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Volunteers David Boateng (left) and Emmanuel Obour distributing bednets in Apenimadi, Bonsaaso Millennium Village. Trained by Millennium Village Project staff, volunteers across the cluster work with communities to hang bednets at all sleeping sites and educate local people about the dangers of malaria. Since 2006, over 30,000 long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets have been distributed, covering all households in the cluster.
For more information on Millennium Promise, please visit www.millenniumpromise.org, or follow us on Facebook (www.facebook.com/millenniumpromise) or Twitter (@endofpoverty).
Banksia integrifolia, commonly known as the coast banksia, is a species of tree that grows along the east coast of Australia. One of the most widely distributed Banksia species, it occurs between Victoria and Central Queensland in a broad range of habitats, from coastal dunes to mountains. It is highly variable in form, but is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) in height. Its leaves have dark green upper surfaces and white undersides, a contrast that can be striking on windy days.
It is one of the four original Banksia species collected by Sir Joseph Banks in 1770, and one of four species published in 1782 as part of Carolus Linnaeus the Younger's original description of the genus. It has had a complicated taxonomic history, with numerous species and varieties ascribed to it, only to be rejected or promoted to separate species. Modern taxonomy recognises three subspecies: B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, B. integrifolia subsp. compar and B. integrifolia subsp. monticola.
A hardy and versatile garden plant, B. integrifolia is widely planted in Australian gardens. It is a popular choice for parks and streetscapes, and has been used for bush revegetation and stabilisation of dunes. Its hardiness has prompted research into its suitability for use as a rootstock in the cut flower trade, but has also caused concerns about its potential to become a weed outside its natural habitat.
Names
Now widely known as the coast banksia or coastal banksia, B. integrifolia was previously known by a range of common names. The Checklist of Australian Trees lists four other common names: honeysuckle, white banksia, white bottlebrush and white honeysuckle; and some older sources refer to it as honeysuckle oak.
It was known to Indigenous Australians before its discovery and naming by Europeans; for example, the Gunai people of Gippsland called it birrna. Because of its wide range it would have a name in a number of other indigenous languages, but these are now lost. In 2001, a search of historical archives for recorded indigenous names of Victorian flora and fauna failed to find a single name for the species.
Description
B. integrifolia is a highly variable species. It is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) in height, but in sheltered locations it can reach 35 metres (115 ft). In more exposed areas it may grow as a small, gnarled tree, reaching to no more than about 5 metres (16 ft), and in highly exposed positions, such as on exposed coastal headlands, it may even be reduced to a small shrub.
The tree usually has a single stout trunk, which is often twisted and gnarled, with the rough grey bark characteristic of Banksia. The leaves are dark green with a white underside, and occur in whorls of three to five. Adult leaves have entire margins; George specifies their dimensions as 4–20 centimetres (1.6–7.9 in) long and 6–35 millimetres (0.24–1.38 in) wide, but The Banksia Atlas warns that "Atlas contributors found great variability in these measurements with specimens often falling outside the varietal limits specified by George (1981) or being intermediate between two varieties." Juvenile leaves have dentate margins with a few short teeth, and are generally larger than adult leaves.
Flowers occur in Banksia's characteristic "flower spike", an inflorescence made up of several hundred flowers densely packed in a spiral around a woody axis. This is roughly cylindrical, 10–12 centimetres (3.9–4.7 in) high and 5 centimetres (2.0 in) wide. Flowers are usually pale yellow to yellow, but may be greenish or pinkish in bud. Each individual flower consists of a tubular perianth made up of four united tepals, and one long wiry style. Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed, the styles are straight rather than hooked. The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis. This process starts with the flowers at the bottom of the inflorescence, sweeping up the spike at an unusually high rate of between 96 and 390 flowers per 24 hours.
The flower spikes are not as prominent as in some other Banksia species, as they arise from two- to three-year-old nodes nested within the foliage. After flowering, old flower parts wither and fall away over a period of several months, revealing the "cone", a woody axis embedded with many small follicles. The follicles are initially greenish and downy, but gradually fade to dark grey. Each follicle contains one or sometimes two seeds, separated by a thin wooden separator. The seed itself is black, 6–10 millimetres (0.24–0.39 in) long with a feathery black 'wing' 10–20 millimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long.
Taxonomy
Infructescence and leaves of B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia.
B. integrifolia was first collected at Botany Bay on 29 April 1770, by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Solander coined the (unpublished) binomial name Leucadendrum integrifolium in Banks' Florilegium. However, the species was not published until April 1782, when Carolus Linnaeus the Younger described the first four Banksia species in his Supplementum Plantarum. Linnaeus distinguished the species by their leaf shapes, and named them accordingly. Thus the species with entire leaf margins was given the specific name integrifolia, from the Latin integer, meaning "entire", and folium, meaning "leaf". The full name for the species is therefore Banksia integrifolia L.f.
Then followed around 200 years of confusion over the taxonomic limits of the species, caused by the species' great variability, similarities with closely related species, and early attempts to classify the species based on dried specimen material alone. A stable Banksia taxonomy did not begin to emerge until 1981 with the publication of Alex George's landmark monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). Over the next 18 years, George's arrangement was gradually refined in the light of new research and the discovery of new material, and there were several changes to B. integrifolia's infraspecific taxa. These changes culminated in George's 1999 arrangement, which had broad acceptance until 2005, when Austin Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published a phylogeny that did not accord with George's arrangement. A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. integrifolia is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae; it is the type species for the subgenus.
Placement within Banksia
The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus Banksia is based on George's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series. In this arrangement, B. integrifolia is placed in Banksia subg. Banksia, because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia's characteristic flower spikes; Banksia sect. Banksia because of its straight styles; and Banksia ser. Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. Kevin Thiele additionally placed it in a subseries Integrifoliae,[19] but this was not supported by George.
B. integrifolia's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Isostylis
Subgenus Banksia
Section Oncostylis
Section Coccinea
Section Banksia
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Series Salicinae
B. dentata – B. aquilonia – B. integrifolia – B. plagiocarpa – B. oblongifolia – B. robur – B. conferta – B. paludosa – B. marginata – B. canei – B. saxicola
Subspecies
Inflorescence of B. integrifolia subsp. monticola in late bud
The names of three subspecies are accepted at the Australian Plant Census as at May 2020:
B. integrifolia subsp. compar (R.Br.) K.R.Thiele;
B. integrifolia R.Br.subsp. integrifolia;
B. integrifolia subsp. monticola K.R.Thiele.
Although some of the great variability of B. integrifolia can be attributed to environmental factors, much is genetic: George writes that it "gives the impression that it is actively speciating to fill the many ecological niches through its range". Genetic variation across its range has been mapped in some detail with microsatellite markers, facilitating further analysis of intraspecific relationships. Fractal analysis of the shape and spectrum (colour) of the leaves has been used to determine to which subspecies plants of unknown provenance belong.
Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia
The nominate subspecies occurs near the coast over most of the species' range except the far north. It varies little except in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, where some populations appear to be intermediate with B. integrifolia subsp. compar.
Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar
This subspecies grows in coastal Queensland as far north as Proserpine. For most of its range it is the only subspecies, but near its southern limit it co-occurs with B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia. The two subspecies are distinguishable by their leaves, which are larger and glossy with wavy margins on B. integrifolia subsp. compar.
Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola
Commonly known as white mountain banksia, it is the only subspecies with a montane distribution; it occurs in the Blue Mountains of northern New South Wales. It is similar in form to B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, but differs in having longer, narrower leaves, and follicles that are more deeply embedded in the old flower spike.
Hybrids
Presumed natural hybrids have been reported between B. integrifolia and other members of Banksia ser. Salicinae, although no hybrid names have been formally published to date. Presumed hybrids are identified by their intermediate features; for example those with B. paludosa (swamp banksia), known from Jervis Bay and Green Cape on the coast of southern New South Wales, have a smaller habit, longer, thinner flower spikes, and persistent old flowers on old "cones", which are otherwise bare on pure B. integrifolia.
Presumed hybrids with B. marginata (silver banksia) occur on Wilsons Promontory in Victoria; these are found in localities where both species co-occur, and have features intermediate between the two. Another purported hybrid with B. marginata, thought to be from Cape Paterson on Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low-growing plant to 1 metre (3.3 ft).
Distribution and habitat
B. integrifolia is widely distributed, in both geographical and ecological terms. According to Alex George, "it spans a wider geographical and climatic range than any other species." Thiele and Ladiges make a similar claim: that its distribution "is a broader latitudinal, altitudinal and ecological amplitude than any other species, with the possible exception of B. spinulosa." No other species of tree occurs closer to the coast at Cape Byron, making B. integrifolia the most easterly tree on the Australian mainland.
It occurs along almost the entire eastern coast of Australia, from Geelong, Victoria to Proserpine, Queensland. There was an isolated population on Long Island, Tasmania in 1999, and an 1876 record allegedly from King Island, although there has been speculation that that specimen was actually collected in the Furneaux Group. The species no longer occurs at any of these Tasmania locations, and has been declared extinct in Tasmania under that state's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.[35] The range of latitude is thus about 20° to 38°S.
For most of its distribution, B. integrifolia occurs only within about 50 kilometres (31 mi) of the coast, where it typically occurs on poor quality sandy soils derived from sandstone. It grows near coastal cliffs and headlands, alongside river estuaries, and even on stabilised sand dunes. The temperature range for this area is around 0–30 °C (32–86 °F), with almost no frosts. The species can occur in pure stands, but is usually associated with other species such as Melaleuca quinquenervia (broad-leaved paperbark), Angophora costata (smooth-barked apple), Corymbia gummifera (red bloodwood), Eucalyptus botryoides (bangalay), Monotoca elliptica (wedding bush) and Leptospermum laevigatum (coast tea tree).
Between Sydney and Brisbane, B. integrifolia is found up to 200 kilometres (120 mi) inland, with B. integrifolia subsp. monticola occurring in the Blue Mountains at altitudes up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). There it grows on better quality volcanic or rocky soils derived from granites and basalts, and would experience up to 100 frosts per year. In this montane habitat, it occurs in association with Eucalyptus species such as E. viminalis (manna gum) and E. pauciflora (snow gum), and also rainforest species such as Nothofagus moorei (Antarctic beech) and Orites excelsa (prickly ash).
Ecology
Like most other Proteaceae, B. integrifolia has proteoid roots, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance solubilisation of nutrients, thus allowing nutrient uptake in low-nutrient soils such as the phosphorus-deficient native soils of Australia. Studies on B. integrifolia suggest that its proteoid root mat achieves this by chemically modifying its soil environment.
B. integrifolia flowers have an unusually short life span for Banksia species, producing nectar for only about four to twelve days after anthesis. Most nectar is produced during the night and early in the morning, with only small amounts produced during the day. Flowers are produced all through the year, but there is a strong peak in autumn. Little else flowers within its range at this time, so it is a seasonally important source of food for nectariferous animals. Surveys have observed a range of animals feeding on the species, including a wide range of insects; many species of bird including Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (New Holland honeyeater), Anthochaera carunculata (red wattlebird), Anthochaera chrysoptera (little wattlebird), Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (eastern spinebill) and Trichoglossus haematodus (rainbow lorikeet); and mammals such as Petaurus norfolcensis (squirrel glider), Petaurus breviceps (sugar glider), Acrobates pygmaeus (feathertail glider), Pteropus poliocephalus (grey-headed flying fox), and Syconycteris australis common blossom bat. In some areas such as at Bungawalbin National Park in northern New South Wales, B. integrifolia is the only source of nectar and pollen in the autumn (March–April) and late winter (July). The importance of non-flying mammals to pollination of B. integrifolia was demonstrated in 1989, with a study in Wilsons Promontory National Park showing a reduction of fruit set when measures were taken to exclude them. Banksia integrifolia is the host plant of the lichen species Arthonia banksiae. Microscopic Eriophyid mites (Eriophyidae) cause galls on young infructescences of B. integrifolia
Unlike most Banksia species, B. integrifolia does not require bushfire to trigger the release of its seed. Rather, seed is released spontaneously on reaching maturity in late summer. The species' non-reliance on fire for seed dispersal suggests that the exclusion of fire would not affect plant populations, but a number of studies have found the opposite to be true: in areas where fire has been excluded for many years, populations have declined substantially. An investigation into the defoliation and premature death of trees on the Yanakie Isthmus in south Victoria reached the tentative conclusion that the absence of fire had created unhealthy surface soil conditions. On the Mornington Peninsula, surveys of an area that had not been burnt since the 1890s found that B. integrifolia densities fell by 77% between 1977 and 2000. A subsequent study found the decline to have been caused by extremely high seedling mortality rates, due to grazing by herbivores and intense competition for soil moisture during summer. Despite acknowledging that "the role of fire in these systems remains unclear", it concluded that "developing fire and/or grazing management regimes will be necessary to conserve the structural integrity of these coastal ecosystems."
