Bunzing:

De bunzing (Putorius putorius) of in het dialect een fis (een vissche) heeft een donkerbruine vacht met lichtere vlekken. De onderzijde van het tot 60 cm lange roofdier is roomkleurig. De kop is bruin met het gekende lichte 'masker'. Het vrouwtje is tot één derde kleiner dan het mannetje. Na een korte dracht van zes weken worden de jongen bijna spierwit geboren. Na twee maanden verlaten zij de nestplaats, meestal een verlaten konijnenhol of een schuilplaats in het hooi in de schuur, en binnen hetzelfde jaar zijn ze nog geslachtsrijp.

  

De bunzing met zijn opvallende oogmasker.

 

Als habitat kiest de bunzing bij voorkeur voor landbouwgebied met houtwallen en heggen. Vaak woont hij in schuren en stallen waar hij tal van muizen en ratten verorbert. Op het menu staan ook jonge vogels, eieren, amfibieën, insecten en vruchten. Ook hier zijn vervolging door de mens en het verkeer de grootste bedreiging gezien de bunzing hoofdzakelijk 's nachts actief is en net iets te groot is voor onze uilen. Ook onze goede vriend de vos lust nu en dan wel eens een bunzing.

 

Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Carinthia, Republic Of Austria.

 

Klagenfurt am Wörthersee (official name; until 2008 and further briefly just Klagenfurt , Slovenian Celovec ob Vrbskem jezeru ) is a large city in the south of Austria and the state capital of the Austrian state of Carinthia . In the local Bavarian-Austrian dialect her name is pronounced Klognfuat . With 104,332 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2023), it is the largest city in Carinthia and the sixth largest city in Austria . The urban area is located in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and currently has an area of ​​120 km².

 

Klagenfurt was first mentioned in documents in 1192/1199 and was of little relevance until Maximilian I donated the city to the Carinthian estates in 1518. This donation and the subsequent Protestant Reformation movement of the 16th century meant a steep rise for the city: Klagenfurt became the capital of Carinthia, and numerous buildings that are still important today, such as the country house and the cathedral, were built.

 

Today the statutory city of Klagenfurt is the seat of, among other things, the Carinthian state government , the Klagenfurt-Land district administration , the Diocese of Gurk , the Alpine-Adria University of Klagenfurt , the Gustav Mahler Private University of Music , an international airport and a location for the Carinthian University of Applied Sciences as well as numerous other companies and institutions, including those of the Carinthian Slovenes . Klagenfurt is also important for tourism due to its attractive city center with squares and old town buildings as well as cultural offerings and proximity to Lake Wörthersee .

 

Geography

Location

Klagenfurt is located on the Klagenfurter Feld in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and extends for around 15 km in a north-south and east-west direction. The city covers the entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee, the areas north of it are part of the Feldkirchen-Moosburg hill country and the Glantal mountain country. Parts of the northern district of Wölfnitz already belong to Zollfeld , the south of Klagenfurt lies at the foot of the Sattnitz ridge.

 

The city center is about 450 m above sea level; The highest point within the municipality is the Ulrichsberg at 1022 m above sea level. A. , the deepest is the Gurkerbrücke (420 m) on the eastern border of the city.

 

Around a third of the 120 km² municipal area is designated as agricultural area (33.4%) or forest (32.9%). 19.3% of Klagenfurt's area is used as building land , 2.2% is water and 1.3% is gardens. The remaining 10.9% fall under “other types of use”, which includes, among other things, transport routes , mining areas and wasteland .

 

The Adriatic is only about 150 kilometers away from Klagenfurt; Trieste can be reached via the motorway in around two hours.

 

Geology

The entire Klagenfurt Basin was filled by the Drau Glacier during the Ice Age . After the ice masses melted, alluvial fans of the Glan formed the subsoil of today's northern urban area and the Zollfeld, consisting of Ice Age gravel. At the same time, Lake Wörthersee was created, which around 4,000 years ago reached into today's city center, where a large moor area was formed through gradual silting up . The hills in the north of the city consist mainly of old crystalline mica schists and Paleozoic phyllites , green slates and limestone, while the Sattnitz ridge south of Klagenfurt consists of conglomerates .

 

Bodies of Water

In the north of the city, the Glan flows through Klagenfurt in a west-east direction, in the east the Gurk touches the Hörtendorf district , shortly before it joins the Glan in Ebenthal . There are two canals in the city center that were artificially created in the 16th century: the Lendkanal , which still connects the center with Lake Wörthersee today, and the Feuerbach , which is now almost completely absorbed into the city's underground sewer system. Flowing through the southern districts, the 8.8 km long Glanfurt (popularly “Sattnitz”) drains Lake Wörthersee into the Glan. Other, smaller rivers include the Kerbach, the Raba and the Struga, Wölfnitz and Viktringer Bach.

 

The entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee belongs to the urban area of ​​Klagenfurt, which has used the name of the lake in its own name since mid-2007. There are also a number of ponds in Klagenfurt. The Hallegg ponds , which lie in a nature reserve below Hallegg Castle , are among the largest.

 

City structure

Until 1848, the urban area only included today's Inner City ; with the formation of political communities in Austria, the immediately adjacent four suburbs (St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Viktringer and Villacher Vorstadt) were added to Klagenfurt in 1850. Apart from a smaller city expansion in 1893, Klagenfurt only reached its current size in the 20th century through the incorporation of previously independent communities in 1938 (districts IX to XII) and 1973 (districts XIII to XV).

 

The four districts of the inner city roughly form a square made up of squares that are numbered clockwise starting at the top left (in the northwest corner). The next four districts (5-8) enclose the square in a roughly circular shape, the numbering starts at the top, in the north and goes to the right. The same applies to the larger districts 9 to 12, which in turn form a belt of sectors in the main cardinal directions. The three outermost and youngest districts, like all zones, are numbered to the right, but stand out discreetly like wings and are therefore not connected to each other; The count now starts in the south (southwest) with 13, runs through 14 in the northwest to the relatively small 15th district in the east.

 

The city consists of a total of 25 cadastral municipalities , in brackets the unofficial Slovenian names and the areas in hectares (as of December 31, 2021):

 

Bubble Village ( Blaznja vas , 241.49 ha)

Ehrenthal (548.85 ha)

Goritschitzen ( Goričica , 571.21 ha)

Großbuch (446.46 ha)

Großponfeld (664.94 ha)

Gurlitsch I* (632.51 ha)

Hallegg ( Helek , 425.55 ha)

Hörtendorf ( Trdnja vas , 946.61 ha)

Klagenfurt (629.53 ha)

Kleinbuch (220.95 ha)

Lendorf ( Dhovše , 579.55 ha)

Marolla (977.91 ha)

Nagra (201.44 ha)

Neudorf ( Nova vas , 658.90 ha)

St. Martin near Klagenfurt (349.02 ha)

St. Peter am Karlsberg (353.84 ha)

St. Peter near Ebenthal (358.99 ha)

St. Peter near Tentschach (246.63 ha)

St. Ruprecht near Klagenfurt (653.30 ha)

Stone ( Zakamen , 267.30 ha)

Tentschach (222.56 ha)

Viktring ( Vetrinj , 369.22 ha)

Waidmannsdorf ( Otoče , 422.75 ha)

Waltendorf ( Vapoča vas , 442.94 ha)

Welzenegg (579.38 ha)

* (Gurlitsch II is a cadastral community in the neighboring community of Krumpendorf.)

Climate

Klagenfurt has a temperate continental climate with relatively large temperature fluctuations between the seasons. Due to the inversion weather conditions prevailing in the Klagenfurt Basin, an above-average and often long-lasting formation of haze and fog is typical for this area. In early and mid-autumn this is predominantly ground fog, while in late autumn and winter mostly high-level fog occurs. A general lack of wind is also characteristic. The winters, which are cold compared to the Austrian average, can be temporarily alleviated by the foehn through the Karawanken Mountains to the south .

 

The long-term mean annual temperature (determined between 1961 and 1990) is 7.7 °C. The average temperature in Klagenfurt in 2007 was 9.7 °C.

 

History

Origin of name and founding legend

Etymologically, the name Klagenfurt has a Romanesque origin and came into German via Slovenian. Heinz-Dieter Pohl has linguistically reconstructed the formation of the Slovenian name Celovec for Klagenfurt, first documented in 1615 as V Zelovzi . The starting point for this was a Romanesque l'aquiliu meaning “place by the water” - but what was meant was not Lake Wörthersee, but the River Glan . The original Romansh form was initially transformed into la quiliu and adopted into Slavic without an article. According to phonetic laws, it became cvilj- . This was expanded with the ending -ovec , which is common in field and place names, which created Cviljovec . The similar-sounding Slovenian word cvilja meant something like 'lamentation'. In Slovenian, the name Cviljovec was reinterpreted in folk etymology as the “place of laments ”, which is reflected in German in the loan translation Klagenfurt. Other derivations are therefore not applicable, such as the one advocated by Eberhard Kranzmayer about a lament woman cvilja (= lament), one of the legendary Slavic ford and water women who did their laundry at streams and springs wash and mourn deaths, or from the Glan, according to which a Glanfurt would be the origin of the name. What is overlooked is that there actually is a river called Glanfurt , which was called Lanquart until the 16th century and is now also called Sattnitz (Slovene: formerly: Lank(a)rt, today: Sotnica, or more commonly: Jezernica = Seebach). . It is the outflow of Lake Wörthersee.

 

An even older derivation, which comes from the time of humanism, names the Latin name of the Roman city Claudiforum or Forum Claudii as the original name and refers to Roman sources. The name Klagenfurt is said to have developed from this. In fact, a Roman city, Virunum , founded by the Emperor Claudius , existed north of the present urban area. Today it is clear that Forum Claudii was an alternative name for Virunum and that there was no Roman city in the area of ​​today's Klagenfurt.

  

Lindwurm fountain : representation of the founding legend

The founding legend of Klagenfurt tells of a dragon that lived in a swamp and fed on people from the surrounding towns who approached it. The monster could only be killed through a trick: a tower was built, at the top of which an ox was chained as bait, the chain also being equipped with a large hook. When the dragon came out of its swamp to eat the ox, it got caught on the chain and was killed. This legend finds its heraldic expression in the city coat of arms of Klagenfurt and its artistic expression in the Lindwurm fountain .

 

Early settlements in today's urban area

The first traces of clearing and settlement in today's urban area date back to the period between 4000 and 2000 BC. Evidenced by finds in Lendorf, Waidmannsdorf and Viktring. Traces of settlements can be found from the Bronze Age ( dugout tree finds in the moor at the foot of the Sattnitz) as well as the urn field culture and the Hallstatt period (Wölfnitz and Waidmannsdorf). For a long time, only areas that towered over the marshy landscape in which today's city center is located were considered as settlement areas. The hills in the north of today's urban area were particularly suitable for this.

 

and the early

There is no evidence of any significant settlements in the area of ​​today's Klagenfurt in ancient times . The center of power for this region both during the Celtic Noricum period and during the period of Roman occupation, which began in 45 BC. From the 6th century BC to the 6th century ( Virunum ), it was located on the Zollfeld north of today's Klagenfurt . Nevertheless, sporadic Roman settlements arose here too, for example on the Spitalsberg the remains of a villa and graves from Roman times were found

 

Unlike many towns in Carinthia, where evidence of the immigration of Slavs into the area of ​​today's Carinthia, which took place from the end of the migration , can also be proven using place names, there is hardly any evidence of this in Klagenfurt. Nevertheless, it is assumed that today's urban area was connected to the Carolingian-Franconian Palatinate of Karnburg (Civitas Carantana), which was built around the year 828. In the course of the Christianization of Carinthia, the church foundations of Maria Saal in Zollfeld by the diocese of Salzburg and Maria Wörth were significant, but there is no evidence of any foundations on the eastern bank of Lake Wörthersee at this time.

 

After Carinthia was made a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire in 976, numerous monasteries were founded in the 11th century. But it was only in the first half of the 12th century that Klagenfurt became important: the Spanheimers , who had been wealthy in Carinthia since the middle of the 11th century and were the Carinthian dukes between the years 1122 and 1279, had gradually acquired parts of today's city area . Count Bernhard founded the Cistercian monastery of Viktring in 1142 and initiated settlement in its surroundings.

 

Founding of the city

The Carinthian dukes Hermann († 1181) and Bernhard von Spanheim († 1256) are considered the founders of Klagenfurt. Hermann is seen as the founder of the Klagenfurt market, which was built on the southern edge of the Zollfeld in the area of ​​today's Spitalsberg . This settlement was first mentioned between June 1192 and March 1199 as the monastery of St. Paul was granted toll exemption “in foro Chlagenuurt”. However, the newly founded town was in the flood plain of the Glan and was repeatedly flooded. Bernhard von Spanheim took this as an opportunity to re-establish the settlement in a flood-proof area in 1246. Klagenfurt was rebuilt in the area around today's Old Square and received city rights in 1252.

 

To protect the city, a castle (first mentioned in documents in 1268) and a six meter high city wall were built, in front of which a four meter deep and ten meter wide ditch was dug. The castle probably stood on the site of today's country house and was administered by ministerials who were called castle keepers (“castellanus de Chlagenfurt”). The first documented priest in Klagenfurt (Dominus Friedericus, 1255) was still vicar of Maria Saal . The first church in Klagenfurt was probably today's parish church of Klagenfurt-St. Egid , who was the patron saint of St. in the 14th century. Egidius accepted (documented 1347); The Holy Spirit Church with a cemetery and hospital was built outside the city walls (documented in 1355 and 1381).

 

Klagenfurt had only a small population compared to other cities in Carinthia and remained in the shadow of the capital St. Veit and the commercial center of Villach until the 16th century .

 

Donation of Klagenfurt to the estates

At the beginning of the 16th century, Carinthia only played a minor role within the inner Austrian states, because for long stretches the office of governor was not even occupied. The Roman-German king and later emperor Maximilian I came to their extensive inheritance after the Gorizia people died out in 1500. On the one hand, the absence of a sovereign helped the Carinthian estates to gain a stronger political position, but on the other hand, they had to struggle with peasant revolts at the time, which flared up again in the country in 1515 and during which the state capital St. Veit proved to be less than reliable.

 

In 1514 Klagenfurt was almost completely destroyed by fire. The estates asked the emperor, who had now also become sovereign, to give them the city in order to turn it into a bulwark against enemies from within and without. Maximilian complied with this wish, in the “Gabbrief” of April 24, 1518, he donated the city, including the castle and citizens, to the estates, while at the same time revoking all civil privileges.

 

The estates rebuilt the city and commissioned Domenico dell'Allio to plan city fortifications . The financing of this undertaking was significantly supported by Ferdinand I's leasing of the sovereign mint in 1529 and its relocation from St. Veit to Klagenfurt soon afterwards. The Lend Canal , an artificial waterway from Lake Wörthersee to the city, had already been created in 1527 and was used to transport goods, flood the moat and serve as a fire-fighting water reservoir. A second, much smaller canal, the so-called Feuerbach , brought Glanwasser into the city, which was available in two open channels and was also used to transport waste. The previous “Galgentratte” became the new center of the city as “Neuer Platz”. The streets around it were laid out in a checkerboard pattern. Important representative buildings such as the country house (from 1574) and today's cathedral (from 1581), which was built as a Protestant church, were built. In 1587, due to the ever-increasing tasks of the city administration, the judge and council asked the estates to appoint a mayor. As a result, Christoph Windisch (* ? – † 1597) was appointed the first mayor of the corporative city of Klagenfurt. By the end of the 16th century, Klagenfurt had grown into the most modern and strongest fortress city in the region.

 

Burgfriedstein at the Sattnitzbauern onQuellenstrasse

The city's sphere of influence included extensive areas of the hinterland and smaller towns outside the city fortifications. They formed the Klagenfurt castle keep , which was administered by the city judge. It stretched from St. Primus in the north to the swampy landscape of Glanfurt in the south and from the Glan in the east to the village of Waidmannsdorf in the west of the city. Not a single castle was built in this area; the noble residences of this type were all outside the keep boundaries.

 

Reformation and

In the course of the second half of the 16th century, large parts of the population and almost all of the Carinthian estates had joined the Lutheran Reformation movement ; in Klagenfurt one can speak of a consistently Protestant population as early as the 1570s.

 

The new doctrine was proclaimed both in St. Egid and in the Church of the Holy Spirit, and the newly built Trinity Church, later the Catholic cathedral, was also used as a Protestant church after its completion. While the Catholic Habsburgs, as sovereigns, were initially almost powerless in the face of this development, from around 1580 they initially hesitantly implemented the Counter-Reformation together with the Catholic Church in 1595, then with all their might after Archduke Ferdinand came to power. Citizens were given the choice of returning to Catholicism or leaving the country, books were burned and Protestant churches were temporarily closed.

 

The Trinity Church, which was closed in November 1600, was given to the Jesuits and reopened by them in April 1604 and consecrated to Saints Peter and Paul. Above all, the Jesuits, but also other orders that were part of the Counter-Reformation, shaped the intellectual and cultural development as well as with numerous new church and monastery buildings (St. Mary's Church with Franciscan monastery in 1617, Capuchin church and monastery in 1646, redesign of St. Egid and St . Peter and Paul etc.) the face of the city.

 

After the Jesuit order was abolished in 1773, Klagenfurt became the seat of the Gurk Cathedral Chapter in 1787/93.

 

End of Estate Rule, French Wars and March Revolution

The estates had already lost power with Maria Theresa's administrative reform . Since 1748, the city administration was no longer subject to the estate councilors and the burgrave . State authorities had taken their place. The state of Carinthia was divided into three districts and the “castle” was now the seat of a district office. In 1782, Klagenfurt lost its position as state capital after Joseph II placed all of Carinthia administratively under the Gubernium of Graz.

 

The square, planned layout of the old city center, shown here on a map from around 1735 with the city walls and city gates razed in 1809, can still be clearly seen on today's plans.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Klagenfurt was occupied by French troops in 1797 and in 1805 and 1809/1810. Before they left, Napoleon's Württemberg sappers blew up the city walls. The Völkermarkter Tor was the only one of the city gates that remained intact, but it had to give way to road expansion in 1867. Massive causeway bridges were built in place of the blown-up city gates. Today only a small remnant of the fortification wall and the city moat remains. However, the location of the city walls can still be clearly seen on today's “ring” around the city center.

 

Even though there were only sporadic acts of war in the country during the wars, this period and the years that followed marked an economic decline. From an urban planning perspective, however, the demolition of the fortifications also opened up new perspectives. A city map from 1827 shows the merging of the city center with its four suburbs: St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Villacher and Viktringer Vorstadt. In addition to the formation of districts, Klagenfurt was also a vital city in the pre-industrial period in terms of its social structure, its culture and its relationship to the surrounding area.

