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Chalybion californicus
Distribution / Verbreitung: Mexico to Southern Canada (Great Lakes Region)
The name "mud" dauber refers to the nests that are made by the female wasps, which consist of mud molded into place by the wasp's mandibles. The nest is a simple, one-cell, urn-shaped mud structucture that is attached to crevices, cracks and corners. Each cell contains one egg. Adults of both sexes frequently drink flower nectar, but they stock their nests with spiders, which serve as food for their offspring. Mud daubers prefer particular kinds and sizes of spiders for their larders. Instead of stocking a nest cell with one or two large spiders, mud daubers cram as many as two dozen small spiders into a nest cell. Chalybion californicum, the blue mud wasp, is most famous for its predation of black widow spiders. To capture a spider, the wasp grabs it and stings it. The venom from the sting does not kill the spider, but paralyzes and preserves it so it can be transported and stored in the nest cell until consumed by the larva. A mud dauber usually lays its egg on the prey item and then seals it into the nest cell with a mud cap. It then builds another cell or nest. The young survive the winter inside the nest.
Die Weibchen bauen ihre „Mörtel"-Nester aus feuchter Erde oder feuchtem Lehm. Die urnenartigen Nester werden an Pflanzen, Mauern, überhängenden Felsen und dergl. an einer geschützten Stelle, wie etwa an einer Nische, angebracht. Häufig kann man die Nester an Gebäuden entdecken. Die erwachsenen Tiere sind Blütenbesucher und fliegen häufig Pfützen an, um Material für den Nestbau zu beschaffen. Die Brut wird mit Spinnen versorgt. Diese werden nicht spezifisch ausgewählt, wobei pro Zelle je nach Größe der Beute mitunter bis zu zwei Dutzend Spinnen enthalten sein können. Die Wespe sticht ihre gefangene Spinne und lähmt sie. Die Spinne wird im Nest untergebracht, die Wespe legt ein Ei darauf ab; die Nestzelle wird dann mit Lehm „zugemauert" und die Wespe baut die nächste Zelle. Die aus dem Ei ausschlüpfende Larve frisst die mit ihr eingemauerte lebendige, gelähmte Spinne. Die jungen Wespen überwintern im Nest.
[Source / Quelle: Wikipedia]
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The height of the waves follow a Rayleigh distribution. Just 10% are twice as high as the average (and 4 times stronger)
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IRZ 9006 SCANIA R580 V8 of McCONAGHY REFRIGERATED DISTRIBUTION @ HILTON PARK Services M6 northbound , Wednesday 09th May 2018
SN/NC: Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana, Crassulaceae Family
K. blossfeldiana is native to Madagascar (USDA-ARS, 2016). It has naturalized in China, India, North, Central and South America, the West Indies and on many islands in the Pacific Ocean (see the Distribution Table for details; Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012; Jørgensen et al., 2015; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016). K. blossfeldiana is cultivated as ornamental in the Netherlands (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016) and it is probably also cultivated in other European countries. Because the species is cultivated worldwide, its current distribution range is probably wider than the range reported here. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is probably the most popular and widely cultivated Kalanchoe species. It is often planted as an indoor potted plant and as an outdoor ornamental. This species has escaped from cultivation and can be found naturalized in disturbed and waste areas near cultivation. Currently it is listed as invasive in the Dominican Republic, Chile and the Galapagos Islands. English: Christmas kalanchoe; kalanchoe; Madagascar widow's-thrill; widow’s thrill. Spanish: bruja; mala madre; tope tope
K. blossfeldiana é nativa de Madagascar (USDA-ARS, 2016). Ela se naturalizou na China, Índia, América do Norte, Central e do Sul, Índias Ocidentais e em muitas ilhas no Oceano Pacífico (veja a Tabela de Distribuição para detalhes; Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012; Jørgensen et al., 2015; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016). K. blossfeldiana é cultivada como ornamental na Holanda (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016) e provavelmente também é cultivada em outros países europeus. Como a espécie é cultivada em todo o mundo, sua distribuição atual é provavelmente mais ampla do que a relatada aqui. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana é provavelmente a espécie de Kalanchoe mais popular e amplamente cultivada. Ela é frequentemente plantada como uma planta em vasos internos e como ornamental externa. Esta espécie escapou do cultivo e pode ser encontrada naturalizada em áreas perturbadas e devastadas perto do cultivo. Atualmente está listado como invasor na República Dominicana, Chile e Ilhas Galápagos
Nomes Populares: Calanchoê, Calancoê, Calandiva, Flor-da-fortuna, Flor-do-papai, Kalanchoê, Kalandiva. Planta suculenta, de folhas com margens rendadas. O calanchoê tem um significado especial, considerada a flor-da-fortuna e da felicidade é muito presenteada entre amigos e parentes.
