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The Michael Players RBV, performing J. J. Kneen's 1913 Manx dialect play, 'A Lil Smook'
This picture was taken by Jiri Podobsky at the Manks Concert at the Peel Centenary Centre, 24 February 2018.
The event was organised by the Manx Branch of the Celtic Congress.
Thanks is owed to Jiri Podobsky for his generosity in allowing us to share the pictures here.
Culture Vannin exists to promote and support all aspects of culture in the Isle of Man.
Looking northeast towards Schönbornstraße.
"Würzburg (German: [ˈvʏʁtsbʊʁk]; Main-Franconian: Wörtzburch) is, after Nuremberg and Fürth, the third-largest city in Franconia located in the north of Bavaria. Würzburg is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Lower Franconia. It spans the banks of the Main river.
Würzburg is situated approximately approximately 110 km west-northwest of Nuremberg and 120 km east-southeast of Frankfurt am Main. The population as of 2019 is approximately 130,000 residents.
The regional dialect is East Franconian German.
On 16 March 1945, about 90% of the city was destroyed in 17 minutes by firebombing from 225 British Lancaster bombers during a World War II air raid. Würzburg became a target for its role as a traffic hub and to break the spirit of the population.
All of the city's churches, cathedrals, and other monuments were heavily damaged or destroyed. The city centre, which mostly dated from medieval times, was destroyed in a firestorm in which 5,000 people perished.
Over the next 20 years, the buildings of historical importance were painstakingly and accurately reconstructed. The citizens who rebuilt the city immediately after the end of the war were mostly women – Trümmerfrauen ("rubble women") – because the men were either dead or still prisoners of war. On a relative scale, Würzburg was destroyed to a larger extent than was Dresden in a firebombing the previous month.
Würzburg spans the banks of the river Main in the region of Lower Franconia in the north of the state of Bavaria, Germany. The heart of the town is on the locally eastern (right) bank. The town is enclosed by the Landkreis Würzburg but is not a part of it.
Würzburg covers an area of 87.6 square kilometres and lies at an altitude of around 177 metres.
Of the total municipal area, in 2007, building area accounted for 30%, followed by agricultural land (27.9%), forestry/wood (15.5%), green spaces (12.7%), traffic (5.4%), water (1.2%) and others (7.3%).
The centre of Würzburg is surrounded by hills. To the west lies the 266-meter Marienberg and the Nikolausberg (359 m) to the south of it. The Main flows through Würzburg from the southeast to the northwest.
Lower Franconia (German: Unterfranken) is one of seven districts of Bavaria, Germany. The districts of Lower, Middle and Upper Franconia make up the region of Franconia. It consists of nine districts and 308 municipalities (including three cities).
After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganised and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions (German: Regierungsbezirke, singular Regierungsbezirk), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers.
In the following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of Tyrol, addition of the Palatinate), the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Untermainkreis (Lower Main District). In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the name Untermainkreis changed to Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg, but the city name was dropped in the middle of the 20th century, leaving just Lower Franconia.
From 1933, the regional Nazi Gauleiter, Otto Hellmuth, (who had renamed his party Gau "Mainfranken") insisted on renaming the government district Mainfranken as well. He encountered resistance from Bavarian state authorities but finally succeeded in having the name of the district changed, effective 1 June 1938. After 1945 the name Unterfranken was restored.
Franconia (German: Franken, pronounced [ˈfʁaŋkŋ̍]; Franconian: Franggn [ˈfrɑŋɡŋ̍]; Bavarian: Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and Franconian dialect (German: Fränkisch).
Franconia is made up of the three Regierungsbezirke of Lower, Middle and Upper Franconia in Bavaria, the adjacent, Franconian-speaking, South Thuringia, south of the Thuringian Forest—which constitutes the language boundary between Franconian and Thuringian— and the eastern parts of Heilbronn-Franconia in Baden-Württemberg.
Those parts of the Vogtland lying in Saxony (largest city: Plauen) are sometimes regarded as Franconian as well, because the Vogtlandian dialects are mostly East Franconian. The inhabitants of Saxon Vogtland, however, mostly do not consider themselves as Franconian. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the Hessian-speaking parts of Lower Franconia west of the Spessart (largest city: Aschaffenburg) do consider themselves as Franconian, although not speaking the dialect. Heilbronn-Franconia's largest city of Heilbronn and its surrounding areas are South Franconian-speaking, and therefore only sometimes regarded as Franconian. In Hesse, the east of the Fulda District is Franconian-speaking, and parts of the Oden Forest District are sometimes regarded as Franconian for historical reasons, but a Franconian identity did not develop there.