 

On the political stage, Klagenfurt and the now divided Carinthia were of little importance during the Metternich era . This was only to change again after the revolutionary year of 1848 , when Carinthia became an independent crown state again with the headquarters of a state parliament and a state government in Klagenfurt. After Klagenfurt became a city with its own statute in 1850, the second city expansion took place after more than 300 years as part of the general restructuring of the state and the country and the associated creation of local communities as the smallest self-governing bodies.

 

However, the hoped-for unification of Klagenfurt with numerous surrounding towns did not initially materialize; the neighbors saw no advantage in this and preferred status as an independent rural community. In addition to the inner city, the new municipality only comprised its four suburbs, including the “rural town of Spitalmühle”. Not even the entire truce had come to Klagenfurt: even the Kreuzbergl area of ​​the “Wölfnitzberg” remained in the cadastral community of St. Martin and became part of the new local community of St. Martin near Klagenfurt . In 1850, the first Klagenfurt local council chose the 51-year-old lawyer Andreas Koller , who had just been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Franz Joseph Order , as city leader.

 

Technological age

In 1863, Klagenfurt was connected to the Southern Railway network , and the resulting economic stimulus made Klagenfurt the center of Carinthia. The outdated, damaged water pipe, fed by the Feuerbach and the Sattnitz springs, was taken over by the city and improved. In 1864, Ferdinand Jergitsch founded the first volunteer fire department in Carinthia, a model organization for numerous cities in the k. u.k. Monarchy. The city ditches were partly filled in and built over, the agricultural area was expanded through drainage and the city was enlarged, including the former suburbs and surrounding communities, first to the east and later to the west towards Lake Wörthersee.

 

In the course of the busy construction activity, the Protestant Johanneskirche (1863–1866), the Carinthian State Museum (1884), the large school buildings (Hasner, Benedictine and West schools, secondary school, trade school, “Kucherhof” agricultural school), the state hospital (1895) and the new “Jubiläumsstadttheater” (1910). The economic rise was also documented by the first Carinthian state exhibition in 1885, at which 1,329 exhibiting companies presented their services to around 100,000 visitors. This laid the foundation for today's Klagenfurt Trade Fair.

 

In 1896, however, the city administration rejected the electrification of the city and the establishment of a railway directorate in Klagenfurt. Only after long negotiations was the basis for a power grid laid. In 1903, the city's streets received electric lighting instead of the incandescent gas lights that previously illuminated the streets. The horse-drawn tram set up in 1891 was replaced by the electric Klagenfurt tram from 1911 onwards . The railway management, on the other hand, had now established itself in Villach , making its western neighbor a “railway town”.

 

The First World War and its consequences for Klagenfurt

The First World War interrupted the city's rise. After Italy entered the war in 1915, Klagenfurt was not directly on the front of the mountain war and was therefore spared from the immediate war, but was subsequently flooded by returning soldiers. 2,214 people from Klagenfurt died as soldiers during the war. In addition, the SHS state that emerged after the end of the war claimed parts of southern Carinthia and Lower Styria, relying on the Slovenian population. His troops crossed the demarcation line and occupied Klagenfurt on June 6, 1919. For security reasons, the Carinthian state government had recently been temporarily relocated to Spittal an der Drau and later to St. Veit an der Glan. The troops had to withdraw again at the end of July 1919 after a referendum was held at the Paris Peace Conference on the fate of the disputed areas. The plebiscite of October 10, 1920 ultimately resulted in a clear majority for Carinthia and the Republic of Austria.

 

The economic consequences of the war - inflation and high unemployment - initially slowed down the further development of the city, which at times was unable to pay even the wages of its employees.

 

Period of National Socialism and the Second World War

With the “annexation” of Austria to the German Reich, Klagenfurt became the capital of the Carinthian district on March 12, 1938 ( Reichsgau from March 1, 1938 ). From October 1, 1938, East Tyrol and from April 17, 1941, Mießtal , which fell to Yugoslavia in 1918, and parts of Upper Carniola were also administered from Klagenfurt. Under the National Socialist mayor Friedrich von Franz, all previously published newspapers were discontinued and replaced by the Carinthian Grenzruf . The New Square was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz . In addition, numerous other squares and streets in the city were given the names of Nazi greats.

 

The young, small Jewish community in Klagenfurt (1934: 269 religious Jews) was almost completely wiped out during this time. During Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, citizens of Klagenfurt devastated the prayer house in Platzgasse (which was later completely destroyed in a bombing raid), demolished Jewish apartments and desecrated the Jewish cemetery in St. Ruprecht. The bank accounts of the Jews in Carinthia were blocked, but the money is said to have been used in collaboration with the religious community to cover the travel costs of the emigrating Jews. Of all the Jews who were expelled from Carinthia or who emigrated “voluntarily”, 45 certainly died, but probably more died. Most of the Jews who remained in Klagenfurt were later arrested and deported to concentration camps; only a few were able to save themselves after 1939. In 1951 there were only nine Jewish citizens left in Klagenfurt.

 

On October 15, 1938, the previously independent community of Sankt Ruprecht and the towns of Sankt Peter, Annabichl and Sankt Martin as well as parts of the communities of Krumpendorf , Lendorf, Hörtendorf , Viktring and Maria Wörth were incorporated. This meant that the urban area grew from 618 hectares to 5,613 hectares (around nine times as much), and the population rose from 30,000 to over 50,000.

 

In the Lendorf district, prisoners from the Mauthausen concentration camp built a barracks and a “ Junker school ” for the Waffen-SS . The Klagenfurt-Lendorf concentration camp subcamp was located in the courtyard of today's Khevenhüller barracks.

 

After there had already been a smaller attack by the 9th US Air Fleet on Klagenfurt Airport in September 1943 , the first bombs fell on built-up urban areas on Sunday, January 16, 1944, at 11:41 a.m. The main targets were the area around the main train station and the tobacco factory on Kempfstrasse, where part of German aircraft production had been relocated from Wiener Neustadt to Klagenfurt. In three waves of attacks, 90 bombers dropped around 1,200 high-explosive bombs over the city. There were 234 deaths, 73 seriously injured and around 1,800 homeless people.

 

This attack was followed by 48 more by April 26, 1945, 12 of which were major attacks in which a total of 2,000 tons of bombs were dropped. At the end of the war, 3,413 houses and 9,672 apartments had been destroyed. 60 percent of Klagenfurt's apartments were destroyed and 510 people were killed. 1665 Klagenfurt residents died as soldiers during the war.

 

Post-war and present

On May 8, 1945, British troops reached the city a few hours before the units of the Yugoslav armed forces and the Yugoslav partisans. The communist leadership of Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito , with the support of the Soviet Union , claimed Klagenfurt and large parts of Carinthia for themselves, but they encountered resistance from the British. However, the British were unable to prevent residents of the Klagenfurt district from being kidnapped by Yugoslav partisans.

 

Klagenfurt was part of the British zone until the end of the occupation in Austria in 1955. The English War Cemetery on Lilienthalstraße is still a reminder of this today.

 

In 1947, Austria's first district heating power plant was built in Klagenfurt, in 1955 the country's first high-rise building was built and in 1961, Wiener Gasse, together with Kramergasse, became the first designated pedestrian zone in Austria, which was soon expanded to include Alter Platz. The botanical garden , founded in 1862, was moved from Mießtalerstrasse to the former quarry on Kreuzbergl in 1958. The creation of the cathedral square by demolishing the Jesuit barracks , which had been damaged in the war, caused controversial discussions in the 1960s .

 

Science & Technology Park

A focus of city policy in the post-war period was the reconstruction and expansion of the school and university systems. With the establishment of the Federal High School for Slovenes in Klagenfurt in 1957, one of Austria's obligations in the State Treaty of 1955 was fulfilled. In addition, other educational centers were built with the aim of offering several training focuses for students in Klagenfurt, including the music high school in Viktring and the Mössingerstraße federal school center, which houses an HTL and a high school. The University of Education Sciences was founded in 1970, which subsequently became what is now the University of Klagenfurt .

As a result of the incorporation of four large neighboring communities ( Viktring , Hörtendorf , Wölfnitz and St. Peter am Bichl with the Ulrichsberg ) as well as some areas of neighboring communities ( Ebenthal , Maria Wörth , Poggersdorf , Liebenfels ) as part of the municipal reform in 1973, the municipal area became In 1938 it was expanded again significantly, by a good double, and reached its current size of 12,030 hectares.

 

Mosaic coat of arms for UEFA Euro 2008

On July 3, 2007, the local council decided to rename the city of Klagenfurt to “Klagenfurt am Wörthersee”, this was confirmed by the Carinthian state parliament. It was hoped that this would increase the city's marketing value. Critical voices, however, emphasized that Klagenfurt has only been located on Lake Wörthersee since the beginning of the 20th century through property purchases and that it has little in common with Lake Wörthersee in terms of cultural history.

 

The Wörthersee Stadium was rebuilt between 2006 and 2008 for the 2008 European Football Championship , and three preliminary round games took place in the stadium.

 

In 2015, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .

Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Carinthia, Republic Of Austria.

 

Klagenfurt am Wörthersee (official name; until 2008 and further briefly just Klagenfurt , Slovenian Celovec ob Vrbskem jezeru ) is a large city in the south of Austria and the state capital of the Austrian state of Carinthia . In the local Bavarian-Austrian dialect her name is pronounced Klognfuat . With 104,332 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2023), it is the largest city in Carinthia and the sixth largest city in Austria . The urban area is located in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and currently has an area of ​​120 km².

 

Klagenfurt was first mentioned in documents in 1192/1199 and was of little relevance until Maximilian I donated the city to the Carinthian estates in 1518. This donation and the subsequent Protestant Reformation movement of the 16th century meant a steep rise for the city: Klagenfurt became the capital of Carinthia, and numerous buildings that are still important today, such as the country house and the cathedral, were built.

 

Today the statutory city of Klagenfurt is the seat of, among other things, the Carinthian state government , the Klagenfurt-Land district administration , the Diocese of Gurk , the Alpine-Adria University of Klagenfurt , the Gustav Mahler Private University of Music , an international airport and a location for the Carinthian University of Applied Sciences as well as numerous other companies and institutions, including those of the Carinthian Slovenes . Klagenfurt is also important for tourism due to its attractive city center with squares and old town buildings as well as cultural offerings and proximity to Lake Wörthersee .

 

Geography

Location

Klagenfurt is located on the Klagenfurter Feld in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and extends for around 15 km in a north-south and east-west direction. The city covers the entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee, the areas north of it are part of the Feldkirchen-Moosburg hill country and the Glantal mountain country. Parts of the northern district of Wölfnitz already belong to Zollfeld , the south of Klagenfurt lies at the foot of the Sattnitz ridge.

 

The city center is about 450 m above sea level; The highest point within the municipality is the Ulrichsberg at 1022 m above sea level. A. , the deepest is the Gurkerbrücke (420 m) on the eastern border of the city.

 

Around a third of the 120 km² municipal area is designated as agricultural area (33.4%) or forest (32.9%). 19.3% of Klagenfurt's area is used as building land , 2.2% is water and 1.3% is gardens. The remaining 10.9% fall under “other types of use”, which includes, among other things, transport routes , mining areas and wasteland .

 

The Adriatic is only about 150 kilometers away from Klagenfurt; Trieste can be reached via the motorway in around two hours.

 

Geology

The entire Klagenfurt Basin was filled by the Drau Glacier during the Ice Age . After the ice masses melted, alluvial fans of the Glan formed the subsoil of today's northern urban area and the Zollfeld, consisting of Ice Age gravel. At the same time, Lake Wörthersee was created, which around 4,000 years ago reached into today's city center, where a large moor area was formed through gradual silting up . The hills in the north of the city consist mainly of old crystalline mica schists and Paleozoic phyllites , green slates and limestone, while the Sattnitz ridge south of Klagenfurt consists of conglomerates .

 

Bodies of Water

In the north of the city, the Glan flows through Klagenfurt in a west-east direction, in the east the Gurk touches the Hörtendorf district , shortly before it joins the Glan in Ebenthal . There are two canals in the city center that were artificially created in the 16th century: the Lendkanal , which still connects the center with Lake Wörthersee today, and the Feuerbach , which is now almost completely absorbed into the city's underground sewer system. Flowing through the southern districts, the 8.8 km long Glanfurt (popularly “Sattnitz”) drains Lake Wörthersee into the Glan. Other, smaller rivers include the Kerbach, the Raba and the Struga, Wölfnitz and Viktringer Bach.

 

The entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee belongs to the urban area of ​​Klagenfurt, which has used the name of the lake in its own name since mid-2007. There are also a number of ponds in Klagenfurt. The Hallegg ponds , which lie in a nature reserve below Hallegg Castle , are among the largest.

 

City structure

Until 1848, the urban area only included today's Inner City ; with the formation of political communities in Austria, the immediately adjacent four suburbs (St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Viktringer and Villacher Vorstadt) were added to Klagenfurt in 1850. Apart from a smaller city expansion in 1893, Klagenfurt only reached its current size in the 20th century through the incorporation of previously independent communities in 1938 (districts IX to XII) and 1973 (districts XIII to XV).

 

The four districts of the inner city roughly form a square made up of squares that are numbered clockwise starting at the top left (in the northwest corner). The next four districts (5-8) enclose the square in a roughly circular shape, the numbering starts at the top, in the north and goes to the right. The same applies to the larger districts 9 to 12, which in turn form a belt of sectors in the main cardinal directions. The three outermost and youngest districts, like all zones, are numbered to the right, but stand out discreetly like wings and are therefore not connected to each other; The count now starts in the south (southwest) with 13, runs through 14 in the northwest to the relatively small 15th district in the east.

 

The city consists of a total of 25 cadastral municipalities , in brackets the unofficial Slovenian names and the areas in hectares (as of December 31, 2021):

 

Bubble Village ( Blaznja vas , 241.49 ha)

Ehrenthal (548.85 ha)

Goritschitzen ( Goričica , 571.21 ha)

Großbuch (446.46 ha)

Großponfeld (664.94 ha)

Gurlitsch I* (632.51 ha)

Hallegg ( Helek , 425.55 ha)

Hörtendorf ( Trdnja vas , 946.61 ha)

Klagenfurt (629.53 ha)

Kleinbuch (220.95 ha)

Lendorf ( Dhovše , 579.55 ha)

Marolla (977.91 ha)

Nagra (201.44 ha)

Neudorf ( Nova vas , 658.90 ha)

St. Martin near Klagenfurt (349.02 ha)

St. Peter am Karlsberg (353.84 ha)

St. Peter near Ebenthal (358.99 ha)

St. Peter near Tentschach (246.63 ha)

St. Ruprecht near Klagenfurt (653.30 ha)

Stone ( Zakamen , 267.30 ha)

Tentschach (222.56 ha)

Viktring ( Vetrinj , 369.22 ha)

Waidmannsdorf ( Otoče , 422.75 ha)

Waltendorf ( Vapoča vas , 442.94 ha)

Welzenegg (579.38 ha)

* (Gurlitsch II is a cadastral community in the neighboring community of Krumpendorf.)

Climate

Klagenfurt has a temperate continental climate with relatively large temperature fluctuations between the seasons. Due to the inversion weather conditions prevailing in the Klagenfurt Basin, an above-average and often long-lasting formation of haze and fog is typical for this area. In early and mid-autumn this is predominantly ground fog, while in late autumn and winter mostly high-level fog occurs. A general lack of wind is also characteristic. The winters, which are cold compared to the Austrian average, can be temporarily alleviated by the foehn through the Karawanken Mountains to the south .

 

The long-term mean annual temperature (determined between 1961 and 1990) is 7.7 °C. The average temperature in Klagenfurt in 2007 was 9.7 °C.

 

History

Origin of name and founding legend

Etymologically, the name Klagenfurt has a Romanesque origin and came into German via Slovenian. Heinz-Dieter Pohl has linguistically reconstructed the formation of the Slovenian name Celovec for Klagenfurt, first documented in 1615 as V Zelovzi . The starting point for this was a Romanesque l'aquiliu meaning “place by the water” - but what was meant was not Lake Wörthersee, but the River Glan . The original Romansh form was initially transformed into la quiliu and adopted into Slavic without an article. According to phonetic laws, it became cvilj- . This was expanded with the ending -ovec , which is common in field and place names, which created Cviljovec . The similar-sounding Slovenian word cvilja meant something like 'lamentation'. In Slovenian, the name Cviljovec was reinterpreted in folk etymology as the “place of laments ”, which is reflected in German in the loan translation Klagenfurt. Other derivations are therefore not applicable, such as the one advocated by Eberhard Kranzmayer about a lament woman cvilja (= lament), one of the legendary Slavic ford and water women who did their laundry at streams and springs wash and mourn deaths, or from the Glan, according to which a Glanfurt would be the origin of the name. What is overlooked is that there actually is a river called Glanfurt , which was called Lanquart until the 16th century and is now also called Sattnitz (Slovene: formerly: Lank(a)rt, today: Sotnica, or more commonly: Jezernica = Seebach). . It is the outflow of Lake Wörthersee.

 

An even older derivation, which comes from the time of humanism, names the Latin name of the Roman city Claudiforum or Forum Claudii as the original name and refers to Roman sources. The name Klagenfurt is said to have developed from this. In fact, a Roman city, Virunum , founded by the Emperor Claudius , existed north of the present urban area. Today it is clear that Forum Claudii was an alternative name for Virunum and that there was no Roman city in the area of ​​today's Klagenfurt.

  

Lindwurm fountain : representation of the founding legend

The founding legend of Klagenfurt tells of a dragon that lived in a swamp and fed on people from the surrounding towns who approached it. The monster could only be killed through a trick: a tower was built, at the top of which an ox was chained as bait, the chain also being equipped with a large hook. When the dragon came out of its swamp to eat the ox, it got caught on the chain and was killed. This legend finds its heraldic expression in the city coat of arms of Klagenfurt and its artistic expression in the Lindwurm fountain .

 

Early settlements in today's urban area

The first traces of clearing and settlement in today's urban area date back to the period between 4000 and 2000 BC. Evidenced by finds in Lendorf, Waidmannsdorf and Viktring. Traces of settlements can be found from the Bronze Age ( dugout tree finds in the moor at the foot of the Sattnitz) as well as the urn field culture and the Hallstatt period (Wölfnitz and Waidmannsdorf). For a long time, only areas that towered over the marshy landscape in which today's city center is located were considered as settlement areas. The hills in the north of today's urban area were particularly suitable for this.