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana es una especie del género Kalanchoe, endémica de Madagascar. Planta suculenta que pueden alcanzar 30-40 cm de altura por unos 20 cm de ancho con brillantes hojas carnosas de color verde oscuro cuyo tamaño alcanza entre 7 cm de largo por 4 de anchura. La inflorescencia es un corto tallo con hasta tres pares de hojas (distintas a las del resto de la planta), que nace de las axilas de las hojas, al final de este tallo surgen en forma de racimo numerosas flores con 4 pétalos de unos 4 mm de diámetro, éstas pueden ser rojas, purpúreas, anaranjadas, amarillas, blancas. Su época de floración natural abarca desde finales del invierno hasta finales de primavera. Es muy utilizada como planta de interior y comúnmente cultivada en jardines en zonas de clima cálido, ya que no soporta temperaturas por debajo de los 10 °C. Se puede forzar el periodo natural de floración cubriendo la planta para que tenga menos horas de luz al día. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana fue descrita por Karl von Poellnitz y publicado en Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35(918/927): 159 159 1934. Kalanchoe: nombre genérico que se supone fue nombrado por una de sus especies (posiblemente Kalanchoe spathulata ) y su nombre chino 伽藍菜 / 伽蓝菜 jiāláncài , cantonés galaamchoi. Una segunda explicación se deriva del nombre de la antigua palabras indias: Kalanka = "manchas, óxido" y chaya = de. Blossfeldiana: epíteto otorgado en honor del distribuidor de plantas alemán Robert Blossfeld (1882–1945).
K. blossfeldiana stammt ursprünglich aus Madagaskar (USDA-ARS, 2016). Sie ist in China, Indien, Nord-, Mittel- und Südamerika, Westindien und auf vielen Inseln im Pazifischen Ozean eingebürgert (siehe die Verbreitungstabelle für Einzelheiten; Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012; Jørgensen et al., 2015; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016). K. blossfeldiana wird in den Niederlanden als Zierpflanze kultiviert (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016) und wird wahrscheinlich auch in anderen europäischen Ländern kultiviert. Da die Art weltweit kultiviert wird, ist ihr aktuelles Verbreitungsgebiet wahrscheinlich größer als das hier angegebene. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ist wahrscheinlich die beliebteste und am weitesten verbreitete Kalanchoe-Art. Sie wird oft als Topfpflanze für den Innenbereich und als Zierpflanze für den Außenbereich gepflanzt. Diese Art ist aus der Kultivierung entkommen und kann eingebürgert in gestörten und brachliegenden Gebieten in der Nähe von Kultivierungen gefunden werden. Derzeit wird sie in der Dominikanischen Republik, Chile und den Galapagosinseln als invasiv eingestuft.
K. blossfeldiana est originaire de Madagascar (USDA-ARS, 2016). Elle s'est naturalisée en Chine, en Inde, en Amérique du Nord, en Amérique centrale et en Amérique du Sud, aux Antilles et sur de nombreuses îles de l'océan Pacifique (voir le tableau de répartition pour plus de détails ; Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012 ; Jørgensen et al., 2015 ; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016 ; PIER, 2016). K. blossfeldiana est cultivée comme plante ornementale aux Pays-Bas (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016) et elle est probablement aussi cultivée dans d'autres pays européens. Comme l'espèce est cultivée dans le monde entier, son aire de répartition actuelle est probablement plus large que celle rapportée ici. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana est probablement l'espèce de Kalanchoe la plus populaire et la plus cultivée. Elle est souvent plantée comme plante d'intérieur en pot et comme plante ornementale d'extérieur. Cette espèce s'est échappée des cultures et peut être trouvée naturalisée dans des zones perturbées et en friche à proximité des cultures. Actuellement, il est classé comme espèce envahissante en République dominicaine, au Chili et aux îles Galapagos.
