View allAll Photos Tagged digestive
"Digestive Walk"
Vallée de Zillertal (AUTRICHE 2015)
Website : www.fluidr.com/photos/pat21
"Copyright © – Patrick Bouchenard
The reproduction, publication, modification, transmission or exploitation of any work contained here in for any use, personal or commercial, without my prior written permission is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved
This was supposed to be a prymaid but the tin wasnt deep enough even though I tried to do it at an angle, its yummy it has apricots and nuts in it and chocolate orange on top
Anytime I can get a woman to pose nude for a photograph, I'm taking the shot. Even if it is a sculpture.
The Getty Center is a very special center for displaying and preserving art. A beautiful architectural complex where the architecture is art. This sculpture is as you leave the tram and enter the main entrance.
We had a wonderful family vacation in Santa Monica. My wife and daughter had a special day at the Spa at the Marriott Le Merigot so I went to The Getty Center.
"Fran and Ray Stark Foundation Sculpture Collection at the Getty Center
As one of the film industry’s most successful and prolific movie producers, Ray Stark unquestionably left his mark as an industry icon. An Academy Award winner for Funny Girl (1968) and
The Goodbye Girl (1977), his films remain as insightful and popular today as when they were initially produced. The following is a sample of the many memorable and diverse films Mr. Stark produced: Lost in Yonkers (1993), Steel Magnolias (1989), Biloxi Blues (1988), Brighton Beach Memoirs (1986), Annie (1982), California Suite (1978), The Way We Were (1973) Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967) The Night of the Iguana (1964) The World of Suzie Wong ( 1960). Together, Fran and Ray Stark formed their own Foundation which became a major benefactor to numerous organizations throughout the country. Among them: Chairs in Digestive Diseases, Urology, Opthamology and Neurology at the UCLA Medical Facilities; Endowment to support film studies at Connecticut College; Center Theatre
Group, Los Angeles; Fund to Support Emerging Artists, MOCA and The Fran and Ray Stark Villa at the Motion Picture and Television Home in Woodland Hills.
Fortunately for the people of Los Angeles, the Starks assembled an impressive collection of artworks by many of the 20th Century’s greatest artists. As part of their legacy, the sculpture collection will now permanently reside at the Getty Center as a gift. The Starks began to gather the collection in the 1960s. Chief among those who influenced the collection is former UCLA art professor, internationally noted artist (and Fran Stark’s brother) William Brice. “The Getty Center is unique in its diverse accomplishments,” Brice says. “The physical site is extraordinary. I believe the installation of the Fran and Ray Stark Collection of sculpture will add to the pleasure of all who visit there.” The gift to the Getty is comprised of 28 modern and contemporary outdoor sculptures that represent a major transformation to the Getty Center. The sculptures are located throughout the Getty and integrated with the environment and architecture to create a dramatic outdoor art experience. The Getty hired Richard Meier and Partners along with the Olin Partnership (the original architect and landscape designers, respectively, for the Center) to develop and prepare the installation. Artists’ works represented are among the best the 20th Century had to offer including Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Ellsworth Kelly, Fernand Leger, Roy Lichtenstein, Rene Magritte, Astride Maillol, Marino Marini, Joan Miro and Henry Moore. On a recent visit to the Getty Center, I was pleased to witness the interaction of a patron with the newly-acquired artworks. Astride Maillol’s L’air, which is a reclining nude statue is positioned on the entry staircase. The visitor mirrored the sculpture’s position, as her companion immortalized the scene with a snapshot. “Through form, mass and color, the works in The Fran and Ray Stark Collection heighten our visitors’ experience of the severe lines of austere and magnificent architecture of Richard Meier’s buildings at the Getty Center, and their relationship
to the surrounding landscape,” Curator Antonia Bostrom says.
She continues “The addition of these sculptures has transformed many of those spaces, some of which have not been publicly accessible until now. This collection also makes connections with the historical sculpture collection at the Getty Museum, and allows us to continue the survey of sculpture into the 20th Century.” Michael Brand, Director of the J. Paul Getty Museum adds, “As the Stark Collection of sculptures are layered on the site, their presence will transform the Getty’s relationship with modern art. In addition to adding a new dimension to the Getty Center, the Stark sculptures help us demonstrate the continuity of artistic traditions that run throughout the museum’s various collections and allow visitors to connect with art in new and different ways.” The legacies of Fran and Ray Stark were long ago secured through their individual contributions and the work of their foundation. It was a natural progression for the Stark Foundation to gift this collection to the people of Los Angeles. In the words of Stark, prior to his passing in 2004, “I have been fortunate to work with some wonderful people throughout my career. I am pleased to have the opportunity, through the Fran and Ray Stark Foundation, to give something back.” Indeed, you have. The full collection is available for viewing starting this month.