 

and the early

There is no evidence of any significant settlements in the area of ​​today's Klagenfurt in ancient times . The center of power for this region both during the Celtic Noricum period and during the period of Roman occupation, which began in 45 BC. From the 6th century BC to the 6th century ( Virunum ), it was located on the Zollfeld north of today's Klagenfurt . Nevertheless, sporadic Roman settlements arose here too, for example on the Spitalsberg the remains of a villa and graves from Roman times were found

 

Unlike many towns in Carinthia, where evidence of the immigration of Slavs into the area of ​​today's Carinthia, which took place from the end of the migration , can also be proven using place names, there is hardly any evidence of this in Klagenfurt. Nevertheless, it is assumed that today's urban area was connected to the Carolingian-Franconian Palatinate of Karnburg (Civitas Carantana), which was built around the year 828. In the course of the Christianization of Carinthia, the church foundations of Maria Saal in Zollfeld by the diocese of Salzburg and Maria Wörth were significant, but there is no evidence of any foundations on the eastern bank of Lake Wörthersee at this time.

 

After Carinthia was made a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire in 976, numerous monasteries were founded in the 11th century. But it was only in the first half of the 12th century that Klagenfurt became important: the Spanheimers , who had been wealthy in Carinthia since the middle of the 11th century and were the Carinthian dukes between the years 1122 and 1279, had gradually acquired parts of today's city area . Count Bernhard founded the Cistercian monastery of Viktring in 1142 and initiated settlement in its surroundings.

 

Founding of the city

The Carinthian dukes Hermann († 1181) and Bernhard von Spanheim († 1256) are considered the founders of Klagenfurt. Hermann is seen as the founder of the Klagenfurt market, which was built on the southern edge of the Zollfeld in the area of ​​today's Spitalsberg . This settlement was first mentioned between June 1192 and March 1199 as the monastery of St. Paul was granted toll exemption “in foro Chlagenuurt”. However, the newly founded town was in the flood plain of the Glan and was repeatedly flooded. Bernhard von Spanheim took this as an opportunity to re-establish the settlement in a flood-proof area in 1246. Klagenfurt was rebuilt in the area around today's Old Square and received city rights in 1252.

 

To protect the city, a castle (first mentioned in documents in 1268) and a six meter high city wall were built, in front of which a four meter deep and ten meter wide ditch was dug. The castle probably stood on the site of today's country house and was administered by ministerials who were called castle keepers (“castellanus de Chlagenfurt”). The first documented priest in Klagenfurt (Dominus Friedericus, 1255) was still vicar of Maria Saal . The first church in Klagenfurt was probably today's parish church of Klagenfurt-St. Egid , who was the patron saint of St. in the 14th century. Egidius accepted (documented 1347); The Holy Spirit Church with a cemetery and hospital was built outside the city walls (documented in 1355 and 1381).

 

Klagenfurt had only a small population compared to other cities in Carinthia and remained in the shadow of the capital St. Veit and the commercial center of Villach until the 16th century .

 

Donation of Klagenfurt to the estates

At the beginning of the 16th century, Carinthia only played a minor role within the inner Austrian states, because for long stretches the office of governor was not even occupied. The Roman-German king and later emperor Maximilian I came to their extensive inheritance after the Gorizia people died out in 1500. On the one hand, the absence of a sovereign helped the Carinthian estates to gain a stronger political position, but on the other hand, they had to struggle with peasant revolts at the time, which flared up again in the country in 1515 and during which the state capital St. Veit proved to be less than reliable.

 

In 1514 Klagenfurt was almost completely destroyed by fire. The estates asked the emperor, who had now also become sovereign, to give them the city in order to turn it into a bulwark against enemies from within and without. Maximilian complied with this wish, in the “Gabbrief” of April 24, 1518, he donated the city, including the castle and citizens, to the estates, while at the same time revoking all civil privileges.

 

The estates rebuilt the city and commissioned Domenico dell'Allio to plan city fortifications . The financing of this undertaking was significantly supported by Ferdinand I's leasing of the sovereign mint in 1529 and its relocation from St. Veit to Klagenfurt soon afterwards. The Lend Canal , an artificial waterway from Lake Wörthersee to the city, had already been created in 1527 and was used to transport goods, flood the moat and serve as a fire-fighting water reservoir. A second, much smaller canal, the so-called Feuerbach , brought Glanwasser into the city, which was available in two open channels and was also used to transport waste. The previous “Galgentratte” became the new center of the city as “Neuer Platz”. The streets around it were laid out in a checkerboard pattern. Important representative buildings such as the country house (from 1574) and today's cathedral (from 1581), which was built as a Protestant church, were built. In 1587, due to the ever-increasing tasks of the city administration, the judge and council asked the estates to appoint a mayor. As a result, Christoph Windisch (* ? – † 1597) was appointed the first mayor of the corporative city of Klagenfurt. By the end of the 16th century, Klagenfurt had grown into the most modern and strongest fortress city in the region.

 

Burgfriedstein at the Sattnitzbauern onQuellenstrasse

The city's sphere of influence included extensive areas of the hinterland and smaller towns outside the city fortifications. They formed the Klagenfurt castle keep , which was administered by the city judge. It stretched from St. Primus in the north to the swampy landscape of Glanfurt in the south and from the Glan in the east to the village of Waidmannsdorf in the west of the city. Not a single castle was built in this area; the noble residences of this type were all outside the keep boundaries.

 

Reformation and

In the course of the second half of the 16th century, large parts of the population and almost all of the Carinthian estates had joined the Lutheran Reformation movement ; in Klagenfurt one can speak of a consistently Protestant population as early as the 1570s.

 

The new doctrine was proclaimed both in St. Egid and in the Church of the Holy Spirit, and the newly built Trinity Church, later the Catholic cathedral, was also used as a Protestant church after its completion. While the Catholic Habsburgs, as sovereigns, were initially almost powerless in the face of this development, from around 1580 they initially hesitantly implemented the Counter-Reformation together with the Catholic Church in 1595, then with all their might after Archduke Ferdinand came to power. Citizens were given the choice of returning to Catholicism or leaving the country, books were burned and Protestant churches were temporarily closed.

 

The Trinity Church, which was closed in November 1600, was given to the Jesuits and reopened by them in April 1604 and consecrated to Saints Peter and Paul. Above all, the Jesuits, but also other orders that were part of the Counter-Reformation, shaped the intellectual and cultural development as well as with numerous new church and monastery buildings (St. Mary's Church with Franciscan monastery in 1617, Capuchin church and monastery in 1646, redesign of St. Egid and St . Peter and Paul etc.) the face of the city.

 

After the Jesuit order was abolished in 1773, Klagenfurt became the seat of the Gurk Cathedral Chapter in 1787/93.

 

End of Estate Rule, French Wars and March Revolution

The estates had already lost power with Maria Theresa's administrative reform . Since 1748, the city administration was no longer subject to the estate councilors and the burgrave . State authorities had taken their place. The state of Carinthia was divided into three districts and the “castle” was now the seat of a district office. In 1782, Klagenfurt lost its position as state capital after Joseph II placed all of Carinthia administratively under the Gubernium of Graz.

 

The square, planned layout of the old city center, shown here on a map from around 1735 with the city walls and city gates razed in 1809, can still be clearly seen on today's plans.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Klagenfurt was occupied by French troops in 1797 and in 1805 and 1809/1810. Before they left, Napoleon's Württemberg sappers blew up the city walls. The Völkermarkter Tor was the only one of the city gates that remained intact, but it had to give way to road expansion in 1867. Massive causeway bridges were built in place of the blown-up city gates. Today only a small remnant of the fortification wall and the city moat remains. However, the location of the city walls can still be clearly seen on today's “ring” around the city center.

 

Even though there were only sporadic acts of war in the country during the wars, this period and the years that followed marked an economic decline. From an urban planning perspective, however, the demolition of the fortifications also opened up new perspectives. A city map from 1827 shows the merging of the city center with its four suburbs: St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Villacher and Viktringer Vorstadt. In addition to the formation of districts, Klagenfurt was also a vital city in the pre-industrial period in terms of its social structure, its culture and its relationship to the surrounding area.

 

On the political stage, Klagenfurt and the now divided Carinthia were of little importance during the Metternich era . This was only to change again after the revolutionary year of 1848 , when Carinthia became an independent crown state again with the headquarters of a state parliament and a state government in Klagenfurt. After Klagenfurt became a city with its own statute in 1850, the second city expansion took place after more than 300 years as part of the general restructuring of the state and the country and the associated creation of local communities as the smallest self-governing bodies.

 

However, the hoped-for unification of Klagenfurt with numerous surrounding towns did not initially materialize; the neighbors saw no advantage in this and preferred status as an independent rural community. In addition to the inner city, the new municipality only comprised its four suburbs, including the “rural town of Spitalmühle”. Not even the entire truce had come to Klagenfurt: even the Kreuzbergl area of ​​the “Wölfnitzberg” remained in the cadastral community of St. Martin and became part of the new local community of St. Martin near Klagenfurt . In 1850, the first Klagenfurt local council chose the 51-year-old lawyer Andreas Koller , who had just been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Franz Joseph Order , as city leader.

 

Technological age

In 1863, Klagenfurt was connected to the Southern Railway network , and the resulting economic stimulus made Klagenfurt the center of Carinthia. The outdated, damaged water pipe, fed by the Feuerbach and the Sattnitz springs, was taken over by the city and improved. In 1864, Ferdinand Jergitsch founded the first volunteer fire department in Carinthia, a model organization for numerous cities in the k. u.k. Monarchy. The city ditches were partly filled in and built over, the agricultural area was expanded through drainage and the city was enlarged, including the former suburbs and surrounding communities, first to the east and later to the west towards Lake Wörthersee.

 

In the course of the busy construction activity, the Protestant Johanneskirche (1863–1866), the Carinthian State Museum (1884), the large school buildings (Hasner, Benedictine and West schools, secondary school, trade school, “Kucherhof” agricultural school), the state hospital (1895) and the new “Jubiläumsstadttheater” (1910). The economic rise was also documented by the first Carinthian state exhibition in 1885, at which 1,329 exhibiting companies presented their services to around 100,000 visitors. This laid the foundation for today's Klagenfurt Trade Fair.

 

In 1896, however, the city administration rejected the electrification of the city and the establishment of a railway directorate in Klagenfurt. Only after long negotiations was the basis for a power grid laid. In 1903, the city's streets received electric lighting instead of the incandescent gas lights that previously illuminated the streets. The horse-drawn tram set up in 1891 was replaced by the electric Klagenfurt tram from 1911 onwards . The railway management, on the other hand, had now established itself in Villach , making its western neighbor a “railway town”.

 

The First World War and its consequences for Klagenfurt

The First World War interrupted the city's rise. After Italy entered the war in 1915, Klagenfurt was not directly on the front of the mountain war and was therefore spared from the immediate war, but was subsequently flooded by returning soldiers. 2,214 people from Klagenfurt died as soldiers during the war. In addition, the SHS state that emerged after the end of the war claimed parts of southern Carinthia and Lower Styria, relying on the Slovenian population. His troops crossed the demarcation line and occupied Klagenfurt on June 6, 1919. For security reasons, the Carinthian state government had recently been temporarily relocated to Spittal an der Drau and later to St. Veit an der Glan. The troops had to withdraw again at the end of July 1919 after a referendum was held at the Paris Peace Conference on the fate of the disputed areas. The plebiscite of October 10, 1920 ultimately resulted in a clear majority for Carinthia and the Republic of Austria.

 

The economic consequences of the war - inflation and high unemployment - initially slowed down the further development of the city, which at times was unable to pay even the wages of its employees.

 

Period of National Socialism and the Second World War

With the “annexation” of Austria to the German Reich, Klagenfurt became the capital of the Carinthian district on March 12, 1938 ( Reichsgau from March 1, 1938 ). From October 1, 1938, East Tyrol and from April 17, 1941, Mießtal , which fell to Yugoslavia in 1918, and parts of Upper Carniola were also administered from Klagenfurt. Under the National Socialist mayor Friedrich von Franz, all previously published newspapers were discontinued and replaced by the Carinthian Grenzruf . The New Square was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz . In addition, numerous other squares and streets in the city were given the names of Nazi greats.

 

The young, small Jewish community in Klagenfurt (1934: 269 religious Jews) was almost completely wiped out during this time. During Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, citizens of Klagenfurt devastated the prayer house in Platzgasse (which was later completely destroyed in a bombing raid), demolished Jewish apartments and desecrated the Jewish cemetery in St. Ruprecht. The bank accounts of the Jews in Carinthia were blocked, but the money is said to have been used in collaboration with the religious community to cover the travel costs of the emigrating Jews. Of all the Jews who were expelled from Carinthia or who emigrated “voluntarily”, 45 certainly died, but probably more died. Most of the Jews who remained in Klagenfurt were later arrested and deported to concentration camps; only a few were able to save themselves after 1939. In 1951 there were only nine Jewish citizens left in Klagenfurt.

 

On October 15, 1938, the previously independent community of Sankt Ruprecht and the towns of Sankt Peter, Annabichl and Sankt Martin as well as parts of the communities of Krumpendorf , Lendorf, Hörtendorf , Viktring and Maria Wörth were incorporated. This meant that the urban area grew from 618 hectares to 5,613 hectares (around nine times as much), and the population rose from 30,000 to over 50,000.

 

In the Lendorf district, prisoners from the Mauthausen concentration camp built a barracks and a “ Junker school ” for the Waffen-SS . The Klagenfurt-Lendorf concentration camp subcamp was located in the courtyard of today's Khevenhüller barracks.

 

After there had already been a smaller attack by the 9th US Air Fleet on Klagenfurt Airport in September 1943 , the first bombs fell on built-up urban areas on Sunday, January 16, 1944, at 11:41 a.m. The main targets were the area around the main train station and the tobacco factory on Kempfstrasse, where part of German aircraft production had been relocated from Wiener Neustadt to Klagenfurt. In three waves of attacks, 90 bombers dropped around 1,200 high-explosive bombs over the city. There were 234 deaths, 73 seriously injured and around 1,800 homeless people.

 

This attack was followed by 48 more by April 26, 1945, 12 of which were major attacks in which a total of 2,000 tons of bombs were dropped. At the end of the war, 3,413 houses and 9,672 apartments had been destroyed. 60 percent of Klagenfurt's apartments were destroyed and 510 people were killed. 1665 Klagenfurt residents died as soldiers during the war.

 

Post-war and present

On May 8, 1945, British troops reached the city a few hours before the units of the Yugoslav armed forces and the Yugoslav partisans. The communist leadership of Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito , with the support of the Soviet Union , claimed Klagenfurt and large parts of Carinthia for themselves, but they encountered resistance from the British. However, the British were unable to prevent residents of the Klagenfurt district from being kidnapped by Yugoslav partisans.

 

Klagenfurt was part of the British zone until the end of the occupation in Austria in 1955. The English War Cemetery on Lilienthalstraße is still a reminder of this today.

 

In 1947, Austria's first district heating power plant was built in Klagenfurt, in 1955 the country's first high-rise building was built and in 1961, Wiener Gasse, together with Kramergasse, became the first designated pedestrian zone in Austria, which was soon expanded to include Alter Platz. The botanical garden , founded in 1862, was moved from Mießtalerstrasse to the former quarry on Kreuzbergl in 1958. The creation of the cathedral square by demolishing the Jesuit barracks , which had been damaged in the war, caused controversial discussions in the 1960s .

 

Science & Technology Park

A focus of city policy in the post-war period was the reconstruction and expansion of the school and university systems. With the establishment of the Federal High School for Slovenes in Klagenfurt in 1957, one of Austria's obligations in the State Treaty of 1955 was fulfilled. In addition, other educational centers were built with the aim of offering several training focuses for students in Klagenfurt, including the music high school in Viktring and the Mössingerstraße federal school center, which houses an HTL and a high school. The University of Education Sciences was founded in 1970, which subsequently became what is now the University of Klagenfurt .

As a result of the incorporation of four large neighboring communities ( Viktring , Hörtendorf , Wölfnitz and St. Peter am Bichl with the Ulrichsberg ) as well as some areas of neighboring communities ( Ebenthal , Maria Wörth , Poggersdorf , Liebenfels ) as part of the municipal reform in 1973, the municipal area became In 1938 it was expanded again significantly, by a good double, and reached its current size of 12,030 hectares.

 

Mosaic coat of arms for UEFA Euro 2008

On July 3, 2007, the local council decided to rename the city of Klagenfurt to “Klagenfurt am Wörthersee”, this was confirmed by the Carinthian state parliament. It was hoped that this would increase the city's marketing value. Critical voices, however, emphasized that Klagenfurt has only been located on Lake Wörthersee since the beginning of the 20th century through property purchases and that it has little in common with Lake Wörthersee in terms of cultural history.

 

The Wörthersee Stadium was rebuilt between 2006 and 2008 for the 2008 European Football Championship , and three preliminary round games took place in the stadium.

 

In 2015, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .

The word shakshouka comes from Maghrebi Arabic dialect and means “mixed.” The original dish comes from Maghrebi (North Africa). This is a newer recipe I found, which calls for slightly undercooking the eggs poached in tomato/peppers/onions/garlic/tomato paste along with seasonings, and then topping it all with shredded cheese and setting it in the oven to melt the cheese. I opted to add a slice of thick-cut bacon diced up cooked into the sauce, and sliced lettuce leaf basil topping the shakshuka before adding the cheese. I used a blend of old cheddar and mozarella. Served alongside almond flour tortillas to sop up the juice on the plate. Yes, I overate, but this will keep me going till dinner - which will be on the lighter side tonight.

Dumenza ( Duménsa in Varese dialect ) is an Italian municipality of 1,438 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy .

 

It is made up of the hamlets of Runo , Due Cossani , Stivigliano, Trezzino, Vignone and Torbera and other various localities.

 

Physical geography

The territory is crossed by the Rio Colmegnino , which originates in the locality of Regordallo ( Due Cossani ) from Mount Colmegnino and flows into Lake Maggiore at the level of the Colmegna di Luino hamlet . However, the valley dug in this way takes the name of Val Dumentina (also called Valle Smeralda due to its green colours). To the north of Colmegnino stands Monte Lema , which with its 1624 meters above sea level is an excellent panoramic peak, the highest in the Luinese area, served by a cable car on the Swiss side , from Miglieglia . In fact, Dumenza borders Switzerland and hosts a pedestrian crossing in Palone (Dumenza). To the north, however, it borders Val Veddasca , which can be accessed by continuing along provincial road 6.

 

Origins of the name

Various theories justify the toponym . The most probable is that it derives from a person's name: in the lists of "fires" (i.e. families) of the municipality, the name Dugmentio appears among some heads of families . It could derive from dux mensae or from loco mensa . In fact, only in one historical document, from another municipality, does it appear as Locomenza .