K. blossfeldiana è originaria del Madagascar (USDA-ARS, 2016). Si è naturalizzata in Cina, India, America settentrionale, centrale e meridionale, nelle Indie occidentali e in molte isole dell'Oceano Pacifico (vedere la tabella di distribuzione per i dettagli; Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012; Jørgensen et al., 2015; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016). K. blossfeldiana è coltivata come ornamentale nei Paesi Bassi (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016) e probabilmente è coltivata anche in altri paesi europei. Poiché la specie è coltivata in tutto il mondo, il suo attuale intervallo di distribuzione è probabilmente più ampio di quello riportato qui. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana è probabilmente la specie di Kalanchoe più popolare e ampiamente coltivata. È spesso piantata come pianta in vaso da interno e come ornamentale da esterno. Questa specie è sfuggita alla coltivazione e può essere trovata naturalizzata in aree disturbate e incolte vicino alla coltivazione. Attualmente è elencato come invasivo nella Repubblica Dominicana, in Cile e nelle Isole Galapagos
K. blossfeldiana is afkomstig uit Madagaskar (USDA-ARS, 2016). De plant is genaturaliseerd in China, India, Noord-, Midden- en Zuid-Amerika, West-Indië en op veel eilanden in de Stille Oceaan (zie de distributietabel voor details; Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012; Jørgensen et al., 2015; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016). K. blossfeldiana wordt in Nederland gekweekt als sierplant (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016) en waarschijnlijk ook in andere Europese landen. Omdat de soort wereldwijd wordt gekweekt, is het huidige verspreidingsgebied waarschijnlijk groter dan het hier gerapporteerde verspreidingsgebied. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is waarschijnlijk de populairste en meest gekweekte Kalanchoe-soort. De plant wordt vaak geplant als potplant binnenshuis en als sierplant buitenshuis. Deze soort is ontsnapt uit de teelt en kan genaturaliseerd worden aangetroffen in verstoorde en verlaten gebieden in de buurt van teelt. Momenteel staat het op de lijst van invasieve soorten in de Dominicaanse Republiek, Chili en de Galapagoseilanden.
K. blossfeldiana はマダガスカル原産です (USDA-ARS, 2016)。中国、インド、北米、中米、南米、西インド諸島、太平洋の多くの島々に帰化しています (詳細は分布表を参照; Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012; Jørgensen et al., 2015; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016)。K. blossfeldiana はオランダで観賞用として栽培されており (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016)、他のヨーロッパ諸国でも栽培されていると思われます。この種は世界中で栽培されているため、現在の分布範囲はここで報告されている範囲よりも広いと思われます。Kalanchoe blossfeldiana はおそらく最も人気があり、広く栽培されている Kalanchoe 種です。屋内の鉢植えとして、また屋外の観賞用として植えられることが多いです。この種は栽培地から逃げ出し、栽培地近くの荒廃した地域や荒廃した地域で帰化しているのが見られます。現在、ドミニカ共和国、チリ、ガラパゴス諸島では侵入種としてリストされています。
K. blossfeldiana نبات أصلي في مدغشقر (USDA-ARS, 2016). وقد تجنس في الصين والهند وأمريكا الشمالية والوسطى والجنوبية وجزر الهند الغربية والعديد من الجزر في المحيط الهادئ (انظر جدول التوزيع للحصول على التفاصيل؛ Ministerio Medio Ambiente, 2012؛ Jørgensen et al., 2015؛ Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016؛ PIER, 2016). يُزرع K. blossfeldiana كنبات زينة في هولندا (Kalanchoe Growers, 2016) ومن المحتمل أن يُزرع أيضًا في دول أوروبية أخرى. نظرًا لأن هذا النوع يُزرع في جميع أنحاء العالم، فمن المحتمل أن يكون نطاق توزيعه الحالي أوسع من النطاق المذكور هنا. ربما يكون Kalanchoe blossfeldiana هو أكثر أنواع Kalanchoe شيوعًا وانتشارًا. غالبًا ما يُزرع كنبات أصيص داخلي وكنبات زينة خارجي. لقد هرب هذا النوع من الزراعة ويمكن العثور عليه متوطنًا في المناطق المضطربة والبور القريبة من الزراعة. وهو مدرج حاليًا على أنه غازي في جمهورية الدومينيكان وتشيلي وجزر غالاباغوس
Rolling into Ipswich Station just after emerging from the 360yd long Ipswich Tunnel, are Railfreight Distribution liveried Class 47 locomotives 47323 'Rover Group' (D1804) & 47222 (D1872) with a train of empty car carriers.
5th July 1994
A grandmother and her cat.
Distribution d'objets aux personnes défavorisées en Croatie.
Ici, des bottes, du bois de chauffage, un poêle à bois, vêtements, etc...
Distribution of objects to disadvantaged people in Croatia.
Here, boots, firewood, a wood stove, clothes, etc ...
Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus)
Other common names: Red-backed Kite, White-headed Kite, Maroon-backed Kite, Chestnut-white Kite, Rufous Eagle, Rufous-backed Kite, White and Red Eagle-kite, Red-backed Sea Eagle, White-headed Sea Eagle, White-headed Fish Eagle, Whistling Eagle.
Taxonomy: Haliastur indus (Boddaert) 1783, Pondicherry, India.