Franconia's largest city and unofficial capital is Nuremberg, which is contiguous with Erlangen and Fürth, with which it forms the Franconian conurbation with around 1.3 million inhabitants. Other important Franconian cities are Würzburg, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Ansbach and Coburg in Bavaria, Suhl and Meiningen in Thuringia, and Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg.
The German word Franken—Franconians—also refers to the ethnic group, which is mainly to be found in this region. They are to be distinguished from the Germanic people of the Franks, and historically formed their easternmost settlement area. The origins of Franconia lie in the settlement of the Franks from the 6th century in the area probably populated until then mainly by the Elbe Germanic people in the Main river area, known from the 9th century as East Francia (Francia Orientalis). In the Middle Ages the region formed much of the eastern part of the Duchy of Franconia and, from 1500, the Franconian Circle. The restructuring of the south German states by Napoleon, after the demise of the Holy Roman Empire, saw most of Franconia awarded to Bavaria." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Bergen op Zoom is called Berrege in the local dialect is a municipality and a city located in the south of the Netherlands in the province Noord Brabant. The city was built on a place where two types of soil meet: sandy soil and marine clay. The sandy soil pushed against the marine clay, accumulating and forming hills over several centuries. People called those hills the Brabantse Wal, literally meaning "wall of Brabant". Zoom refers to the border of this wall and bergen in Dutch means mountains or hills. The name has nothing to do with the little channel the ‘Zoom’, which was later built through Bergen op Zoom. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom
Deep in the Dolomites. Falzarego is dialect in this area for "false king." The name is a reference to a fairly typical Dolomitic folk tale in which a vainglorious king of the Fanes, a peace loving people who somehow became wealthy and powerful through their alliance with the marmots (!), is turned to stone for leading his people into a series of pointless and ruinous wars. The mountain in the foreground is Lagazuoi, the backdrop to the climax of the story, wherein the king is petrified.
Oddly enough...
One of the most pointless, protracted and brutal campaigns of WWI were fought on Lagazuoi, and other surrounding mountains. Modern historians maintain that there was little or no larger strategic value in holding these rocky summits far from the main alpine passes, but, compelled by policy that was made far away by people who were numb to the human cost, both the Austrians and the Italians went to superhuman lengths to gain and hold their positions. When the ground battle finally reached a stalemate, both sides carried the front deep inside the mountains, tunneling as close as they could to the enemy positions, loading the tunnels with several tons of dynamite and blowing entire parts of the mountain, the enemy and often even their own soldiers off the face of the earth. To make matters worse, the winter of 1916 was the most severe on record, with snows regularly reaching depths of 40 feet at the highest positions. Avalanches alone claimed at least 10k lives in this region during that winter. Tens of the thousands more died from explosions, gunfire, accidents, fatigue and the extreme cold (down to 30 degrees below zero). As a result of this tunneling and dynamiting, the south face of Lagazuoi that you see in these pictures looks totally different than it did before the first World War, and people climbing in the scree still occasionally turn up a fragment of human bone. Today, a ski lift and small resort try hard to make this place cheerful again, but on the day we were there, the ski resort hadn't yet opened for the season and the whole place seemed ominously still and quiet. You can freely explore some of the remaining Italian and Austrian tunnels into the mountain, but we didn't have time.
The Michael Players RBV, performing J. J. Kneen's 1913 Manx dialect play, 'A Lil Smook'
This picture was taken by Jiri Podobsky at the Manks Concert at the Peel Centenary Centre, 24 February 2018.
The event was organised by the Manx Branch of the Celtic Congress.
Thanks is owed to Jiri Podobsky for his generosity in allowing us to share the pictures here.
Culture Vannin exists to promote and support all aspects of culture in the Isle of Man.
In my place over in the northeastern side of the Malaysian peninsular, we call this as “GEDUK” but the standard Malaysian dialect calls it as “tabuh”. It is a kind of drum made out of whole log with desiccated cow hides pinned-up to cap another end of the hollow and to operate as drumming surface. Those days “tabuh” was drummed up to mark and broadcast prayer time at the mosques but now it is not too widely used since the advent of loudspeakers came in as substitute that can be very effective to do similar job.