 

History

Two stone brackets decorated with human faces, found by the parish priest Parapini in the church, date back to 909. They are now found at the base of the tower. But these districts are already mentioned in an 18th century document which testifies how King Liutprand donated the lands of Valtravaglia to the monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia .

 

The bell tower of the church of San Giorgio , in Runo , seems to have had a military role in the period before the year 1000 , during the various barbarian invasions : in fact, the road that led from Varese to Luino and then to Dumenza was the only one that accessed Bellinzona , as the long lake did not exist. It was probably part of a system of towers along these valleys, of which Runo's is the only one surviving.

 

From the 16th century it was under the lordship of the rich and powerful Moriggia family

 

In the Napoleonic era the municipality annexed Runo for the first time . The first city council was elected in 1821 . In 1928 fascism gave the municipality its current extension by incorporating Due Cossani and Runo.

 

Monuments and places of interest

The church of San Nazario.

The church of the Immaculate Conception (of the former institute of the Ursuline nuns).

The church of San Giorgio in Runo

The historic center of Dumenza is characterized by rural houses with large sunny balconies.

 

Stivigliano

Stivigliano maintains its medieval conformation intact, with narrow streets and houses close together. An old turret is visible overlooking the Val Dumentina, evidently for military purposes.

Nathaniel Mellors “Hippy Dialects (Ourhouse)"

Rochdale

"Former craftsman's house, later an inn.

 

Three-story, wide eaves side building with a gable roof and dormers, ground floor plastered sandstone, upper floors exposed half-timbering, core second half of the 15th century, extension of the second floor probably around 1500, renovation around “1672” (marked).

 

Nuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NURE-əm-burg; German: Nürnberg [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch [ˈnɛmbɛrç]) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 545,000 inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.

 

Nuremberg sits on the Pegnitz, which carries the name Regnitz from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards (Pegnitz→ Regnitz→ Main→ Rhine→ North Sea), and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, that connects the North Sea to the Black Sea. Lying in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of Franconia. The city is surrounded on three sides by the Reichswald, a large forest, and in the north lies Knoblauchsland (garlic land), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape.

 

The city forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach, which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German: Fränkisch).

 

Nuremberg and Fürth were once connected by the Bavarian Ludwig Railway, the first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany (1835). Today, the U1 of the Nuremberg Subway, which is the first German subway with driverless, automatically moving railcars, runs along this route. Nuremberg Airport (Flughafen Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer") is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport, and the tenth-busiest airport of the country.

 

Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen), Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm and Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg. The Nuremberg exhibition centre (Messe Nürnberg) is one of the biggest convention center companies in Germany and operates worldwide.

 

Nuremberg Castle and the city's walls, with their many towers, are among the most impressive in Europe. Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres, showing operas, operettas, musicals, and ballets (main venue: Nuremberg Opera House), plays (main venue: Schauspielhaus Nürnberg), as well as concerts (main venue: Meistersingerhalle). Its orchestra, the Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg, is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel. 1. FC Nürnberg is the most famous football club of the city and one of the most successful football clubs in Germany. Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

 

Franconia (German: Franken, pronounced [ˈfʁaŋkŋ̍]; Franconian: Franggn [ˈfrɑŋɡŋ̍]; Bavarian: Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and Franconian dialect (German: Fränkisch).

 

Franconia is made up of the three Regierungsbezirke of Lower, Middle and Upper Franconia in Bavaria, the adjacent, Franconian-speaking, South Thuringia, south of the Thuringian Forest—which constitutes the language boundary between Franconian and Thuringian— and the eastern parts of Heilbronn-Franconia in Baden-Württemberg.

 

Those parts of the Vogtland lying in Saxony (largest city: Plauen) are sometimes regarded as Franconian as well, because the Vogtlandian dialects are mostly East Franconian. The inhabitants of Saxon Vogtland, however, mostly do not consider themselves as Franconian. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the Hessian-speaking parts of Lower Franconia west of the Spessart (largest city: Aschaffenburg) do consider themselves as Franconian, although not speaking the dialect. Heilbronn-Franconia's largest city of Heilbronn and its surrounding areas are South Franconian-speaking, and therefore only sometimes regarded as Franconian. In Hesse, the east of the Fulda District is Franconian-speaking, and parts of the Oden Forest District are sometimes regarded as Franconian for historical reasons, but a Franconian identity did not develop there.

 

Franconia's largest city and unofficial capital is Nuremberg, which is contiguous with Erlangen and Fürth, with which it forms the Franconian conurbation with around 1.3 million inhabitants. Other important Franconian cities are Würzburg, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Ansbach and Coburg in Bavaria, Suhl and Meiningen in Thuringia, and Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg.

 

The German word Franken—Franconians—also refers to the ethnic group, which is mainly to be found in this region. They are to be distinguished from the Germanic people of the Franks, and historically formed their easternmost settlement area. The origins of Franconia lie in the settlement of the Franks from the 6th century in the area probably populated until then mainly by the Elbe Germanic people in the Main river area, known from the 9th century as East Francia (Francia Orientalis). In the Middle Ages the region formed much of the eastern part of the Duchy of Franconia and, from 1500, the Franconian Circle. The restructuring of the south German states by Napoleon, after the demise of the Holy Roman Empire, saw most of Franconia awarded to Bavaria." - info from Wikipedia.

 

Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

Not far from the tree (in the previous post) is this wooden bench. The inscription says: Come, sit down and rest a while. This of course is not High German, but dialect- almost the same we speak in Switzerland across the border.

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Nicht weit von dem Baum im vorhergehenden Bild steht diese Holzbank. Die Inschrift, in einem Dialekt den wir Schweizer von jenseits der Grenze gut verstehen.

Luino ( Lüìn in Varese dialect ), called Luvino until 1889, is an Italian municipality of 14,185 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy . The city, which overlooks the eastern shore of Lake Maggiore or Verbano, also nicknamed "Costa Fiorita", is best known for hosting a well-known market every Wednesday, which involves the entire city center and is a tourist attraction.

 

It is an important center for tourism and the economy of the upper Varese area. It borders Switzerland to the east , via the Fornasette pass.

 

Physical geography

Territory

The territory of the municipality is approximately 220 meters above sea level . It is about 23 km from Varese , the capital of the province of the same name to which the municipality belongs.

 

Climate

The climate of Luino, like that of the entire northern basin of Lake Maggiore , is extremely rainy. The average annual rainfall is between 1800 and 2500 mm in the municipal area. These precipitation values ​​are approximately double those recorded in the city of Milan and triple the averages of the other locations in the Po Valley . Solar radiation is one of the lowest in Italy, with an average of just 4736 MJ/m 2 .

 

History

Formerly an ancient medieval village of Roman origin, (3rd century necropolises have been found where the railway station is now located, which in the past had great importance: before the birth of the Como-Chiasso axis, it was, in fact, an obligatory passage for the Gotthard ). Luino is mentioned for the first time in official documentation dating back to 1169 with the name of Luvino , which derives from the proper name Luvinum and remained until the royal decree of 27 January 1889, No. 5932, made the current name official .

 

It is a town located a few kilometers from the Swiss border, on the pre-Alpine slopes surrounding Lake Maggiore . Ernest Hemingway writes in A Farewell to Arms :

«I saw a wedge-shaped gap in the mountains on the other bank and thought it must be Luino»

 

During the Middle Ages it was the subject of contention between powerful Milanese and Como families, yet still managed to defend its freedom and municipal autonomy. It was occupied in 1512 by the Swiss, but was then reconquered again by the Sforza in 1515. Charles V assigned it the market right in 1541 , alternating with that of Maccagno which until then had enjoyed exclusivity; the concession was confirmed in 1786 and saw Luino winning over Laveno who aspired to obtain the same prerogative. The market is currently held, and has been for many years, on Wednesday of each week. In 1821 the City Council was elected for the first time .

 

In 1848 the Piedmontese patriots landed here to make the town rise up against foreign occupation and Garibaldi fought against the Austrians in Luina. In 1867, the city dedicated its first Italian monument to the Nice general, when he was, among other things, still alive.

 

In 1882 the international railway line was inaugurated which connected Luino to Bellinzona , capital of the Canton of Ticino . The local station therefore became an international transit point, especially for goods coming down from Central Europe , through the San Gottardo railway tunnel , to head to the port of Genoa . The improvement of connections (although never fully implemented in the face of the many projects formulated) promoted, in the second half of the nineteenth century, a lively and prolific industrialization in the Luinese area.

 

Symbols

The coat of arms and the banner were granted by decree of the President of the Republic of 27 April 1970.

 

«D'azzurro, at the silver castle , on a green terrace, crenellated in the Guelph style, damaged by a swan also in silver, closed in black, towered with two windowed pieces of the field: all lowered to a gold cape , loaded with a black eagle, crowned with the same. Exterior ornaments from the city.

 

Flag

«Two stripes, one light blue, the other gold: the latter up for auction.

 

Monuments and places of interest

Religious architecture

Provost Church of St. Peter and Paul

Church of St. Peter

Church of San Giuseppe , there is a late Baroque organ from 1683, which underwent restoration by Vincenzo Mascioni and sons in the early twentieth century.

Sanctuary of the Madonna del Carmine , there is an organ from 1857 by Francesco Camisi, in neoclassical style

Church of Santa Caterina (in Colmegna)

Church of Santa Maria Assunta (in Voldomino)

Church of San Biagio (in Voldomino)

Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (in Creva)

Church of S. Maria Immacolata Motte

BVA Addolorata Church Pianazzo

BVCarmelo Longhirolo Church

BVRosario Church Roggiolo

Other places of interest

Palazzo Verbania , an Art Nouveau building from the early 1900s overlooking the lake, recently reopened after a few years of restoration.

Palazzo Crivelli Serbelloni, seat of the town hall, built in 1775 by the architect Carlo Felice Soave , remained unfinished.

Villa Hussy

Statue of Garibaldi, the work of the sculptor Alessandro Puttinati : in addition to being the first to have been dedicated to him in Italy, it was erected in 1867 when the hero of two worlds was still alive.

In Luino there is the 3V nature trail.

 

Foreign ethnic groups and minorities

According to ISTAT data as of 31 December 2010, the resident foreign population was 1,039 people.

The most represented nationalities based on their percentage of the total resident population were:

 

Morocco 179 - 17.23%

Albania 124 - 11.93%

Romania 102 - 9.82%

Switzerland 85 - 8.18%

Germany 84 - 8.08%

Ukraine 75 - 7.22%

 

Culture

Education

" Vittorio Sereni " Scientific High School in Luino

ISIS City of Luino "Carlo Volontè"

Bernardino Luini State Comprehensive Institute, lower secondary school

Maria Ausiliatrice Parochial Institute, nursery, nursery school, primary school, lower secondary school

Museums

Verbano Railway Museum

Palazzo Verbania, home to temporary exhibitions and archives dedicated to Piero Chiara and Vittorio Sereni .

Luino is an archaeological area. In fact, finds from the Bronze Age have been found here.

 

Cinema

Luino is the city where Alberto Lattuada filmed Come and have coffee... with us , and Marco Vicario filmed some scenes from The Astrakhan Coat , films based on two novels by Piero Chiara , a writer born in Luino.

In the summer of 2013 Luino was the main location of the film Il pretore directed by Giulio Base. The cast includes Francesco Pannofino , Sarah Maestri (from Luina), Eliana Miglio (also from Luino), Mattia Zaccaro Garau , Max Cavallari and Debora Caprioglio . The magistrate's office, in particular, was set up in the Town Hall. A peculiarity of the film was the massive involvement of the citizens: many people from Luino were in fact recruited as extras in the film released in 2014. The first screening of the film was made in Rome on 2 April 2014 while the following day the film was screened for first time at the Cinema Sociale of Luino with the presence of the cast and director.

 

Cross-border

The proximity to the Italian-Swiss border means that Luino is strongly affected by cross-border travel, that is, by the presence of Italian workers who travel to Switzerland every day for work.

 

Industry

Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Luino was a highly industrialized city, especially in the textile sector, facilitated by the great availability of water. There were many entrepreneurs, both Italian and Swiss, who chose to found factories and factories in the Luino area.

 

Towards the end of the 20th century the industry entered a crisis: the industrial areas were mostly abandoned and their redevelopment process began in the third millennium.

 

Finance

The industrial success was also at the basis of the birth, in 1883 , of the Banca Popolare di Luino (which became Banca Popolare di Luino e di Varese in 1941 ), which became one of the most powerful and branched credit institutions in north-western Lombardy. "La Luino", as it was also known, was taken over by Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria in 1996 and in 2003 it ceased to exist as an autonomous entity; the sign definitively disappeared in 2007 to make room for UBI Banca .

 

Services

As regards the sector of public and private services, Luino is the main point of reference for the surrounding valleys (station, banks, hospital, municipality, revenue agency, etc.)

 

Tourism

The lakeside location makes Luino a popular tourist destination, with particularly strong flows from Switzerland and the German-speaking area in general. Given the limited capacity of accommodation facilities, tourism is essentially entrusted to the spontaneous market of second homes.

 

Infrastructure and transport

Roads

The main road routes of Luino are the state road 394 of Verbano Orientale , the state road 344 towards Porto Ceresio-Luino and the provincial road 69 of Santa Caterina.

 

Railways

The Luino station , located on the Novara–Pino line , functions as a border stop between Italy and Switzerland : on its grounds the voltage change of the overhead contact line takes place (from the Italian 3 kV DC to the Swiss 15 kV AC) and is equipped with customs offices . Regional connections operated by Trenord operate there as part of the service contract stipulated with the Lombardy Region , as well as international suburban trains operated by TILO on Italian-Swiss routes.

 

The Colmegna station also falls within the municipal territory , serving the hamlet of the same name .

 

In the past Luino represented the northwestern terminus of the narrow gauge railways for Ponte Tresa and Varese , which stopped at the stations of Luino Lago , located near the pier, and Luino Scalo .

 

Lake transport

The Luino pier connects many locations with boats from the Navigazione Lago Maggiore company, including on the Piedmont side of Lake Maggiore. Direct connections are more frequent in the period March-October, and lead to the towns of Cannero Riviera , Cannobio , Locarno and Stresa .

 

Urban mobility

The city has a system of urban, interurban and international buses with neighboring Switzerland. Urban and interurban bus services are managed by the company Autolinee Varesine Srl on behalf of the CTPI (Consorzio Trasporti Pubblici dell'Insubria)

 

Administration

Luino obtained the title of city in 1969, following a decree from the President of the Republic. From 1928 to 1948, Germignaga was also part of the territory of the municipality, following the municipal territorial restructuring carried out in the fascist period , as already in the Napoleonic era from 1809 to 1815. In 1955 Luino absorbed the hamlet of Colmegna (which in the eighteenth century constituted the municipality of Colmegna with Casneda) from the municipality of Maccagno and in 1928 the autonomous municipalities of Brezzo di Bedero (which later regained its autonomy) and Voldomino (already annexed in the Napoleonic era). As regards the political orientation of the municipal administration, in the so-called First Italian Republic Luino was essentially governed by centrist councils [14] , whose last exponent was the liberal Pietro Astini, in office between 1993 and 1995 and subsequently lapsed of the resignation of the majority of municipal councilors. The so-called Second Republic , which de facto began with the 1996 elections , saw various civic lists alternate in the municipality, more or less all characterized by rather clear links with political parties: a mandate with a centre-left council was followed in 2000 by the beginning of the hegemony of the centre-right , with the mayors Gianercole Mentasti and Andrea Pellicini re-elected for two consecutive terms each [15] . The center-left then managed to regain the municipality in 2020 , when Enrico Bianchi's civic list overtook the candidates of the outgoing administration, who overall had the majority in the vote count, but were penalized for having presented themselves (following internal struggles) divided into two formations

 

Twinning

Flag of France Sanary-sur-Mer , since 2001

Other administrative information

The municipality is the seat of the Valli del Verbano mountain community (previously it was the seat of the Valli del Luinese mountain community) and is part of the Regio Insubrica working community, a cross-border cooperation body that federates some provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont and the Swiss Canton of Ticino .

 

Sports

Pallacanestro Virtus Luino represents the city in basketball, participating in the regional Serie C Silver championship .

 

The Luino football club , which played some third series seasons, is based in the municipality.

A 'modified' tube roundel in Swiss Cottage station.

Arona, Aruna in Novara dialect , Aron-a in Piedmontese) is an Italian municipality of 13,693 inhabitants in the province of Novara , in Piedmont .

 

The sixth municipality in the province by population, it is a tourist - tertiary center on the shores of Lake Maggiore , whose development has been favored by its position on the Via del Sempione and the motorway and railway connection with Milan .

 

In the municipality there is the Lagoni di Mercurago natural park , included among the " prehistoric pile-dwelling sites around the Alps ", since 2011 in the UNESCO world heritage list

 

Physical geography

The city of Arona is located on the Piedmontese shore of Lake Maggiore and is crossed by the Vevera stream , which flows into the lake here. The hilly bas-reliefs of morainic origin extend all around (called "mottos"), incorporated into the Lagoni di Mercurago Natural Park where, in 1860 , the first pile-dwelling settlement found in Italy was identified . Most of the municipal territory is also hilly, with altitudes that progressively slope down from north to south (and from west to east in the town centre) from 513 m at Motto Mirabello (near the Dagnente hamlet ) up to 195 m on the shore at the lake.

 

The hilly reliefs are generally covered by woods which occupy over half of the Arona area, urbanized areas cover 33% of the surface and meadows or pastures cover 9%; smaller percentages are intended for parks, gardens and green sports areas (2.3%), vegetable gardens, orchards, nurseries and vineyards (1.7%), herbaceous uncultivated areas (1%) and arable land (0.4%).

 

Located in the southernmost part of the lake, Arona is about 37 km from the provincial capital Novara , but only about thirty from Milan-Malpensa airport .

 

Origins of the name

The toponym could derive from the Celtic roots art (mountain) and on (water), with the meaning of "mountain on the water" [ without source ] .

 

History

Origins

From Arona, in Roman times , passed the Via Severiana Augusta , a Roman consular road that connected Mediolanum (modern Milan ) with the Verbannus Lacus (Lake Verbano, or Lake Maggiore ), and from here to the Sempione pass ( lat. Summo Plano ).

 

The first written documentation confirming the existence of a socially organized locality called Arona dates back to 979 : it is a attestation that allows us to identify this date only by induction, so much so that some historians instead maintain that it is 963 .

 

In any case, the presence of man in this southern part of Lake Maggiore is confirmed much further back in time and dates back to prehistory ; in fact, in the Lagoni area, near the hamlet of Mercurago, a pile-dwelling settlement dating back to the Bronze Age (active from the 18th to the 13th century BC ) and, in 1971-1972, a necropolis of the Golasecca civilization from the end of the 6th century were discovered. - early 5th century BC Human traces are also documented in the Motto San Carlo peat bog , in which an arrowhead dating back to the Neolithic and the only object from the Copper Age was found .