Sub-species & Distribution: Sometimes placed within the genus Milvus. It ranges from Pakistan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka through to S China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Sula Islands, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Greater and Lesser Sundas, Wallacea, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Australia and the Solomon Islands.
The nominate form, indus, more heavily marked with narrow dark stripes, is found in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands to S China, south to Myanmar, N Thailand and C Vietnam. South of the Tenasserim, however, it intergrades with intermedius, and is less heavily streaked than those from the northern parts of its range (Baker 1928, Robinson 1927). Given the great individual variation in the strength of dark shaft-streaks in adults, Wells (1999) considered it better to treat the whole of Malaya as a zone of intergradation between these two races.
Of the four sub-species currently recognised, only one is found in this region:
intermedius Gurney 1865, Java. Found in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Greater and Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi, the Philippines and Sula Islands. Towards the easternmost parts of this range, the stripes tend to disappear altogether as it grades into the Australian race (Robinson 1927).
Size: Length 18 to 20" (46 to 51 cm). Sexes alike. Females slightly larger than males (Baker 1928).
Description: Head, nape, hind-neck, chin, throat, breast and upper belly white, the feathers with narrow but distinct dark brown to blackish shaft-streaks. Remaining upperparts rich reddish-chestnut, darker on mantle, the feathers sometimes with black quill shafts. Outer six primaries black with varying amounts of chestnut at base, the chestnut basal third of the first primary progressively increasing towards the sixth primary which has the basal half entirely chestnut. Remaining primaries, secondaries and wing coverts chestnut, paler and duller on under-surface of wing. Tail chestnut with narrow pale tips, under-surface of tail pale dull rufous. Lower abdomen, undertail coverts, axillaries and underwing coverts chestnut.
Soft parts: Iris dark brown. Bill dull bluish-horn, paler and yellower at tip, cere dull yellowish. Legs and feet greenish-yellow.
Immature plumages Juveniles have upperparts mainly brown, the secondaries and wing coverts darker with pale buffy-white tips, the tail with pale whitish tip. Head, nape, hind-neck, chin, throat, breast and upper belly pale rufous-brown, with buffy-white shaft stripes and tips, the lores whitish, with brown around the eyes and on ear coverts. Belly and undertail coverts more rufous, with narrow dark streaks, the feathers whitish at the base (Robinson 1927). Outer six primaries blackish with varying amounts of greyish-white at base, the greyish-white basal third of the first primary progressively increasing towards the sixth primary which has the basal half entirely greyish-white. The remaining primaries greyish-white, tinged with greyish-rufous at tip. Axillaries, lesser and median underwing coverts dark blackish-brown, greater underwing coverts dark grey, paler at base.
After fledging, with wear, the dark plumage fades to brown or rusty-brown, the buff markings lightens to cream streaks. Later, after a body moult, the worn and faded juvenile feathers include variable amounts of new whitish and red-brown feathers on the head, body, lesser and median coverts; the forehead and throat more whitish; the crown, face, hind-neck, breast, upper belly and flanks now mottled with cream and pale brown; the back, lower belly, vent and thighs dull chestnut. The flight feathers, wing coverts and tail, not moulted in the first year, now appear faded and worn (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001). In flight, the greyish-white on the primaries appears almost white.
Similar species: The White-bellied Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster, a very much larger bird, can be recognised by its wedge-shaped white-tipped tail, its black primaries and secondaries contrasting with white underwing coverts and white underparts. Brahminy Kites have dark chestnut underwing coverts, rounded chestnut tail and chestnut wings, only the wing tips being black.
Immature Brahminy Kites can be separated by their smaller size, dark brown to chestnut lower belly, thighs and vent, and rounded tail. The similar Black Kite Milvus migrans has its tail forked, not rounded.
Status, Habitat & Behaviour: A common resident throughout Singapore (Wang & Hails 2007), it is most frequently found near water, along the sea coast by fishing villages and islands, near rivers, marshes, mangrove mudflats, lakes and rice fields. They habitually feed around large harbours and ports.
Though it can be seen by mouths of large rivers or in open country, over inland marshes and rice fields, it normally avoids dry areas, dense forests and jungles. However, it does hunt over the forest canopy, and travel up into the interior along large rivers. In Sarawak, it is found in Bario, at 1100 m, hawking over padi fields, or perched high up on dead trees overlooking forest clearings and rivers.
It occurs singly, in pairs, or in small groups, and is seen circling over coastal or riverine towns and fishing villages. In India, it is very tame and fearless, freely scavenging close to human habitation (Jerdon 1862) but, inland, it is often a shy bird (Whistler 1949).
