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💡 HOW : ⚠ Some of the video was not filmed. This is why this video will not unfold step by step.
🏆 Difficulty : Easy (Level 2)
🎓 Skills : Some Drawing Bases
👑 Senses : 👀 Vision 👆 To Touch 💃 Proprioception
Intelligences : ⛹️ Kinesthetic Body Intelligence
🔢 Intelligence Logic Mathematics
💡 Imagination
🔨 Tools :
⚒ Mechanical Pencil (#Optional) 0,7 mn (Fine)
⚒ Colored Pencil Grey
⚒ Colored Pencil Yellow
⚒ Colored Pencil Purple
⚒ Colored Pencil Blue
⚒ Colored Pencil Black
⚒ Colored Pencil Red
⚒ Colored Pencil Purple (Dark)
⚒ Colored Pencil White (#Optional)
⚒ Black Felt (Fine)
⚒ Red Felt (Fine)
⚒ Rubber Eraser (#Optional)
⚒ White Paper
⚒ A tissue (#Optional)
⚠ The materials used for the drawings, are not a standard for the drawing you make.You can use any other type of drawing tools. You can also change the colors as you see fit. This is to create your base for your drawing. Then ... Leave room for your eMagination.
⚠ The drawings are modifiable according to your wishes, do not hesitate to change the colors of the drawing, shapes, colors ... Let your eMagination.
📋 WHAT :
✍ How to Draw {6}
🌟 : Beerus
💫 : Dragon Ball Super World
🌌 : Manga/Creature eMaginary Galaxy
✨ : Drawing Universe
📝 Type : Drawing
🎨 Style : Drawing on a white sheet with mechanical pencil and colored pencils.
🔊 Language : International (🇬🇧 description in English)
️ You can use your playlists as filters, to find what you're looking for exactly : www.youtube.com/channel/UCb1N-vNT8Y1-qx0PdlvLRpg/playlists
⚠ The items are sorted by the most appropriate categories. But can not be completely exhaustive on social networks. You can use our site or our application. If you want total exhaustiveness and much more.
📏 HOW MUCH :
🔨 Need 14 tools (4#Optional)
👑 3 Senses
2 Intelligences
WHO :
✍ Drawed by LG
🎥 Filmed by LG : Samsung Galaxy S7
📡 Posted by LG
📼 Video made by LG (Windows Movie Maker 2017)
♬ Music Used (No Copyright) : Etoile - Theme 1 : youtu.be/_xcfYNqqHQo
© Etoile Copyright (Drawing and Music)
© Dragon Ball Super Copyright (Beerus) dragonballz.com
⚠ The description may no longer be up to date. Due to human discoveries and improvements. Pay attention to the date of publication and creation. Even works of art suffer the outrages of time
⚠ Our videos may be broadcast free of charge (unless otherwise stated in the description). The only condition that will be imposed will include in your description all the links specified in the "Follow Us" section of the description. You can contact us at any time for any proposal. Note that revenue sharing can occur at any time, on a video that you broadcast. No strick will be performed by a star presumption, if it is, it probably originates from a robot or from an attack with another. Read the informations in the description carefully.
❓ WHY : Learn how to draw Beerus
📍 WHERE : Pontault Combault (🇫🇷 France)
🕓 WHEN : 27 February 2017
⌚ Duration : 45 Minutes Minimum ~ 3 Hours Maximum
⚠ The duration depends on the performance and tools used by the author. That is why this is indicated from the minimum to the maximum
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#eMagination #imagination #draw #draws #drawing #drawings #howtodraw #howtodrawstepbystep #emotion#tutodraw #tuto #beerus #dbz #manga
💌 Contact : emaginationcontact@gmail.com
We find that Craft & Design pupils often have difficulty remembering the sequence of operations involved when making a simple screwdriver handle. These photographs depict this process.
We begin with the preparation of the 25mm aluminium blank. After this the blank is held in the 3 jaw self centering chuck. A series of turning operations is then carried out. For the following we set a high spindle speed and used a slow feed speed for best results. Shown here we show facing off. Then turning down or parallel turning. Next taper turning. After that the Slocombe bit or centre bit is mounted in a Jacob's chuck and a pilot hole is drilled. A HSS twist drill or jobber bit is then mounted in the Jacob's chuck and a blind hole is drilled to a depth of 30mm. The depth gauge is used to judge this.
Taps and dies are used to cut the internal thread on the screwdriver blade and the internal thread on the handle.
Finally both components are assembled and the handle is knurled or given a textured grip pattern. This is done at a very low spindle speed and a slow automatic feed speed.
Menai Suspension Bridge
Construction
Before the bridge was completed in 1826, the island had no fixed connection to the mainland and all movements to and from Anglesey were by ferry (or, with difficulty, on foot at low tide). The main source of income on Anglesey came from the sale of cattle, and in order to get them to the markets of the inland counties or London, they had to be driven into the water and swum across the Menai Straits.[1] The Act of Union 1800 increased the need for transport to Ireland, and with Holyhead as one of the principal terminals to Dublin it was decided that a bridge was needed.
Thomas Telford was assigned the task of improving the route from London to Holyhead, and one of the key improvements was his design of the suspension bridge over the Menai Strait between a point near Bangor on the mainland and the village of Porthaethwy (which is now also known as Menai Bridge) on Anglesey. The design of the bridge had to allow for Royal Navy sailing ships 100 feet (30 m) tall to pass under the deck at high water slack tide, and no scaffolding was allowed during construction which broke this rule.
Construction of the bridge began in 1819 with the towers on either side of the strait. These were constructed from Penmon limestone and were hollow with internal cross-walls. Then came the sixteen huge chain cables, each made of 935 iron bars that support the 176-metre (577 ft) span.[2] To avoid rusting between manufacture and use, the iron was soaked in linseed oil and later painted.[3] The suspending power of the chains was calculated at 2,016 tons and the total weight of each chain was 121 tons.[1] The bridge was opened to much fanfare on 30 January 1826 and reduced the journey time from London to Holyhead from 36 to 27 hours, a saving of 9 hours.
Later history
Damaged by winds in 1839, the road surface needed extensive repair, and in 1893 the entire wooden surface was replaced with a steel deck. Over the years, the 4.5 ton weight limit proved problematic for the increasing freight industry and in 1938 the original wrought iron[4] chains were replaced with steel ones without the need to close the bridge. In 1999 the bridge was closed for around a month to resurface the road and strengthen the structure, requiring all traffic to cross via the nearby Britannia Bridge.
On 28 February 2005 the bridge was promoted to UNESCO as a candidate World Heritage Site. On the same day one carriageway of the bridge was closed for six months restricting traffic to a single carriageway so that traffic travelled to the mainland in the morning and to Anglesey in the afternoon. The bridge was re-opened to traffic in both directions on 11 December 2005 after its first major re-painting in 65 years.
Menai Suspension Bridge
Construction
Before the bridge was completed in 1826, the island had no fixed connection to the mainland and all movements to and from Anglesey were by ferry (or, with difficulty, on foot at low tide). The main source of income on Anglesey came from the sale of cattle, and in order to get them to the markets of the inland counties or London, they had to be driven into the water and swum across the Menai Straits.[1] The Act of Union 1800 increased the need for transport to Ireland, and with Holyhead as one of the principal terminals to Dublin it was decided that a bridge was needed.
Thomas Telford was assigned the task of improving the route from London to Holyhead, and one of the key improvements was his design of the suspension bridge over the Menai Strait between a point near Bangor on the mainland and the village of Porthaethwy (which is now also known as Menai Bridge) on Anglesey. The design of the bridge had to allow for Royal Navy sailing ships 100 feet (30 m) tall to pass under the deck at high water slack tide, and no scaffolding was allowed during construction which broke this rule.
Construction of the bridge began in 1819 with the towers on either side of the strait. These were constructed from Penmon limestone and were hollow with internal cross-walls. Then came the sixteen huge chain cables, each made of 935 iron bars that support the 176-metre (577 ft) span.[2] To avoid rusting between manufacture and use, the iron was soaked in linseed oil and later painted.[3] The suspending power of the chains was calculated at 2,016 tons and the total weight of each chain was 121 tons.[1] The bridge was opened to much fanfare on 30 January 1826 and reduced the journey time from London to Holyhead from 36 to 27 hours, a saving of 9 hours.
Later history
Damaged by winds in 1839, the road surface needed extensive repair, and in 1893 the entire wooden surface was replaced with a steel deck. Over the years, the 4.5 ton weight limit proved problematic for the increasing freight industry and in 1938 the original wrought iron[4] chains were replaced with steel ones without the need to close the bridge. In 1999 the bridge was closed for around a month to resurface the road and strengthen the structure, requiring all traffic to cross via the nearby Britannia Bridge.
On 28 February 2005 the bridge was promoted to UNESCO as a candidate World Heritage Site. On the same day one carriageway of the bridge was closed for six months restricting traffic to a single carriageway so that traffic travelled to the mainland in the morning and to Anglesey in the afternoon. The bridge was re-opened to traffic in both directions on 11 December 2005 after its first major re-painting in 65 years.
Menai Suspension Bridge
The Menai Suspension Bridge (Welsh: Pont Grog y Borth) is a suspension bridge between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales. Designed by Thomas Telford and completed in 1826, it is one of the first modern suspension bridges in the world.
Contents Construction
Before the bridge was completed in 1826, the island had no fixed connection to the mainland and all movements to and from Anglesey were by ferry (or, with difficulty, on foot at low tide). The main source of income on Anglesey came from the sale of cattle, and in order to get them to the markets of the inland counties or London, they had to be driven into the water and swum across the Menai Straits.[1] The Act of Union 1800 increased the need for transport to Ireland, and with Holyhead as one of the principal terminals to Dublin it was decided that a bridge was needed.
Thomas Telford was assigned the task of improving the route from London to Holyhead, and one of the key improvements was his design of the suspension bridge over the Menai Strait between a point near Bangor on the mainland and the village of Porthaethwy (which is now also known as Menai Bridge) on Anglesey. The design of the bridge had to allow for Royal Navy sailing ships 100 feet (30 m) tall to pass under the deck at high water slack tide, and no scaffolding was allowed during construction which broke this rule.
Construction of the bridge began in 1819 with the towers on either side of the strait. These were constructed from Penmon limestone and were hollow with internal cross-walls. Then came the sixteen huge chain cables, each made of 935 iron bars that support the 176-metre (577 ft) span.[2] To avoid rusting between manufacture and use, the iron was soaked in linseed oil and later painted.[3] The suspending power of the chains was calculated at 2,016 tons and the total weight of each chain was 121 tons.[1] The bridge was opened to much fanfare on 30 January 1826 and reduced the journey time from London to Holyhead from 36 to 27 hours, a saving of 9 hours.
Later history
Menai Suspension bridge being painted in August 2005
Damaged by winds in 1839, the road surface needed extensive repair, and in 1893 the entire wooden surface was replaced with a steel deck. Over the years, the 4.5 ton weight limit proved problematic for the increasing freight industry and in 1938 the original wrought iron[4] chains were replaced with steel ones without the need to close the bridge. In 1999 the bridge was closed for around a month to resurface the road and strengthen the structure, requiring all traffic to cross via the nearby Britannia Bridge.
On 28 February 2005 the bridge was promoted to UNESCO as a candidate World Heritage Site. On the same day one carriageway of the bridge was closed for six months restricting traffic to a single carriageway so that traffic travelled to the mainland in the morning and to Anglesey in the afternoon. The bridge was re-opened to traffic in both directions on 11 December 2005 after its first major re-painting in 65 years.
Surroundings
The Anglesey Coastal Path passes below the bridge. The bridge has a memorial to the Aberfan disaster victims on the Anglesey side.
Cultural references
The bridge as pictured in a Staffordshire stoneware plate in the 1840s. - (From the home of J L Runeberg)
Menai Suspension Bridge in the evening
The nearest settlement is the town of Menai Bridge. A representation of the Menai Bridge inside a border of railings and stanchions is featured on the reverse of British one pound coins minted in 2005. The coin was designed by Edwins Ellis.
Quotation
White Knight to Alice:
"I heard him then, for I had just
completed my design,
To keep the Menai bridge from rust
By boiling it in wine."
—"Haddocks' Eyes", Through the Looking-Glass, Lewis Carroll
Famous Welsh englyn
Uchelgaer uwch y weilgi - gyr y byd
Ei gerbydau drosti,
Chwithau, holl longau y lli,
Ewch o dan ei chadwyni.
—Dewi Wyn o Eifion[5] (David Owen) (1784–1841)
High fortress above the sea – the world drives
Its carriages across it;
And you, all you ships of the sea,
Pass beneath its chains.
As I had difficulty finding a location with an unobstructed view I missed the arrival of the winner at the finish line by about ten minutes. In case you don't know here are the results:
Geoffrey Ndungu won the Dublin City Marathon for the second year running in a time of 2 hours 11 minutes and 9 seconds. The time was outside last year's course record time of 2:08.33.
Paul Pollock from Belfast was the first Irish man home in ninth place in 2:16.30, ahead of Sean Hehir who finished in 2:17.50.
Magdalene Mukunzi was the first woman home in a time of 2:30.46 which was outside the course record of 2:26.13. Maria McCambridge was the first Irish woman through the finishing line in 2:35.28.
Luke Jones from Wales won the wheelchair section.
A total of 14,300 people registered for this year's race which was without a major sponsor for the first time in 20 years.