The "tabuh" in the picture is taken at a small mosque in Batang Kali, Selangor, a sleepy town close to the southern part of Perak state. This tabuh is said to be over 100 years old, according to the script written next to it.
NOTE: Reminds me of a friend we call him "Awae Geduk" due to his stout and tubby body build.
Voor Anna et Maman mocht ik de fantastische Young Adult Sweater Collectie op beeld vastleggen.
De machtige sweaters kwamen tot stand dank zij een samenwerking van Anna et Maman, met Beeldburo & Miss Blush.
Ik ben alvast een super fan!
Meer foto's en links op de blog: www.silviebonne.be/#!Mokkes-Prentes-Keirls-Castards/r68bx...
(c) Silvie Bonne
#iedereenwestvlaams
Bergen op Zoom is called Berrege in the local dialect is a municipality and a city located in the south of the Netherlands in the province Noord Brabant. The city was built on a place where two types of soil meet: sandy soil and marine clay. The sandy soil pushed against the marine clay, accumulating and forming hills over several centuries. People called those hills the Brabantse Wal, literally meaning "wall of Brabant". Zoom refers to the border of this wall and bergen in Dutch means mountains or hills. The name has nothing to do with the little channel the ‘Zoom’, which was later built through Bergen op Zoom. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom
Voor Anna et Maman mocht ik de fantastische Young Adult Sweater Collectie op beeld vastleggen.
De machtige sweaters kwamen tot stand dank zij een samenwerking van Anna et Maman, met Beeldburo & Miss Blush.
Ik ben alvast een super fan!
Meer foto's en links op de blog: www.silviebonne.be/#!Mokkes-Prentes-Keirls-Castards/r68bx...
(c) Silvie Bonne
#iedereenwestvlaams
Hașag, (in the Saxon dialect Hoisoyen) is a village in the commune of Loamneș in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the western part of the county, in the Secașelor Plateau. The first documentary mention of the locality dates from 1264. Initially it was a serf village, but in 1516 it appeared as a free village in the seat of Șeica.
"Cape Matapan (Greek: Κάβο Ματαπάς, or Ματαπά in the Maniot dialect), also named as Cape Tainaron (Greek: Ακρωτήριον Ταίναρον), or Cape Tenaro, is situated at the end of the Mani Peninsula, Greece. Cape Matapan is the southernmost point of mainland Greece, and the second southernmost point in mainland Europe. It separates the Messenian Gulf in the west from the Laconian Gulf in the east.
"Cape Matapan has been an important place for thousands of years. The tip of Cape Matapan was the site of the ancient town Tenarus, near which there was (and still is) a cave that Greek legends claim was the home of Hades, the god of the dead. The ancient Spartans built several temples there, dedicated to various gods. On the hill situated above the cave, lie the remnants of an ancient temple dedicated to the sea god Poseidon (Νεκρομαντεῖον Ποσειδῶνος). Under the Byzantine Empire, the temple was converted into a Christian church, and Christian rites are conducted there to this day. Cape Matapan was once the place where mercenaries waited to be employed.
"At Cape Matapan, the Titanic's would-be rescue ship, the SS Californian, was torpedoed and sunk by German forces on 9 November 1915. In March 1941, a major naval battle, the Battle of Cape Matapan, occurred off the coast of Cape Matapan, between the Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina, in which the British emerged victorious in a one-sided encounter. The encounter's main result was to drastically reduce future Italian naval activity in the Eastern Mediterranean.
"More recently a lighthouse was constructed, but it is now in disuse."
Source: Wikipedia
Dumenza ( Duménsa in Varese dialect ) is an Italian municipality of 1,438 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy .
It is made up of the hamlets of Runo , Due Cossani , Stivigliano, Trezzino, Vignone and Torbera and other various localities.
Physical geography
The territory is crossed by the Rio Colmegnino , which originates in the locality of Regordallo ( Due Cossani ) from Mount Colmegnino and flows into Lake Maggiore at the level of the Colmegna di Luino hamlet . However, the valley dug in this way takes the name of Val Dumentina (also called Valle Smeralda due to its green colours). To the north of Colmegnino stands Monte Lema , which with its 1624 meters above sea level is an excellent panoramic peak, the highest in the Luinese area, served by a cable car on the Swiss side , from Miglieglia . In fact, Dumenza borders Switzerland and hosts a pedestrian crossing in Palone (Dumenza). To the north, however, it borders Val Veddasca , which can be accessed by continuing along provincial road 6.