Essentially a scavenger and an opportunistic feeder, it shows great versatility in its hunt for food. Along the coastline and in open country, it soars high over its territory in search of prey or quarters the area at lower heights, sometimes perching prominently on trees, utility posts or on the roofs of houses and, in harbours, on derricks alongside the docks or the masts of ships. Its flight is effortless and graceful.
It swoops down in long gliding or diving flight to pick food off the surface in its claws, the legs held rigid and, sometimes, even splashes into the water, riding high on the waves, and taking off again without effort (Ali & Ripley 1968). Unlike White-bellied Fish Eagles Haliaeetus leucogaster or Ospreys Pandion haliaetus, it does not pursue fish travelling in shoals (Robinson 1927). It has been seen taking fish up to one pound in weight (Smythies 1968). Small prey items are devoured in flight (see Willis 2008). With larger catches, the bird sits on the ground, on padi field bunds or perches high up a tree (Jerdon 1862).
Adults are sedentary and do not migrate. Immature birds usually disperse from the parental territory.
Food: In large cities and towns, it frequently feeds on garbage thrown out in the streets and roads. On large rivers or lakes, it picks fish, prawns or water insects off the water and, in wooded country, it takes mice, shrews, young birds, and insects such as large cicadas or locusts (Jerdon 1862). Inland, it eats crustacea, frogs and shellfish taken in padi fields, an occasional young chicken or duckling from villages (Robinson 1927), as well as lizards, snakes and swarming termites taken on the wing (Salim Ali 1941).
In large harbours, it is a scavenger, any refuse thrown overboard from ships being instantly picked up off the water (Oates 1895). Near fishing villages, it can be seen taking fish from the sea and beaches even as fishing nets are being emptied (Robinson 1927), feeding on discarded fish and fish offal, often swooping down to steal fish within a few feet of a fisherman (Baker 1928) and, when in hot pursuit of gulls, crows and kites to rob them of food, shows some considerable turn of speed (Jerdon 1862). It is equally adept, when served in like manner, in evading predators, sometimes unsuccessfully (Lee 2007).
Voice and Calls: The cry is a peculiar squealing sound, uttered on the wing (Oates 1895), a shrill mew, like that of a kitten, uttered on the wing or when fighting for food with others of its kind (Robinson 1927).
Breeding: In Singapore, breeding was first recorded in 1949, with current records of nest building from January to March and October to December, brooding in March, and nestlings in February, March, May and June (Wang & Hails 2007). In West Malaysia, eggs were found from December to March, nestlings from April to May (Robinson & Chasen 1939).
The nest, a loosely constructed structure of coarse twigs and sticks, is usually placed not less than 12 to 15 m above ground, generally near the top of a tall tree in the mangroves, the eggs being laid on a pad of dried clay (Robinson & Chasen 1939). A nest was found on a flat-topped electricity pylon, and also on Tembusu Fagraea fragrans trees (Wells 1999).
In India, where they breed from December to March, nests were found usually in the neighbourhood of water, along the coasts on coconut palms and casuarina trees (Salim Ali 1941), on trees in the middle of a fishing village and on the roofs of houses (Baker 1928). The nests were large loose structures, 46 to 61 cm in diameter and 8 to 12 cm in depth, the central depression for the eggs sometimes unlined, sometimes lined with a few green leaves but, more commonly, the inner part of the nest included pieces of rag, wool and human hair, and was sometimes lined with mud (Hume 1890).
They lay two dirty-white eggs, lightly marked with rusty reddish-brown, sometimes without markings, the average size of twenty eggs being 52.8 x 41.1 mm (Robinson 1927). Both sexes share duties in building the nest and feeding the young. The birds were prone to deserting the nest on the slightest provocation (Hume 1890). Incubation, done mostly by the female, takes about 26 or 35 days. Young hatchlings are covered in white down, take 40 to 56 days to fledge, and remain dependent on their parents for another two months (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001).
Moult: Very little information is available about its moult strategy. Like many small Accipitrids, it probably undertakes complete wing and tail moult every year. According to Wells (1999), replacement of inner primaries is regular and descendent, with evidence of mid-wing suspension or precocious moult of the wing tip, P5 to P10 often newer than P1 to P4.
Miscellaneous: The name of Brahminy Kite given to it in India because the bird is considered sacred to Vishnu, a Hindu deity. The word, Brahmin, refers to a Hindu priestly caste. Its Muslim name, Rumuharik or lucky face, arises from a belief that when two armies are about to engage, the appearance of this bird over either party foretold victory to that side (Jerdon 1862).
[Credit: singaporebirds.net/]
I'm assuming this is a distribution center for the chain.
Northumberland, PA. March 2018.
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