We find that Craft & Design pupils often have difficulty remembering the sequence of operations involved when making a simple screwdriver handle. These photographs depict this process.
We begin with the preparation of the 25mm aluminium blank. After this the blank is held in the 3 jaw self centering chuck. A series of turning operations is then carried out. For the following we set a high spindle speed and used a slow feed speed for best results. Shown here we show facing off. Then turning down or parallel turning. Next taper turning. After that the Slocombe bit or centre bit is mounted in a Jacob's chuck and a pilot hole is drilled. A HSS twist drill or jobber bit is then mounted in the Jacob's chuck and a blind hole is drilled to a depth of 30mm. The depth gauge is used to judge this.
Taps and dies are used to cut the internal thread on the screwdriver blade and the internal thread on the handle.
Finally both components are assembled and the handle is knurled or given a textured grip pattern. This is done at a very low spindle speed and a slow automatic feed speed.
This is a route that goes all around the perimeter of the municipal area of L´Escala, with the exception of Cinclaus, going along the coastal strip and returning inland.
Technical Specifications
- Departure point: Cala Montgó
- Type of route: Round
- Distance: 18 km
- Time: 6 hours
- Difficulty: High (because of the distance involved)
To follow the route:
The route starts at Cala Montgó and from the beach itself you head towards L'Escala, along Carrer Trenca Braços, on the right, coinciding with the GR-92. Once at the top, in front of Illa Mateua Beach, in Carrer Punta Montgó, turn left to follow the sea, following the GR-92 markers. Go past the Punta dels Cinc Sous, Cala del Salpatx and Les Penyes until you get to Port de la Clota.
Then cross over the port by Carrer Romeu de Corbera, until you come to Riells Beach. At the beach, walk along Passeig del Petit Príncep until you get to Passeig del Mar, which takes you, following the coast, to the old centre of L'Escala. Carry along Passeig Lluís Albert and Port d'en Perris to La Platja. From La Platja (the main town beach) take Carrer Cargol and then Ronda Mar d'en Manassa, on your left, following the coastline. Go past La Creu small bay where you will see the fishermen's huts. This coastal path takes you to the place known as L’Oberta, from where you can see the beaches of Empúries. Walk along the Ronda del Pedró for about 200 metres and when you get to the Lampadòfor (the lamp bearer, the sculpture built to commemorate the arrival of the Olympic flame) turn right to take the Empúries Promenade.
The Empúries Promenade is two and a half kilometres long and runs parallel to the beaches of Empúries. It takes you past the Platja del Rec, Platja del Portitxol, Platja de les Muscleres and Platja del Moll Grec beaches, and you come to Sant Martí d'Empúries, which is the end of the route.
Go past the village of Sant Martí d'Empúries, heading south, taking the main road that leaves the village. From the same road, take the left at the first path you come to, and continue along this path towards Mas Sastruc. At the crossroads with Mas Sastruc, carry straight on and cross over the main road at its narrowest part. On the other side of the road, near the Tourist Information Office, take a path there is on the left that will take you to Les Corts farmhouses, signposted as "Camí de les Corts a Empúries", go between the farmhouses and turn left towards El Molí de L'Escala restaurant, until you come to Camp dels Pilans, in Carrer Muntanya Rodona. This will take you to a path that heads south, right at the edge of the houses. You will find a signpost that labels the path "Via Heraklea" and from here on, follow the livestock path which winds between the pine trees. You will come to the large pine tree known as Pi Gros, carry on towards the south until you reach the road to Bellcaire. Cross over this road and go into the car park of Els Recs farmhouses, from here go to the football pitch and take the path behind it heading south, until you get to Cortal Nou. From Cortal Nou, take the "Termes" Path heading east, go through the old sand quarry, following the green and white markers, cross over Carrer Punta Milà and following the perimeter of the campsites, you will get to the end of the route, Cala Montgó.
Others values:
The value of this route lies in the combination and variety of spaces and landscapes; on the one hand the route takes you along the coast, going past a large number of beaches and small bays and panoramic viewpoints. On the other hand, it takes you past farmhouses and along rural paths with great landscape and botanical interest.
Angels serve in a thousand ways...
They assist us in our searching after truth, remove many doubts and difficulties... they warn us of evil in disguise, and place what is good in a clear strong light. They may gently move our will to embrace what is good, and fly from which is evil.
My digtital diary is dedicated to my paternal grandmother, Erna Tehkla, born in 1896 in Germany. She was truly kind and caring to me when I was a little boy, when I most needed and lacked someone to love and protect me.
Her attunement to nature lives with me still, as does her fondness for the odd and very god old times that make up this lines.
Granny - odd epithet for a German Grandmother, born and raised in the Old Royal ‘Kaiser Reich’ Germany - lived to be 90, and died 7 months short of her 91st birthday, in 1986.
Wherever you are, Granny - my gratitude for your strength and integrity is with you always.
It is my life - long dream to tread upon the land of as many countries as the Great Spirit and time would grant me in the remaining days of my life. I long to meet the people to share the universal smile, experience the cultures and traditions, delight in foods, and drink of the good wines and as a certain special Angel was entering in to my life.
Who knows… even fate has its own infinite timing as it graces our lives with it blessings. Our only task is to avail ourselves to see and open the palms of the heart to receive the treasures that it brings to us. A closed palm cannot receive, but neither gives.
God bless you, each one of you and know my prayers for peace meet yours as the sunrises and sets. May the Great Spirit guide you safely into the path of love, peace, freedom and God on this Earth Mother! May the holy ancestors of love and light keep you safe in your homes! Pray for God to give you something important to do in this great work, which lies ahead of us all to bring peace on earth.
Be well, and think good thoughts of peace, love and togetherness. Peace for all life on earth and peace with one another in our homes, families and countries. We are not so different in the Great Creator's eyes. The same great Father Sun shines his love on each of us daily. We are one after all.
Our prayer is to have a good happy life, plenty of soft gentle rain for abundant crops and good health for every one. We pray for balance on earth to live in peace and leave a beautiful world to the children yet to come.
Remember to have fun, and most importantly enjoy yourself. These are powerful days, and this year will be a turning point for you in terms of your inner commitment to your light. The oaths of creation guardianship and the restoration of the feminine power are needed more than ever on Earth.
I, “Che”, share my being with you these days. I enfold you in the light of the sun, origin of this solar system, whereby you might begin to take the breath of power, take the breath of light, love, and take the breath of wisdom and divine activity through the light that is your origin. As you do so, immortality will be achieved.
But wherever it takes you, know that you are a brave adventurer, and the tools you have at your disposal are your trusty companions. And that we here on this earth, in spirit are right beside you, catching you if you should tip too much one way or the other, watching your back, and helping you clear the path before you.
So much for now, you take care and my prayers are with you. Be good, cuz life is sweet, treat the Earth and all that dwell thereon with respect and remain close to the Great Spirit! May he now watch over you and all your relations!
My blessings to you as we all continue forward. I am here and available for you all hours a day, no matter where you are. Wherever you are, walk in Peace and remain in Love, Light and Harmony! You are never alone…
We can never tell our friends to many times just how much they mean to us....
An die Engel...
von Heinrich Heine
Das ist der böse Thanatos,
Er kommt auf einem fahlen Roß;
Ich hör den Hufschlag, hör den Trab,
Der dunkle Reiter holt mich ab -
Er reißt mich fort, Mathilden soll ich lassen,
Oh, den Gedanken kann mein Herz nicht fassen!
Sie war mir Weib und Kind zugleich,
Und geh ich in das Schattenreich,
Wird Witwe sie und Waise sein!
Ich laß in dieser Welt allein
Das Weib, das Kind, das, trauend meinem Mute,
Sorglos und treu an meinem Herzen ruhte.
Ihr Engel in den Himmelshöhn,
Vernehmt mein Schluchzen und mein Flehn:
Beschützt, wenn ich im öden Grab,
Das Weib, das ich geliebet hab;
Seid Schild und Vögte eurem Ebenbilde,
Beschützt, beschirmt mein armes Kind, Mathilde.
Bei allen Tränen, die ihr je
Geweint um unser Menschenweh,
Beim Wort, das nur der Priester kennt
Und niemals ohne Schauder nennt,
Bei eurer eignen Schönheit, Huld und Milde,
Beschwör ich euch, ihr Engel, schützt Mathilde.
Seelenverwandte Sisi, Kaiserin von Österreich?
Eine heimliche Liebhaberin des Dichters bekennt sich erst nach dessen Tod öffentlich zu Heinrich Heine: Österreichs Kaiserin Sisi. Obwohl Heine in Österreich verboten ist, reist Sisi stets mit Heines Werken durch die Welt, glaubt sich mit Heine telepathisch verbunden und schreibt sogar Gedichte im Heine-Stil. Sisi ist es, die das erste Heine-Denkmal in Auftrag gibt. So macht die Liebhaberei der Kaiserin den Dichter Heine am Ende doch noch zum Hofdichter.
Interview with God
I dreamed I had an interview with God.
"Come in," God said. "So, you would like to interview me?" "If you have the time," I said. God smiled and said, "My time is eternity and is enough to do everything; what questions do you have in mind to ask me?"
"What surprises you most about mankind?"
God answered: "That they get bored of being children, are in a rush to grow up, and then long to be children again.
That they lose their health to make money and then lose their money to restore their health.
That by thinking anxiously about the future, they forget the present, such that they live
neither for the present nor the future. That they live as if they will never die, and they die as if they had never lived..." God's hands took mine and we were silent for while and then I asked...
"As a parent, what are some of life's lessons you want your children to learn?"
God replied with a smile:"To learn that they cannot make anyone love them. What they can do is to let themselves be loved.
To learn that what is most valuable is not what they have in their lives, but whom they have in their lives.
To learn that it is not good to compare themselves to others. All will be judged individually on their own merits, not as a group on a comparison basis to learn that a rich person is not the one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.
To learn that it only takes a few seconds to open profound wounds in persons we love,
and that it takes many years to heal them.
To learn to forgive by practicing forgiveness.
To learn that there are persons that loves them dearly, but simply do not know how to express or show their feelings.
To learn that money can buy everything but happiness.
To learn that two people can look at the same thing and see it totally different.
To learn that a true friend in someone who knows everything about them... and likes them anyway.
To learn that it is not always enough that they be forgiven by others, but that they have to forgive themselves."
I sat there for a while enjoying the moment. I thanked Him for his time and for all that He has done for my family, and He and me replied, "Anytime. I'm here 24 hours a day. All you have to do is ask for me, and I'll answer."
People will forget what you said.
People will forget what you did,
But people will never forget how you made them feel.
Quote by the local Ngalawa fishermen,
Hazze, Whinny, Faith and ‘Mosche Lopez Pereira’,
as Holger at the Coral reefs around the lagoons,
in front of one of the finest powder sand Beaches
with the contrasting colors of the Indian Ocean,
Matemwe Beach, Zanzibar Island,
United Republic of Tanzania, East Africa
- Welcome to the Sunny side where Paradise begins –
File name: 10_03_001150a
Binder label: Medical
Title: Dr. Fitzgerald's improved Invigorator - just discovered a positive cure for dyspepsia, all stomach and nervous diseases, liver and heart difficulties and impure blood. (front)
Created/Published: Boston : Bufford
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : lithograph ; 8 x 12 cm.
Subject: People; Horses; Patent medicines
Notes: Title from item.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
Photos for competitors and volunteers at the April 6, 2019 difficulty competition for the Alberta Climbing Association.
A Masonic Rough Ashlar.
A rough and perfect ashlar are stones which symbolize Man's moral and spiritual life.
Cutting stone to uniform shapes and sizes requires the skill and experience of a true craftsman with many years of experience.
This is why, historically, only large edifices (buildings) were made of ashlars (rather than brick or wood), due to the necessity (and difficulty) of assembling the many skilled craftsman needed to complete the many subsets of knowledge such as how to build a stone archway, how to lay foundation stone, and how to lay stone, one atop another to great heights...not to mention the artisans who sculpted the stones into ornamental shapes.
In days of old, apprentice masons cut and raised the Rough Ashlars from the stone quarry under the supervision of more experienced craftsman, called Fellowcrafts.
The work was accomplished under the watchful eye of the Master masons of the craft...those who had proved their ability to make their Master's piece to the satisfaction of their superiors.
In Freemasonry, there are 2 forms of ashlars.
Rough Ashlar
In operative Freemasonry, the rough ashlar represents a rough, unprepared or undressed stone. In speculative Freemasonry, a rough ashlar is an allegory to the uninitiated Freemason prior to his discovering enlightenment.
Perfect Ashlar
Operatively, the Perfect ashlar represents the dressed stone (after it has been made uniform and smoothed) by use of the working tools, the common gavel, (mallet) and chisel. (The chisel may be found in English Freemasonry, but is not used in the United States as a Freemason symbol.)
Only after the stone has been dressed by an experienced stonemason, can it be suitable to be placed into the architectural structure or building.
Speculatively, a Perfect Ashlar is an allegory to a Freemason who, through Masonic education, works to achieve an upstanding life and diligently strives to obtain enlightenment.
Rough and Perfect Ashlars
In the Fellowcraft Degree, we see the use of the Rough and Perfect Ashlars. The lesson to be learned is that by means of education and the acquirement of knowledge, a man improves the state of his spiritual and moral being.
Like man, each Rough Ashlar begins as an imperfect stone. With education, cultivation and brotherly love, man is shaped into a being which has been tried by the square of virtue and encircled by the compasses of his boundaries, given to us by our Creator.