 

Of the wooden finds extracted in the 19th century , such as the remains of three wheels that turned idle on a central axis and were equipped with rudimentary non-concentric spokes and those of a pirogue dug into a tree trunk, only the plaster casts remain. They were obtained from footprints in the peat by Bartolomeo Gastaldi , who collected and studied them at the time but was unable to treat them adequately for conservation given the restoration methods of the time so that, preserved for millennia in the particular anaerobic environmental conditions of the peat bog, they crumbled to dehydration shortly after their discovery. The remains of a village were also found whose huts had been built on the edge of a body of water and whose foundations had been preserved thanks to the peat in which they had been planted, as well as various everyday objects in metal or ceramic: jars, vase bottoms, plates, arrows, dagger blades and other defense tools, bronze pins. From the dozen tombs of the 6th century BC come vases of fine workmanship, bracelets, fibulae , rings, bronze belt hooks. The ceramics found in large quantities around the Rocca di Arona testify to a settlement subsequent to that of the Lagoni and have been assigned to the Canegrate , Protogolasecca and Golasecca cultures .

 

The Celt Gauls

The 5th century marks a moment of crisis in the lower Verbano area, and only in the 3rd-2nd century does a conspicuous presence of people reappear, this time Celto-Gallic . A valuable bronze anklet found at the foot of the fortress dates back to the 2nd century BC . It is precisely in this period that the first socially organized residential units were formed. The urbanization of the area is fully justified by the presence of the Rocca di Arona , as opposed to the Rocca di Angera on the Lombard shore of the lake, a position of strategic importance that could not go unnoticed by any local population. In fact, on the fortress there are the remains of a pre-Roman fortification, and three kilometers from Arona, the military campus of Borgo Agnello and Paruzzaro .

 

The Romans and the Middle Ages

In Roman times it was a place of passage towards the Simplon pass . Under the church of San Giuseppe the remains of a furnace and an artisan workshop for metalworking were found . Roman colonization is also documented by funerary tombstones found almost everywhere in the area.

 

The current inhabited center developed around the Benedictine abbey of San Salvatore, founded in 979 by Count Amizzone del Seprio. The proof of this development is documented in a "Chronicle" or " Pasionario ", a kind of medley in which lives of more or less reliable saints, texts of asceticism, letters of bishops and prelates , prayers and invocations are intertwined . In this context appears the narrative of the martyrdom of San Graziano and San Felino which occurred in 979 with the translation of their bodies to Arona, by Count Amizzone del Seprio, a troop captain under the command of Emperor Otto I. There are 249 sheets of parchment written in medieval Latin and written in Gothic . Over time, the Benedictine abbey lost its main prerogatives, mainly due to the rise of a civil authority which identified itself first with the Della Torre family , and subsequently, after its demolition, with the Visconti family , first of all Ottone who was archbishop of Milan , around the end of the thirteenth century under which the dominion of the archbishop of Milan passed . In 1263, the Milanese forces, led by the Torriani , besieged Arona by land and water, where the Milanese exiles led by Ottone Visconti had gathered [9] . Between the two hundred and three hundred years old, Stefano Visconti (1287/88 - 1327) appears to have been a Lord, married for the second time in 1318 to Valentina, daughter of Bernabó Doria, Lord of Sassello and Eliana Fieschi of the Lords of Lavagna. Stefano and Valentina had Matteo II, Galeazzo II and Bernabó Visconti, Consignori of Milan from 11 October 1354. Formerly property of the Torriani family ( 12th century ). After the battle of Desio ( 1277 ), it belonged to the family of Ottone Visconti, Visconti and from the third or fourth decade of the 14th century it was a free municipality under the government of the Benedictine abbey.

 

The Renaissance

From 1439 the territory was granted as a fief to the Borromeo family , a lineage of bankers originally from San Miniato in Tuscany . When the Visconti family became extinct with Filippo's daughter Maria Visconti marrying Francesco I in 1441 , the duchy passed to the Sforza family . But this vast territory also had to be defended, and in this sense Vitaliano in 1447 asked Filippo Maria for authorization to fortify the fortress and the village of Arona, granted to him in 1449 with a letter from Filippo Maria which authorized his vassal to create walls, drawbridges, war defense works, and also places for the gathering and custody of ships: first documented military port on Lake Maggiore . The fortress was defended so well that it resisted a siege in 1523 by 7,000 men under the command of Renzo de Ceri , one of the many wars that broke out between the Duchy of Milan and the French .

 

Modern era

During the Thirty Years' War , in 1636, the French, to prevent navigation between the lake and Milan, set up a ship equipped with four cannons, on which 100 musketeers embarked and placed it in front of Arona. The Spaniards then had some boats armed and, after some fighting, forced the French ship to retreat along the Ticino [10] . With the entire Duchy of Milan it was under Spanish and then Austrian rule . With the Treaty of Worms (1743) it passed into the dominions of the Savoy state , under Charles Emmanuel III .

 

It was taken by the Napoleonic army and the fortress was demolished following the peace agreements with the Austrians in 1801. With the Congress of Vienna in 1815 it was returned to the Savoy family . In 1838 Carlo Alberto of Savoy awarded it the title of city .

 

In 1848 Giuseppe Garibaldi entered the city during the first war of independence , returning in 1859.

 

In 1855 the railway line to Novara was opened and during the 19th century industrial and tourist activities established themselves. At the end of the century it suffered a disastrous lake flood.

 

On 15 September 1943, the roundups of Jews that began in the days preceding Baveno affected the town of Arona, part of that massacre on Lake Maggiore of which in the end there were 57 victims. There were 9 people arrested and killed in Arona by German soldiers, Their bodies were thrown into the lake. The large family of the Milanese industrialist Federico Jarach managed to save themselves by crossing the lake by boat from their villa, because they were notified by telephone just in time.

 

Symbols

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was recognized with DCG of 10 August 1928.

 

«Party of silver and green, the lowered fly and a star divided from the score line of one to the other . Exterior ornaments of the city."

 

The heraldic figure of flight (two spread wings) refers to the toponym Alona documented in ancient manuscripts. The coat of arms is reproduced on the frontispiece of the Statutes of Arona of 1319 although the design is certainly later and features wings and a gold star on a red background.

 

Banner

The banner was granted by royal decree of 7 May 1934.

 

«Dress made of white and green, richly decorated with gold embroidery and bearing the municipal coat of arms with the inscription centered in gold City of Arona .»

 

Flag

The Municipality has adopted a flag consisting of a white and green flag placed in the center of the civic emblem without shield and ornaments.

 

Monuments and places of interest

Piazza del Popolo with the church of Santa Maria di Loreto

Collegiate Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary . The parish church, whose first contract for its construction dates back to 1468, was consecrated, not yet finished, on 12 March 1488. At the beginning of the 17th century Cardinal Federico Borromeo ordered impressive restoration and interior decoration works, upon completion of which, on 10 March 1608, the church was erected as a collegiate church . After the substantial repairs of 1856-1867 it was reconsecrated in 1858 by bishop GF Gentile. It is in Gothic-Byzantine style, altered by later elements. The limestone façade, with a central rose window, has fifteenth-century elements, and a notable bas-relief of the Nativity of the Redeemer, ascribed by Luca Beltrami to the Mantegazza brothers, authors of the lower part of the Certosa di Pavia . Inside you can admire the main altar built in 1812 based on a design by Abbot Zanoia; the Holy Family by Gaudenzio Ferrari in six fields, with the signature Gaudentius Vincius and the date '15', on wood and closed in a carved frame of the time; the Nativity by Andrea Appiani ; the Annunciation and the Marriage by Francesco Mazzucchelli known as Morazzone , donated by Cardinal Federico Borromeo. Furthermore, four reliquaries are preserved there which contain the pallium, the miter and the crosier of San Carlo Borromeo donated by Cardinal Federico. They were renewed in 1920 by the citizens of Arono in fulfillment of a vow made during the last influenza pandemic, which was considered to have ended through the saint's intercession.

Church of the Holy Martyrs Graziano, Felino, Fedele and Carpoforo (also known as San Graziano). Formerly a Benedictine abbey, the church was annexed to the monastery of the Salvatore and Saints Graziano and Felino, founded in the second half of the 10th century. No traces of the original building remain. Completely rebuilt, it was returned to worship the year following the consecration of the Collegiate Church, 1489. In the church there is an altarpiece of the Madonna Enthroned and Saint by Ambrogio da Fossano, known as Bergognone , hanging behind the main altar. The painting was commissioned by the abbot of the time, Monsignor Girolamo Calagrani, who in the painting appears kneeling in front of the Virgin.

Church of Santa Maria di Loreto (also called Santa Marta) in the ancient Piazza del Popolo, where the Broletto and what remains of the ancient port are also located .

Church of the Visitation, annexed to the monastery of the order of the Visitation, was founded in 1652 by the archpriest Graziano Ponzone. On the main altar of the church there is a canvas by the painter Gaudenzio Magistrini (1820-1871).

Beolchi Chapel-Ossuary

Sanctuary of the Sacro Monte of San Carlo

Visitation Monastery

Small church of San Giuseppe , formerly dedicated to Sant'Eusebio

Parish church of San Giusto (in the hamlet of Montrigiasco )

Church of Santa Maria di Loreto (also called Santa Marta)

Church of San Giovanni Battista (in the Dagnente hamlet )

Church of San Giorgio (in Mercurago )

Church of the Holy Trinity

Church of the Sacred Heart

Church of Saints Anna and Gioacchino, in Corso Cavour (built in 1721, with façade rebuilt in 1841; altarpiece by Giuseppe De Albertis, from Arona, with Saints Anna and Gioacchino with the young Mary )

 

Civil and military architecture

Broletto or Palace of Justice, built at the end of the fourteenth century on the ancient Piazza del Popolo, where the church of Santa Maria di Loreto also stands. Between the Gothic arches of the portico are terracotta medallions with portraits of the nobles governing the city.

Villa Ponti, which hosted Napoleon Bonaparte on his return from the Egyptian campaign and where classical music concerts and exhibitions of important artists are currently organised.

Villa Leuthold, a nineteenth-century public park, with very large specimens of camellias.

Rocca Borromea , whose ruins are located on the hill above the city. It was historically disputed between the Torriani and Visconti families as well as the birthplace of San Carlo .

Asilo Bottelli , a 19th century building in neoclassical style originally used as a nursery school.

Villa Cantoni , built in the 1880s.

The Colossus of Saint Charles Borromeo

 

The same topic in detail: Colossus of Saint Charles Borromeo .

This statue, nicknamed the Sancarlone , dominates Lake Maggiore and can be reached by taking the provincial road 35 towards the Ghevio di Meina hamlet , in the San Carlo area. The colossus is approximately 35 meters high (23.40 m for the statue and 11.70 m for the base) and was built between 1614 and 1697 with copper plates . Originally it was planned that the statue, completed in 1698 , would be part of a Sacred Mountain of which, however, only three chapels were built.

 

Society

Demographic evolution

Inhabitants registered

 

Languages ​​and dialects

Even though the city is in Piedmontese territory, the local Verbanese dialect is of the Insubre type ( Western Lombard ).

 

Culture

Museums

The Mineralogical Museum founded in 1983 and located in a nineteenth-century building in Piazza San Graziano.

The Khaled al-Asaad Civic Archaeological Museum .

Libraries

There is the Carlo Torelli Civic Library , founded in 1968

 

Economy

The definitive destruction of the Aronese fortress together with six other citadels in Piedmont was ordered by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1800 , the day following the victory at Marengo . This meant the possibility of expanding the urban fabric beyond the walls within which it was limited. Thanks to this, large spaces were created on which to build the port, the boatyard and the railway station. Arona's fortune has always been linked to its excellent geographical position, thanks to which it enjoys and has always enjoyed a highly respectable logistical condition.

 

The economy of Arona is mainly based on tourism and trade , although in the area there are some important chemical factories, such as Thurckon Srl, and confectionery, such as the Laica chocolate shop .

 

Infrastructure and transport

The station, under the responsibility of the Lombardy Region, is an important railway hub between the Domodossola-Milan and Arona-Novara lines , and is currently served only by regional trains based on the Service Contract stipulated between Trenitalia/Trenord and the Piedmont and Lombardy Regions. It is also the terminus of the Santhià-Arona railway , which has been replaced by self-service since 17 June 2012.

 

Arona is the headquarters of Navigazione Lago Maggiore.

 

Sports

Twice Arona was the stage arrival site of the Giro d'Italia .

 

1966 14th stage Parma - Arona, won by Franco Bitossi

2001 20th stage Busto Arsizio -Arona, won by Gilberto Simoni

On 24 August 2005 Damiano Cunego won the 8th edition of the Gran Premio Nobili in Arona.

 

The Arona football club is based in the municipality , whose internal field is the Valerio Del Ponte stadium .

 

There is an American football team , the Arona 65ers , Italian champions in 2015 and a basketball team, Arona Basket , which participates in the youth and Serie C championships.

Schweighouse-sur-Moder (en allemand Schweighausen, prononcé en dialecte local "Schweighüse") est une commune française, située dans le département du Bas-Rhin et la région Alsace. Avant le 8 septembre 1949, la commune se nommait officiellement Schweighausen. Le 5 mars 1949, son conseil municipal ayant décrété que ce nom sonnait "trop allemand", pris la résolution de changer la dénomination du village en "Schweighouse-sur-Moder". Outre la question de la sonorité allemande, une raison invoquée fut reliée à un projet de création d'un grand cimetière national français sur le territoire de la commune, et au fait que l'orthographe "Schweighausen" aurait pu poser des problèmes aux visiteurs de l'intérieur, en raison de la présence d'une commune homonyme en Haute-Alsace. Néanmoins, ce projet de cimetière tomba aux oubliettes, et le nom resta comme il est aujourd'hui.

 

Le nom peut être décomposé en deux termes allemands : "Schweige ", à savoir "bétail" et "Haus ", à savoir "maison, demeure". En moyen haut-allemand, le pluriel en est "Husen " tandis que, en allemand contemporain, cela donne plutôt "Hausen ". On retrouve les différentes formes en Alsace, en plus des formes ayant résulté des différents processus de francisation : "House " ou "Hause ". Orthographié "Schweighouse" ou "Schweighausen", le nom du village peut se traduire par "maisons au bétail" (au pluriel).

 

Le village a un homonyme dans le Haut-Rhin : Schweighouse-Thann.

 

Les armes de Schweighouse-sur-Moder se blasonnent ainsi : « de sinople à la tour crénelée d'or maçonnée de sable ».

 

Source wikipedia

www.stadsvisioenen.be

Ojibwe is an indigenous language made of several dialects, spoken in Canada throw ancient times the language is rich in exquisite terms like AMIK the word to beaver, the animal who is also a national emblem for Canada. AMIK table lamp reminds a lacquered piece of wood scooped by beaver teethes, that created a statement lighting piece with a distinctive and unique light that conquer any room.

 

brabbu.com/lighting/amik-table-lamp.php

 

For more information info@brabbu.com

Tue 30/06/2009 13:09 300620093090

Dialects of Futures Unfolding: Part 4 of Volume 9. #traction #sf

Maccagno con Pino and Veddasca ( Maccàgn cun Pin e Vedàsca in Varese dialect ) is an Italian municipality of 2,450 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy .

 

It was established on 4 February 2014 as a merger of the municipalities of Maccagno , Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore and Veddasca , which took place following the outcome of a consultative referendum held in the countries involved on 1 December 2013 . The municipal headquarters was established in Maccagno.

 

History

The institution's founding act is constituted by regional law no. 8 of 30 January 2014, published in Supplement no. 6 of the Official Bulletin of the Lombardy Region of 3 February 2014.

 

In May 2014 the municipality received the zip code I-21061.

 

Furthermore, the three founding municipalities were themselves in two cases the result of an amalgamation process that took place in the fascist era , so much so that until 1927 the current municipal territory was divided into ten different municipalities, in existence since the Middle Ages .

 

The municipality is part of the Regio Insubrica working community, a cross-border cooperation body that federates some provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont and the Swiss Canton of Ticino .

 

Symbols

The new municipality had initially informally adopted the coat of arms and banner of Maccagno (municipal seat), and then equipped itself with its own weapon, granted by decree of the President of the Republic of 12 September 2018.

 

«Coat of arms of blue, on the tower of red, bricked in black, crenellated in the Ghibelline style of five pieces, open to the field, founded on the plain of green, flanked by two counter-prancing gold lions , all surmounted by three stars with eight rays of the same, placed in the band. External ornaments from the Municipality.»

 

The banner is a yellow cloth with a blue border.

 

The coat of arms brings together elements taken from the emblems of previous municipalities: the blue of the field and the red tower of Maccagno, the counter-rampant lions of Pino on the shore of Lake Maggiore and the stars of Veddasca.

Dialect ode to the pumpkin by local poet Giovanni Sebastiani (1874-1959). Yeah, I know. More here: agro.biodiver.se/2008/07/la-zucca/.

Dialects of Futures Unfolding: Part 4 of Volume 9. #traction #sf

Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.

 

The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".

 

'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.

 

Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.

 

Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.

 

On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.

 

Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.

 

Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.

 

More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969

Commonly known as the Kilmarnock Edition, this is Robert Burns' First Edition "Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect" published by John Wilson in Kilmarnock in 1786.

 

Digital Number: SABK003n

 

(Copyright) We're happy for you to share this digital image within the spirit of the Attribution licence. Please cite ‘Rozelle House Galleries’ when reusing. Certain restrictions on high quality reproductions and commercial use of the original physical version apply though; if you're unsure please email rozelle.house@south-ayrshire.gov.uk

"Cape Matapan (Greek: Κάβο Ματαπάς, or Ματαπά in the Maniot dialect), also named as Cape Tainaron (Greek: Ακρωτήριον Ταίναρον), or Cape Tenaro, is situated at the end of the Mani Peninsula, Greece. Cape Matapan is the southernmost point of mainland Greece, and the second southernmost point in mainland Europe. It separates the Messenian Gulf in the west from the Laconian Gulf in the east.

 

"Cape Matapan has been an important place for thousands of years. The tip of Cape Matapan was the site of the ancient town Tenarus, near which there was (and still is) a cave that Greek legends claim was the home of Hades, the god of the dead. The ancient Spartans built several temples there, dedicated to various gods. On the hill situated above the cave, lie the remnants of an ancient temple dedicated to the sea god Poseidon (Νεκρομαντεῖον Ποσειδῶνος). Under the Byzantine Empire, the temple was converted into a Christian church, and Christian rites are conducted there to this day. Cape Matapan was once the place where mercenaries waited to be employed.