These concerns aside, B. integrifolia does not appear to be under threat. It is highly resistant to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback, which poses a major threat to many other Banksia species; and its wide distribution protects against the threat of habitat loss due to land clearing. As a result, it does not appear on the list of threatened flora of Australia under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
Cultivation
Hardy and versatile, B. integrifolia will grow in clay, sand, acid and even alkaline soils, and it shows good resistance to wind and salt, making it suitable for seaside planting. It is therefore highly regarded as a low-maintenance garden tree, although its large size makes it unsuitable for smaller gardens. Its hardiness may however forewarn weed potential, as some evidence of weediness has been seen in South Africa, Western Australia and New Zealand. When growing near bushland within its native habitat, it is recommended to obtain local provenance seed or plants if available.
The most common form available in commercial nurseries is unimproved Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia. It prefers a sunny aspect without exposure to frosts, and tolerates fairly heavy pruning. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 5 to 6 weeks to germinate. Flowering begins at around four to six years from seed. The other subspecies are less well known in cultivation, but are obtainable. Cultivation is presumably similar to B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, except that B. integrifolia subsp. monticola may be assumed frost-tolerant. Dwarf forms of B. integrifolia are sometimes sold, and a registered prostrate cultivar, Banksia 'Roller Coaster', is available. The latter is a vigorous ground-hugging plant that can spread to 4 or 5 metres (13 or 16 ft) across yet remains only 50 centimetres (20 in) high.
Because of its high resistance to P. cinnamomi dieback, the feasibility of using B. integrifolia as a rootstock for susceptible Banksia species in the cut flower trade is under investigation. Presently, the success rate for grafting is only 30–40%, and even with successful grafts there is a tendency for the union to fail under stress. More research is needed before the technique will be ready for commercial use.
Other uses
The wood of B. integrifolia is pink to red, with inconspicuous rings and conspicuous rays. It is spongy and porous, with a density of around 530 kilograms per cubic metre (33 lb/cu ft). It is considered highly decorative, but it warps badly on drying, has poor load-bearing qualities, and is susceptible to termite attack; it is therefore unsuitable for most construction purposes. It is sometimes used for cabinet panelling and in ornamental turnery, and natural bends were once sought after for making boat knees. It is a useful firewood.
B. integrifolia produces a dark amber-coloured honey of middling quality and therefore low commercial value. Despite this, the species is highly valued by beekeepers because it produces large amounts of pollen and nectar during autumn and winter, thus helping support hives at a time when little else is flowering.
Historically, indigenous Australians obtained nectar from B. integrifolia by stroking the flower spikes then licking their hands, or by steeping flower spikes in a coolamon overnight. They also used the flower spikes as hairbrushes. Early settlers used the nectar as a syrup for sore throats and colds; and bushmen would impregnate barren "cones" with fat to make a slow-burning candle.
More recently, B. integrifolia has been used in the art of bonsai. Its rangy habit and long internodes are challenging to overcome, but the leaves do reduce with pruning, and unlike the gnarlier B. serrata (saw banksia) its trunk can become textured with age.
It is used as a floral emblem by two local government areas of Queensland: the City of Redcliffe and the City of Logan. In 2000 it was featured on an Australian postage stamp.
Multan, 11-10-2013: Al-Khidmat Foundation Pakistan distributed 15 sewing machines among deserving and talented women. The machines were given to them as a part of dowry gifts. A special distribution ceremony was held in that regard. President Chambers of Commerce Multan, Khawaja Muhammad Usman was the chief guest on the occasion. President Al-Khidmat Foundation Punjab, Dr. Safdar Iqbal Hashmi was also present. He addressed the audience and distributed the sewing machines among deserving women.
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With Jags Rao - Business Development Lead, Distributed Ledger Technologies at Swiss Re
Becky Downing, CEO, buzzGroup
Stephan Karpischek, Founder, Etherisc
New Jersey State Troopers distributed 580 coats to students of Elizabeth Public Schools during their 6th Annual Coat Drive on January 10.
The donation, collection, and distribution of coats to Elizabeth Public Schools students was made possible through the tremendous assistance and collaboration with Elizabeth Public Schools team members, Wakefern, Elizabeth Police Department, Elizabeth Fire Department, Union County Sheriff's Department, Union County Department of Corrections, Hispanic Law Enforcement Association of Union County, and At Heart's Length, along with community friends and families. Retail companies that assisted with the coat drive included Old Navy stores at the Mills at Jersey Gardens in Elizabeth, Hamilton Marketplace in Hamilton, and Aviation Plaza in Linden as well as Sears and Boscov’s of Woodbridge Center Mall in Woodbridge.
The annual community outreach event has been a small gesture of the memorable impact troopers strive to make towards those they proudly serve and is reflective of their mindset to bridge the gap between those in uniform and communities that have minimal interaction with the New Jersey State Police.
While the winter weather is often unpredictable, one thing that remains certain is people needing winter coats to make it through the cold. Through their generosity and desire to help the greater community, the New Jersey State Troopers and their partners continue to help Elizabeth Public Schools students stay warm each year.
Saturday, 4 April 2015: Chhule (3350 m) to Mu Gompa (3700 m)
A magic day, a high point in several senses.
Leaving Anthony and Val in Chhule (छुले) repairing and checking LED solar lights distributed 10 years or so ago (most still going strong… and much valued), Hazel and I headed up the Tsum Valley with Tsering and Krishna, following the Sardi Khola / Syar Khola / Tsum Chu river as usual - running more glacially as we got further into the mountains and closer to the southern edge of the Tibetan plateau.
Beautiful weather, lots more mani walls and chortens (and patches of old snow) on the approach to Mu Gompa, with a steep, slippery climb at the end.
Tsering set up our tents on the highest paved terrace, with stunning views back down the valley - the Ganesh Himal to the east, the Sringi Himal to the west. Across the valley - the river now far below us - a high yak kharka leading up to (hidden) Longnang glacier and the Phuchun Khola, and the peaks of Taya Himal and Pashuwo. A Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis) gliding high above the stone roof of the gompa. Helipad - incongruous - below.
Hot lemon and kit kats for elevenses-with-that-view on the terrace segued into lunch in one of the lower sets of terraced rooms. Hardly a soul about - everyone’s gone to KTM to see the visiting Rinproche. We had the caretaker and yak herders seeking shelter for company.
Come the afternoon though, the weather changed, and our afternoon stroll up to Dhephu Doma - the ancient Ani Gompa at 4000 m - featured snow... the one thing I’d (sort of) assured Hazel we wouldn’t have!
By dinner time our tents had been transformed into iced bombes, necessitating a night of tent bashing from inside and out to dislodge the snow….
A super, silent night - my first time camping in snow. Magic.