Rough and Perfect Ashlar: Fitted For The Builder's Use
In ancient times, quarried stone which could be easily shaped into desired configurations, was called "freestone". Typical freestones are limestone and sandstone.
Then, as now, only after refining and smoothing these rough stones into their desired shape, were the stonemasons able to "fit them for the builder's use".
In the Fellowcraft degree, the Rough Ashlar represents a man's unrefined state and his need for improvement. He learns that the goal of being a better man includes spirituality of thought and striving for perfection of conduct. Via duties, expectations and obligations, he is charged to work toward these goals of self improvement.
As the Freemason "smoothes" his rough edges, internally and externally; he becomes a better man and, therefore, a better Freemason.
Once a man has perfected his ashlar to the best of his ability,... as Brothers to all mankind, it is his duty to help others become better men and better Freemasons.
Rough and Perfect Ashlar - The Potential For Change
All rough ashlars must have within them the potential to be made into a perfect ashlar.
The stone must be made of sound material and have a minimum of character flaws which may cause it to weaken the edifice (building). It must be capable of being worked into a perfect stone. This is why candidates for the degrees are asked many questions as to their qualifications and character about why they wish to become Freemasons.
The candidate must have the potential to both serve and support the Fraternity. He must be carefully inspected, just as each Rough Ashlar is inspected for quality in order to be able to "fit" him into Freemasonry's tenets and goals, which are compatible to God's laws.
An imperfect stone may be made perfect, however major flaws are difficult to overcome and when assembled into a structure, the entire structure can be weakened from its improper use. This is as true of men as it is of stones.
Rough and Perfect Ashlar - States of Metamorphose
Freemasonry has a glorious history. Flawed ashlars can bring negative feelings and reproach upon the Fraternity from non-Freemasons in the outside world and therefore, can have no place within its walls.
...That said,...let us not forget that perfect ashlars are not found lying about the stone quarry without benefit of their having been hammered, chiseled and polished into such a state of being.
It also holds true that "perfect" men are also such an anomaly without the benefit of brotherly love, guidance and light. There are very few Freemasons who have not been in both the rough and perfect ashlar state-of-being at some point in their lives.
Freemason Duties For the Future of the Craft
1. Freemasons must give serious consideration to our personal responsibility to educate other Brothers toward their self improvement.
Like the Good Samaritan in the Holy Books; it is in the giving and assistance to others in which you will find the true "jewels" of enlightenment. True Master Masons not only exemplify the tenets of the craft, but they teach what they learn.
2. Lodges should carefully judge the potential of each candidate, weighing both their character and their potential for change. For more information as to how to properly perform this duty, see my page Masonic Investigation Committee.
3. Each Freemason is charged to extend the hand of brotherly love and affection to help new Freemasons become better men and strive to live on the square, stand upright with the plumb and take their true place as a man who would make his Creator (the Almighty), proud of him.
The lesson of the Rough and Perfect Ashlar applies to all men who are worthy,...who have a heartfelt wish to go from ignorance to knowledge,...from darkness to light...and from death to life.
The following poem, written by Mary Brooks Picken, entitled, "Thimblefuls of Friendliness" was written in 1924, and, perhaps says it, best.
"Thimblefuls of Friendliness"
"Isn't it strange that Princes and Kings
And clowns that caper in sawdust rings,
And just plain folks like you and me,
Are builders for Eternity?
To each is given a bag of tools,
A shapeless mass and a book of rules,
And each must make ere life is flown,
A stumbling block, or a stepping stone."
The Latin assis was a board or plank; in the diminutive form, assula, it meant a small board, like a shingle, or a chip. In this con-nection it is interesting to note that our "axle" and' "axis" were derived from it. In early English this became asheler and was used to denote a stone in the rough as it came from the quarries. The Operative Masons called such a stone a "rough ashlar," and when it had been shaped and finished for its place in the wall they called it a "perfect ashlar." An Apprentice is a rough ashlar, because unfinished, whereas a Master Mason is a perfect ashlar, because he has been shaped for his place in the organization of the Craft.
The publication of a number of Minute Books of old Lodges since it was written calls for a revision of the paragraph on ASHLAR, on page 107. In one of his memoranda on the building of St. Paul s, Sir Christopher Wren shows by the context that as the word was there and then used an ashlar was a stone, ready-dressed from the quarries (costing about $5.00 in our money), for use in walls ; and that a "perpend asheler" was one with polished ends each of which would lie in a surface of the wall ; in that case a "rough" ashlar was not a formless mass of rock, but was a stone ready for use, no surface of which would appear in the building walls; it was unfinished in the sense of unpolished. In other records, of which only a few have been found, a "perpend" ashlar was of stone cut with a key in it so as to interlock with a second stone cut correspondingly.
It is doubtful if the Symbolic Ashlars were widely used among the earliest Lodges; on the other hand they are mentioned in Lodge inventories often enough to make it certain that at least a few of the old Lodges used them ; and since records were so meagerly kept it is possible that their use may have been more common than has been believed. On April 11, 1754, Old Dundee Lodge in Wapping, London, "Resolved that A New Perpend Ashlar Inlaid with Devices of Masonry Valued at £2 12s. 6d. be purchased. " The word ''new'' proves that the Lodge had used an Ashlar before 1754, perhaps for many years before; the word "devices" duggests long years of symbolic use.
It is obvious that the Ashlars as referred to in the above were not like our own Perfect and Imperfect Ashlars. It is certain that our use of them did not originate in America ; there are no known data to show when or where they originated, but it is reasonable to suppose that Webb received them from Preston, or else from English Brethren in person who knew the Work in Preston's period. Operative Masons doubtless used the word in more than one sense, depending on time and place ; and no rule can be based on their Practice.
The Speculative Masons after 1717, as shown above, must have used "Perfect Ashlar" in the sense of "Perpend Ashlar"; nevertheless the general purpose of the symbolism has been the same throughout - a reminder to the Candidate that he is to think of himself as if he were a building stone and that he will be expected to polish himself in manners and character in order to find a place in the finished Work of Masonry. The contrast between the Rough Ashlar and the Perfect Ashlar is not as between one man and another man, thereby generating a snobbish sense of superiority; but as between what a man is at one stage of his own self-development and what he is at another stage.
In Sir Christopher Wren's use of "ashlar" (he was member of Lodge of Antiquity) the stone had a dimension of 1 x 1 x 2 feet; and many building records, some of them very old, mention similar dimensions; certainly, the "perpend" or "perfect" ashlar almost never was a cube, because there are few places in a wall where a cube will serve. Because in our own symbolism the Perfect Ashlar is a cube, a number of commentators on symbolism have drawn out of it pages of speculation on the properties of the cube, and on esoteric meanings they believe those properties to possess; the weight possessed by those theorizing is proportionate to the knowledge and intelligence of the commentator; but in any event these cubic interpretations do not have the authority of Masonic history behind them.
NOTE: During the many years of building and re-building at Westminster Abbey the clerk of the works kept a detailed account of money expended, money received, wages, etc. These records, still in existence, are called Fabric Rolls. In the Fabric Roll for 1253 the word "asselers" occurs many times, and means dressed stones, or ashlars. A "perpens" or "parpens," or "perpent-stone" was "a through stone," presumably because it was so cut that each end was flush with a face of the wall. It proves that "perpend ashlar" was not a "perfect ashlar" in the present sense of being a cube.
- Source: Mackey's Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY to everyone who celebrates this special day today!
What a mess Flickr was last night! I had difficulty adding titles to my uploaded images, comments didn't save and, after I had added a description to each of the 20 photos, the descriptions all disappeared. When I opened Flickr this morning, there was still no sign of them. Then, suddenly, they re-appeared.
My photos taken at the National Butterfly Centre, Mission, South Texas, have now come to an end, so you can sigh a huge sigh of relief : ) After that, I have just a few photos taken at another place that we called in at later in the afternoon. Unfortunately, we only had an hour there before closing time, but how glad we were that we found this place. The highlight there was watching 25 Yellow-crowned Night-Herons coming in to roost for the night in the trees, right where we were standing! What a great sight this was, and we were lucky enough to have a good, close view of these gorgeous birds. We also saw some Purple Martins and their circular, hanging nest "gourds".
On Day 6 of our birding holiday in South Texas, 24 March 2019, we left our hotel in Kingsville, South Texas, and started our drive to Mission, where we would be staying at La Quinta Inn & Suites for three nights. On the first stretch of our drive, we were lucky enough to see several bird species, including a Golden-fronted Woodpecker, Hooded Oriole, Red-tailed Hawk, Crested Caracara, Harris's Hawk, Pyrrhuloxia male (looks similar to a Cardinal) and a spectacular Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. I'm not sure if this stretch is called Hawk Alley.
We had a long drive further south towards Mission, with only a couple of drive-by photos taken en route (of a strangely shaped building that turned out to be a deserted seed storage building). Eventually, we reached our next planned stop, the National Butterfly Centre. This was a great place, my favourite part of it being the bird feeding station, where we saw all sorts of species and reasonably close. Despite the name of the place, we only saw a few butterflies while we were there. May have been the weather or, more likely, the fact that I was having so much fun at the bird feeding station. We also got to see Spike, a giant African Spurred Tortoise. All the nature/wildlife parks that we visited in South Texas had beautiful visitor centres and usually bird feeding stations. And there are so many of these parks - so impressive!
nationalbutterflycenter.org/nbc-multi-media/in-the-news/1...
"Ten years ago, the North American Butterfly Association broke ground for what has now become the largest native plant botanical garden in the United States. This 100-acre preserve is home to Spike (who thinks he is a butterfly) and the greatest volume and variety of wild, free-flying butterflies in the nation. In fact, USA Today calls the National Butterfly Center, in Mission, Texas, 'the butterfly capitol of the USA'." From the Butterfly Centre's website.
The Centre is facing huge challenges, as a result of the "Border Wall". The following information is from the Centre's website.
www.nationalbutterflycenter.org/about-nbc/maps-directions...
"No permission was requested to enter the property or begin cutting down trees. The center was not notified of any roadwork, nor given the opportunity to review, negotiate or deny the workplan. Same goes for the core sampling of soils on the property, and the surveying and staking of a “clear zone” that will bulldoze 200,000 square feet of habitat for protected species like the Texas Tortoise and Texas Indigo, not to mention about 400 species of birds. The federal government had decided it will do as it pleases with our property, swiftly and secretly, in spite of our property rights and right to due process under the law."
"What the Border Wall will do here:
1) Eradicate an enormous amount of native habitat, including host plants for butterflies, breeding and feeding areas for wildlife, and lands set aside for conservation of endangered and threatened species-- including avian species that migrate N/S through this area or over-winter, here, in the tip of the Central US Flyway.
2) Create devastating flooding to all property up to 2 miles behind the wall, on the banks of the mighty Rio Grande River, here.
3) Reduce viable range land for wildlife foraging and mating. This will result in greater competition for resources and a smaller gene pool for healthy species reproduction. Genetic "bottlenecks" can exacerbate blight and disease.
IN ADDITION:
4) Not all birds can fly over the wall, nor will all butterfly species. For example, the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl, found on the southern border from Texas to Arizona, only flies about 6 ft in the air. It cannot overcome a 30 ft vertical wall of concrete and steel.
5) Nocturnal and crepuscular wildlife, which rely on sunset and sunrise cues to regulate vital activity, will be negatively affected by night time flood lighting of the "control zone" the DHS CBP will establish along the wall and new secondary drag roads. The expansion of these areas to vehicular traffic will increase wildlife roadkill.
6) Animals trapped north of the wall will face similar competition for resources, cut off from native habitat in the conservation corridor and from water in the Rio Grande River and adjacent resacas. HUMANS, here, will also be cut off from our only source of fresh water, in this irrigated desert.
We find that Craft & Design pupils often have difficulty remembering the sequence of operations involved when making a simple screwdriver handle. These photographs depict this process.
We begin with the preparation of the 25mm aluminium blank. After this the blank is held in the 3 jaw self centering chuck. A series of turning operations is then carried out. For the following we set a high spindle speed and used a slow feed speed for best results. Shown here we show facing off. Then turning down or parallel turning. Next taper turning. After that the Slocombe bit or centre bit is mounted in a Jacob's chuck and a pilot hole is drilled. A HSS twist drill or jobber bit is then mounted in the Jacob's chuck and a blind hole is drilled to a depth of 30mm. The depth gauge is used to judge this.
Taps and dies are used to cut the internal thread on the screwdriver blade and the internal thread on the handle.
Finally both components are assembled and the handle is knurled or given a textured grip pattern. This is done at a very low spindle speed and a slow automatic feed speed.
Difficulties strengthen the mind, as labor does the body.
Seneca (5 BC - 65 AD)
#282 on December 11, 2007
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Kansas Cosmosphere
"There ain't no graceful way."
Rusty Schweickart Apollo 9 astronaut, regarding difficulties of using the bathroom in space
Where's the Bathroom in Space?
There is no "bathroom" in space, but to an astronaut jammed inside the confined interior of a spacecraft for an extended period of time, having a place to "go" was an operational necessity. NASA likes to refer to this issue as "waste management."
"Waste management" became a real problem for astronauts and engineers alike when spaceflights began lasting longer than a day during the Gemini program. The problem had to be solved if astronauts were going to get to the Moon and back-a trip that would take nearly two weeks. And what would happen if nature called while an astronaut was walking on the surface of the Moon? This, indeed, was a critical issue, and a major engineering challenge.