 

"At Cape Matapan, the Titanic's would-be rescue ship, the SS Californian, was torpedoed and sunk by German forces on 9 November 1915. In March 1941, a major naval battle, the Battle of Cape Matapan, occurred off the coast of Cape Matapan, between the Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina, in which the British emerged victorious in a one-sided encounter. The encounter's main result was to drastically reduce future Italian naval activity in the Eastern Mediterranean.

 

"More recently a lighthouse was constructed, but it is now in disuse."

 

Source: Wikipedia

Highlights noted. The spines are all legible when the photo is viewed large.

The indigenous Kaqchikel people here, in central Guatemala, speak the Kaqchikel (Kachiquel) dialect.

 

IMG_8470 R2

 

in the squliq Tayal dialect spoken in Wulai, we call the fishing trident a paniq, but in other dialects of Tayal, it’s called a cinlongan. The one without barbs is called a pneloq, and barbed arrows are called klisu.

These are Tayal (Taiwan aborigine) arrows made for me a couple of years ago. Photo 2009.09, Wulai, Taiwan

dJ FideL, a broke teenager, was the only D.J. (OR SELECTA, OR SOUND) that was playing Reggae at clubs THE RIGHT WAY, in the EARLY 1980's. African promoters sold cassette recordings of dJ FideL's parties but FideL got no money from it. Then technology switched from tapes to cds, so vendors burned these party-tapes unto CDs and sold them, but still, no money would come to dJ FideL. Nevertheless, dJ FideL became THE FIRST REGGAE DJ (or selecta, in Jamaican patois dialect/talk) ON THE FIRST REGGAE MIX CD IN THE WORLD!

"Cheb (German Eger, in the Sudeten German dialect of Cheb Egha; obsoletely also Heb) is a town in the district of the same name in the Karlovy Vary Region, 40 km southwest of Karlovy Vary and 5 km from the border with Germany on the Ohři River, from which it is derived from the German name of the city. The first historically preserved mention of Cheb, the central city of the entire former Chebsko, dates from 1061. Until the end of World War II, the majority of the population was German, and Cheb was an important part of the Sudetenland. After the end of the war, the German residents were displaced and the town became largely depopulated. Approximately 32 thousand inhabitants live here, which makes Cheb the second largest city in the region after Karlovy Vary. There are seven primary schools, two secondary schools, one practical school, two grammar schools and the Faculty of Economics of the University of West Bohemia in Cheb. The main industries here are engineering, textiles, metalworking, construction, woodworking and food. The neighboring municipalities of the seat are Okrouhlá, Třebeň, Pomezí nad Ohří, Nebanice, Tuřany, Odrava, Lipová, Libá, Františkovy Lázně, Waldsassen and Schirnding.

 

Bohemia (Latin Bohemia, German Böhmen, Polish Czechy) is a region in the west of the Czech Republic. Previously, as a kingdom, they were the center of the Czech Crown. The root of the word Czech probably corresponds to the meaning of man. The Latin equivalent of Bohemia, originally Boiohaemum (literally "land of Battles"), which over time also influenced the names in other languages, is derived from the Celtic tribe of the Boios, who lived in this area from the 4th to the 1st century BC Bohemia on it borders Germany in the west, Austria in the south, Moravia in the east and Poland in the north. Geographically, they are bounded from the north, west and south by a chain of mountains, the highest of which are the Krkonoše Mountains, in which the highest mountain of Bohemia, Sněžka, is also located. The most important rivers are the Elbe and the Vltava, with the fertile Polabean Plain extending around the Elbe. The capital and largest city of Bohemia is Prague, other important cities include, for example, Pilsen, Karlovy Vary, Kladno, Ústí nad Labem, Liberec, Hradec Králové, Pardubice and České Budějovice, Jihlava also lies partly on the historical territory of Bohemia." - info from Wikipedia.

 

Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

The carnival of Offida (in dialect offidano "Lu bov fint" and "Li Vlurd").

The Carnival takes place every year according to a ritual set by tradition: officially begins on January 17, the day of Saint Anthony the Abbot, and ends the day of the Ashes.

On the Friday (the first afternoon) a rudimentary bove (bull) consisting of a wooden and iron frame, covered with a white cloth and carried by a couple of men, starts to wander through the central streets of the town.

In the Palazzo Popolo the crowd, dressed with the guazzarò, a very simple white and wide dress once used for country work, encourage the bull with screams and shouts giving rise to movements that are very reminiscent of a bullfight. The chaos caused by sudden changes of direction, chases and shouts of the crowd also generate moments of tension and panic usually resolved with hilarity also thanks to another fundamental ingredient of the party that is red wine (and vin cotto), consumed copiously by all the participants. In the dark, tiredness and glamor dictated by repeated drinking, the party ends with the symbolic killing of the bull where they are made to touch the horns on a column of the town hall. The final act is a procession of the dead bull through the streets of the village singing the anthem of the carnival Offidano.

The apparition of Nuestra Señora

de Aranzazu

 

In June 11, 1469, in the mountains of Alonia in Onate, Spain, while tending sheep, Rodrigo saw the Blessed Mother on top of a thorn tree and asked him to build a chapel in that place in her honor and promised protection and graces to the people. At his amazement, he uttered the words "Arantzan Su" in the Basque dialect that is translated in Spanish as "Tu en el espino?" (Dear Lady, why are you in the thorn tree?).

 

At that time, a severe drought hit Oñate and they are preparing for a penitential procession for rain. Rodrigo immediately went to the crown and revealed the apparition and convinced them to climb the mountain to prove the authenticity of the event people were skeptical at first yet when Rodrigo was willing to vouch for the authenticity of the apparition, the people decided to see it for themselves.

 

When the people got to the mountain, they found a quadrilateral bell in the branch of the tree where the Lady appeared and the image of the Virgin that he saw and the people soon built the chapel and several miracles were recorded. Pilgrims flocked the shrine in Onate and saints also frequent her shrine, most notably St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus or the Jesuit Order.

 

The Arrival in the Philippines

 

The history of the Nuestra Señora de Aranzazu in San Mateo, Rizal dates back to the early Spanish era of 1596, when the Augustinians friars built the first settlements in the place.

 

On 6 December 1696, the Jesuits came and gained control of the town. In 1705, a Jesuit priest, Father Juan de Echazabal, started the devotion to Our Lady of Aranzazu from Spain and changed the patron of the town from St. Matthew to Nuestra Señora de Aranzazu. The image is believed to have ensured the safe journey of the ship and its passengers despite being caught in the midst of a raging storm. In 1732, the Dominicans of Letran in Intramuros also made an effort in spreading the devotion to the Nuestra Señora de Aranzazu among Filipinos during the Spanish era with the foundation of the Arch confraternity of Nuestra Senora de Aranzazu.

 

Miracles

 

Thousand of devotees offer testimonials of miracles through the intercession of the Virgin of Aranzazu. One of the most popular is when during one typhoon season in the country, San Mateo was in danger of flooding that it was decided to bring out the image of the Virgin from her shrine and to be brought in every area in San Mateo. It is said that once the Virgin faced each household or area, the floods suddenly subsided. Another case was during the Typhoon Yolanda that would also threaten Rizal area and it was at that time the Episcopal Coronation of Nuestra Senora de Aranzazu will take place. Heavy rain downpour was looming in the area yet when the Virgin arrived for her Episcopal Coronation, the rain suddenly stopped and the coronation ceremony took place.

 

Other miracles from her devotees were recorded by the shrine and can be seen in the prayer chapel of the Virgin from cures from different diseases like cancer, passing of qualifying examinations for different professions, financial aids, reconciliation of families, conversion of non believers among others that the people of San Mateo gave their loving devotion and affection to their beloved patroness over the centuries.

Soundtrack : Mi votu e mi rivotu (Sicilian dialect serenade)

 

Taormina is a comune and small town on the east coast of the island of Sicily, Italy, in the Province of Messina, about midway between Messina and Catania. Taormina has been a very popular tourist destination since the 19th century. It has popular beaches (accessible via an aerial tramway) on the Ionian sea, which is remarkably warm and has a high salt content. Taormina can be reached via highways from Messina from the north and Catania .Just south of Taormina is the Isola Bella, a nature reserve. Tours of the Capo Sant' Andrea grottos are also available. Taormina is built on an extremely hilly coast, and is approximately a forty-five minute drive away from Europe's largest active volcano, Mount Etna.

A stay at Taormina is not just a seaside vacation. This area, rich in charm and history, must be experienced in a spirit that is outside the ordinary, and for one simple reason: here, everything is extraordinary. Every stone is a thousand-year-old piece of history, the glorious sea reflects Taormina’s beauty, as it shapes and marks the passage of time, and the places that enchanted the Greeks create to this day a vibrant and exciting ambiance. But trying to describe in words what makes Taormina unique is truly difficult.

 

Taormina è un comune di 10.991 abitanti della provincia di Messina. E' uno dei centri balneari di maggiore rilievo di tutta la regione. Il suo aspetto, il suo paesaggio, i suoi luoghi, le sue bellezze riescono ad attirare turisti provenienti da tutto il mondo.

Situata su una collina a 206 m di altezza sul livello del mare , sospesa tra rocce e mare su un terrazzo del monte Tauro, in uno scenario di bellezze naturali unico per varietà e contrasti di motivi , splendore di colori e lussureggiante vegetazione . Il clima è dolcemente mite. Estate : caldo umido con temperature che arrivano fino a 40° e rare volte più di 40° , piogge scarse durante l'estate, ma non si tratta di un clima arido. Molto belle le mezze stagioni , Primavera e Autunno infatti vantano un clima ideale mite.

La storia di Taormina è sicuramente costellata da molteplici dominazioni, e questo è possibile vederlo passeggiando per le strade del centro storico che mostrano i segni lasciati dai vari popoli passati per Taomina. Essendo situata al centro del mediterraneo la Sicilia fu sempre una preda ambita per la sua posizione strategica di passaggio,situata sulla parte est e in posizione fortificata su una collina permetteva già da allora di controllare buona parte della costa ionica e ha sempre rappresentato un ottimo punto di fortificazione e controllo nelle stradegie di guerra. Dopo aver attestato l'esistenza di una sede di siculi ( antichi abitanti dell'isola, detti anche sicani) presso Taormina, per certo vi passarono e vi lasciarono le loro tracce I Greci, i Romani, i Saraceni, dunque gli Arabi, i Bizantini ,I Normanni , Gli Aragonesi , e per ultimi i Borboni.

Un soggiorno a Taormina non è semplicemente una vacanza al mare. Questi luoghi, pregni di storia e di fascino, chiedono infatti di essere vissuti con uno spirito diverso da quello comune e la ragione è semplice: qui tutto è fuori dall’ordinario.

Ogni pietra reca in sé una storia millenaria, il mare meraviglioso su cui Taormina riflette tutta la sua bellezza, condiziona e scandisce lo scorrere del tempo ed i luoghi che furono l’incanto dei greci trasmettono tutt’oggi un’atmosfera vibrante di emozioni. Ma tentare di descrivere con le parole ciò che rende unica Taormina è davvero difficile

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsZheQbNK5o

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcvR1DE4_-0

  

Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean.

It lies on a seismic fault and has for centuries suffered earthquakes and eruptions. The island's most striking feature is Mount Etna, the largest active volcano in Europe. The coastline is beautiful. Two of the most visited attractions in Sicily are the Aeolian Islands and Taormina, with its spectacular backdrop - snow capped Etna. The largely mountainous interior is sparsely populated but the Tyrrhenian and Ionian coasts are lush. For 3,000 years the Mediterranean was the epicentre of the Western world and Sicily its focal point. The Greeks dominated between 6th century BC and 480BC. Agrigento, Selinunte, Segesta and Syracuse, with its theatre, were Greek cities. A visit to the Valley of the Temples at Agrigento is an amazing experience. Then the Romans came, followed by the Arabs who made the magical city of Palermo their capital. Normans, then the Roman church overlaid their influence upon this mix creating a dynamic culture with a delicious and varied cuisine - the island is famed for its incredibly sweet deserts!

De naam van deze botanische tuin is geschreven in het Nederduits, dat erg lijkt op de dialecten van Noord- en Oost-Nederland. Op 6 november 1821 plantte de eerste directeur een plataan, die nog steeds bij de Dammtor-ingang staat, maar pas in de jaren dertig van de vorige eeuw kreeg de tuin zijn huidige vorm.

 

Voor de grote tuintentoonstelling in 1963 werd een kassencomplex gebouwd dat uit verschillende onderdelen bestaat. Een deel is tropisch, een ander deel subtropisch en er zijn ook kassen met cactussen en varens. Naast die kassen vindt u – in de openlucht – planten en bloemen uit het Middellandse Zeegebied (Mittelmeer Terrassen).

 

In de Apothekerstuin staan kruiden en andere planten die voor medicinale doeleinden kunnen worden gebruikt. Tussen mei en september wordt er elke tweede zondag van de maand een rondleiding gegeven, waarbij u uitleg krijgt over de werking van deze planten.

 

Rond een klein meertje ligt de Japanse Tuin, die in 1988 werd aangelegd door de bekende tuinarchitect Yoshikuni Araki. Het is de grootste Japanse tuin van Europa, met aan dat meer een traditioneel theehuis. In de zomermaanden worden daar concerten gegeven en uiteraard kunt u er een echte theeceremonie meemaken. Ook zijn er andere activiteiten, waaronder een cursus kalligrafie.

 

Ook in het paviljoen van de Rozentuin worden in de zomermaanden klassieke concerten georganiseerd. Die Rozentuin herbergt maar liefst meer dan 300 verschillende soorten rozen.

 

Een van de grootste attracties van de botanische tuin is het waterlichtconcert. Dit spektakel van water, licht en muziek vindt van begin mei tot eind september dagelijks plaats, om 22.00 (in september om 21.00).

 

Naast de overweldigende hoeveelheid exotische planten en bloemen, zijn er nog andere dingen te zien en te doen in dit park. Er zijn leuke kinderspeelplaatsen, een rollerskatebaan (in de winter is dit een ijsbaan) en een minigolfbaan. Kinderen kunnen er verder op een pony rijden en een cursus pottenbakken volgen.

www.cityspotters.com

Luino ( Lüìn in Varese dialect ), called Luvino until 1889, is an Italian municipality of 14,185 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy . The city, which overlooks the eastern shore of Lake Maggiore or Verbano, also nicknamed "Costa Fiorita", is best known for hosting a well-known market every Wednesday, which involves the entire city center and is a tourist attraction.

 

It is an important center for tourism and the economy of the upper Varese area. It borders Switzerland to the east , via the Fornasette pass.

 

Physical geography

Territory

The territory of the municipality is approximately 220 meters above sea level . It is about 23 km from Varese , the capital of the province of the same name to which the municipality belongs.

 

Climate

The climate of Luino, like that of the entire northern basin of Lake Maggiore , is extremely rainy. The average annual rainfall is between 1800 and 2500 mm in the municipal area. These precipitation values ​​are approximately double those recorded in the city of Milan and triple the averages of the other locations in the Po Valley . Solar radiation is one of the lowest in Italy, with an average of just 4736 MJ/m 2 .

 

History

Formerly an ancient medieval village of Roman origin, (3rd century necropolises have been found where the railway station is now located, which in the past had great importance: before the birth of the Como-Chiasso axis, it was, in fact, an obligatory passage for the Gotthard ). Luino is mentioned for the first time in official documentation dating back to 1169 with the name of Luvino , which derives from the proper name Luvinum and remained until the royal decree of 27 January 1889, No. 5932, made the current name official .

 

It is a town located a few kilometers from the Swiss border, on the pre-Alpine slopes surrounding Lake Maggiore . Ernest Hemingway writes in A Farewell to Arms :

«I saw a wedge-shaped gap in the mountains on the other bank and thought it must be Luino»

 

During the Middle Ages it was the subject of contention between powerful Milanese and Como families, yet still managed to defend its freedom and municipal autonomy. It was occupied in 1512 by the Swiss, but was then reconquered again by the Sforza in 1515. Charles V assigned it the market right in 1541 , alternating with that of Maccagno which until then had enjoyed exclusivity; the concession was confirmed in 1786 and saw Luino winning over Laveno who aspired to obtain the same prerogative. The market is currently held, and has been for many years, on Wednesday of each week. In 1821 the City Council was elected for the first time .

 

In 1848 the Piedmontese patriots landed here to make the town rise up against foreign occupation and Garibaldi fought against the Austrians in Luina. In 1867, the city dedicated its first Italian monument to the Nice general, when he was, among other things, still alive.

 

In 1882 the international railway line was inaugurated which connected Luino to Bellinzona , capital of the Canton of Ticino . The local station therefore became an international transit point, especially for goods coming down from Central Europe , through the San Gottardo railway tunnel , to head to the port of Genoa . The improvement of connections (although never fully implemented in the face of the many projects formulated) promoted, in the second half of the nineteenth century, a lively and prolific industrialization in the Luinese area.

 

Symbols

The coat of arms and the banner were granted by decree of the President of the Republic of 27 April 1970.

 

«D'azzurro, at the silver castle , on a green terrace, crenellated in the Guelph style, damaged by a swan also in silver, closed in black, towered with two windowed pieces of the field: all lowered to a gold cape , loaded with a black eagle, crowned with the same. Exterior ornaments from the city.

 

Flag

«Two stripes, one light blue, the other gold: the latter up for auction.

 

Monuments and places of interest

Religious architecture

Provost Church of St. Peter and Paul

Church of St. Peter

Church of San Giuseppe , there is a late Baroque organ from 1683, which underwent restoration by Vincenzo Mascioni and sons in the early twentieth century.

Sanctuary of the Madonna del Carmine , there is an organ from 1857 by Francesco Camisi, in neoclassical style

Church of Santa Caterina (in Colmegna)

Church of Santa Maria Assunta (in Voldomino)

Church of San Biagio (in Voldomino)

Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (in Creva)

Church of S. Maria Immacolata Motte

BVA Addolorata Church Pianazzo

BVCarmelo Longhirolo Church

BVRosario Church Roggiolo

Other places of interest

Palazzo Verbania , an Art Nouveau building from the early 1900s overlooking the lake, recently reopened after a few years of restoration.

Palazzo Crivelli Serbelloni, seat of the town hall, built in 1775 by the architect Carlo Felice Soave , remained unfinished.

Villa Hussy

Statue of Garibaldi, the work of the sculptor Alessandro Puttinati : in addition to being the first to have been dedicated to him in Italy, it was erected in 1867 when the hero of two worlds was still alive.

In Luino there is the 3V nature trail.

 

Foreign ethnic groups and minorities

According to ISTAT data as of 31 December 2010, the resident foreign population was 1,039 people.