Map from Günter Seyfferth’s Die Berge des Himalaya (The mountains of Himalaya). Here are his annotated photos from Mu Gompa: Chhule, Churke Himal and Ganesh II and Phuchun Khola valley, Pashuwo, Langpo Kangri, Ganesh I (Yangra Kangri), Churke Himal.
Read more about my Tsum Valley trek with Val Pitkethly.
DSC08442
Mayor of Hafun, Mahmoud Yousuf Garow, sits in an interview in Hafun, Somalia on 19 February 2021. FAO in Somalia continues its anti-piracy initiatives to provide alternatives for youth living in the coastal communities of Puntland, Galmudug and Mogadishu.
QUOTE: I’m the Mayor of Hafun. My name is Mahmoud Yousuf Garow. The cyclone has affected the sea and majority of the people because most are fishermen. 121 boats were lost. We shared about it on media. The United Nations, Puntland Government and other NGOs have helped. We are preparing to get back to work and restore everything.
Photo credits must be given to: ©FAO/Arete/Isak Amin
IMAGE DISTRIBUTED FOR BREITLING - Breitling Wingwalker Freya Paterson, from Liverpool, UK, flies above Kuwait City's iconic Water Towers with pilots David Barrell and Martyn Carrington on Thursday, March 6, 2014. The team loop and roll up to 160 mph enduring G-forces of 4-5g. Crowds are expected to line the Kuwaiti coastline to catch a glimpse of the Wingwalking team on Saturday, March 8, 2014, to mark the opening of the first dedicated boutique in the city for the prestigious watch brand. (Katsuhiko Tokunaga/Breitling via AP Images)
IMAGE DISTRIBUTED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN'S NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN - Faithkeeper of the Turtle Clan of the Onondaga Nation of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Oren Lyons, PHD, right, and The Tadodaho of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chief Sidney Hill, examine the signature of Ki-On-Twog-Ky also known as Cornplanter (Seneca), on the Treaty of Canandaigua of 1794 at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian on Monday, Sept. 8, 2014 in Washington. The Treaty, between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and the United States, is signed by President George Washington and The Six Nations (Iroquois). The exhibition, “Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations,” opens Sept. 21, 2014, at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in Washington. AmericanIndian.si.edu. (Kevin Wolf/AP Images for The Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian)
When an engine, or a set of engines is placed on the end of a train, or in the middle, those units in rail parlance are refereed to as "DPU" power.
Here, BNSF #7700 and #7713 are acting as Distributed Power Units (DPUs) at the end of a manifest (mixed load) train heading down the hill towards Los Angeles.
BNSF Cajon Subdivision at M.P. 58.4 (Hill 582) San Bernardino County California.
(March 9, 2010)
See Distributed Power I: Remnants of a V8 Engine Distributor with Vacuum Advance.
See Distributed Power III: Distributed Power III - High Tension Wires.
9 May 2012 - The United Nations has distributed humanitarian aid to 175 internally displaced families in the northern province of Balkh who were forced to leave their home due to ongoing drought and insecurity. The families from Tandorak village in the Charkent district are currently living in the Nasaji area of Mazar-e Sharif.
“We left our homes due to insecurity and unemployment and now we do labour work,” said Mohammad Akbar.
“The Taliban started infiltrating our villages and government forces conducted counterinsurgency operations, night raids, planes, bombs made us leave the area,” he added.
Many families in Charkent migrated to the cities abandoning their homes and families when their crops failed due to a lack of rain-fed farming last year. Some have been living in Mazar-e Sharif for nearly five months.
The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) together with its governmental counterpart – provincial department of repatriation and refuges, distributed yesterday aid donated by UNHCR, World Food Programme (WFP) and International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Each family package included blankets, plastic sheets, cooking supplies, gas cylinders, gas containers, soap, a metal bucket, beans, oil and salt.
“I am the only supporter of a family of seven members and I am thankful to the UN for this assistance,” said Amrullah, adding that he hoped for more aid. “I do labor work for 250 AFN (equivalent to USD 5 ) per day and it’s hard to manage supporting a seven-member family on that amount.”
UNHCR has assisted over 1000 IDP families with humanitarian aid since the beginning of this year in the north and northeastern provinces of Balkh, Jawzjan, Faryab and Kunduz and is planning to assist hundreds more vulnerable IDP families in coming weeks in the same region.
By UNAMA Mazar
Photo: UNAMA / Sayed Barez
9 May 2012 - The United Nations has distributed humanitarian aid to 175 internally displaced families in the northern province of Balkh who were forced to leave their home due to ongoing drought and insecurity. The families from Tandorak village in the Charkent district are currently living in the Nasaji area of Mazar-e Sharif.
“We left our homes due to insecurity and unemployment and now we do labour work,” said Mohammad Akbar.
“The Taliban started infiltrating our villages and government forces conducted counterinsurgency operations, night raids, planes, bombs made us leave the area,” he added.
Many families in Charkent migrated to the cities abandoning their homes and families when their crops failed due to a lack of rain-fed farming last year. Some have been living in Mazar-e Sharif for nearly five months.
The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) together with its governmental counterpart – provincial department of repatriation and refuges, distributed yesterday aid donated by UNHCR, World Food Programme (WFP) and International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Each family package included blankets, plastic sheets, cooking supplies, gas cylinders, gas containers, soap, a metal bucket, beans, oil and salt.
“I am the only supporter of a family of seven members and I am thankful to the UN for this assistance,” said Amrullah, adding that he hoped for more aid. “I do labor work for 250 AFN (equivalent to USD 5 ) per day and it’s hard to manage supporting a seven-member family on that amount.”
UNHCR has assisted over 1000 IDP families with humanitarian aid since the beginning of this year in the north and northeastern provinces of Balkh, Jawzjan, Faryab and Kunduz and is planning to assist hundreds more vulnerable IDP families in coming weeks in the same region.
By UNAMA Mazar
Photo: UNAMA / Sayed Barez
I have to bite chunks out of the apples to feed the filly. Her mouth isn't big enough yet to handle even these small wild apples
Seen at the end of "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" (2007).
For Entertainment Purposes Only.
Nothing Belongs to Me As Usual.
No Copyright Infringement Is Intended.
WARNING: I do not accept rude comments, chain letters, or spam
Distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific, Mauritius and the Comoros this moray eel can grow up tp around 180 cms
Hilda created and distributed this flier on Sunday 02/15/2009. It piggybacks on a planned candidates forum to encourage attendees to advocate for a promised improvement to Woodlawn Lake Park. It is a good example of individuals taking action to make change happen, in this case by lobbying governmental officials
New Jersey State Troopers distributed approximately 560 coats to students of the Elizabeth Public Schools, during their 7th Annual Coat Drive on January 18th and 19th.