Because of the limited size of the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, only minimal bathroom equipment could be installed. The solutions, although functional, were far from ideal. Liquid and solid body wastes had to be taken care of in two totally different ways. Also, the requirements of an astronaut inside the spacecraft were different than those on the lunar surface. The basic waste management hardware used during an Apollo mission are displayed below.
Inside the Spacecraft
When Apollo astronauts were inside the pressurized, shirt-sleeve environment of the spacecraft, the waste management issue was a little more straight forward, but nevertheless, complicated. The key problem was the lack of gravity that an "earthly" bathroom depends upon.
Urine Transfer System
For urination while inside the spacecraft, the astronaut would attach himself to the Urine Transfer System (UTS) collection bag by means of a roll- on condom-like device. The bag would collect the urine for storage.
When the bag needed to be emptied, a hose was attached between the valve unit on the bag and a special spacecraft fitting that was open to the exterior space environment. By simply turning the valve to the correct position, the contents of the bag were exposed to the vacuum of space. The vacuum extracted the urine into space in what was known as a "urine purge," which was a truly colorful event to witness.
The Constellation "Urion"
One of the most spectacular events that was witnessed by Apollo astronauts on the way to the Moon was-surprisingly-a URINE PURGE. When stored urine was jettisoned into space, the liquid atomized into millions of tiny droplets. Immediately, these droplets froze into millions of tiny crystals. The urine crystals then caught and refracted the intense sunlight, creating an extraordinary celestial display.
On the first Apollo mission (Apollo 7), the astronauts quickly learned not to activate a urine purge prior to conducting stellar navigation. Refracting intense sunlight, the frozen urine crystals appeared as thousands of new "stars" in the stellar background, greatly confusing navigational readings. Apollo 7 Commander Wally Schirra even had a name for it. He called it the constellation "Urion."
A urine purge was so spectacular that the astronauts usually had their faces plastered to the windows to observe the event, but they were not allowed to photograph it. If the astronauts photographed a urine purge, they would have had to explain the photo to the public when they got home. In the 1960s, one could not use the word "urine" in the news media, which would have placed the NASA public affairs office in a very difficult position. To avoid this, NASA chose not to photographically record it.
Defecation Collection Device
For the collection of solid waste while inside the spacecraft, astronauts used a Defecation Collection Device (DCD). The device consisted mainly of a thin plastic bag with an adhesive rim.
When needed, the astronaut would peel off the protective cover from the adhesive rim of the bag opening. He would then carefully position and adhere it to his buttocks. After use, the astronaut removed the bag and sealed it inside another storage bag. To prevent odor, a small bag of blue deodorant inside the bag was then punctured and mixed with the contents.
All collected solid waste was stored in a special compartment inside the spacecraft and returned to the Earth. Numerous medical and scientific studies were then conducted on the waste to determine how well the astronaut's metabolic functions performed during his extended stay in weightlessness.
Lunar Bathroom Break
On the Lunar Surface When astronauts ventured out on the lunar surface, they had an entirely different set of problems to deal with when using the bathroom. Specifically, they were now totally disconnected from the spacecraft and working in an extremely hostile environment while cocooned in a self-contained, sealed space suit. The equipment used for waste management while on the lunar surface is displayed below.
Urine Transfer System
Before climbing into his space suit for a walk on the Moon, an astronaut would attach to his waist a Urine Collection Transfer System (UCTS). This belt-like apparatus contained a urine collection bag and was connected to the astronaut by, means of a roll-on condom-like device. When nature called, the astronaut was able to urinate directly into the collection bag, where the liquid was stored until he was able to return to the Lunar Module to empty it.
Once back inside the Lunar Module, the astronaut could drain the bag without removing the space suit by means of ay special pressure connector on the leg of the suit. The urine collection bag was attached to this connector by a short, flexible, black rubber tube. The astronaut would attach the urine transfer hose to the connector and drain the bag into a special waste storage area located inside the Lunar Module. In emergencies, this also meant that the bag could be, drained without depressurizing the space suit.
Defecation Collection Device
What an astronaut dreaded most while working on the lunar surface was having to deal with solid body waste.
To accommodate this need, the astronaut wore, in conjunction with the urine collection bag, what was essentially diaper. But NASA did not want the "hero" image of the astronaut diminished by having him wear a diaper so the name of the device was officially changed to: "FECAL MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM"
The Lizard Lighthouse is a lighthouse at Lizard Point, Cornwall, England, built to guide vessels passing through the English Channel. It was often the welcoming beacon to persons returning to England, where on a clear night, the reflected light could be seen 100 mi (160 km) away.
A light was first exhibited here in 1619, built thanks to the efforts of Sir Christopher Dimaline but it was extinguished and the tower demolished in 1630 because of difficulties in raising funds for its operation and maintenance.
The current lighthouse, consisting of two towers with cottages between them, was built in 1751 by the landowner Thomas Fonnereau; each tower was topped by a coal-fired brazier. Trinity House took responsibility for the installation in 1771. In 1812 the coal burners on each tower were replaced with Argand lamps and reflectors. In each tower a fixed arrangement of nineteen lamps and reflectors was installed. In 1873 the original lamps and reflectors were still in use. That year, because of the number of wrecks still occurring around the Point, the decision was taken to upgrade the lights and provide a fog signal.
Therefore, in 1874, the site was significantly changed by the building of an engine room to provide electric power, not only for the lights but also for a fog siren. The engine room was equipped with three 10 hp caloric engines by A & F Brown of New York, driving six Siemens dynamo-electric machines, which in turn powered an arc lamp in each tower; (caloric engines were used because there was no nearby source of fresh water for steam power). At the same time a pair of medium-sized (third-order) fixed catadioptric optics were installed, one on each tower, designed by John Hopkinson of Chance Brothers. The siren was in use from January 1878; it sounded (one blast every five minutes) through a 15-foot (4.6 m) horizontal horn which was installed on the roof of the engine house and could be moved depending on the prevailing wind direction. The new electric lights were first lit on 29 March that same year. In 1885 the Siemens dynamos were replaced by a pair of more powerful de Méritens magneto-electric generators.
In 1903 there were further changes when a large four-panel rotating optic, manufactured by Chance Brothers, was installed in the eastern tower and both the lantern and light on the western tower were removed (it was announced that this 'new revolving light of very great power' would be 'visible at a distance of between 40 and 50 miles'). In 1908 a new pair of sirens were installed (sounding out to sea through twin 'trumpets' on the roof of the engine house) and a trio of Hornsby oil engines replaced the caloric engines . Soon afterwards an underwater bell was set up two miles south of the Lizard, operated by an electric striker controlled from the lighthouse via a submarine cable.
A carbon arc lamp continued to provide the light source until it was superseded in 1926 by an electric filament lamp, which enabled a reduction in the number of personnel at the lighthouse from five to three. The new lighting system, designed and installed by the General Electric Company, functioned automatically: a lamp changer was provided which would switch to a reserve electric or emergency acetylene lamp in the event of a bulb or power failure; and an automatic winding device was fitted to the clockwork mechanism that rotated the lenses. Transformers were introduced in the engine room to allow the 40-year-old magnetos to remain in use, along with the Hornsby engines.
The engines and magneto generators continued in daily use until 1950, when the lighthouse was connected to mains electricity. In that year four Gardner diesel engines were installed, three to run compressors for the fog signal, the other linked to a pair of generators for use in the event of a mains power failure. In March 1954 the lighthouse keeper and assistants were able to put out a fire that was started in the exhaust pits of the engines providing the electric power. The clockwork drive, used to rotate the optic, was replaced with an electric motor in 1972.
In 1998, Lizard Lighthouse was automated and demanned. The fog horn was decommissioned in 1998 and replaced with an automatic electronic fog signal; at the time it was the last compressed-air fog signal still in use in the United Kingdom. As of 2022 the rotating optic continues in use for the light.
Opened in 2009 with a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Lizard Lighthouse Heritage Centre is located in the lighthouse engine room, which still features some of the original engines. Interactive exhibits and displays focus on the history of the lighthouse, the life of a lighthouse keeper, and the role of lighthouses in sea safety. Currently, the buildings around the site are being used as holiday cottages.
One of the lighthouse's old magneto-electric generators is now in the collection of Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum. The other is still in situ in the engine house; it carries a plate marked:
L'ÉLECTRICITÉ
MÉDAILLE D'OR
Exposition d'Électricité Paris 1881
No. 3 L
A de MÉRITENS, 44 rue Boursault
PARIS
Bté. s.g.d.g. en France & à l'Étranger
After the compressed-air foghorn was decommissioned its machinery was left in place and it was still occasionally sounded to mark special occasions. Prior to the opening of the Heritage Centre two of the four Gardner engines were removed (one with its attached compressor, the other with its attached generator); they were subsequently acquired by the Internal Fire Museum of Power in Wales. The other two compressor sets remain in place in the engine room.
The Lizard (Cornish: An Lysardh) is a peninsula in southern Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The most southerly point of the British mainland is near Lizard Point at SW 701115; Lizard village, also known as The Lizard, is the most southerly on the British mainland, and is in the civil parish of Landewednack, the most southerly parish. The valleys of the River Helford and Loe Pool form the northern boundary, with the rest of the peninsula surrounded by sea. The area measures about 14 by 14 miles (23 km × 23 km). The Lizard is one of England's natural regions and has been designated as a National Character Area 157 by Natural England. The peninsula is known for its geology and for its rare plants and lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
The Lizard's coast is particularly hazardous to shipping and the seaways round the peninsula were historically known as the "Graveyard of Ships" (see below). The Lizard Lighthouse was built at Lizard Point in 1752 and the RNLI operates The Lizard lifeboat station.
Etymology
The name "Lizard" is most probably a corruption of the Cornish name "Lys Ardh", meaning "high court"; it is purely coincidental that much of the peninsula is composed of serpentinite-bearing rock. The peninsula's original name may have been the Celtic Bridanoc, from Britannakon ("the "British one"), preserved in the name of the former village of Predannack, now site of Predannack Airfield.
History
There is evidence of early habitation with several burial mounds and stones. Part of the peninsula is known as the Meneage (land of the monks).
Helston, the nearest town to the Lizard peninsula, is said to have once headed the estuary of the River Cober, before it was cut off from the sea by Loe Bar in the 13th century. It is speculated that Helston was once a port, but no records exist. Geomorphologists believe the bar was most likely formed by rising sea levels, after the last ice age, blocking the river and creating a barrier beach. The beach is formed mostly of flint and the nearest source is found offshore under the drowned terraces of the former river that flowed between England and France, and now under the English Channel. The medieval port of Helston was at Gweek, possibly from around 1260 onwards, on the Helford river which exported tin and copper. Helston was believed to be in existence in the sixth century, around the River Cober (Dowr Kohar). The name comes from the Cornish "hen lis" or "old court" and "ton" added later to denote a Saxon manor; the Domesday Book refers to it as Henliston (which survives as the name of a road in the town). It was granted its charter by King John in 1201. It was here that tin ingots were weighed to determine the duty due to the Duke of Cornwall when a number of stannary towns were authorised by royal decree.
The royal manor of Winnianton, which was held by King William I at the time of the Domesday Book (1086), was also the head manor of the hundred of Kerrier and the largest estate in Cornwall. It was assessed as having fifteen hides before 1066. At the time of Domesday there was land for sixty ploughs, but in the lord's land there were two ploughs and in the lands held by villeins twenty-four ploughs. There were twenty-four villeins, forty-one freedmen, thirty-three smallholders and fourteen slaves. There was 6 acres (24,000 m2), eight square leagues of pasture and half a square league of woodland. The livestock was fourteen unbroken mares, three cattle and one hundred and twenty-eight sheep (in total 145 beasts); its value was £12 annually. 11 of the hides were held by the Count of Mortain and there is more arable and pasture and 13 more persons are recorded: Rinsey, Trelowarren, Mawgan-in-Meneage and seventeen other lands are also recorded under Winnianton.
Mullion has the 15th century church of St Mellanus, and the Old Inn from the 16th century. The harbour was completed in 1895 and financed by Lord Robartes of Lanhydrock as a recompense to the fishermen for several disastrous pilchard seasons.
The small church of St Peter in Coverack, built in 1885 for £500, has a serpentinite pulpit.
The Great Western Railway operated a road motor service to The Lizard from Helston railway station. Commencing on 17 August 1903, it was the first successful British railway-run bus service and was initially provided as a cheaper alternative to a proposed light railway.
The Solar eclipse of 11 August 1999 departed the UK mainland from the Lizard.
The transatlantic record run of the unaccompanied one hand sailor Thomas Coville within less than 5 days in his sailboat Sodebo Ultim from New York, USA, to Europe landed here on 15 July 2017.
Nautical
The Lizard has been the site of many maritime disasters. It forms a natural obstacle to entry and exit of Falmouth and its naturally deep estuary. At Lizard Point stands the Lizard Lighthouse. In fact, the light was erected by Sir John Killigrew by his own expense: It was built at the cost of "20 nobles a year" for 30 years, but it caused an uproar over the following years, as King James I considered charging vessels to pass. This caused so many problems that the lighthouse was demolished, but was successfully rebuilt in 1751 by order of Thomas Fonnereau and remains almost unchanged today. Further east lie The Manacles, near Porthoustock: 1+1⁄2 square miles (4 km2) of jagged rocks just beneath the waves.