Origins of the name
Various theories justify the toponym . The most probable is that it derives from a person's name: in the lists of "fires" (i.e. families) of the municipality, the name Dugmentio appears among some heads of families . It could derive from dux mensae or from loco mensa . In fact, only in one historical document, from another municipality, does it appear as Locomenza .
History
Two stone brackets decorated with human faces, found by the parish priest Parapini in the church, date back to 909. They are now found at the base of the tower. But these districts are already mentioned in an 18th century document which testifies how King Liutprand donated the lands of Valtravaglia to the monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia .
The bell tower of the church of San Giorgio , in Runo , seems to have had a military role in the period before the year 1000 , during the various barbarian invasions : in fact, the road that led from Varese to Luino and then to Dumenza was the only one that accessed Bellinzona , as the long lake did not exist. It was probably part of a system of towers along these valleys, of which Runo's is the only one surviving.
From the 16th century it was under the lordship of the rich and powerful Moriggia family
In the Napoleonic era the municipality annexed Runo for the first time . The first city council was elected in 1821 . In 1928 fascism gave the municipality its current extension by incorporating Due Cossani and Runo.
Monuments and places of interest
The church of San Nazario.
The church of the Immaculate Conception (of the former institute of the Ursuline nuns).
The church of San Giorgio in Runo
The historic center of Dumenza is characterized by rural houses with large sunny balconies.
Stivigliano
Stivigliano maintains its medieval conformation intact, with narrow streets and houses close together. An old turret is visible overlooking the Val Dumentina, evidently for military purposes.
Meeting with Agnès de Cayeux about Dialector by Chris Marker, in the context of "Iceberg" workspace.
“In the margin of the exhibition of Chris Marker’s work, the Iceberg is a workshop, a workspace, a temporary meeting space, with plenty of analogue and digital tools, texts, images, sounds and knowledge. This meeting place, which is open to the public, will become an exhibition space, before it will disappear. During this time, it will have been used by various groups from art colleges, secondary schools and other bodies, as they engage in a conversation with a body of work, that of Chris Marker, and of memories, technical resources, and places, here, in the present, in Brussels, in Belgium.“
www.bozar.be/fr/activities/148298-opening-l-iceberg
www.bozar.be/fr/activities/148040-l-iceberg-ou-qu-est-ce-...
"Gott mate mutt," crooned Dr. von Koenigswald.
"Dyot meet mat," echoed "Papa" Monzano.
"God made mud," was what they'd said, each in his own dialect. I will here abandon the dialects of the litany.
"God got lonesome," said Von Koenigswald.
"God got lonesome."
"So God said to some of the mud, 'Sit up!' "
"So God said to some of the mud, 'Sit up!' "
" 'See all I've made,' said God, 'the hills, the sea, the sky, the stars.' "
" 'See all I've made,' said God, 'the hills, the sea, the sky, the stars.' "
"And I was some of the mud that got to sit up and look around."
"And I was some of the mud that got to sit up and look around."
"Lucky me, lucky mud."
"Lucky me, lucky mud." Tears were streaming down "Papa's" cheeks.
"I, mud, sat up and saw what a nice job God had done."
"I, mud, sat up and saw what a nice job God had done."
"Nice going, God!"
"Nice going, God!" "Papa" said it with all his heart.
"Nobody but You could have done it, God! I certainly couldn't have."
"Nobody but You could have done it, God! I certainly couldn't have."
"I feel very unimportant compared to You."
"I feel very unimportant compared to You."
"The only way I can feel the least bit important is to think of all the mud that didn't even get to sit up and look around."
"The only way I can feel the least bit important is to think of all the mud that didn't even get to sit up and look around."
"I got so much, and most mud got so little."
"I got so much, and most mud got so little."
"Deng you vore da on-oh!" cried Von Koenigswald.
"Tz-yenk voo vore lo yon-yo!" wheezed "Papa."
What they had said was, "Thank you for the honor!"
"Now mud lies down again and goes to sleep."
"Now mud lies down again and goes to sleep."
"What memories for mud to have!"
"What memories for mud to have!"
"What interesting other kinds of sitting-up mud I met!"
"What interesting other kinds of sitting-up mud I met!"
"I loved everything I saw!"
"I loved everything I saw!"
"Good night."
"Good night."
"I will go to heaven now."
"I will go to heaven now."
"I can hardly wait..."
"I can hardly wait..."
"To find out for certain what my wampeter was..."