The donations, collections and distribution of coats to our student's were made possible through the tremendous assistance and collaboration with: Elizabeth Public Schools team members, Wakefern, Elizabeth Police and Fire Department, Hispanic Law Enforcement Association of Union County (HLEAUC), New Jersey Latin-American Trooper's Society (NJLATS), At Heart's Length, Pepsi, Cummins, Target of Linden and Mario's Pizzeria of Perth Amboy, along with community friends and families. Retail companies that assisted with the coat drive included: Target located at Aviation Plaza in Linden, Macy's and Sears of Woodbridge Center Mall located in Woodbridge and BJ's located in Edison.
The annual community outreach event is reflective of the efforts Troopers make throughout the year, to have a significant and memorable impact on the communities they serve.
Once again, the heartfelt generosity of the New Jersey State Troopers and their partners, will help ensure Elizabeth Public Schools students stay warm during this especially cold winter season.
Looking Northward at the power distribution wires that run up the power line road (U.S.F.S. Road 3N45) toward the railroad tracks from California State Route 138.
High volt power lines span the pass connecting Path 26 and Path 46 to metropolitan Los Angeles. Both Path 26 and 46 provide the Los Angeles metro area another source of electricity generated from fossil fuel power plants far away in the Four Corners region, and hydroelectric dams along the Colorado River.
San Bernardino County California.
(March 9, 2010)
See Distributed Power I: Remnants of a V8 Engine Distributor with Vacuum Advance.
See Distributed Power II: Pair of General Electric ES44DC's.
New Jersey State Troopers distributed 580 coats to students of Elizabeth Public Schools during their 6th Annual Coat Drive on January 10.
The donation, collection, and distribution of coats to Elizabeth Public Schools students was made possible through the tremendous assistance and collaboration with Elizabeth Public Schools team members, Wakefern, Elizabeth Police Department, Elizabeth Fire Department, Union County Sheriff's Department, Union County Department of Corrections, Hispanic Law Enforcement Association of Union County, and At Heart's Length, along with community friends and families. Retail companies that assisted with the coat drive included Old Navy stores at the Mills at Jersey Gardens in Elizabeth, Hamilton Marketplace in Hamilton, and Aviation Plaza in Linden as well as Sears and Boscov’s of Woodbridge Center Mall in Woodbridge.
The annual community outreach event has been a small gesture of the memorable impact troopers strive to make towards those they proudly serve and is reflective of their mindset to bridge the gap between those in uniform and communities that have minimal interaction with the New Jersey State Police.
While the winter weather is often unpredictable, one thing that remains certain is people needing winter coats to make it through the cold. Through their generosity and desire to help the greater community, the New Jersey State Troopers and their partners continue to help Elizabeth Public Schools students stay warm each year.
Couldn't make it to the crossing at Palmer Lake in time to get on the right side of the sun. Anyway, an ES44AC, AC44CW, and SD70MAC bring up the rear of this empty coal train on the Joint Line.
Margaret Brugler, Director of CROP, distributes milk India.
"Miss Margaret Brugler, Director of CROP, distributing milk received as a gift from the people of the Churches of America to needy children in Delhi during a recent visit."
ELCA Archives photo.
SproutLoud’s marketing resource management platform (mrm) includes marketing processes that that streamline workflows, automate manual tasks, decrease marketing design and production cycles, and provide effective business intelligence for almost any industry. Our solutions are also designed to solve the full range of distributed marketing challenges that many different types of marketing channels face.
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Jewelry manufacturers face intense logistical challenges with coordinating local marketing efforts involving thousands of individually owned stores located across the country. See how using our mrm platform created local store interest in promoting a client’s brand and reduced production costs faced by both the jewelry store owner and the manufacturer.
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Franchisors may have control over their corporate image in marketing, but engagement and participation is still in the hands of thee local franchisee. Read why Auto Enroll – programs that let franchisees sign up once to be included in regularly scheduled direct marketing – entice marketing novices and pros alike.
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WHITEvoid distributes the second generation of its "kinetic lights" modular winch system
The new "kinetic lights" product lifts up to 5 kg and features full color RGB and RGBW (plus white) LED output. Each winch is individually addressable via DMX for dynamically contolled cable acceleration and velocity control. The current winch generation is also equipped with an auto setup function with cable end position self-detection.
The new winch design has won the iF Product Design Award 2011
The kinetic lights technology is registered for a patent. The patent is pending.
The system is now available for rental or purchase. Please find detailed information on the "kinetic lights" project website:
Beneficiary, Hashim Yousuf Ahmed, poses for a portrait in Hafun, Somalia on 19 February 2021. FAO in Somalia continues its anti-piracy initiatives to provide alternatives for youth living in the coastal communities of Puntland, Galmudug and Mogadishu.
QUOTE: My name is Hashim Yousuf Ahmed and I’m 53 years old. I live Hafun. I used to be a fisherman but now I am a businessman. We have received several benefits from the training from FAO, like how to care for the sea and how to create association. I’m thanking the FAO and also asking them to give more training.
Photo credits must be given to: ©FAO/Arete/Isak Amin
Ficus variegata is a well distributed species of tropical fig tree. It occurs in many parts of Asia, islands of the Pacific and as far south east as Australia. There is a large variety of local common names including common red stem fig, green fruited fig and variegated fig. A non strangling fig which may reach 30 metres in height. In Australia the fruit are eaten by cassowaries and double-eyed fig parrots
She has two eggs, but seems only one chicken, last year she had two.
Red-throated Diver nesting in Porkeri Mountains
Adult in breeding plumage
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gaviiformes
Family: Gaviidae
Genus: Gavia
Species: G. stellata
Binomial name
Gavia stellata
(Pontoppidan, 1763)
Synonyms
Colymbus stellatus Pontoppidan, 1763 Colymbus lumme Brünnich, 1764
Colymbus septentrionalis Linnaeus, 1766
Gavia lumme Forster, 1788
Colymbus mulleri Brehm, 1826
Urinator lumme Stejneger, 1882
The Red-throated Diver (Gavia stellata), known in North America as the Red-throated Loon, is a migratory aquatic bird that is found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. It is the smallest and most widely distributed member of the loon or diver family.
Around 55–67 centimetres (22–26 in) in length, the Red-throated Diver is a nondescript bird in winter, greyish above fading to white below. During the breeding season, it acquires the distinctive reddish throat which gives rise to its common name. Fish form the bulk of the diet, with invertebrates and plants sometimes eaten as well. A monogamous species, the Red-throated Diver forms long-term pair bonds.