In 1721 the Royal Anne Galley, an oared frigate, was wrecked at Lizard Point. Of a crew of 185 only three survived; lost was Lord Belhaven who was en route to take up the Governorship of Barbados.
A 44-gun frigate, HMS Anson, was wrecked at Loe Bar in 1807. Although it wrecked close to shore, many lost their lives in the storm. This inspired Henry Trengrouse to invent the rocket-fired line, later to become the Breeches buoy.
The transport ship Dispatch ran aground on the Manacles in 1809 on its return from the Peninsular War, losing 104 men from the 7th Hussars. The following day, with local villagers still attempting a rescue, the Cruizer-class brig-sloop HMS Primrose hit the northern end of these rocks. The only survivor of its 126 officers, men and boys was a drummer boy.
5 Sept 1856 the Cherubim and Ocean Home collided off Lizard Point
The SS Mohegan, a 6,889 GRT passenger liner, also hit the Manacles in 1898 with the loss of 106 lives.
The American passenger liner Paris was stranded on the Manacles in 1899, with no loss of life.
The biggest rescue in the RNLI's history was 17 March 1907 when the 12,000-tonne liner SS Suevic hit the Maenheere Reef near Lizard Point in Cornwall. In a strong gale and dense fog RNLI lifeboat volunteers rescued 456 passengers, including 70 babies. Crews from the Lizard, Cadgwith, Coverack and Porthleven rowed out repeatedly for 16 hours to rescue all of the people on board. Six silver RNLI medals were later awarded, two to Suevic crew members.
The Battle at the Lizard, a naval battle, took place off The Lizard on 21 October 1707.
Smuggling was a regular, and often necessary, way of life in these parts, despite the efforts of coastguards or "Preventive men". In 1801, the king's pardon was offered to any smuggler giving information on the Mullion musket men involved in a gunfight with the crew of HM Gun Vessel Hecate.
Avionic
In the First World War a Naval Air Station was established at Bonython, flying mainly blimps used for spotting U-boats. One was sunk and several probably damaged by bombs dropped by the blimps. The airfield site is now occupied by the wind farm.
RAF Predannack Down (see Predannack Airfield) was a Second World War airbase, from which Coastal Command squadrons flew anti-submarine sorties into the Bay of Biscay as well as convoy support in the western English Channel. The runways still exist and the site is used by a local Air Cadet Volunteergliding Squadron 626VGS and as an emergency/relief base for RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk).
RNAS Culdrose is Europe's largest helicopter base, and currently hosts the Training and Operational Conversion Unit operating the EH101 "Merlin" helicopter. It is also the home base for Merlin Squadrons embarked upon Royal Navy warships, the Westland Sea King airborne early warning (AEW) variant helicopter, a Search And Rescue (Sea King, again) helicopter flight, and some BAe Hawk T.1 trainer jets used for training purposes by the Royal Navy. The base also operates some other types of fixed wing aircraft for calibration and other training purposes. As befits the base's name, a non-flying example of a Hawker Sea Hawk forms the main gate guardian static display. RNAS Culdrose is a major contributor to the economy of The Lizard area.
Political
The Lizard peninsula is in the St Ives parliamentary constituency (which comprises the whole of the former district of Penwith and the southern part of the former district of Kerrier). However, the parishes northeast of the Helford River are in Camborne and Redruth parliamentary constituency
To the north, The Lizard peninsula is bordered by the civil parishes of Breage, Porthleven, Sithney, Helston, Wendron, Gweek and – across the Helford River – by Constantine, Kerrier and Mawnan.
The parishes on the peninsula proper are (west to east):
Northern parishes:
Gunwalloe
Cury
Mawgan-in-Meneage
St Martin-in-Meneage
Manaccan
St Anthony-in-Meneage
Southern parishes:
Mullion
Grade-Ruan
St Keverne
Landewednack
The Lizard's political history includes the 1497 Cornish rebellion which began in St Keverne. The village blacksmith Michael Joseph (Michael An Gof in Cornish, meaning blacksmith) led the uprising, protesting against the punitive taxes levied by Henry VII to pay for the war against the Scots. The uprising was routed on its march to London and the two leaders, Michael Joseph and Thomas Flamank, were subsequently hanged, drawn and quartered.
Technological
Titanium was discovered here by the Reverend William Gregor in 1791.
In 1869, John Pender formed the Falmouth Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph company, intending to connect India to England with an undersea cable. Although intended to land at Falmouth, the final landing point was Porthcurno near Land's End.
In 1900 Guglielmo Marconi stayed the Housel Bay Hotel in his quest to locate a coastal radio station to receive signals from ships equipped with his apparatus. He leased a plot "in the wheat field adjoining the hotel" where the Lizard Wireless Telegraph Station still stands today. Recently restored by the National Trust, it looks as it did in January 1901, when Marconi received the distance record signals of 186 miles (299 km) from his transmitter station at Niton, Isle of Wight. The Lizard Wireless Station is the oldest Marconi station to survive in its original state, and is located to the west of the Lloyds Signal Station in what appears to be a wooden hut. On 12 December 1901 Poldhu Point was the site of the first trans Atlantic, wireless signal radio communication when Marconi sent a signal to St John's, Newfoundland. The technology is one of the key advances to the development of radio, television, satellites and the internet.
A radar station called RAF Dry Tree was built during World War II. The site was later chosen for the Telstar project in 1962; its rocky foundations, clear atmosphere and extreme southerly location being uniquely suitable. This became the Goonhilly satellite earth station, now owned by Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd. Some important developments in television satellite transmission were made at Goonhilly station. A wind farm exists near to the Goonhilly station site.
Geology
Known as the Lizard Complex, the peninsula's geology is the best preserved example of an exposed ophiolite in the United Kingdom.
An ophiolite is a suite of geological formations which represent a slice through a section of ocean crust (including the upper level of the mantle) thrust onto the continental crust.
The Lizard formations comprise three main units; the serpentinites, the "oceanic complex" and the metamorphic basement. The serpentinite contains significant samples of the serpentine polymorph lizardite, which were named after the Lizard complex in 1955.
Ecology
Several nature sites exist on the Lizard Peninsula; Predannack nature reserve, Mullion Island, Goonhilly Downs, and the Cornish Seal Sanctuary at Gweek. An area of the Lizard covering 16.62 square kilometres (6.42 sq mi) is designated a national nature reserve because of its coastal grasslands and heaths and inland heaths. The peninsula contains 3 main Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), both noted for their endangered insects and plants, as well as their geology. The first is East Lizard Heathlands SSSI, the second is Caerthillian to Kennack SSSI and the third is West Lizard SSSI, of which the important wetland, Hayle Kimbro Pool, forms a part of.
The area is also home to one of England's rarest breeding birds — the Cornish chough. This species of corvid is distinctive due to its red beak and legs and haunting "chee-aw" call. Choughs were extinct in Cornwall but returned naturally in 2001 and began breeding on Lizard in 2002 following a concerted effort by the National Trust, English Nature and the RSPB.
The Lizard contains some of the most specialised flora of any area in Britain, including many Red Data Book plant species. Of particular note is the Cornish heath, Erica vagans, that occurs in abundance here, but which is found nowhere else in Britain. There are more than 600 species of flowering plants on the Lizard, nearly a quarter of all UK species. The reason for this richness is partly because of the many different and unusual Lizard rocks on the Lizard Peninsula. But above all, it is a coming together of multiple factors: a very mild maritime climate, but one prone to gales and salt winds; waterlogged and boggy soils, but ones that often parch and dry out in the summer; soils of greatly contrasting fertility and pH; and lastly man's influence. Any single factor taken on its own would influence the flora; taken together, they combine, overlap and interact. Contrasting plant communities grow side-by-side in a mosaic that changes within a few metres but also changes markedly over time with the cycle of heath fires. It's not so much that conditions are ideal for growth, but that there is such a variety of different, difficult conditions. Each habitat, with its own combination of factors, attracts its own specialist plants. It is also one of the few places where the rare formicine ant, Formica exsecta, (the narrow-headed ant), can be found.
Portrayal in literature, film and music
Daphne du Maurier based many novels on this part of Cornwall, including Frenchman's Creek.
The Lizard was featured on the BBC television programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the South West, and on the BBC series Coast.
In James Clavell's novel Shōgun, ship's pilot Vasco Rodrigues challenges John Blackthorne to recite the latitude of the Lizard to verify that Blackthorne is the Pilot of the Dutch vessel Erasmus.
The Jennifer McQuiston 2015 novel The Spinster's Guide to Scandalous Behavior is set primarily in the fictional village Lizard Bay on the Lizard in the mid-nineteenth century.
In the television adaptation of "Horatio Hornblower", an order is given to "Weather the Lizard" in the episode Hornblower:Mutiny.
"Lizard Point" is also a track on the 1982 album Ambient 4: On Land released by Brian Eno.
The book series "Fenton House" by Ben Cheetham is set on the Lizard Peninsula.
As I had difficulty finding a location with an unobstructed view I missed the arrival of the winner at the finish line by about ten minutes. In case you don't know here are the results:
Geoffrey Ndungu won the Dublin City Marathon for the second year running in a time of 2 hours 11 minutes and 9 seconds. The time was outside last year's course record time of 2:08.33.
Paul Pollock from Belfast was the first Irish man home in ninth place in 2:16.30, ahead of Sean Hehir who finished in 2:17.50.
Magdalene Mukunzi was the first woman home in a time of 2:30.46 which was outside the course record of 2:26.13. Maria McCambridge was the first Irish woman through the finishing line in 2:35.28.
Luke Jones from Wales won the wheelchair section.
A total of 14,300 people registered for this year's race which was without a major sponsor for the first time in 20 years.
Focus on Eldercare's response to COVID-19
At the purpose when the noxious impacts of COVID-19 showed first in Wuhan, the entire city and therefore the entire of Hubei Province ground to a halt. The lockdown of Wuhan brought remarkable torment and threatening difficulties for several individual occupants therein first focus. Presently, COVID-19 represents those equivalent difficulties for individuals and social welfare frameworks all-inclusive. Especially, it tests our aggregate endeavors to believe one another, particularly the foremost defenseless among us.
As a populace, individuals quite 70 will generally have more fragile insusceptible frameworks and progressively fundamental conditions that obstruct their capacity to battle the infection. They're likewise sure to dwell on bunch day to day environments, nearby people. Floods of COVID-19 passings in nursing homes — first within the Seattle territory, at that time on the brink of Sacramento and now during the country — have underscored this inauspicious reality. Up until now, Californians quite 65 have made up, at any rate, a fourth of the state's affirmed instances of COVID-19.
Be that because it may, guidelines, especially for helping living offices, are unsafely failing to satisfy the expectations in protecting California's older folks from this infection. Luck, Gov. Gavin Newsom's plan on Aging activity, as of now ongoing, presents an opportunity to forcefully address this peril and find how to secure an enormous number of more seasoned Americans.
Helped living focuses are an aid to the Eldercare business and therefore the enormous corporate proprietors that currently command the market. Simultaneously, in any case, an absence of guideline and oversight of staffing levels and capabilities — particularly prerequisites for on-location doctors and much prepared clinical experts — has left the business defenseless against misuse and unfortunate results. One glaring issue that has got to be tended to: helped living focuses are directed by the state Department of Social Services rather than the Department of Public Health.
In any case, it helped to measure maybe a piece of social welfare and clinical consideration conveyance framework, not only a direction for living. Propelled a year ago, Newsom's plan on Aging has framed a warning advisory group, is holding open gatherings and within the fall is planned to offer a 10-year plan which will address issues from lodging and vagrancy to crisis readiness to manhandle and disrespect. The venture has made a "Value Committee" to urge a contribution from a progressively differing gathering of residents and associations, including agents of the crippled network, Native Americans and other ethnic minorities.
Considering the spreading coronavirus general wellbeing emerging, it's basic that the representative's plan on Aging takes on an expansive and genuine open arrangement job. We weren't bothered with elevated level clichés for tending to the wants of the old. We'd like solid arrangements, solid guidelines with implementation teeth and a guarantee to continued oversight.
The Age of COVID-19
Older people who get themselves out of the blue alone without authority over their conditions are at specific hazards for an assortment of serious, even hazardous, physical and psychological well-being conditions, including a subjective decrease. Limitations on the opportunity of development ought to be proportionate and not founded solely on age.
COVID-19, as different irresistible melodies, represents a higher hazard to populaces that live in nearness. This hazard is especially intense in nursing or matured consideration offices, where the infection can spread quickly and has just brought about numerous passings. About 1.5 million older people individuals live in the nursing homes in the US, barring helped living offices and different settings making nearness.
Twenty-three individuals kicked the bucket in a flare-up at an office in Washington State in February and March, and the US Centers for Disease Control detailed 400 additional cases in offices as of April 1. On March 31, wellbeing experts in the Grand East district of France detailed 570 passings of older people in nursing homes.
Older people often end up in nursing homes due to governments' inability to offer adequate social types of assistance for individuals to live freely in the network, approaches that have put millions at included danger of getting the infection as a result of their organization. Governments ought to guarantee the progression of network-based administrations with the goal that individuals don't wind up in organizations without different alternatives.
Expound now on the roles played via care laborers in continuing the lives of the old during that emergency, and who, however dreadful themselves, by and by remain day in and outing inside the bounds of their wards to offer fundamental consideration.