To read the complete article, please pick up a copy of The Design Magazine"
A diagram of the human digestive system from the Washington Post.
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/11/19/...
Watch our K9 Supreme Probiotics for Dogs Customer Reviews.
K9 Supreme Probiotics is available on Amazon com
Parapodial lobes closed, and opened widely exposing their upper surface with dendritic digestive gland, and the dorsum of the body. Opaque white mark on rims of lobes.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/352311905_Elysia_viridis....
Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804).
Authors: Ian F. Smith (text) and Malcolm Storey (shore work and photography).
Current taxonomy; World Register of Marine Species www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139686
Synonyms: Laplysia viridis Montagu, 1804.
GLOSSARY below.
Description
The smooth body, lacking tubercles, has a usual maximum length in Britain of 45 mm with the large head occupying the anterior 25% (fig. 1 flic.kr/p/2kZtvp3 ). The rear 75% is flanked by large parapodial lobes which can be closed over the body or opened widely (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/2kZqFxK ) exposing their upper surface and dorsum of the body.
A deep groove separates the head laterally and ventrally from the rest of the body (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/2kZpzf9 ). The head has a pair of tightly enrolled rhinophores (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/2kZv2Xr ) which start to appear when the body is about 3 mm long. There are no oral tentacles. The anterior of the head has a central cleft (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/2kZtvf5 ). Laterally behind each rhinophore there is a small black eye in a pale area (fig. 3 flic.kr/p/2kZpzf9 ) bordered by freckles of white pigment which continue at varying densities onto the rhinophores. The radula is reduced to a single row of teeth adapted solely for slitting and cutting (Taylor, 1968). The most usual ground colour of the body is some shade of brown or olive, often with a green or red cast. Those feeding on Codium are usually dull olive green (fig. 6 flic.kr/p/2kZkX1n ) but colours can include bright green (figs. 2 flic.kr/p/2kZqFxK & 8 flic.kr/p/2kZqFe3 ), red-brown (fig. 1 flic.kr/p/2kZtvp3 ), orange and cream (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/2kZtvf5 ). They are variably speckled with glistening blue, turquoise or green (figs. 7 flic.kr/p/2kZkWPv , 9 flic.kr/p/2kZpyXR & 10 flic.kr/p/2kZv2Ja ). When the parapodial lobes are spread open, their inner surfaces and dorsum of the body are often green with a visible leaf-like (figs. 2 flic.kr/p/2kZqFxK & 8 flic.kr/p/2kZqFe3 ) dendritic digestive gland. The rim of each lobe usually has an opaque white mark (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/2kZqFxK ), often with several other less distinct whitish marks (fig. 1 flic.kr/p/2kZtvp3 ).
The anterior of the foot is rounded and expanded (fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2kZv2Gr ) but rarely extended into distinct curved propodial tentacles as drawn by Meyer & Möbius, (1865 in Thompson, 1976). The translucent pale sole shows the variable colour of the digestive gland and other viscera (fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2kZkWJW ) and often has many white, pinkish flakes and/or fine brown pigment specks (figs 3 flic.kr/p/2kZpzf9 & 12 flic.kr/p/2kZv2Gr ).
Key identification features
E. viridis
1) Large parapodial lobes (fig. 2 flic.kr/p/2kZqFxK ), start to form before 3 mm body length (fig. 4 flic.kr/p/2kZv2Xr ).
2) Speckled with glistening blue, green or turquoise (figs. 9 flic.kr/p/2kZpyXR & 10 flic.kr/p/2kZv2Ja ).
3) No oral tentacles or enrolled oral veil.
4) Usual maximum length in Britain 45 mm.
Similar species
Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
1) Large parapodial lobes (fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2kZqF9d ).
2) Not speckled with glistening blue or turquoise.
3) Oral veil enrolled to resemble large oral tentacles (fig.14 flic.kr/p/2kZqF93 ).
4) Usual maximum length 120 mm.
Habits and ecology
E. viridis lives on the lower shore and in the shallow sublittoral where there is enough light for its food algae. The single row of radular teeth, adapted to only slitting and cutting (Taylor, 1968), restricts E. viridis to suctorially feeding from algae with few or no internal cell walls subdividing the cytoplasm. The leading tooth is used to puncture algal cell walls whereas the newer, unused teeth function as a spear shaft, and the older worn out teeth are retained in a coil (C.D. Trowbridge 2021, pers. comm., 16 May). Suitable algae in north-west Europe include the siphonaceous green Codium (fig.15 flic.kr/p/2kZtuS6 ) and Bryopsis (fig. 16 flic.kr/p/2kZqF67 ) and the coenocytic green Cladophora (fig. 17 flic.kr/p/2kZqF5f ) and Chaetomorpha and red Griffithsia, Halurus, Dasya, and Dasysiphonia (Trowbridge, 2010; van Bragt, 2004 and C.D. Trowbridge 2021, pers. comm., 9 May). Other coenocytic and siphonaceous species may be consumed when locally available. These vary geographically and with the dates of local invasion by suitable alien algal species.