Contents [hide]
1 Taxonomy and etymology
2 Description
2.1 Voice
3 Habitat and distribution
4 Behaviour
4.1 Food and feeding
4.2 Breeding
5 Conservation status and threats
6 In human culture
7 References
7.1 Sources
8 External links
[edit] Taxonomy and etymology
First described by Danish naturalist Erik Pontoppidan in 1763, the Red-throated Diver is a monotypic species, with no distinctive subspecies despite its large Holarctic range.[2] Pontoppidan initially placed the species in the now-defunct genus Colymbus, which contained grebes as well as divers. By 1788, however, German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster realized that grebes and divers were different enough to warrant separate genera, and moved the Red-throated Diver (along with all other diver species) to its present genus.[3] Its relationship to the four other divers is complex; though all belong to the same genus, it differs more than any of the others in terms of morphology, behaviour, ecology and breeding biology. It is thought to have evolved in the Palearctic, and then to have expanded into the Nearctic.[2]
The genus name Gavia comes from the Latin for "sea mew", as used by ancient Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder.[4] The specific epithet stellata is Latin for "set with stars" or "starry",[5] and refers to the bird's speckled back in its non-breeding plumage.[4] "Diver" refers to the family's underwater method of hunting for prey, while "red-throated" is a straightforward reference to the bird's most distinctive breeding plumage feature. The word "loon" is thought to have derived from the Swedish lom, the Old Norse or Icelandic lómr, or the Old Dutch loen, all of which mean "lame" or "clumsy", and is a probable reference to the difficulty that all divers have in moving about on land.[6]
[edit] Description
The Red-throated Diver is the smallest and lightest of the world's diver species, ranging from 55–67 centimetres (22–26 in) in length with a 91–110 centimetres (36–43 in) wingspan,[7] and averaging 1.4 kilograms (3.1 lb) in weight.[8] Like all divers, it is long-bodied and short-necked, with its legs set far back on its body.[9] The sexes are similar, although males tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females.[2] In breeding plumage, the adult has a grey head and neck (with narrow black and white stripes on the back of the neck), a triangular red throat patch, white underparts and a dark mantle. It is the only diver with an all-dark back in breeding plumage. The non-breeding plumage is drabber with the chin, foreneck and much of the face white, and considerable white speckling on the dark mantle. Its bill is thin, straight and sharp, and the bird often holds it at an uptilted angle. Though the colour of the bill changes from black in summer to pale grey in winter, the timing of the colour change does not necessarily correspond to that of the bird's overall plumage change. The nostrils are narrow slits located near the base of the bill, and the iris is reddish.
An adult in non-breeding plumage shows the speckled back which gives the bird its specific name.When it first emerges from its egg, the young Red-throated Diver is covered with fine soft down feathers. Primarily dark brown to dark grey above, it is slightly paler on the sides of its head and neck, as well as on its throat, chest, and flanks, with a pale grey lower breast and belly. Within weeks, this first down is replaced by a second, paler set of down feathers, which are in turn replaced by developing juvenile feathers.[10]
In flight, the Red-throated Diver has a distinctive profile; its small feet do not project far past the end of its body, its head and neck droop below the horizontal (giving the flying bird a distinctly hunchbacked shape) and its thin wings are angled back. It has a quicker, deeper wingbeat than do other divers.[8]
[edit] Voice
The adult Red-throated Diver has a number of vocalisations, which are used in different circumstances. In flight, when passing conspecifics or circling its own pond, it gives a series of rapid yet rhythmic goose-like cackles, at roughly five calls per second. Its warning call, if disturbed by humans or onshore predators, is a short croaking bark. A low-pitched moaning call, used primarily as a contact call between mates and between parents and young, but also during copulation, is made with the bill closed. The species also has a short wailing call, which descends slightly in pitch and lasts about a second; due to strong harmonics surrounding the primary pitch, this meowing call is more musical than its other calls. Another call—a harsh, pulsed cooing that rises and falls in pitch, and is typically repeated up to 10 times in a row—is used in territorial encounters and pair-bonding, and by parent birds encouraging their young to move on land between bodies of water.[11] Known as the "long call", it is often given in duet, which is unusual among the divers;[12] the female's contribution is longer and softer than her mate's.[11]
Young have a shrill closed-bill call, which they use in begging and to contact their parents. They also have a long call used in response to (and similar to that of) the long call of adults.[11]
[edit] Habitat and distribution
The Red-throated Diver breeds primarily in the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America (generally north of 50°N latitude), and winters in northern coastal waters.[13] Unlike other divers, the Red-throated Diver regularly uses very small freshwater lakes as breeding sites.
In North America, it winters regularly along both coasts, ranging as far south as the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of California in northwestern Mexico; it has been recorded as a vagrant in the interior Mexican state of Hidalgo.[14] In Europe, it breeds in Iceland, northern Scotland, Scandinavia and northern Russia, and winters along the coast as far south as parts of Spain; it also regularly occurs along major inland waterways, including the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas, as well as large river, lakes and reservoirs.[15] It has occurred as a vagrant as far south as Morocco, Tunisia and The Gambia.[1]
Some of its folknames in northeastern North America—including cape race, cape brace, cape drake and cape racer, as well as corruptions such as scapegrace—originated from its abundance around Cape Race, Newfoundland.[16]
[edit] Behaviour
Because its feet are located so far back on its body, the Red-throated Diver is not capable of walking on land; however, it can use its feet to shove itself forward on its breast.[8] Young use this method of covering ground when moving from their breeding pools to larger bodies of water, including rivers and the sea.[17] It is the only species of diver able to take off directly from land.[18]
The Red-throated Diver is a diurnal migrant, which travels singly or in loose groups, often high above the water.[8] In eastern North America (and possibly elsewhere), it tends to migrate near the coast rather than farther offshore.[19] It is a strong flier, and has been clocked at speeds between 75 and 78 kilometres per hour (47–49 mph).[20] Like all members of its family, the Red-throated Diver goes through a simultaneous wing moult, losing all its flight feathers at once and becoming flightless for a period of 3–4 weeks. However, unlike other divers—which undergo this moult in late winter—the Red-throated Diver loses its ability to fly sometime between early August and November.[21]
[edit] Food and feeding