Care supervisor Chang, the woman in charge of the consideration laborers among whom I led my hands-on work, coordinated the change of her ward into a self-sufficient fixed of a unit of care. The passage to her floor is carefully monitored; just fundamental conveyances are permitted, for instance, nourishment and clothing. Since nobody can enter or leave the structure, the flask for the older was transformed into a dozing region for care laborers. Despite the very fact that a lot of consideration laborers have their circle of relatives to require care of, they put that piece of their life under the control of others. Care specialist Lin, whose spouse died at the start of the pandemic, did not have the chance to completely grieve his passing due to incessant understaffing at Sunlight. She came back to figure following the burial service, despite realizing that she not, at now expected to figure at Sunlight to hide her significant other's clinical costs. Lin's arrival says much regarding her promise to her calling, to her colleagues, and to the old she had come to understand so well. My examination with care laborers recommends that it's an enthusiastic association and an awareness of other's expectations that propels them to remain the end of the day in care work. This is often borne out immediately.
Carefully add China is often seen as being grimy and unfortunate, thanks to an excellent extension to its nearby hook up with the realistic consideration required by slight, skilled bodies. Chinese consideration laborers are for the foremost part provincial to urban transients or urban specialists laid far away from previous state-claimed processing plants. In any case, direct consideration is intricate. In any case, its unpredictability goes unrecognized, or maybe disregarded by institutional powers that organize benefits and generalize the old as bodies to chip away at, to the disregard of their social-passionate necessities. As is valid with Sunlight, things which might typically undermine the keenness of care laborers, for instance, the absence of institutional acknowledgment for his or her enthusiastic work, are required to be postponed. Care specialists are currently centered around a shared objective: ensuring the gift assistance of the older. COVID-19 propels care laborers to consider what kind of care is required and the way to offer that care. It fills in as a channel through which the elemental beliefs of care are observed. Care is about common human weakness and our intrinsic association. Care laborers at Sunlight, in their aggregate every minute of everyday endeavors to secure the older, typify this ethic through their consideration. May the respectful regard, they hold of the older in their consideration redound on them and everyone consideration laborers overall who are fighting this pandemic on the bleeding edge!
Like the consideration laborers at Sunlight, the laborers in numerous nations are regarded human life so that we cannot be embarrassed to return clean with the leading edge about ourselves. Salute the spearheading staff who salutes our purposeful endeavors to handle the pandemic in numerous settings around the globe, within the daylight, yet additionally to ensure that veterans are appropriately treated, took care of and washed.
We all hope and pray that the coronavirus will soon be controlled and subdued. And that when the crisis is behind us, that we continue the important work of protecting the elderly and other vulnerable segments of our citizenry.
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How Can I Contribute in Times of COVID-19?
Write your testimony about the concequences from the time of Corona virus (COVID-19). Here is a great knowledge base about the effects of the Corona virus. Thank you for your story! article-directory.org/article/717/40/Emergency-Situations...
Einstein's mother introduced him to the violin at the age of six in an attempt to counteract his academic failures. Einstein eventually became an accomplished amateur violinist, taking particular pleasure in performing Mozart and discussing the parallels between music and mathematics. His son, Hans Albert, recalled that "whenever he felt that he had come to the end of the road or into a difficult situation in his work, he would take refuge in music, and that would usually resolve all the difficulties."
Had great difficulty with this challenge.
The challenge to be able to walk around the back of Dolly without her following me back around again. Lovely to be idolised but really Dolly. Tried waiting till she was asleep...no, as soon as I move so does she.
Sooo... I perched her on the back of the lounge and as she is not much of a dare devil, she would need to get her balance 1st before swinging back around.
Hence this photo was taken in the dark and the ISO is a bit high.
Incredible Difficulties Encountered and Overcome on Italian Front.
(At left)
A vivid illustration is here given of the colossal tasks that had to be performed by the Italian and Austrian troops in the fighting between the two nations.
Cliffs that would seem scarcely possible of scaling by a mountain goat were negotiated by daring soldiers tied together by ropes.
Heavy artillery was pulled up steep mountain sides and swung from peak to peak over valleys hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet below.
(Above)
Austrian mountain troops, clinging like so many flies to the slippery rocks and helping each other along by ropes, are climbing over a mountain pass in order to spring a surprise on an Italian detachment on the other side.
On no other front, either in France or in Russia, were any natural difficulties met with at all comparable to those that became after a time a matter of course to the armies struggling against each other in the Alpine wilds.
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The war of the nations: portfolio in rotogravure etchings: compiled from the Mid-week pictorial. New York: New York Times, Co, 1919. Book.
Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/19013740/. (Accessed November 08, 2016.)
Images from "The War of the Nations : Portfolio in Rotogravure Etchings : Compiled from the Mid-Week Pictorial" (New York : New York Times, Co., 1919)
Notes: Selected from "The War of the Nations: Portfolio in Rotogravure Etchings," published by the New York Times shortly after the 1919 armistice. This portfolio compiled selected images from their "Mid-Week Pictorial" newspaper supplements of 1914-19. 528 p. : chiefly ill. ; 42 cm.; hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000037
Subjects: World War, 1914-1918 --Pictorial works.
New York--New York
Format: Rotogravures --1910-1920.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on reproduction
Repository: Library of Congress, Serials and Government Publications Division, Washington, D.C. 20540
Part Of: Newspaper Pictorials: World War I Rotogravures, 1914-1919 (DLC) sgpwar 19191231
General information about the Newspaper Pictorials: World War I Rotogravures, 1914-1919 digital collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/collgdc.gc000037
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As I had difficulty finding a location with an unobstructed view I missed the arrival of the winner at the finish line by about ten minutes. In case you don't know here are the results:
Geoffrey Ndungu won the Dublin City Marathon for the second year running in a time of 2 hours 11 minutes and 9 seconds. The time was outside last year's course record time of 2:08.33.
Paul Pollock from Belfast was the first Irish man home in ninth place in 2:16.30, ahead of Sean Hehir who finished in 2:17.50.
Magdalene Mukunzi was the first woman home in a time of 2:30.46 which was outside the course record of 2:26.13. Maria McCambridge was the first Irish woman through the finishing line in 2:35.28.
Luke Jones from Wales won the wheelchair section.
A total of 14,300 people registered for this year's race which was without a major sponsor for the first time in 20 years.
In the early days of TV, if there was a problem with the broadcast, someone would hold a large card in front of the camera that would say something like "We are experiencing technical difficulties. Please Stand By" That is what I am doing today
The motherboard on my 5 year old home built computer went bad. I don't have the money for another computer, so I have to replace the Motherboard. and of course, I have to upgrade the CPU, memory, video and power supply to work with a modern motherboard. And then, I'll have to reinstall Windows.
It's times like these I realize how much of a flickr addiction I have. In the mean time, I've had to dust off a 9 year old laptop to keep up with everything. I just hope I can get everything up and running before I run out of room on my camera's memory card.
Hello to anyone who found this photo here:
gemstonesoup.wordpress.com/2008/11/19/gemstone-101-managi...
GemStone 101: Managing Out of Memory Situations
From The Encyclopædia Britannica:A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature And General Information, 11th edition, published in 29 volumes, 1910-1911 [public domain]:
[Cont. from Lincoln 4]
The slavery question presented vexatious difficulties in conducting the war. Congress in August 1861 passed an act (approved August 6th) confiscating rights of slave-owners to slaves employed in hostile service against the Union. On the 30th of August General Fremont by military order declared martial law and confiscation against active enemies, with freedom to their slaves, in the State of Missouri. Believing that under existing conditions such a step was both detrimental in present policy and unauthorized in law, President Lincoln directed him (2nd September) to modify the order to make it conform to the Confiscation Act of Congress, and on the 11th of September annulled the parts of the order which conflicted with this act. Strong political factions were instantly formed for and against military emancipation, and the government was hotly beset by antagonistic counsel. The Unionists of the border slave states were greatly alarmed, but Lincoln by his moderate conservatism held them to the military support of the government.5 Meanwhile he sagaciously prepared the way for the supreme act of statesmanship which the gathering national crisis already dimly foreshadowed. On the 6th of March 1862, he sent a special message to Congress recommending the passage of a resolution offering pecuniary aid from the general government to induce states to adopt gradual abolishment of slavery. Promptly passed by Congress, the resolution produced no immediate result except in its influence on public opinion. A practical step, however, soon followed. In April Congress passed and the president approved (6th April) an act emancipating the slaves in the District of Columbia, with compensation to owners—a measure which Lincoln had proposed when in Congress. Meanwhile slaves of loyal masters were constantly escaping to military camps. Some commanders excluded them altogether; others surrendered them on demand; while still others sheltered and protected them against their owners. Lincoln tolerated this latitude as falling properly within the military discretion pertaining to local army operations. A new case, however, soon demanded his official interference. On the 9th of May 1862 General David Hunter, commanding in the limited areas gained along the southern coast, issued a short order declaring his department under martial law, and adding—“Slavery and martial law in a free country are altogether incompatible. The persons in these three States—Georgia, Florida and South Carolina—heretofore 707 held as slaves are, therefore, declared for ever free.” As soon as this order, by the slow method of communication by sea, reached the newspapers, Lincoln (May 19) published a proclamation declaring it void; adding further, “Whether it be competent for me as commander-in-chief of the army and navy to declare the slaves of any state or states free, and whether at any time or in any case it shall have become a necessity indispensable to the maintenance of the government to exercise such supposed power, are questions which under my responsibility I reserve to myself, and which I cannot feel justified in leaving to the decision of commanders in the field. These are totally different questions from those of police regulations in armies or camps.” But in the same proclamation Lincoln recalled to the public his own proposal and the assent of Congress to compensate states which would adopt voluntary and gradual abolishment. “To the people of these states now,” he added, “I must earnestly appeal. I do not argue. I beseech you to make the argument for yourselves. You cannot, if you would, be blind to the signs of the times.” Meanwhile the anti-slavery sentiment of the North constantly increased. Congress by express act (approved on the 19th of June) prohibited the existence of slavery in all territories outside of states. On July the 12th the president called the representatives of the border slave states to the executive mansion, and once more urged upon them his proposal of compensated emancipation. “If the war continues long,” he said, “as it must if the object be not sooner attained, the institution in your states will be extinguished by mere friction and abrasion—by the mere incidents of the war. It will be gone, and you will have nothing valuable in lieu of it.” Although Lincoln’s appeal brought the border states to no practical decision—the representatives of these states almost without exception opposed the plan—it served to prepare public opinion for his final act. During the month of July his own mind reached the virtual determination to give slavery its coup de grâce; on the 17th he approved a new Confiscation Act, much broader than that of the 6th of August 1861 (which freed only those slaves in military service against the Union) and giving to the president power to employ persons of African descent for the suppression of the rebellion; and on the 22nd he submitted to his cabinet the draft of an emancipation proclamation substantially as afterward issued. Serious military reverses constrained him for the present to withhold it, while on the other hand they served to increase the pressure upon him from anti-slavery men. Horace Greeley having addressed a public letter to him complaining of “the policy you seem to be pursuing with regard to the slaves of the rebels,” the president replied on the 22nd of August, saying, “My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and, if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” Thus still holding back violent reformers with one hand, and leading up halting conservatives with the other, he on the 13th of September replied among other things to an address from a delegation: “I do not want to issue a document that the whole world will see must necessarily be inoperative like the pope’s bull against the comet.... I view this matter as a practical war measure, to be decided on according to the advantages or disadvantages it may offer to the suppression of the rebellion.... I have not decided against a proclamation of liberty to the slaves, but hold the matter under advisement.”
The year 1862 had opened with important Union victories. Admiral A. H. Foote captured Fort Henry on the 6th of February, and Gen. U. S. Grant captured Fort Donelson on the 16th of February, and won the battle of Shiloh on the 6th and 7th of April. Gen. A. E. Burnside took possession of Roanoke island on the North Carolina coast (7th February). The famous contest between the new ironclads “Monitor” and “Merrimac” (9th April), though indecisive, effectually stopped the career of the Confederate vessel, which was later destroyed by the Confederates themselves. (See Hampton Roads.) Farragut, with a wooden fleet, ran past the twin forts St Philip and Jackson, compelled the surrender of New Orleans (26th April), and gained control of the lower Mississippi. The succeeding three months brought disaster and discouragement to the Union army. M’Clellan’s campaign against Richmond was made abortive by his timorous generalship, and compelled the withdrawal of his army. Pope’s army, advancing against the same city by another line, was beaten back upon Washington in defeat. The tide of war, however, once more turned in the defeat of Lee’s invading army at South Mountain and Antietam in Maryland on the 14th and on the 16th and 17th of September, compelling him to retreat.