Early publications (Forbes & Hanley, 1853 and Jeffreys, 1869) mentioned E. viridis on the obviously unsuitable vascular plant Zostera which probably had suitable algae growing among or on it. Accurate identification of which precise species and subspecies of algae are consumed often requires close microscopic examination.
In Britain, the most frequently recorded food alga is ‘Codium’ which includes (Brodie et al., 2007) the native species C. tomentosum and C. vermilara, the invasive (since 1953 in Scotland) alien C. fragile subsp. fragile, previously referred to as C. fragile subsp. tomentosoides and the less common, native or long established (since 1826 in Scotland) alien, C. fragile subsp. atlanticum. These species and subspecies are difficult for recorders to differentiate and there are many misidentified records, but E. viridis can distinguish them as they find the thinner utricle walls of the common alien C. fragile subsp. fragile easier to penetrate than in the others. The slugs have a marked preference for it whenever it is available, and their associated growth rates and maximum body size are greater than when other algal species are consumed (Trowbridge & Todd, 2001). In contrast, of 886 thalli examined of C. fragile subsp. atlanticum from eleven sites all around Scotland, not one had E. viridis on it (Trowbridge & Todd, 2001).
Historically, E. viridis may have frequently fed on Cladophora (figs. 1 flic.kr/p/2kZtvp3 & 17 flic.kr/p/2kZqF5f ) but it is now only rarely used at sites where the preferred alien C. fragile subsp. fragile is still absent (pers. obs. and Trowbridge & Todd, 2001). Experiments showed that those born from adults feeding on the alien lacked the ability to feed or grow on Cladophora. There may have been a historic host shift from Cladophora to Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Trowbridge & Todd, 2001).
Body colour appears to vary with the algal species ingested; dull olive-green with Codium (fig. 6 flic.kr/p/2kZkX1n ), greenish with other green algae and reddish-brown with most red algae (fig. 1 flic.kr/p/2kZtvp3 ). Van Bragt (2004) correlated in the Oosterschelde, Netherlands, cream (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/2kZtvf5 ) with Dictyota dichotoma and pink, red or orange (fig. 5 flic.kr/p/2kZtvf5 ) with the alien Dasysiphonia.
Chloroplasts are sequestered from the ingested cytoplasm of Codium spp. and continue photosynthesis for less than 24 hours within the slug’s body. They may be of a small but significant benefit to the animal as symbiotic organelles if constantly renewed by feeding (Taylor, 1968). It is not known if this phenomenon applies to other algal host species (Trowbridge & Todd, 2001).
There is no record of the large, mobile parapodial lobes being used by E. viridis in active swimming, but they assist when it drifts on currents, and their large surface may assist respiration or short term photosynthesis of ingested chloroplasts in the dendritic digestive gland visible in the surface.
Spawn is deposited on food algae (fig. 6 flic.kr/p/2kZkX1n ) in north-west Europe from May to October, when the mean monthly water temperature is above 10° C (Rasmussen, 1973). When on a flat surface, it forms a spiral cord of about one and a half turns, diameter about 5.5 mm (fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2kZqF2e ), containing over 800 ova (Rasmussen, 1973). Spawn colour is reported to vary with the algal species eaten by the adult; reddish-yellow for Chaetomorphum linum in Denmark (Rasmussen, 1973), lemon-yellow to bluish white for Cladophora and white for Codium (Trowbridge & Todd, 2001), but variation in hue with age is also likely. After 5 to 12 days, planktonic larvae emerge for a long larval stage of 30 to 46 days at 15° C (Trowbridge & Todd, 2001) before settling and metamorphosing on a food alga. Lifespan is 12 to 15 months. The length when fully grown varies geographically from a norm of about 27 mm in the Mediterranean to 45 mm in north-west Europe with an extreme specimen of 70 mm in the Netherlands (Trowbridge & Todd, 2001). Within a given area, length is probably affected by diet, being less on the native Cladophora than the aliens Codium fragile subsp. fragile and Dasysiphonia (to 70 mm), but uncontrolled variables at diverse sites render quantitative comparisons uncertain.