The most represented nationalities based on their percentage of the total resident population were:

 

Morocco 179 - 17.23%

Albania 124 - 11.93%

Romania 102 - 9.82%

Switzerland 85 - 8.18%

Germany 84 - 8.08%

Ukraine 75 - 7.22%

 

Culture

Education

" Vittorio Sereni " Scientific High School in Luino

ISIS City of Luino "Carlo Volontè"

Bernardino Luini State Comprehensive Institute, lower secondary school

Maria Ausiliatrice Parochial Institute, nursery, nursery school, primary school, lower secondary school

Museums

Verbano Railway Museum

Palazzo Verbania, home to temporary exhibitions and archives dedicated to Piero Chiara and Vittorio Sereni .

Luino is an archaeological area. In fact, finds from the Bronze Age have been found here.

 

Cinema

Luino is the city where Alberto Lattuada filmed Come and have coffee... with us , and Marco Vicario filmed some scenes from The Astrakhan Coat , films based on two novels by Piero Chiara , a writer born in Luino.

In the summer of 2013 Luino was the main location of the film Il pretore directed by Giulio Base. The cast includes Francesco Pannofino , Sarah Maestri (from Luina), Eliana Miglio (also from Luino), Mattia Zaccaro Garau , Max Cavallari and Debora Caprioglio . The magistrate's office, in particular, was set up in the Town Hall. A peculiarity of the film was the massive involvement of the citizens: many people from Luino were in fact recruited as extras in the film released in 2014. The first screening of the film was made in Rome on 2 April 2014 while the following day the film was screened for first time at the Cinema Sociale of Luino with the presence of the cast and director.

 

Cross-border

The proximity to the Italian-Swiss border means that Luino is strongly affected by cross-border travel, that is, by the presence of Italian workers who travel to Switzerland every day for work.

 

Industry

Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Luino was a highly industrialized city, especially in the textile sector, facilitated by the great availability of water. There were many entrepreneurs, both Italian and Swiss, who chose to found factories and factories in the Luino area.

 

Towards the end of the 20th century the industry entered a crisis: the industrial areas were mostly abandoned and their redevelopment process began in the third millennium.

 

Finance

The industrial success was also at the basis of the birth, in 1883 , of the Banca Popolare di Luino (which became Banca Popolare di Luino e di Varese in 1941 ), which became one of the most powerful and branched credit institutions in north-western Lombardy. "La Luino", as it was also known, was taken over by Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria in 1996 and in 2003 it ceased to exist as an autonomous entity; the sign definitively disappeared in 2007 to make room for UBI Banca .

 

Services

As regards the sector of public and private services, Luino is the main point of reference for the surrounding valleys (station, banks, hospital, municipality, revenue agency, etc.)

 

Tourism

The lakeside location makes Luino a popular tourist destination, with particularly strong flows from Switzerland and the German-speaking area in general. Given the limited capacity of accommodation facilities, tourism is essentially entrusted to the spontaneous market of second homes.

 

Infrastructure and transport

Roads

The main road routes of Luino are the state road 394 of Verbano Orientale , the state road 344 towards Porto Ceresio-Luino and the provincial road 69 of Santa Caterina.

 

Railways

The Luino station , located on the Novara–Pino line , functions as a border stop between Italy and Switzerland : on its grounds the voltage change of the overhead contact line takes place (from the Italian 3 kV DC to the Swiss 15 kV AC) and is equipped with customs offices . Regional connections operated by Trenord operate there as part of the service contract stipulated with the Lombardy Region , as well as international suburban trains operated by TILO on Italian-Swiss routes.

 

The Colmegna station also falls within the municipal territory , serving the hamlet of the same name .

 

In the past Luino represented the northwestern terminus of the narrow gauge railways for Ponte Tresa and Varese , which stopped at the stations of Luino Lago , located near the pier, and Luino Scalo .

 

Lake transport

The Luino pier connects many locations with boats from the Navigazione Lago Maggiore company, including on the Piedmont side of Lake Maggiore. Direct connections are more frequent in the period March-October, and lead to the towns of Cannero Riviera , Cannobio , Locarno and Stresa .

 

Urban mobility

The city has a system of urban, interurban and international buses with neighboring Switzerland. Urban and interurban bus services are managed by the company Autolinee Varesine Srl on behalf of the CTPI (Consorzio Trasporti Pubblici dell'Insubria)

 

Administration

Luino obtained the title of city in 1969, following a decree from the President of the Republic. From 1928 to 1948, Germignaga was also part of the territory of the municipality, following the municipal territorial restructuring carried out in the fascist period , as already in the Napoleonic era from 1809 to 1815. In 1955 Luino absorbed the hamlet of Colmegna (which in the eighteenth century constituted the municipality of Colmegna with Casneda) from the municipality of Maccagno and in 1928 the autonomous municipalities of Brezzo di Bedero (which later regained its autonomy) and Voldomino (already annexed in the Napoleonic era). As regards the political orientation of the municipal administration, in the so-called First Italian Republic Luino was essentially governed by centrist councils [14] , whose last exponent was the liberal Pietro Astini, in office between 1993 and 1995 and subsequently lapsed of the resignation of the majority of municipal councilors. The so-called Second Republic , which de facto began with the 1996 elections , saw various civic lists alternate in the municipality, more or less all characterized by rather clear links with political parties: a mandate with a centre-left council was followed in 2000 by the beginning of the hegemony of the centre-right , with the mayors Gianercole Mentasti and Andrea Pellicini re-elected for two consecutive terms each [15] . The center-left then managed to regain the municipality in 2020 , when Enrico Bianchi's civic list overtook the candidates of the outgoing administration, who overall had the majority in the vote count, but were penalized for having presented themselves (following internal struggles) divided into two formations

 

Twinning

Flag of France Sanary-sur-Mer , since 2001

Other administrative information

The municipality is the seat of the Valli del Verbano mountain community (previously it was the seat of the Valli del Luinese mountain community) and is part of the Regio Insubrica working community, a cross-border cooperation body that federates some provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont and the Swiss Canton of Ticino .

 

Sports

Pallacanestro Virtus Luino represents the city in basketball, participating in the regional Serie C Silver championship .

 

The Luino football club , which played some third series seasons, is based in the municipality.

www.stadsvisioenen.be

Laveno-Mombello ( Lavén Mumbèl in Varese dialect) is an Italian municipality of 8,405 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy . The municipality, located on the shores of Lake Maggiore , was born in 1927 from the merger of the municipalities of Laveno, Mombello on Lake Maggiore, Cerro on Lake Maggiore .

 

It borders to the north-east with Castelveccana , to the east with Cittiglio , to the south-east with Caravate , to the south with Leggiuno and Sangiano , and to the west with Lake Maggiore and therefore Piedmont .

 

It is one of the largest ports of call on the lake: in addition to the tourist port, there is a landing stage from which ferries carrying cars leave all year round for Verbania - Intra .

 

The center of the town is located in a large natural inlet, facing Verbania-Intra. At the northern and southern ends of the gulf there are two forts. On the north hill is Garibaldi's fort, surrounded by a park.

 

To the east, just above the town, is the imposing Sasso del Ferro mountain . By means of a basket lift you reach the top of the mountain, from which you can enjoy a panorama that sweeps over the lake and the pre-Alps, up to Milan .

 

History

In the municipality there are traces of historical settlements dating back to antiquity: in Mombello , in fact, there are traces of stilt houses dating back to 3000 BC

 

The name Laveno derives from that of the Roman commander Titus Labieno , who had his camp here and who had a clash with the Gauls on the Mombello hill ; from here also comes the name Mombello, "hill of battle", in Latin mons belli .

 

In medieval times it was a village inhabited by fishermen. The most important noble families linked to Laveno were the Visconti and the Borromeo , to whom the territory was enfeoffed, the Tinelli di Gorla, the Guilizzoni counts and the Sessa de Ceresolo , masters of the Ceresolo in Cerro hamlet. From the nineteenth century onwards it hosted the famous ceramic factories, among the largest in Europe. The factories, now closed, have nevertheless given rise to a ceramic museum, one of the most interesting museums in the city.

 

The municipality of Laveno-Mombello was created in 1927 by the merger of the municipalities of Cerro Lago Maggiore , Laveno and Mombello Lago Maggiore.

 

Symbols

The coat of arms and banner were granted by royal decree of 22 May 1933.

 

« Truncated : at the first in gold, at the eagle in black, with lowered flight, crowned with the same, resting on a capital, holding a bundle of lightning in its claws, loaded in the heart with a silver shield, with a crown of old-fashioned gold and surmounted by a silver star (Laveno); to the second in red, to the golden eagle, crowned with the same (Mombello). External ornaments from the Municipality.»

 

The banner is a blue cloth richly decorated with silver embroidery and bearing the municipal coat of arms with the inscription centered in silver: "MUNICIPALITY OF LAVENO MOMBELLO".

 

Monuments and places of interest

Religious architecture

The church of S. Maria in Ca' Deserta in Laveno: of remote origin, it is mentioned in a document from 1081 in which it appears to have been donated to the monastery of Cluny, together with some land. In ancient times it was dedicated, in addition to Santa Maria, also to Saints Michael and Peter. It was erected as a parish , detaching itself from the Pieve di Leggiuno , perhaps already between the 12th and 13th centuries, but in any case by the 15th century. Following the transfer of the parish title, in the 17th century, to the more central church of San Giacomo, it was progressively abandoned. Completely rebuilt in 1756 based on a design by the architect Gioachino Besozzi , it was flanked in the 19th century by the municipal cemetery. On the facade, on the sides of the entrance, there are two frescoed lunettes: the one on the right dates back to the seventeenth century and depicts Saint John the Evangelist; the one on the left, representing the Virgin, is of fourteenth-fifteenth century style and could probably belong to the ancient Romanesque church. The interior, with a single nave, stands out for the beauty and refinement of the decorations. The main altar preserves the statue of the Assumption, to which the church is dedicated; the side altars are dedicated respectively to Saint John the Baptist and the Holy Crucifix. In the churchyard in front of the church there are the aedicules of the Via Crucis which house ceramic tiles by the artist Oreste Quattrini (1990). The church serves exclusively as a cemetery.

The provost church of Saints Philip and James in Laveno (Old Church): the first information about the parish church of Laveno dates back to 1315. Originally dedicated to Saint James and, perhaps, to Saint John, it was initially a simple chapel . For convenience, as it was central to the village, it was erected as a parish at the behest of San Carlo Borromeo, but in fact there is no precise information regarding the transfer of the parish title from the church of Santa Maria to San Giacomo. The parish title appears for the first time only in 1671. The current building, dedicated to the Holy Apostles Philip and James, is the result of a series of expansions, the most important carried out in 1832 with the addition of the side nave dedicated to the Sacred Heart , on the site of the ancient oratory of the confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament. The church therefore has an asymmetrical plan, with two naves in sober neoclassical style. Inside, the organ created by the Varese native Eugenio Biroldi in 1825 and restored by the Mascioni organ house in 1986 is of great value. It is often valorised through concerts, including those of an international level, having been included for three consecutive years in the prestigious review of the Settimane Musicali of Stresa and Lake Maggiore . The church also preserves a seventeenth-century wooden statue dedicated to the Madonna del Transito and the vault frescoes created in 1907. The main altar has a beautiful wooden frontal at the base and the imposing neoclassical temple with columns with the statue of Saint John the Baptist at the top . She was elevated to the rank of provost in 1969. The ancient exposed stone bell tower, symbol of Laveno, raised in 1898 and equipped with a neo-Romanesque style belfry and conical spire, is about thirty meters high. The remarkable concert of five bells in low C was cast in 1954 by the Capanni foundry in Castelnovo ne' Monti (RE) after the removal for war reasons of the old nineteenth-century bronzes from the Mazzola foundry in Valduggia , in Valsesia .

The church of Sant'Ambrogio a Laveno (Chiesa Nuova): with its imposing size, it characterizes the panorama of the lakeside town. It was built between 1933 and 1940 based on a design by the architect Paolo Mezzanotte , but was actually completed in the sixties . Consecrated by Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster on 6 June 1940, it has a grandiose Greek cross interior with a central dome. The frescoes are by Innocente Salvini (1961), the external terracotta sculptures by Egidio Casarotti (1962).

The church of the Immaculate Conception : located near the parish church of Laveno, it dates back to 1728 and was commissioned by the noble Ferdinando Tinelli. Restored in 1980, it has a small centrally planned interior. The main altar is made of masonry, with an eighteenth-century frontal. The wooden altarpiece, shaped like a drape, contains an eighteenth-century canvas with the image of the Virgin. A crucifix is ​​placed on the triumphal arch. Above the entrance there is a choir without an organ .

The oratory of S. Rocco : located in the historic center of Laveno, next to Villa Tinelli, it constitutes the private chapel. Dating back to the 18th century, it is a small building with an unusual octagonal plan.

The parish church of Santa Maria Ausiliatrice in the Ponte di Laveno hamlet, dating back to 1930.

The parish church of the Invention of Santo Stefano in Mombello: the church is of Romanesque origin, as attested by the descriptions of the pastoral visits of San Carlo and the stones at the base of the bell tower. It was a building with three naves of the basilica type with three frescoed apses , wider than long, in whose left nave was inserted the shaft of the current bell tower, significantly modified later. The church was rebuilt with a single nave in 1600 as attested by a plaque inside it, when it detached itself from the Leggiuno matrix and became a parish church. In 1913 it was extended towards the square and equipped with its current imposing façade , the work of Paolo Besozzi. The spacious interior preserves a splendid apse entirely frescoed in around 1612 by Giovanni Battista De Advocatis , the same one who created the frescoes in the sanctuary of Santa Caterina del Sasso. Also noteworthy is the seventeenth-century golden wooden altar, renovated at the beginning of the twentieth century. Other notable works are the Rosary Chapel, with a very spectacular baroque apparatus, the 1874 organ by the Varese brothers Pietro and Lorenzo Bernasconi and the ceramic tiles of the baptistery created by the Mombellese artist Albino Reggiori in 2003. The bell tower is equipped of five bells in E flat, cast in 1948 by the Bianchi foundry in Varese .

The oratory of Santa Maria di Corte in Mombello: mentioned in the 13th century, it is a small church dedicated to the Purification of the Virgin Mary, set in a very interesting urban context. Inside, completely restored, there is a 16th century fresco.

The oratory of San Michele : small building located at the highest point of Mombello, near the Rocca hamlet. It was rebuilt in the eighteenth century on the area of ​​an older oratory in a state of abandonment.

The church of Saints Nazario, Celso and Defendente in Ceresolo: this is probably the oldest religious site in the municipality, certainly before 1000. The small church, formerly the parish church of Cerro and Ceresolo, was rebuilt around the 16th century. The beautiful Romanesque stone bell tower with mullioned windows survives.

The church of the Beata Vergine del Pianto in Cerro : the current parish church is the backdrop to the small square of the small lakeside village with its simple facade and the slender bell tower with the particular brick belfry. Renovated in the mid-nineteenth century, it has a small nave decorated with twentieth-century stuccoes and frescoes by the painter Orlando Tommasi .

 

Other places of interest

the Villa De Angeli-Frua : nestled in the eighteenth-century urban fabric of Laveno, overlooking the Gulf, is the current municipal headquarters.

The Ex Palazzo Comunale : imposing corner building right in front of the lake, located in Piazza Italia. It was built in 1878 based on designs by the architect Marco Porta , expanding the old Austrian arsenal. Today it houses some municipal offices and commercial activities under its arcades.

The Palazzo del Bostano in Mombello: it is a sixteenth-century former convent that belonged to the humiliated . It was later also used as a brewery.

The Guilizzoni-Perabò Palace in Cerro : the imposing frontispiece of the palace dominates the Cerro lakefront. The internal courtyard is surrounded by the beautiful loggia. It is home to the International Museum of Ceramic Design (MIDC).

 

Poggio Sant'Elsa : is a town located behind Laveno, on the slopes of Monte Sasso del Ferro , at an altitude of 974 m above sea level. It can be reached via a cableway and from the arrival terrace of the cable car you can enjoy a wide panorama of Lake Maggiore, Monte Rosa and the Alps, up to the plain.

Villa Fumagalli , in via Labiena, built in 1935 by Piero Portaluppi

Villa Bassani , an early twentieth century work by the architect Giuseppe Sommaruga .

San Michele barracks , part of the system of Austrian fortifications built in 1854 to defend the border with the Savoy state. It was the headquarters of the Italian Ceramics Society until 1898, then again a barracks (1915-1918) and a sailing centre. It is currently the headquarters of the Italian Naval League .

Headquarters of the Italian Ceramics Society , Via Buozzi 1, designed by Piero Portaluppi (1925), currently awaiting redevelopment.

 

Natural areas

The Sentiero del Verbano begins from Laveno , which constitutes the first realization of the Vie Verdi dei Laghi project and led to the definition of a path that links the municipalities of Sesto Calende and Laveno-Mombello passing through Taino , Angera , Ranco , Ispra , Brebbia , Besozzo , Monvalle and Leggiuno . This path is identified with the acronym VB on all vertical signs. The Verbano path has a total length of 49.6 km. Already from the first meters of the path, on the lakeside near the pier, it is possible to admire a spectacular panorama facing the opposite shore of the lake: clearly visible are Mottarone, Piancavallo and the Monte Rosa group. Leaving the town centre, the path climbs up Mount Brianza from which it is possible to appreciate a view from above of Laveno-Mombello which, as demonstrated by the morphology of its coasts, constitutes a natural port of rare beauty. After crossing the hamlet of Chiso you enter a wooded area where you can see, in addition to centuries-old chestnut trees, also sections of old dry stone walls, evidence of a certain symbiosis between the local inhabitants of the past and their territory. The path continues towards Cerro, a small town once linked to fishing activities on the lake. At Palazzo Perabò it is possible to visit the Civic Earthenware Collection. It is a museum dedicated to ceramics, one of the oldest and most characteristic manufacturing productions of Laveno-Mombello. Moving away from the coast, just outside the town centre, we enter what is one of the most naturalistically interesting areas of the entire Laveno area: the peat bog.

Furthermore, the Santa Caterina ring extends from Laveno, in the coastal strip between Laveno and Monvalle, involving what can be considered the historical-architectural jewel of the province of Varese: the Hermitage of Santa Caterina del Sasso located in the municipality of Leggiuno . In addition to it you have the opportunity to admire the small nucleus of Cerro with its panoramic lakefront and the Ceramics Museum. All the sites of great interest interspersed with panoramic windows among the most beautiful in the whole of Verbano. The path can be closed in a loop along part of the Verbano Ridge which leads back to Laveno-Mombello.

 

Culture

Library

Housed in the Villa De Angeli-Frua, with its over 50,000 volumes it is one of the largest in the province of Varese .