With public opinion thus ripened by alternate defeat and victory, President Lincoln, on the 22nd of September 1862, issued his preliminary proclamation of emancipation, giving notice that on the 1st of January 1863, “all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward and for ever free.” In his message to Congress on the 1st of December following, he again urged his plan of gradual, compensated emancipation (to be completed on the 1st of December 1900) “as a means, not in exclusion of, but additional to, all others for restoring and preserving the national authority throughout the Union.” On the 1st day of January 1863 the final proclamation of emancipation was duly issued, designating the States of Arkansas, Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and certain portions of Louisiana and Virginia, as “this day in rebellion against the United States,” and proclaiming that, in virtue of his authority as commander-in-chief, and as a necessary war measure for suppressing rebellion, “I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are and henceforward shall be free,” and pledging the executive and military power of the government to maintain such freedom. The legal validity of these proclamations was never pronounced upon by the national courts; but their decrees gradually enforced by the march of armies were soon recognized by public opinion to be practically irreversible.6 Such dissatisfaction as they caused in the border slave states died out in the stress of war. The systematic enlistment of negroes and their incorporation into the army by regiments, hitherto only tried as exceptional experiments, were now pushed with vigour, and, being followed by several conspicuous instances of their gallantry on the battlefield, added another strong impulse to the sweeping change of popular sentiment. To put the finality of emancipation beyond all question, Lincoln in the winter session of 1863-1864 strongly supported a movement in Congress to abolish slavery by constitutional amendment, but the necessary two-thirds vote of the House of Representatives could not then be obtained. In his annual message of the 6th of December 1864, he urged the immediate passage of the measure. Congress now acted promptly: on the 31st of January 1865, that body by joint resolution proposed to the states the 13th amendment of the Federal Constitution, providing that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Before the end of that year twenty-seven out of the thirty-six states of the Union (being the required three-fourths) had ratified the 708 amendment, and official proclamation made by President Johnson on the 18th of December 1865, declared it duly adopted.
[cont. on Lincoln 6]
These pleasure boats are contrasted with Northrup-Grumman shipyard. The USS Cole was built in this yard and repaired here after the bombing in the port of Aden.
Typeface rough for stamping, simplified letterpress, digiboard, puzzles, scrabble and reading text for children with reading difficulties.
nov 20 15-778-ps1 Difficulty identifying this bird species taken in Seaside Heights on the central Jersey Shore. Narrowed down to a Savannah Sparrow, or its subspecies the Ipswich Sparrow (likely).
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MMM14 Day 31. I couldn't face the difficulties of an evening photo of a grey dress, so here's one I took earlier (for the original blog post). I wore this dress, V1338, out to drinks and dinner with friends. Link to the original blog post for this dress along with some attempted humour are in my MMM14 Days 26-31 blog post <a href="http://www.upsewlate.blogspot.com"
Title: Commissariat Difficulties. The Road from Balaklava to Sevastopol, at Kadikoi, During the Wet Weather.
Creator: Simpson, William, 1823-1899 (delineator); Walker, Edmund, active 1836-1882 (lithographer)
Contributors: Day & Son (lithographers); P. & D. Colnaghi & Co. (publisher)
Date: February 9, 1855
Part of: The seat of war in the East ... 1st-2d series
Series: Simpson's Sketches at the Seat of War in the East: First Series
Place: Microdistrict Kadykovka, Balaklava, Sevastopol, Crimea
Physical Description: 1 print: lithograph, color, part of 1 volume (117 prints); 27 x 42 cm on 39 x 57 cm
File: folio_3_dk214_s56_1_059_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information and to view the image in high resolution, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/eaa/id/1358
View the Europe, Asia, and Australia: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints Collection
File name: 10_03_000939b
Binder label: Laundry
Title: The difficulties of a tub wringer. The convenience of a bench wringer. [back]
Created/Published: N. Y. : Buek & Lindner, Lith.
Date issued: 1870-1900 [approximate]
Genre: Advertising cards
Subject: Women; Laundry; Appliances
Notes: Title from item.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
Encouraging Verses in Adversity to Increase Your Strength and Faith
Many people become upset in times of adversity. Pressures from life, financial difficulties, and the harder life due to the disasters—these difficulties bring us challenges in life. At this time, what we need is true faith in God to go through the difficulties. Read the following encouraging words that can increase your faith and strength and give you the courage to face difficulties.
Learn to Rely on God in Adversity
In our life, we often don’t know how to face adversity when it comes upon us. Please remember: God is our reliance. Read the following Bible verses that could help us gain God’s guidance in adversity.
Proverbs 3:5-6
5 Trust in the LORD with all your heart; and lean not to your own understanding. 6 In all your ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct your paths.
Psalm 34:17
The righteous cry, and the LORD hears, and delivers them out of all their troubles.
John 16:33
These things I have spoken to you, that in me you might have peace. In the world you shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.
How to Gain Encouragement in Adversity
How can we get encouragement in adversity? Please read these following encouraging Bible verses and articles, and you will gain benefits unexpectedly!
Isaiah 41:10
Fear you not; for I am with you: be not dismayed; for I am your God: I will strengthen you; yes, I will help you; yes, I will uphold you with the right hand of my righteousness.
Deuteronomy 31:6
Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the LORD your God, he it is that does go with you; he will not fail you, nor forsake you.
Psalm 9:9-10
9 The LORD also will be a refuge for the oppressed, a refuge in times of trouble. 10 And they that know your name will put their trust in you: for you, LORD, have not forsaken them that seek you.
Joshua 1:9
Have not I commanded you? Be strong and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither be you dismayed: for the LORD your God is with you wherever you go.
Suffering Is God’s Blessings to Us
Do you know why difficult environments always befall us in life? The selected Bible verses below will give you the answer.
James 1:2-4
2 My brothers, count it all joy when you fall into divers temptations; 3 Knowing this, that the trying of your faith works patience. 4 But let patience have her perfect work, that you may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing.
1 Corinthians 10:13
There has no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that you are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that you may be able to bear it.
James 1:12
Blessed is the man that endures temptation: for when he is tried, he shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord has promised to them that love him.
Mark 8:34
And when he had called the people to him with his disciples also, he said to them, Whoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.
Romans 12:12
Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer.
2 Corinthians 1:7
And our hope of you is steadfast, knowing, that as you are partakers of the sufferings, so shall you be also of the consolation.
1 Peter 1:6-7
6 Wherein you greatly rejoice, though now for a season, if need be, you are in heaviness through manifold temptations: 7 That the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perishes, though it be tried with fire, might be found to praise and honor and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ.
1 Peter 5:10
But the God of all grace, who has called us to his eternal glory by Christ Jesus, after that you have suffered a while, make you perfect, establish, strengthen, settle you.
Do you like these Bible verses which can increase our faith and strength? You are welcome to leave your comments below. If you want to learn Bible with us, feel free to contact me. Let’s help and support each other in the Lord’s love.
Contact me on Messenger👉 m.me/TheBibleAndGod202303?ref=skmz--flickr
Courage and perseverance have a magical talisman, before which difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish into air
Julie Andrews
Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas, on the Kona Coast, Hawaii. Why it Works: The water’s reflection takes what would be a plain turtle surfacing for air and transforms it into art. Reference number: HI_14_405
As I had difficulty finding a location with an unobstructed view I missed the arrival of the winner at the finish line by about ten minutes. In case you don't know here are the results:
Geoffrey Ndungu won the Dublin City Marathon for the second year running in a time of 2 hours 11 minutes and 9 seconds. The time was outside last year's course record time of 2:08.33.
Paul Pollock from Belfast was the first Irish man home in ninth place in 2:16.30, ahead of Sean Hehir who finished in 2:17.50.
Magdalene Mukunzi was the first woman home in a time of 2:30.46 which was outside the course record of 2:26.13. Maria McCambridge was the first Irish woman through the finishing line in 2:35.28.
Luke Jones from Wales won the wheelchair section.
A total of 14,300 people registered for this year's race which was without a major sponsor for the first time in 20 years.
I had difficulties trying to get motivated and finishing this landscape after a few weeks absence from painting. My vacation in Western Australia was great, a few rolls of film are going to be mailed tomorrow and I hope some shots will turn out fine.
I think the painting looks better on the screen than in real life and I fear I may have to add a few more touches when I am taking it to class on Tuesday. Overall, to me, this was an exercise and I am finding the scene as such not very inspiring and the colours a bit dull.
I like the sky, though :)
Be it as it may, this is my first landscape painting :)
Beautiful autumn abounds here. The sky's a beautiful, cloudless blue!
I am looking for humorous quotes, for my friends who love quotes out there in Flickrland ... please email them!
This quote, a favorite from my youth, held particular meaning this past two seasons: Watching family and friends endure (and in three cases, succumb to) serious illnesses has been a challenge on many levels. This quote's full of truth. A reminder to be patient in life for what growth comes from challenges, it's full of hope and promise too.
Many friends have inspired me as they face their challenges.
Part of my own solution is to cherish and fuel my mind with the beautiful and fun times around me. Everyday I photograph something beautiful and feel grateful for both the people and the passing moments, too. This mindfulness reshapes the days.
Seeing this beautiful oak tree against this bright , clear blue sky yesterday was such a pleasure! Today, I wanted to share it with all of you.
Celebrate EACH day!
HAPPY BLUE (and orange) Monday!
"Nighty"
nightshooter09
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+2 in comments
What if I can't be all that you need me to be
We've got a good thing going, we have some promises to keep
But my addiction it can be such a detriment
Please believe in this my dear, I am more than penitent
What if everything’s just the way that it will be
Could it be that I am meant to cause you all this grief
My war ships are lying off the coast of your delicate heart
And my aim is steady and true as it's been right from the start
There's a degree of difficulty in dealing with me
From my haunted past comes a daunting task of living through memories.
If we could just hang a mirror on the bedroom wall, stare into the past and forget it all
So when we leave it'll be a quick midnight escape
We'll disconnect ourselves from all of yesterday
I'll dig for water and fashion our very own wishing well
Then we'll throw our coins down hoping to rid of us of this little hell.
I've fallen in love with City & Colours new album.
This song is my favourite.
SO sorry everyone for the personal/technical difficulties I'll try to fix those by next judging.
You girls had the challenge of becoming fashion pixiez. You had to embody the fairy through fashion or become a fairy yourself. Unfortunately this week Victoria had to drop out.
so lets start off with Rose!
Rose: www.flickr.com/photos/69253489@N02/7641564226/in/photostream
Now the colors in this photo ae amazing. I love the big transformation this theme, you look so pretty. Your face is nice aswell, but I wish we had a little bit more contact with your eyes. The pose also could've worked, but this time it didn't because of the camera angle.
Alexa: www.flickr.com/photos/blakelovesdolls/7658406854/
The quality and editing is great as always, although the posing is off. I really wish you would've looked at the camera. the side glance is just not working there. The outfit doesn't do that much justice for her either.
Gavin: www.flickr.com/photos/47127787@N07/7665504214/in/photostream
Now this was what I was looking for, this is awesome. You hit every aspect of a fashion pixie this week from the outfit to the pose to the editing. Great job!
Nina: www.flickr.com/photos/bratzmoviezofficial/7671586068/
The styling is pretty nice, but the photo itself is a bit of a mess. I'm not a real big fan of the editing, and I don't get the concept either. I love your face though, really nice makeup!
Mischa: www.flickr.com/photos/rainbowdoll489/7694724474/
Overall this is another great entry! I really love the effort put into your photos every week it really shows. You really appear to be a fashion pixie! The only critique I have is that it looks like you are falling down, not your best posing.
Siernna: www.flickr.com/photos/55071833@N02/7725001056/
I really see the improvement! I love how much the styling is on the point! Your pose is also efforless and don't get me started on he color palette you chose amazing! The only thing you have to work on is your quality, your photos have been grainy and it doesn't always work to your advantage.
Jenny: www.flickr.com/photos/58153395@N06/7711191676/
You really look great, but this photo does not embody the pixie aspect as much as the others. Your take on this theme is interesting. Your pose is nice and so is your backdrop, but I just fail to see much of pixie.
Rika: www.flickr.com/photos/72298509@N05/7798609920/in/photostream
You look so beautiful and graceful. Your styling is not the best though, there is too much going on in the photo for me to pinpoint the pixie aspect.
Michelle: www.flickr.com/photos/-blackglitter-/7825806928/in/photos...
I love your take on this theme, you look so fresh, and so serene. I ust adore the interaction with those little butterflies. Although the pixie theme is not as strong as the others I am in love with this photo.
Charlotte: www.flickr.com/photos/crushphobia/7694745664/in/photostream
You look nice, but that is about it. There is way too much editing and the pose is just not there. I do not hate the photo though, I see the effort I just need you to push yourself out of your comfort zone.
Mae: www.flickr.com/photos/btyler96/7846602676/
This looks great! Your face is awesome and the scenery is great. That outfit is stellar aswell. The only thing I don't like is your pose, it is too simple for the theme.
Tristyn, Nyssa: No photo
Call-Out:
First place goes to....
1. Gavin! Congratulations on your first, first call-out!
top 3:
2. Mischa
3. Michelle
4. Mae
The rest:
5. Siernna
6. Rose
7. Jenny
8. Rika
9. Alexa
10. Charlotte
11. Nina
Bottom 2:
Tristyn: You photograph beautifully, but you failed to turn in a photo. You did send me a message why.
Nyssa: You have one of the best looks this cyle, but you also failed to turn in a photo. In a modeling world if you miss something without notification will cause the your client to not find a replacement in time, word spreads fast.
So who stays and who goes
Congratulations...
12. Tristyn!
I'm sorry Nyssa you will be greatly missed. Keep on modeling
Next Theme:
Scarves
How many looks can you pull off with scarves. well here is you chance to find out.
Requirements:
1. Incluse at least one scarf
2. doesn't have to be close-up, but it can be
3. Follow the colors on the scarf(ves) for make-up inspirations
Due date: September 3rd
Entries-
Rose: www.flickr.com/photos/84248144@N05/7854068880/in/photostream
Charlotte: www.flickr.com/photos/crushphobia/7873597168/
Jenny: www.flickr.com/photos/58153395@N06/7915685056/
Siernna: www.flickr.com/photos/55071833@N02/7921650688/
Nina: www.flickr.com/photos/bratzmoviezofficial/7925283480/
Alexa: www.flickr.com/photos/blakelovesdolls/7916788410/
Mischa: www.flickr.com/photos/rainbowdoll489/7925073256/in/photos...