Distribution and status
E. viridis occurs from Shetland and Norway into the Mediterranean and into the Baltic as far as Kiel, GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5192088 . It is widespread around Britain and Ireland, and locally common except in the North Sea which has few records on the NBN UK map species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000175103 . Jeffreys (1869) commented on the absence of records from the North Sea, and extensive fieldwork and search of historic records produced no record of it on the Scottish coast of the North Sea in McKay & Smith (1979). Almost all North Sea records of E. viridis on NBN Atlas, including some for Scotland, are post 2000 except for two in North Yorkshire (C. Todd, 1975 and K. Hiscock, 1993). It appears that since 2000 its population has increased in the North Sea from absence in Scotland and very low numbers in England to a noticeable presence (fig. 19 flic.kr/p/2kZSRgX ). If not because of increased recording and reporting online by divers, this increase may be due to recent warming of the North Sea (Hughes et al., 2010) which is colder in winter than other seas around Britain. This would accord with the situation in the Netherlands. It was first recorded there in 1899 but was absent 1938 – 1989, recovered until locally wiped out in the severe winters of 1995/96 and 1996/97 and reappeared in 1998 in the Oosterschelde to become one of the commonest sea slug species in that estuary by 2004 (van Bragt, 2004).
Acknowledgements
I am most grateful to Cynthia D. Trowbridge for her help and advice with the text, but any errors or omissions are my (IFS) responsibility.
I thank Rokus Groeneveld www.diverosa.com/nederland.htm , Penny Martin, Chris Rickard, Malcolm Storey www.bioimages.org.uk/ and Stefan Verheyen for use of their images and Peter H. van Bragt for help with literature.
References and links
AlgaeBase Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889 accessed 10 May 2021 www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=3638
Brodie, J. A., Maggs, C. and John, D. M. (eds.). 2007. Green Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society.
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1853. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3, London, van Voorst. archive.org/details/historyofbritish03forbe/page/614/mode...
Garstang, W. 1890. A complete list of the Opisthobranchiate Mollusca found at Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 1:399–457.
Hughes, S.L., Holliday, N.P., Kennedy, J., Berry, D.I., Kent, E.C., Sherwin, T., Dye, S., Inall, M., Shammon, T. and Smyth, T. 2010. Temperature (Air and Sea) in MCCIP Annual Report Card 2010-11, MCCIP Science Review, 16pp. www.mccip.org.uk/arc
Jeffreys, J.G. 1869. British conchology. vol. 5 . London, van Voorst.
archive.org/details/britishconcholog05jeffr/page/31/mode/1up
Taylor, D.L. 1968. Chloroplasts as symbiotic organelles in the digestive gland of Elysia viridis (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 48 (1): 1 - 15. Abstract: www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-marine-bio...
Thompson, T.E. 1976. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs 1. London, Ray Society.
Trowbridge, C. D., Hirano, Y. J. and Hirano, Y. M. 2010. Sacoglossan opisthobranchs on northwestern Pacific shores: Stiliger berghi Baba, 1937, and Elysia sp. on filamentous red algae. Veliger 51: 43-62. www.researchgate.net/publication/235703273_Sacoglossan_Op...
Trowbridge, C. D, and Todd, C. 2001. Host-plant change in marine specialist herbivores: ascoglossan sea slugs on introduced macroalgae. Ecological Monographs, 71 (2): 219–243. Ecological Society of America.
www.researchgate.net/publication/250075515_Host-Plant_Cha...
Van Bragt, P. H. 2004. The sea slugs, Sacoglossa and Nudibranchia (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia), of the Netherlands. Vita Malacologica, 2: 3 - 32 and Pl. 1 -10.
Current taxonomy; World Register of Marine Species www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139686
GLOSSARY
chloroplast = organelle in the cytoplasm of a plant or algal cell which contains chlorophyll that photosynthesises to capture and store the energy from sunlight.
coenocytic = (of algae) with parts made up of multinucleate, large masses of cytoplasm enclosed by the wall of each large cell.
dendritic = branching like boughs, branches and twigs of a tree.
parapodial lobes = flaps of the parapodium, lateral outgrowths of foot, which extend up the sides of some sea slugs.
propodial = at the front of the foot.
radula = chitinous ribbon of teeth
rhinophore = chemo-receptor tentacle; nudibranch and most sacoglossan sea slugs have a pair on top of the head.
siphonaceous = (of algae) entire thallus (‘plant’) is coenocytic with no internal cell walls subdividing the cytoplasm.
utricle = swollen cortical sac-like portion of filaments in Codium and many related green algae.
vascular plants = plants which, unlike algae, have vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients through the plant, true absorptive roots and leaves specialized in photosynthesis. Usually terrestrial or in freshwater; a few, such as Zostera, live in the sea.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which moves by action cilia on a velum (bilobed flap).