 

MIDeC – International Ceramic Design Museum

Property of the Municipality of Laveno Mombello, it was founded in 1971 and is open to the public in the sixteenth-century Palazzo Perabò in Cerro di Laveno. It collects the production of the Società Ceramica Italiana factory since its foundation.

 

Anthropic geography

According to the municipal statute , the territory of Laveno-Mombello includes the hamlets of Laveno, Mombello , Cerro and Ponte.

 

Economy

Laveno was a famous center for the production of ceramics in the 19th and 20th centuries , since 1856, when Carnelli, Caspani and Revelli, former employees of the Richard ceramic factory in Milan, founded the CCR ceramic company which later became known as Società Ceramica Italiana , in the sheds of a former glass factory, in the San Michele area. Merged into the Richard-Ginori group , the major factories closed their business in the nineties. There is a museum on the history of ceramics located on the lakeside, in the hamlet of Cerro.

 

Currently the Laveno industry has developed in the field of paper mills.

 

The industrial area of ​​Laveno today hosts several small and medium-sized companies in the manufacturing and metalworking sectors. The economy is based heavily on tourist activities, especially in the summer season; Every year, the Lavenese Ferragosto attracts several thousand people to the Lungo Lago who come to watch the fireworks display.

  

Infrastructure and transport

Roads

The municipality is crossed by the following roads:

 

State road 394 of Eastern Verbano .

SP ex SS 394 towards Eastern Verbano: Cittiglio - Laveno-Mombello

SP 32 of the Two Parishes (Laveno-Mombello - Travedona Monate)

SP 69 of Santa Caterina (Sesto Calende - Luino)

Urban mobility

Interurban transport in Laveno-Mombello is carried out with scheduled bus services guaranteed by Autolinee Varesine on behalf of the Insubria Public Transport Consortium .

 

Railways

In Laveno there are two railway stations:

 

Laveno-Mombello FS : managed by RFI .

Laveno-Mombello FN : managed by Ferrovienord , it is the terminus of the line to Saronno .

Lake navigation

Near the station managed by Ferrovienord, there is the landing stage where the navigation lines of Lake Maggiore land .

 

Administration

The municipality is part of the Regio Insubrica working community, a cross-border cooperation body that federates some provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont and the Swiss Canton of Ticino [

The indigenous Kaqchikel people here, in central Guatemala, speak the Kaqchikel (Kachiquel) dialect.

 

IMG_8433 R1

 

The Morgestraich (in Basel dialect, Morgenstreich in High German) on Monday morning marks the beginning of the Carnival in Basel. At exactly 4 am all the lights in the old town of Basel are turned off, and the Industrielle Werke Basel (the Industrial Works of Basel are the public utility organisation of the city) shuts down the streetlights. The only light remaining comes from the lanterns of the Cliques. There are two major types of lanterns, the large Zugslaterne (parade lanterns) that are wheel-mounted or carried by 2 to 4 people in front of the Cliques; and the head-mounted Kopflaterne (head lanterns) that every participant wears. Some Cliques have uniform Kopflaterne as traditionally on Morgestraich, nobody wears uniform costumes.

 

On the command "Morgestraich, vorwärts marsch!" ("Morgestraich, forward march!") from the drum majors, all Cliques begin to march and play their instruments. No Guggenmusik is played during Morgestraich

This was right after Daniel (left) struck his best James Hetfield Pose.

 

Questions in Dialect

dialect of Mikawa region,Okazaki,Japan,岡崎市,三河便

This was Daniel's concept. I totally dig it. There's a SCSI cable there on the right. OLD!

 

Questions in Dialect

Tortoni invented his own dialect and prefers to be around the home at all times. To lure him away from his house you can scoop 3 dollops of heavy cream in a glass bowl and let him catch a whiff of cream. Tortoni plays clarinet in a local band, The Macaroons, and performed once at the Creamfields Festival in El Ejido (Andalucia). His dream is to own an Italian café in Paris that serves minced almonds and rum, but alas – he can’t leave home for too long.

The highest limestone waterfall in Thailand, with seven tiers and a height of somewhere between 200 and 300m."Tee Lor Su" simply means waterfall in one of the Karen dialects.

The Fishermen's Island , also known as Isola Superiore (in local dialect Isola di Pescador ), is the only one of the Borromean archipelago in Lake Maggiore (municipality of Stresa ) to be permanently inhabited.

 

100 meters wide by 350 meters long, it hosts a small village, with characteristic multi-storey houses (with long balconies for drying fish), with a small square, characteristic narrow alleys, the lakeside promenade and the main street to allow travel strictly on foot of the 19 inhabitants who live from fishing and tourism .

 

Inhabited for at least 700 years, the island has a parish dedicated to San Vittore and a tree-lined viewpoint on the opposite side.

 

In summer it enjoys a large influx of visitors who stroll through the alleys and buy local handicrafts in the small and characteristic market. Famous on August 15th is the procession of the statue of the Virgin Mary on a boat around the islands, surrounded by numerous boats of tourists and inhabitants of the area.

 

Geography

High water

A phenomenon that occurs periodically (generally in autumn and spring) is that of high water. Following heavy rainfall, the lake level rises and the water invades the shore promenade until it touches the houses. But the old houses demonstrate architectural wisdom in their construction: their thresholds are in fact always located in the internal streets at higher levels than the shore, so the water does not enter the houses.

 

Places of interest

Church of San Vittore

The church was originally a chapel , dating back to the 11th century , of which the small arch is preserved. It perhaps depended on the Abbey of San Donato of Sesto Calende and was dedicated to San Gandolfo. It was enlarged in Gothic style and in the Renaissance period , when the original apse became a simple chapel. In 1627 it acquired the role of parish and was dedicated to San Vittore.

 

Inside it preserves sixteenth-century frescoes and the seventeenth-century main altar with the busts of the four bishops, Sant'Ambrogio of Milan, San Gaudenzio of Novara , San Francesco di Sales and San Carlo Borromeo , typical of the Ambrosian cult .

 

Festivals and traditions

The islanders still maintain some traditional local festivals. The most famous is that of Ferragosto which during the evening is characterized by the procession of illuminated fishing boats carrying the statue of the Assumption around the island. During Carnival, a long table is set up on the shore where the islanders gather to eat excellent polenta and drink a good glass of wine. On the evening of the eve of the Epiphany all the children are busy waking up the Befana with the carga vegia . They run across the island dragging behind them, tied to a rope, cans , mufflers, lids and everything that produces noise when rolling. Furthermore, during the week of August the traditional bowls tournament is held.

 

Lake Maggiore or Verbano ( Lagh Magior in Lombard and Piedmontese ) is a pre-Alpine lake of fluvioglacial origin in the Italian geographical region . Its shores are shared between Switzerland ( Canton Ticino ) and Italy (provinces of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and Novara , in Piedmont , and Varese , in Lombardy ).

 

The name Maggiore derives from the fact that it is the largest of the lakes in the area, but among the Italian lakes it is the second in surface area after Lake Garda (as well as the second in depth after Lake Como ). In the past it was joined to Lake Mergozzo , from which it was separated due to the formation of the Fondotoce Plain .

 

Lake Maggiore is located at a height of approximately 193 meters above sea level . Its surface area is 212 km² , most of which, approximately 80%, is in Italian territory. It has a perimeter of 170 km and a length of 64.37 km (the largest among Italian lakes); the maximum width is 10 km and the average width is 3.9 km. The volume of water contained is equal to 37.5 billion m³ with a theoretical replacement time of approximately 4 years. The hydrographic basin is approximately 6,598 km² of which 3,229 are in Italian territory and 3,369 in Swiss territory (the ratio between the surface area of ​​the basin and that of the lake is 31.1). The maximum altitude of the catchment basin is Punta Dufour in the Monte Rosa massif (4,633 m above sea level), while the average altitude is 1,270 m above sea level. The basin is characterized by the existence of around thirty artificial reservoirs with a collection of approximately 600 million of m³ of water which, if released simultaneously, would raise the lake level by approximately 2.5 m. The maximum depth is approximately 370 m (in the cryptodepression between Ghiffa and Porto Valtravaglia ) which is therefore 177 m below sea level.

 

The major tributaries are the Ticino , the Maggia , the Toce (which receives the waters of the Strona torrent and therefore of Lake Orta ) and the Tresa (in turn an emissary of Lake Lugano and fed by the Margorabbia ). The major tributaries have a different flow pattern, while Ticino and Toce, which have a catchment basin at high altitudes, reach a maximum flow in the period between May and October coinciding with the melting of snow and glaciers ; the other tributaries have a trend strongly influenced by rainfall . Minor tributaries are the Verzasca , Cannobino , San Bernardino , San Giovanni , Giona and Boesio streams . The only emissary is the Ticino which flows from the lake to Sesto Calende .

 

Envoys

Bardello

Boesio

Mergozzo Canal

Cannobino

Erno

Fraud of Caldè

Fraud of Porto Valtravaglia

Jonah

Maggia

Molinera

Monvallina

Riale Corto

Riale del Molino

Riale del Roddo

Riale di Casere

Rio Ballona

Rio Colmegnino (or Rio di Colmegna)

Rio Colorio

Rio dell'Asino

Rio Molinetto

Rio Valmara

Rone

San Bernardino

Saint John

San Giovanni di Bedero

Thick Forest

Stronetta

Tiasca

Ticino

Toce

Aquanegra stream

Tresa

Trigo

Versella or Varesella

Verzasca

Vevera

 

Geology

The origin of Lake Maggiore is partly glacial, as evidenced by the layout of the hills formed by moraine deposits of a glacial nature, but it is ascertained that the glacial excavation took place on a pre-existing river valley, the profile of the lake in fact has the typical V shape of river valleys.

 

Baveno pink granite was widely used as a building material in the past . Furthermore, the ancient construction uses of Angera stone are known (used for example in classical antiquity and in the medieval period), while the Caldè limestone quarries provided for many centuries the raw material for the lime with which high-rise buildings were built. Lombardy and Piedmont: thanks to the ease of transport by boat, first on the lake, then on the Milanese canals

 

Lake Maggiore is characterized by cold winters, but milder than inland, and moderately snowy (with average accumulations of 10 cm for each snowfall and sometimes even higher than 30 cm up to a maximum of 50 cm), summers are moderately hot, humid and stormy, the average temperature in January is around 2 degrees centigrade, with peaks of 3 degrees on the northern side of the Borromean Gulf (due to the extensive exposure to the sun), night temperatures can drop below 0, up to -10, but very rarely go below this value. In summer the average temperatures are around 22 degrees centigrade, with daytime peaks rarely exceeding 32 degrees. Proceeding towards the internal valleys the temperatures gradually become more rigid. The area is very rainy and sometimes, especially in intermediate seasons, floods can occur. The temperature of the surface waters (up to 2 meters deep) of the lake reach winter peaks of 5-6 degrees, while in summer they reach an average of 22-24 degrees.

 

Some statistics on Lake Maggiore . It should be noted that during lean periods the water level between Locarno and Sesto Calende can vary by 1 cm, while during floods up to 30 cm

 

Like all pre-Alpine lakes, Lake Maggiore is crossed, especially in the summer, by two types of prevailing winds, one which blows in the morning from the mountains towards the plain (called moscendrino as it comes from the Monte Ceneri Pass , sometimes tramontana ) and a small breeze that blows from the plain to the mountains especially during the afternoon (called inverna ). These constant winds make the pre-Alpine lakes an excellent field for practicing sports that use the wind, such as sailing and windsurfing . Lake Maggiore has some particular points, especially in the upper part, where the mountains squeeze together to form a narrow valley in which these winds blow very strongly.

 

Then there are other winds typical of this lake such as the winter wind , which blows from the south-west and generally brings storms, the major one , which comes from the north-east and is very dangerous as it agitates the lake a lot, the valmaggine which blows slightly from the valleys behind Locarno , the mergozzo , which blows especially at night, from the north-west

 

In Lake Maggiore there are many large, small or tiny islands , divided between 8 in Piedmont, 2 in Switzerland and 2 in Lombardy, for a total of 12.

 

Borromean Islands

Beautiful island

Isola Madre

Isola dei Pescatori (or Isola Superiore or Isola Superiore dei Pescatori)

Islet of San Giovanni

Malghera islet (or rock).

Brissago Islands

San Pancrazio Island (or Big Island)

Island of Sant'Apollinare (or Isolino)

Castles of Cannero

Isolino Partegora

Sasso Galletto

Between Stresa and Verbania there is the Borromean archipelago: Isola Madre (the largest in the lake basin), Isola Bella and Isola Superiore dei Pescatori (also known more simply as Isola dei Pescatori or Isola Superiore)

 

Opposite the Swiss town of Ronco sopra Ascona are the two islands of Brissago, the larger of which hosts a botanical garden.

 

In front of the coast of Cannero Riviera there are the three emerged rocks called Castelli di Cannero: the major rock, totally occupied today by the Vitaliana war artefact, a fortress commissioned by Count Ludovico Borromeo starting from 1518, the minor rock, on which the ruins of the so-called "prisons" stand, but in fact a small advanced tower with a falconette gunboat garrisoning the southern canal port, and finally the little rock (towards Maccagno ) of the "Melgonaro", on which only a stunted but tenacious plant grows fascinated poets and engravers such as Piero Chiara , Marco Costantini , Carlo Rapp .

 

Finally, we must mention the small island of San Giovanni in front of Verbania (famous because it was the residence of the orchestra director Arturo Toscanini in the seventeenth-century Palazzo Borromeo for many years ), the small island of La Malghera also known as Isola delle Bambole , among 'Isola Bella and that of the Fishermen and therefore the Isolino Partegora in the small gulf of Angera .

 

History:

The finds and evidence found tell us that following the actual creation of the lake, with the complete retreat of the ice, the surrounding area was inhabited by nomadic groups , who used the territory mainly as a place for hunting and supplies.

 

In the Chalcolithic historical period, the first residential areas were built in the immediate vicinity of the lake and from that moment there was a slow consolidation of sedentary groups .

 

On the shores of the lake, the Golasecca culture developed between the 9th and 4th centuries BC , a Celtic -speaking Iron Age civilization . The Golasecchians advanced as far as some areas of present-day Lombardy , only to be pushed back again to their western borders by the descent of the Celts into the Italian peninsula , probably the population of the Taurine Gauls .

 

The Gauls therefore had supremacy over the lake territory until the advance of the Romans who turned the Piedmont and Lombard areas back into provinces of the empire . The " Verbanus Lacus " (name given to it by the Romans, from which the nomenclature Lake Verbano will probably derive ) or " Lacus Maximus " (another name even attributed to it by Virgil ) will remain firmly in the hands of the Roman Empire . In Roman times, navigation along the lake experienced particular development, so much so that ships could descend the Ticino and thus reach Pavia , from where they could reach, thanks to the Po , as far as the Adriatic Sea . It is no coincidence that the excavations of the Angera settlement have brought to light finds that show strong connections between the lake and the upper Adriatic. This shipping line experienced particular development during the early Middle Ages , when Pavia was the capital of the Lombard kingdom first and then of the kingdom of Italy.

 

To arrive at a period of rebirth of the cities on the lake we had to wait until the Middle Ages , which led to the creation of villages, castles and in general a very different example of the physiognomy of inhabited places.

In this period the area around the lake, as well as numerous territories in the surroundings of Milan , passed into the hands of various families such as the Della Torre , the Visconti , the ruling house of the Habsburgs from 1713 and in particular the Borromeo family , which had enormous influence for many years on Lake Maggiore, starting from the acquisition of the fiefdom of Arona in 1445. Another very illustrious lineage that had a great influence in the medieval era is that of the Marquises Morigi or Moriggia, who received numerous territories from the Viscontis such as the degagne of San Maurizio and San Martino, the Valtravaglia which were nicknamed "Morigie lands". Over the centuries the families of Borromeo and Morigi fought bitterly for hegemony over these lands. The Borromeo themselves also had, between 1523 and 1524, actual armed clashes against Francesco II Sforza who on several occasions sent troops and armed ships against the Borromeo fortresses located on the islands of Cannero . Other noble families linked to the territory since the Middle Ages were the Besozzi , the Sessa , the Luini and the Capitanei of Locarno.

 

Starting from the 14th century, navigation along the lake was also exploited to transport the heavy blocks of marble coming from Candoglia and other quarries located in the surroundings of the lake towards the two main Lombard construction sites of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: the cathedral of Milan and the Charterhouse of Pavia

  

How we used to talk - Dialect Writer's Memorial, Broadfield Park, Rochdale.

The indigenous Kaqchikel people here, in central Guatemala, speak the Kaqchikel (Kachiquel) dialect.

 

IMG_8419 R2

 

Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.

 

The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".

 

'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.

 

Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.

 

Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.

 

On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.

 

Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.

 

Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.

 

More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969

Deep in the Dolomites. Falzarego is dialect in this area for "false king." The name is a reference to a fairly typical Dolomitic folk tale in which a vainglorious king of the Fanes, a peace loving people who somehow became wealthy and powerful through their alliance with the marmots (!), is turned to stone for leading his people into a series of pointless and ruinous wars. The mountain in the foreground is Lagazuoi, the backdrop to the climax of the story, wherein the king is petrified.

 

Oddly enough...

 

One of the most pointless, protracted and brutal campaigns of WWI were fought on Lagazuoi, and other surrounding mountains. Modern historians maintain that there was little or no larger strategic value in holding these rocky summits far from the main alpine passes, but, compelled by policy that was made far away by people who were numb to the human cost, both the Austrians and the Italians went to superhuman lengths to gain and hold their positions. When the ground battle finally reached a stalemate, both sides carried the front deep inside the mountains, tunneling as close as they could to the enemy positions, loading the tunnels with several tons of dynamite and blowing entire parts of the mountain, the enemy and often even their own soldiers off the face of the earth. To make matters worse, the winter of 1916 was the most severe on record, with snows regularly reaching depths of 40 feet at the highest positions. Avalanches alone claimed at least 10k lives in this region during that winter. Tens of the thousands more died from explosions, gunfire, accidents, fatigue and the extreme cold (down to 30 degrees below zero). As a result of this tunneling and dynamiting, the south face of Lagazuoi that you see in these pictures looks totally different than it did before the first World War, and people climbing in the scree still occasionally turn up a fragment of human bone. Today, a ski lift and small resort try hard to make this place cheerful again, but on the day we were there, the ski resort hadn't yet opened for the season and the whole place seemed ominously still and quiet. You can freely explore some of the remaining Italian and Austrian tunnels into the mountain, but we didn't have time.

Shrine to Diego Armando Maradona (famous soccer player who played in the Naples soccer team), next to a coffee shop in the Tribunali area. The sign says: "Did you take the picture? Now, wanna get coffee?" - The second part of the sentence is in Neapolitan dialect.