Michelle: www.flickr.com/photos/-blackglitter-/7924512638/in/photos...
Technical difficulties! I find these and rest of the marketplace slides have scanned very dark, even though the originals were not. Maybe a bulb was burning out in the scanner? I have to lighten the daylights out of these pictures (or "into them"); and then they look as if they've been printed on corrugated cardboard. I may stop until I can have the rest of these slides recopied. All the scanned photos have been very dirty anyway, and required hours of taking out hairs and dust specks. The good side is I now know lots about using PhotoShop's Magic Wand which is wonderful for taking out stray threads and doll hairs.
KAILASH & MANASAROVAR TOUR WITH HELICOPTER
ॐ नम: शिवाय ।
Trip Duration :
Kathmandu- Kailash Yatra- Kathmandu :12 Days
Lucknow- Kailash Yatra- Lucknow : 10 Days
Difficulty : Moderate
Highest Altitude : 5670 m
Best Season : May to June and September
Route : Kathmandu (or Lucknow ) - Nepalgunj - Simikot - Hilsa - Mansarovar - Kailash / Hilsa - Simikot - Nepalgunj - Kathmandu (or Lucknow )
ITINERARY
Day 01: Kathmandu (1337m):
Welcome to Kathmandu international airport, transfer to hotel. Evening program briefing.
Hotel: Park Village Resort or Hotel Himalaya or similar.
Meals: Welcome drink and Dinner.
Day 02: Kathmandu to Nepalgunj (168m):
(ARRIVE FROM LUCKNOW )
Morning visit Pashupatinath temple. After lunch, transfer to domestic airport to fly about 55 minutes to Nepalgunj. Arrival transfer and check in to the hotel.
Hotel: Siddhartha, sneha or Batiak.
Meals: Welcome drink and Dinner.
Day 03: Nepalgunj to Simikot (3000m):
Early in the morning fly about 50 minutes to Simikot. Arrival received from airport and transfer to hotel. The day is for acclimatization, Simikot excursion and Visit Shiva temple.
Hotel: Sun Valley Resort
Meals: Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner & Tea/Coffee.
Day 04: Simikot to Hilsa (3700m) / Purang (3800m):
After breakfast uplifted to Hilsa by chartered helicopter. Cross over the Karnali River to Sher and drive to Purang. After lunch visit Khojarnath Monastery.
Hotel: Ximalayaor / Hotel Purang Inn
Meals: Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner & Tea/Coffee.
Day 05 :Purang: Acclimatization:
The day is free for acclimatization and Purang City Excursion.
Hotel: Ximalayaor / Hotel Purang Inn
Meals: Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner & Tea/Coffee.
Day 06: Purang to Mansarovar (4580m):
Drive about an hour to Lake Manasarovar. Start Manasarovar Parikrama (Kora) (circumambulation). On the way Perform holy Dip & Pooja. Reach Chiu Gompa for overnight stay. .
Hotel: Lake View / Parmartha Ashram or Similar.
Meals: Bed tea & breakfast at Purang, hot case packed Lunch while making Manasarovar Parikrama & Evening hot Dinner at Camp.
Day 07: Mansarovar to Driaphuk (4890m):
This is first day of the Kailash Parikrama (Kora). Start after breakfast as earlier as possible, walk about 13 km within about 7 hours. One can ride personal horse.
Hotel: Xisapangma, or Mud house.
Meals: bed tea and breakfast at Darchen, packed Lunch with fruits and Chocolates, Dinner at Driaphuk Camp with hot soup and energy drink.
Day 08: Driaphuk to Zuthulphuk (4790m):
Today is the day to Pass Dolma-La (5,670m) above sea level. The weather will be unpredictable in Dolma-La, any time can change and start snow storm. So we try to start our walk journey about 9 hours as earlier as possible. Devine view of Gauri Kund is available on the way while descending from Dolma-La.
Hotel: Zhuthulphuk Guest house.
Meals: Morning bed tea & breakfast at Driaphuk, packed Lunch with fruits, chocolates and cookies while trekking & Evening hot Dinner at Camp.
Day 09: Zuthulphuk to Hillsa - Simikot:
Trek about 3 hours to end the Parikrama (Kora) of Kailash at (Mani Wall). Proceed to Purang. Imbark to Tibet and drive to Hilsa. Helilift to Simikot for Overnight stay.
Hotel: SunVallyeResort o Similar.
Meals: Morning bed tea & breakfast at Zhuthulphuk. Lunch & Evening hot Dinner at Camp.
Day 10: Simikot / Nepalgunj
Airlift by Helicopter to Simikot, fly to Nepalgunj. Arrival receive and transfer to hotel.
Hotel: Siddhartha, sneha or Batiak.
Meals: Breakfast at Simikot, Lunch and Dinner.
Day 11: Nepalgunj to Kathmandu:
(DEPARTURE TO LUCKHNOW)
After breakfast at hotel, transfer to Nepalgunj airport. Fly to Kathmandu, arrival transfer and check in to the hotel.
Hotel: Park Village Resort or Hotel Himalaya or similar.
Meals: Breakfast at Nepalgunj, Lunch and Dinner.
Day 12: Departure:
After breakfast at hotel, the day is free until your transfer to International Airport for your onward journey.
Hotel: No
Meals: Breakfast
Package cost GROUP JOIN BASIS for Indian Nationalities:
KATHMANDU - KAILASH YATRA- KATHMANDU:- INR 165,000 PER PERSON NETT.
LUCKHNOW - KAILASH YATRA- LUCKHNOW :- INR 157,000 PER PERSON NETT.
[ WRITE US BACK FOR B2B RATE FOR SELF GROUP: MINIMUM 25 PAX ]
Cost Includes:
- Airports pick up and drop services.
- Double sharing full board AP basis 4 star hotel in Kathmandu, as per itinerary
- A visit of Pashupatinath Temple.
- Scheduled flight Kathmandu – Nepalgunj - Kathmandu.
-( PICKUP/ DROP FROM LUCKHNOW FOR 10 DAYS GROUP)
- Scheduled flight Nepalgunj – Simikot – Nepalgunj
- Charter helicopter flight share by 5-6 person Simikot – Hilsa - Simikot
- Double sharing hotel in Nepalgunj and 3or 4pax in Simikot and Tibet.
- Three meals in a day.
- Transport by Tourist Bus as per group sizes /Truck for Luggage.
- Nepali Team Leader and Supporting Sherpa Team and Medical Insurance of staffs.
- English speaking Tibetan guide, Chinese visa fee of Client and staff.
- Duffel Bag ( a large bag to keep the yatris luggage for the trip) heavy Jacket (returnable after trip).
- All camping and cooking equipment .
- Yak for Kailash parikrama luggage only and All entrance and conservation fee of Tibet.
- Upper Humla permit fee for client and Helicopter landing.
- Oxygen cylinder and first add medicines.
Cost Excludes:
- All beverages during trip and in Kathmandu, Nepalgunj and Simikot.
- Extra rooms bills due to flight delays due to weather conditions.
- Stick and a water bottle.
- Insurance of clients and evacuation cost.
- Personal horse riding charges during Kailash Parikrama
- Domestic excess baggage charges and airport taxes.
- Tips for supporting staff
For inquiry & Booking :
Nepal Travel and Tour Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal.
holiday@nepaltravelandtour.com
+977-14249214 (Hunting line)
+977-9851053909 (Whatsapp)
+977-9801053909 (Mobile)
+977-9818373800 (Mobile)
#nepaltravelandtour #kailash #manasarovar
The SAAB construction team, led by Erik Bratt, entered into the first study works over a supersonic fighter by the end of 1947. Sweden had difficulties with access to German research. Different aerodynamic concepts were considered. The serious drawback in research was also the lack of a suitable aerodynamic tunnel.
In 1949, together with the Flygvapnet (Swedish Air Force), tactical and technical conditions for a new fighter were set. The aeroplane was intended to intercept supersonic enemy fighters and bombers. Its combat success was to be assured by good performance, manoeuvrability and efficient armament (including guided missiles). For night operations and use of guided missiles easier, target radar as envisaged.
Ground attack capabilities were also taken into consideration. The fighter ought to have supersonic speed and achieve a high rate of climb. Combat range should cover Sweden's entire territory. Use of alternative aerodromes as well as straight sections of road was thought of, including the ability of short take off and landing speed. Its small dimensions should make transportation by road and sheltering easy, already a feature of Swedish fighters.
Service ought to easy for ground checks and quick recreating of combat capabilities. Designers faced a serious problem of matching the contradicting factors. At that time the speed of an aircraft was achieved with the costs of its manoeuvrability, range and an increased take off and landing length. Such requirements, imposed by the Swedish military authorities, demanded a creation of such an aerodynamic configuration, which could match all the contradictions. Initially, Eric Bratt and his team adopted the "clean delta" design. By the end of 1951, after analysis, the "double delta" design had been chosen.
Such a design featured a big wing area with low drag. It allowed the plane to gain better supersonic speed flight characteristics. The use of a flowing fuselage-wing chord into a constant profile with a big lifting surface aerofoil, allowed for the placement of large capacity fuel tanks. There was also a lot of room for the undercarriage, strong armament and leading edge air intakes.
To check the correctness of the aerodynamics (and to save money), the designer applied non-conventional research methods. Initially there were cardboard flying models, then ram jet models. Finally, after the deciding authorities approved the design, work on the turbojet powered aircraft started.
The test aeroplane flew for the first time in late January 1952. This allowed for checks on the wing design, steering quality and stability. The air intakes, being an important factor, were fixed to make them more efficient for the engine. It allowed to resign from the air intake adjustment system, simplifying the aircraft's equipment.
Eventually, in May 1952, the mock-up of the fighter, J35 Draken (dragon), was shown to the public. The Rolls-Royce Avon 200 turbojet engine, which was built as the RM6 at the Volvo Flygmotor plant, powered the aeroplane. In August 1953, the SAAB Works received an order for four prototypes: one for static tests, three for flight tests.
By the end of October 1955, the first prototype took to the air for the first time. By the end of January 1956, it achieved supersonic speeds in level flight, without engaging the afterburners. In following flights it crossed the sound barrier in a climb. The next two prototypes were flown at the beginning of 1956. Now the aeroplane had to face hard air force tests. The complete program of in-flight tests came through with no serious problems, which was due to the experiments previously held. The J35 became a big technical success.
Production started after the air force tests. In 1958 the first serial J35 A was flown although the first types weren?t fully capable operationally, as they had inadequate radio equipment.
The next version, Sk 35C, flown in December 1959, was intended for pilot training. At the end of 1959, production of the J35 B started. It was the first fully equipped combat aeroplane and could be engaged into Sweden's Automatic Air Defence System, STRIL 60.
By the end of December 1960 the J35 D entered production, being significantly improved.
In June 1963 the reconnaissance plane, the S 35 E, was flown. At the beginning of the Sixties, work on the new fighter, the J35 F, started.
The J35 F featured improved cockpit equipment and a new canopy, similar to that of the S 35 E. The engine was given an improved afterburner. The aeroplane was also equipped with a new weapons control system. It was based on a new radar sight with an enlarged seeking and tracing range and a heat seeking direction finder. The number of hard points was increased to eight - two under the fuselage and six under the wings. Gunnery armament was limited to a single starboard canon. Two American Hughes air-to-air missiles, produced at SAAB, were applied to the aeroplane. The first, the RB28 (the Swedish version of the AIM-4C), had an infra-red guidance system. The second, the RB27 (American AIB-26B), was equipped with a semi-active radar guidance system (the missile was aimed at the reflected radio wave source, emitted by the radar sight of the attacking aircraft). Apart from that, Sidewinder missiles were still in use. The aeroplane could also carry bombs (2 x 500kg under the fuselage and 6 x 100kg under the wings), unguided missile launchers and/or auxiliary fuel tanks (two under the fuselage).
230 aeroplanes were produced in the F1 and F2 sub versions. The J35 F came into service in 1965. Production ended in 1977.
In total, 615 J35 Draken aeroplanes were produced.
By the end of the Seventies, the decision to modernise the J35 F was taken. It was completed between 1987-91, by overhauling 66 aircraft and changing the designation to the J35 J. The aeroplane featured improved radio equipment, utilised to co-operate with the AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile. It increased the aeroplane's fight manoeuvre capabilities. The "Draken" was the first Swedish supersonic fighter and also marked its place in world aviation history as, paving the way for new technical and aerodynamic concepts.
We find that Craft & Design pupils often have difficulty remembering the sequence of operations involved when making a simple screwdriver handle. These photographs depict this process.
We begin with the preparation of the 25mm aluminium blank. After this the blank is held in the 3 jaw self centering chuck. A series of turning operations is then carried out. For the following we set a high spindle speed and used a slow feed speed for best results. Shown here we show facing off. Then turning down or parallel turning. Next taper turning. After that the Slocombe bit or centre bit is mounted in a Jacob's chuck and a pilot hole is drilled. A HSS twist drill or jobber bit is then mounted in the Jacob's chuck and a blind hole is drilled to a depth of 30mm. The depth gauge is used to judge this.
Taps and dies are used to cut the internal thread on the screwdriver blade and the internal thread on the handle.
Finally both components are assembled and the handle is knurled or given a textured grip pattern. This is done at a very low spindle speed and a slow automatic feed speed.