Twice I furnished under my name spectacles of athletes

gathered from everywhere, and three times under my grandson's name.

I celebrated games under my name four times, and furthermore in the

place of other magistrates twenty-three times. As master of the college

I celebrated the secular games for the college of the Fifteen, with

my colleague Marcus Agrippa, when Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus

were consuls (17 B.C.E.). Consul for the thirteenth time (2 B.C.E.),

I celebrated the first games of Mas, which after that time thereafter

in following years, by a senate decree and a law, the consuls were

to celebrate. Twenty-six times, under my name or that of my sons and

grandsons, I gave the people hunts of African beasts in the circus,

in the open, or in the amphitheater; in them about 3,500 beasts were

killed.

 

23. I gave the people a spectacle of a naval battle, in the place

across the Tiber where the grove of the Caesars is now, with the ground

excavated in length 1,800 feet, in width 1,200, in which thirty beaked

ships, biremes or triremes, but many smaller, fought among themselves;

in these ships about 3,000 men fought in addition to the rowers.

 

24. In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, as victor,

I replaced the ornaments which he with whom I fought the war had possessed

privately after he despoiled the temples. Silver statues of me-on

foot, on horseback, and standing in a chariot-were erected in about

eighty cities, which I myself removed, and from the money I placed

goldn offerings in the temple of Apollo under my name and of those

who paid the honor of the statues to me.

 

25. I restored peace to the sea from pirates. In that slave war I

handed over to their masters for the infliction of punishments about

30,000 captured, who had fled their masters and taken up arms against

the state. All Italy swore allegiance to me voluntarily, and demanded

me as leader of the war which I won at Actium; the provinces of Gaul,

Spain, Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia swore the same allegiance. And

those who then fought under my standard were more than 700 senators,

among whom 83 were made consuls either before or after, up to the

day this was written, and about 170 were made priests.

 

26. I extended the borders of all the provinces of the Roman people

which neighbored nations not subject to our rule. I restored peace

to the provinces of Gaul and Spain, likewise Germany, which includes

the ocean from Cadiz to the mouth of the river Elbe. I brought peace

to the Alps from the region which i near the Adriatic Sea to the Tuscan,

with no unjust war waged against any nation. I sailed my ships on

the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine to the east region up to the

borders of the Cimbri, where no Roman had gone before that time by

land or sea, and the Cimbri and the Charydes and the Semnones and

the other Germans of the same territory sought by envoys the friendship

of me and of the Roman people. By my order and auspices two armies

were led at about the same time into Ethiopia and into that part of

Arabia which is called Happy, and the troops of each nation of enemies

were slaughtered in battle and many towns captured. They penetrated

into Ethiopia all the way to the town Nabata, which is near to Meroe;

and into Arabia all the way to the border of the Sabaei, advancing

to the town Mariba.

 

27. I added Egypt to the rule of the Roman people. When Artaxes, king

of Greater Armenia, was killed, though I could have made it a province,

I preferred, by the example of our elders, to hand over that kingdomto

Tigranes, son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of King Tigranes, through

Tiberius Nero, who was then my step-son. And the same nation, after

revolting and rebelling, and subdued through my son Gaius, I handed

over to be ruled by King Ariobarzanes son of Artabazus, King of the

Medes, and after his death, to his son Artavasdes; and when he was

killed, I sent Tigranes, who came from the royal clan of the Armenians,

into that rule. I recovered all the provinces which lie across the

Adriatic to the east and Cyrene, with kings now possessing them in

large part, and Sicily and Sardina, which had been occupied earlier

in the slave war.

 

28. I founded colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, each

Spain, Greece, Asia, Syria, Narbonian Gaul, and Pisidia, and furthermore

had twenty-eight colonies founded in Italy under my authority, which

were very populous and crowded while I lived.

 

29. I recovered from Spain, Gaul, and Dalmatia the many military standards

lost through other leaders, after defeating te enemies. I compelled

the Parthians to return to me the spoils and standards of three Roman

armies, and as suppliants to seek the friendship of the Roman people.

Furthermore I placed those standards in the sanctuary of the temple

of Mars Ultor.

 

30. As for the tribes of the Pannonians, before my principate no army

of the Roman people had entered their land. When they were conquered

through Tiberius Nero, who was then my step-son and emissary, I subjected

them to the rule of the Roman people and extended the borders of Illyricum

to the shores of the river Danube. On the near side of it the army

of the Dacians was conquered and overcome under my auspices, and then

my army, led across the Danube, forced the tribes of the Dacians to

bear the rule of the Roman people.

 

31. Emissaries from the Indian kings were often sent to me, which

had not been seen before that time by any Roman leader. The Bastarnae,

the Scythians, and the Sarmatians, who are on this side of the river

Don and the kings further away, an the kings of the Albanians, of

the Iberians, and of the Medes, sought our friendship through emissaries.

 

32. To me were sent supplications by kings: of the Parthians, Tiridates

and later Phrates son of king Phrates, of the Medes, Artavasdes, of

the Adiabeni, Artaxares, of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tincommius,

of the Sugambri, Maelo, of the Marcomanian Suebi (..., -)rus. King

Phrates of the Parthians, son of Orodes, sent all his sons and grandsons

into Italy to me, though defeated in no war, but seeking our friendship

through the pledges of his children. And in my principate many other

peoples experienced the faith of the Roman people, of whom nothing

had previously existed of embassies or interchange of friendship with

the Roman people.

 

33. The nations of the Parthians and Medes received from me the first

kings of those nations which they sought by emissaries: the Parthians,

Vonones son of king Phrates, grandson of king Orodes, the Medes, Ariobarzanes,

son of king Artavasdes, grandson of king Aiobarzanes.

 

34. In my sixth and seventh consulates (28-27 B.C.E.), after putting

out the civil war, having obtained all things by universal consent,

I handed over the state from my power to the dominion of the senate

and Roman people. And for this merit of mine, by a senate decree,

I was called Augustus and the doors of my temple were publicly clothed

with laurel and a civic crown was fixed over my door and a gold shield

placed in the Julian senate-house, and the inscription of that shield

testified to the virtue, mercy, justice, and piety, for which the

senate and Roman people gave it to me. After that time, I exceeded

all in influence, but I had no greater power than the others who were

colleagues with me in each magistracy.

 

35. When I administered my thirteenth consulate (2 B.C.E.), the senate

and Equestrian order and Roman people all called me father of the

country, and voted that the same be inscribed in the vestibule of

my temple, in the Julian senate-house, and in the forum of Augustus

under the chario which had been placed there for me by a decision

of the senate. When I wrote this I was seventy-six years old.

 

Appendix

 

Written after Augustus' death.

 

1. All the expenditures which he gave either into the treasury or

to the Roman plebs or to discharged soldiers: HS 2,400,000,000.

 

2. The works he built: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter Subduer and

Thunderer, of Apollo, of divine Julius, of Minerva, of Queen Juno,

of Jupiter Liberator, of the Lares, of the gods of the Penates, of

Youth, and of the Great Mother, the Lupercal, the state box at the

circus, the senate-house with the Chalcidicum, the forum of Augustus,

the Julian basilica, the theater of Marcellus, the Octavian portico,

and the grove of the Caesars across the Tiber.

 

3. He rebuilt the Capitol and holy temples numbering eighty-two, the

theater of Pompey, waterways, and the Flaminian road.

 

4. The sum expended on theatrical spectacles and gladatorial games

and athletes and hunts and mock naval battles and money given to colonies,

cities, andtowns destroyed by earthquake and fire or per man to friends

and senators, whom he raised to the senate rating: innumerable.

 

THE END

 

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