Like all members of its family, the Red-throated Diver is primarily a fish-eater, though it sometimes feeds on molluscs, crustaceans, frogs, aquatic invertebrates, insects, fish spawn or even plant material.[22] It seizes rather than spears its prey, which is generally captured underwater.[23] Though it normally dives and swims using only its feet for propulsion, it may use its wings as well if it needs to turn or accelerate quickly.[24] Pursuit dives range from 2–9 metres (6.6–30 ft) in depth, with an average underwater time of about a minute.[22] The fish diet of the Red-throated Diver has led to several of its folknames, including "sprat borer" and "spratoon".[25]
Chicks are competent swimmers, able to accompany their parents soon after hatching.For the first few days after hatching, young Red-throated Divers are fed aquatic insects and small crustaceans by both parents. After 3–4 days, the parents switch to fish small enough for the young birds to swallow whole. By four weeks of age, the young can eat the same food—of the same size—as their parents do.[26] Young birds may be fed for some time after fledging; adults have been seen feeding fish to juveniles at sea and on inland lakes in the United Kingdom, hundreds of kilometers from any breeding areas.[27][28]
[edit] Breeding
The Red-throated Diver is a monogamous species which forms long-term pair bonds. Both sexes build the nest, which is a shallow scrape (or occasionally a platform of mud and vegetation) lined with vegetation and sometimes a few feathers, and placed within a half-metre (18 in) of the edge of a small pond. The female lays two eggs (though clutches of 1–3 have been recorded); they are incubated for 24–29 days, primarily by the female. The eggs, which are greenish or olive-brownish spotted with black, measure 75 x 46 millimetres (3.0 x 1.8 in) and have a mass of 83 grams (2.9 oz), of which 8 percent is shell.[23][29] Incubation is begun as soon as the first egg is laid, so they hatch asynchronously. The young birds are precocial upon hatching: downy and mobile with open eyes; both parents feed them (small aquatic invertebrates initially, then small fish) for 38–48 days. Parents will perform distraction displays to lure predators away from the nest and young.[23] Ornithologists disagree as to whether adults carry young on their backs while swimming with some maintaining that they do[23] and others the opposite.[30]
[edit] Conservation status and threats
JuvenileThough the Red-throated Diver is not a globally threatened species, as it has a large population and a significant range, there are populations which appear to be declining. Numbers counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service surveys in Alaska show a 53 percent population decline between 1971 and 1993, for example,[31] and counts have dropped in continental Europe as well.[32] In Scotland, on the other hand, the population increased by some 16 percent between 1994 and 2006, according to surveys done by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Scottish Natural Heritage.[32] In 2002, Wetlands International estimated a global population of 490,000 to 1,500,000 individuals; global population trends haven't been quantified.[1]
The Red-throated Diver is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies;[33] in the Americas, it is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.[34] Oil spills, habitat degradation, and fishing nets are among the main threats this species faces.[30] In addition, high levels of mercury in the environment have led to reproductive failures in some areas, including parts of Sweden.[35] On the breeding grounds, Arctic and Red Foxes are major predators of eggs,[36] while Great Skuas, Arctic Skuas and various species of Larus gulls (including Great Black-backed Gulls and Glaucous Gulls)[37][38] are predators of both eggs and young.[39]
[edit] In human culture
Used as a food source since prehistoric times,[40][41] the Red-throated Diver is still hunted by indigenous peoples in some parts of the world today.[42] Eggs as well as birds are taken, sometimes in significant numbers; during one study on northern Canada's Igloolik Island, 73% of all Red-throated Diver eggs laid within the 10 km2 (3.9 mi2) study site over two breeding seasons were collected by indigenous inhabitants of the island.[43] In some parts of Russia, Red-throated Diver skins were traditionally used to make caps, collars and other clothing trim.[44] The species was also central to the creation mythologies of indigenous groups throughout the Holarctic.[45] According to the myth—which varies only slightly between versions, despite the sometimes-vast distances that separated the groups who believed it—the diver was asked by a great shaman to bring up earth from the bottom of the sea. That earth was then used to build the world's dry land.[45][46]
As recently as the 1800s, the Red-throated Diver was thought to be a foreteller of storms; according to the conventional wisdom of the time, birds flying inland or giving short cries predicted good weather, while those flying out to sea or giving long, wailing cries predicted rain.[29][32] In the Orkney and Shetland islands of Scotland, the species is still known as the "rain goose" in deference to its supposed weather-predicting capabilities.[32]
Bhutan, Japan and the Union of the Comoros have issued stamps featuring the Red-throated Diver.[47]
[edit] References
1.^ a b c BirdLife International (2008). Gavia stellata. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
2.^ a b c Carboneras, p. 162
3.^ Allen, J. A (July 1897). "The Proper Generic Name of the Loons". The Auk 14 (3): 31... . elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v014n03/p0312-p0313.pdf.
4.^ a b Johnsgard, Paul A. (1987). Diving Birds of North America. University of Nevada–Lincoln. ISBN 0803225660. digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&a....
5.^ Simpson, Donald Penistan (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
6.^ Carboneras 1992, p. 169
7.^ Svensson, Lars; Peter Grant (1999). Collins Bird Guide. London: HarperCollins. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-00-219728-6.
8.^ a b c d Sibley, David (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 23. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
9.^ Cramp 1977, p. 42
10.^ Cramp 1977, p. 49
11.^ a b c Cramp 1977, p. 48
12.^ Carboneras 1992, p. 164
13.^ Carboneras, p.171
14.^ Howell, Steve N. G.; Sophie Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
15.^ Cramp, p. 45
16.^ Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Hall, Joan Houston (1985). Dictionary of American Regional English. Harvard University Press. p. 539. ISBN 0674205111. books.google.com/books?id=tuLKtLkFshoC&pg=RA1-PA539&a....
17.^ Haviland, Maud D. "On the Method of Progression on Land of a Young Red-throated Diver". British Birds 8 (10): 24... .
18.^ Mead-Waldo, E. G. B. "Habits of the Red-throated Diver". British Birds 16 (6): 172–3.
19.^ Powers, Kevin D.; Jeffrey Cherry. "Loon migrations off the coast of the northeastern United States". Wilson Bulletin 95 (1): 12... . elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v095n01/p0125-p0132.pdf.
20.^ Davis, Rolph A. (January 1971). "Flight speed of Arctic and Red-throated Loons". The Auk 88 (1): 169. elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v088n01/p0169-p0169.pdf.
21.^ Wolfenden, Glen E.. "Selection for a Delayed Simultaneous Wing Molt in Loons (Gaviidae)". The Wilson Bulletin 79 (4): 41... . elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v079n04/p0416-p0420.pdf.
22.^ a b Carboneras 1992, p. 171
23.^ a b c d Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S., Wheye, Darryl & Pimm, Stuart L. (1994). The Birdwatcher's Handbook. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-19-858407-5.
24.^ Townsend, Charles W. (July 1909). "The Use of the Wings and Feet by Diving Birds". The Auk 26 (3): 23... . elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v026n03/p0234-p0248.pdf.