"To find out for certain what my wampeter was..."
"And who was in my karass..."
"And who was in my karass..."
"And all the good things our karass did for you."
"And all the good things our karass did for you."
"Amen."
"Amen."
- Kurt Vonnegut, Cat's Cradle
The Unschlitthaus is visible to the left.
"Nuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NURE-əm-burg; German: Nürnberg [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch [ˈnɛmbɛrç]) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 545,000 inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.
Nuremberg sits on the Pegnitz, which carries the name Regnitz from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards (Pegnitz→ Regnitz→ Main→ Rhine→ North Sea), and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, that connects the North Sea to the Black Sea. Lying in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of Franconia. The city is surrounded on three sides by the Reichswald, a large forest, and in the north lies Knoblauchsland (garlic land), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape.
The city forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach, which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German: Fränkisch).
Nuremberg and Fürth were once connected by the Bavarian Ludwig Railway, the first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany (1835). Today, the U1 of the Nuremberg Subway, which is the first German subway with driverless, automatically moving railcars, runs along this route. Nuremberg Airport (Flughafen Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer") is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport, and the tenth-busiest airport of the country.
Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen), Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm and Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg. The Nuremberg exhibition centre (Messe Nürnberg) is one of the biggest convention center companies in Germany and operates worldwide.
Nuremberg Castle and the city's walls, with their many towers, are among the most impressive in Europe. Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres, showing operas, operettas, musicals, and ballets (main venue: Nuremberg Opera House), plays (main venue: Schauspielhaus Nürnberg), as well as concerts (main venue: Meistersingerhalle). Its orchestra, the Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg, is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel. 1. FC Nürnberg is the most famous football club of the city and one of the most successful football clubs in Germany. Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
Franconia (German: Franken, pronounced [ˈfʁaŋkŋ̍]; Franconian: Franggn [ˈfrɑŋɡŋ̍]; Bavarian: Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and Franconian dialect (German: Fränkisch).
Franconia is made up of the three Regierungsbezirke of Lower, Middle and Upper Franconia in Bavaria, the adjacent, Franconian-speaking, South Thuringia, south of the Thuringian Forest—which constitutes the language boundary between Franconian and Thuringian— and the eastern parts of Heilbronn-Franconia in Baden-Württemberg.
Those parts of the Vogtland lying in Saxony (largest city: Plauen) are sometimes regarded as Franconian as well, because the Vogtlandian dialects are mostly East Franconian. The inhabitants of Saxon Vogtland, however, mostly do not consider themselves as Franconian. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the Hessian-speaking parts of Lower Franconia west of the Spessart (largest city: Aschaffenburg) do consider themselves as Franconian, although not speaking the dialect. Heilbronn-Franconia's largest city of Heilbronn and its surrounding areas are South Franconian-speaking, and therefore only sometimes regarded as Franconian. In Hesse, the east of the Fulda District is Franconian-speaking, and parts of the Oden Forest District are sometimes regarded as Franconian for historical reasons, but a Franconian identity did not develop there.
Franconia's largest city and unofficial capital is Nuremberg, which is contiguous with Erlangen and Fürth, with which it forms the Franconian conurbation with around 1.3 million inhabitants. Other important Franconian cities are Würzburg, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Ansbach and Coburg in Bavaria, Suhl and Meiningen in Thuringia, and Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg.
The German word Franken—Franconians—also refers to the ethnic group, which is mainly to be found in this region. They are to be distinguished from the Germanic people of the Franks, and historically formed their easternmost settlement area. The origins of Franconia lie in the settlement of the Franks from the 6th century in the area probably populated until then mainly by the Elbe Germanic people in the Main river area, known from the 9th century as East Francia (Francia Orientalis). In the Middle Ages the region formed much of the eastern part of the Duchy of Franconia and, from 1500, the Franconian Circle. The restructuring of the south German states by Napoleon, after the demise of the Holy Roman Empire, saw most of Franconia awarded to Bavaria." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Great Hospital and St Helen, Bishopgate, Norwich
Grieve not for her, She is gone to Rest,
May it be a portion to those that She have left
ARTillerie (ADN Dialect)
Director Artístico Angelo Dello Iacono
Interpretes Philia Maillardeet, Angelo Dello Iacono, Carlos Martínez y Vincent Morelle
Música Stephane Friedli
Issu de Melbourne (Australie) Curse ov Dialect est formé des chanteurs Raceless, Vulk Makedonski, Aturungi, August The 2nd et du DJ Paso Bionic. Constituée d’une trame de fond sonore diverse et variée, leur musique s’offre comme une tapisserie hétérogène de cultures. Leur rap politique à l’écriture tranchante se donne dans un flux unique. Leurs concerts sont de vraies performances où l’énergie acharnée s’accompagne de costumes insensés. Tournée européenne, entre autres, pour ces australiens déjantés.