25.^ Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 3. ISBN 0-701-16907-9.
26.^ Cramp 1977, p. 46
27.^ Hart, Alan S.; Jardine, David C. and Colin Hewitt (June 1998). "Red-throated Diver feeding young in October". British Birds 91 (6): 231.
28.^ Barber, S. C. (June 2002). "Red-throated Diver feeding young in November". British Birds 95 (6): 313.
29.^ a b "Red-throated Diver". British Trust for Ornithology. blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob20.htm. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.
30.^ a b "All About Birds: Red-throated Loon". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Red-throate.... Retrieved on 2008-06-30.
31.^ Groves, Deborah J.; Conant, Bruce; King, Rodney J.; Hodges, John I.; King, James G. (1996). "Status and trends of loon populations summering in Alaska, 1971–1993". The Condor 98 (2): 189–195 . doi:10.2307/1369136. elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v098n02/p0189-p....
32.^ a b c d "Rise in divers mystifies experts". BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/highlands_and_island.... Retrieved on 2007-09-07.
33.^ "Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies". Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds. www.unep-aewa.org/documents/agreement_text/eng/pdf/aewa_a.... Retrieved on 2008-06-29.
34.^ "Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act". US Fish and Wildlife Service. www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/intrnltr/mbta/mbtandx.html#l. Retrieved on 2008-06-29.
35.^ Eriksson, M.O.G.; Johansson, I. & Ahlgren, C.G. (1992). "Levels of mercury in eggs of red-throated diver Gavia stellata and black-throated diver G. arctica in southwest Sweden" (Abstract). Ornis Svecica 2 (1): 29–36. md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&coll....
36.^ Schamel, Douglas; Tracy, Diane (Summer 1985). "Replacement Clutches in the Red-throated Loon". Journal of Field Ornithology 56 (3): 28... . elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v056n03/p0282-p0283.pdf.
37.^ Serle Jnr., W. (January 1936). "Mortality amongst Red-throated Divers". British Birds 29 (1): 81-82.
38.^ Eberl, Christine; Picman, Jaroslav (July–September 1993). "Effect of Nest-site Location on Reproductive Success of Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata)". The Auk 110 (3): 43... . elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v110n03/p0436-p0444.pdf.
39.^ Booth, C. J. (January 1978). "Breeding success of Red-throated Divers". British Birds 71 (1): 44.
40.^ Gordon, Bryan C.; Savage, Howard. "Whirl Lake: A Stratified Indian Site Near the Mackenzie Delta". Arctic 27 (3): 17... . pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic27-3-175.pdf.
41.^ Tagliacozzo, Antonio; Gala, Monica (November 2002). "Exploitation of Anseriformes at two Upper Palaeolithic sites in Southern Italy: Grotta Romanelli (Lecce, Apulia) and Grotta del Santuario della Madonna a Praia a Mare (Cosenza, Calabria)". Acta zoologica cracoviensia 45 (special issue): 117-131 . www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/journals/azc_v/pdf/45/09.pdf.
42.^ Bird, Louis; Brown, Jennifer S.H. (2005). Telling Our Stories: Omushkego Legends and Histories from Hudson Bay. Broadview Press. ISBN 1551115808. books.google.com/books?id=Cc9dgTkkfcoC&printsec=front....
43.^ Forbes, Graham; Robertson, Kelly; Ogilvie, Carey; Seddon, Laura (September 1992). "Breeding Densities, Biogeography, and Nest Predation of Birds on Igloolik Island, NWT". Arctic (Peterborough, Ontario) 45 (3): 295-303 . pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic45-3-295.pdf.
44.^ "Red-throated Loon". Birds of North America Online. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology and the American Ornithologists' Union. bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/513/articles/conservation. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. (Registration required)
45.^ a b Köngäs, Elli Kaija (Spring 1960). "The Earth-Diver (Th. A 812)". Ethnohistory 7 (2): 15... . www.jstor.org/pss/480754.
46.^ Lutwack, Leonard (1994). Birds in Literature. University Press of Florida. p. 82. ISBN 0813012546.
47.^ Scharning, Kjell. "Stamps showing Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata". Theme Birds on Stamps. www.birdtheme.org/mainlyimages/index.php?spec=1458. Retrieved on 2009-02-13.
[edit] Sources
Carboneras, Carles (1992). "Family Gaviidae (Divers)". in Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott & Jordi Sargatal. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 162–172 .
Cramp, Stanley, ed (1977). "Gavia stellata Red-throated Diver". Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–49. ISBN 0-19-857358-8.
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gavia stellata
Red-throated Diver photos on Philadelphia's Academy of Natural Sciences's Visual Resources for Ornithology website
Red-throated Diver videos on Handbook of Birds of the World's Internet Bird Collection website
Red-throated Diver sound recordings on xeno-canto.org's website
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-throated_Diver"
Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species | Gaviiformes | Arctic birds | Birds of Europe | Birds of Asia | British Isles coastal fauna | Birds of Italy
Oxfam has been distributing hygiene kits and cash grants to vulnerable families sheltering in evacuation centres in Angono. The kits include items such as sleeping mats, soap, underwear and sanitary towels, as well as jerry cans to collect and store water in. These are also accompanied by small cash grants of 1,000 pesos (US$20) to help families purchase supplies and replace the items they lost in the floods.
At the distribution I visit on 21 October, Oxfam is providing support to around 450 households, or approximately 2,250 people. The distribution is carried out with our local partner Sikhay who visited the site the day before to distribute special coupons to those previously identified with the help of community leaders as being most in need of support.
Recipients line up in groups to hand in their coupons and sign for the goods before collecting their hygiene kits and then moving on to collect the cash grants after a second verification check. Pregnant and elderly women are given priority and selected to go first.
Photo credit: Laura Eldon/Oxfam
The psychology of distributed teams presented by Carl Smith (@carlsmith) at HybridConf 2013. Carl discussed his experience in creating a distributed team and what you need to do to create the best results
Distributed at Direct Action events at Walmart.
Learn more at occupy-detroit.us
Contact me if you would like a poster.
Samoa Red Cross volunteers worked from more than 12 hours a day from two distribution centres, distributing food, water, clothes, mosquito nets and household items. Here, Red Cross volunteer Tuasivi Fuiava lugs donated items.
Photo: Abril Esquivel/Australian Red Cross
A landscape photo shows boats destroyed by Cyclone Gati in Hafun, Somalia on 19 February 2021. FAO in Somalia continues its anti-piracy initiatives to provide alternatives for youth living in the coastal communities of Puntland, Galmudug and Mogadishu.
Photo credits must be given to: ©FAO/Arete/Isak Amin