"Sri Chum" in northern Thai dialect means "bodhi tree".
This is the biggest Burmese temple in
Thailand and is known to have been built by a wealthy Burmese in 1892.
Important monuments to be found in this temple are a golden stupa enshrining Buddha relics brought from Burma in 1906, a Vihara (chapel) enshrining a Burmes-styled Buddha image. The chapel is constructed of wood and bricks,and has a roof with pointed wooded eaves. The door panels, articulately designed with perforations, are made of teak. Inside the chapel are mural paintings depicting scenes of the Lord Buddha's life as well as a draft of the temple's construction plan.
Tak is one of the western provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of the province has a long boundary with Kayin State of Myanmar (Burma).
The Michael Players RBV, performing J. J. Kneen's 1913 Manx dialect play, 'A Lil Smook'
This picture was taken by Jiri Podobsky at the Manks Concert at the Peel Centenary Centre, 24 February 2018.
The event was organised by the Manx Branch of the Celtic Congress.
Thanks is owed to Jiri Podobsky for his generosity in allowing us to share the pictures here.
Culture Vannin exists to promote and support all aspects of culture in the Isle of Man.
The carnival of Offida (in dialect offidano "Lu bov fint" and "Li Vlurd").
The Carnival takes place every year according to a ritual set by tradition: officially begins on January 17, the day of Saint Anthony the Abbot, and ends the day of the Ashes.
On the Friday (the first afternoon) a rudimentary bove (bull) consisting of a wooden and iron frame, covered with a white cloth and carried by a couple of men, starts to wander through the central streets of the town.
In the Palazzo Popolo the crowd, dressed with the guazzarò, a very simple white and wide dress once used for country work, encourage the bull with screams and shouts giving rise to movements that are very reminiscent of a bullfight. The chaos caused by sudden changes of direction, chases and shouts of the crowd also generate moments of tension and panic usually resolved with hilarity also thanks to another fundamental ingredient of the party that is red wine (and vin cotto), consumed copiously by all the participants. In the dark, tiredness and glamor dictated by repeated drinking, the party ends with the symbolic killing of the bull where they are made to touch the horns on a column of the town hall. The final act is a procession of the dead bull through the streets of the village singing the anthem of the carnival Offidano.
non ho ancora capito bene il senso di questa intallazione che campeggia per Milano ormai da qualche settimana. "CowParade" si chiama. Non ho ancora deciso se questa iniziativa mi piace o meno. Da una parte mi sembra un (bel) modo di vivere la città sotto un punto di vista diverso, dall'altra mi sembra una manifestazione piuttosto sterile. Sarà perchè dove sono cresciuto di mucche ce n'è in abbondanza, ed oggi non mi sembrano uno spettacolo così inusuale. Però, che muggissero in dialetto, non ci avevo mai fatto caso....
The Michael Players RBV, performing J. J. Kneen's 1913 Manx dialect play, 'A Lil Smook'
This picture was taken by Jiri Podobsky at the Manks Concert at the Peel Centenary Centre, 24 February 2018.
The event was organised by the Manx Branch of the Celtic Congress.
Thanks is owed to Jiri Podobsky for his generosity in allowing us to share the pictures here.
Culture Vannin exists to promote and support all aspects of culture in the Isle of Man.
'Mylecharaine', a three act play in Anglo-Manx dialect by Cushag. It was first published by S. K. Broadbend in Douglas, Isle of Man, in 1915.
As for all three of her 'Peel Plays' published in 1908, Cushag has taken her theme from Manx folk traditions.
'Mylecharaine' was one of the most popular and well-known Manx folk songs. Although widely known, it was first collected by A. W. Moore in his 1896 book, 'Manx Ballads and Music', where it was produced in both the Manx original and in an English translation. (A less antiquainted translation is available in Robert Corteen Carswell's excellent, 'Manannan's Cloak: An Anthology of Manx Literature').
(The tune for this song was, interestingly, the starting place for the Manx National Anthem, which was written W. H. Gill and first performed in 1907).
The song is a call response between a daughter and her father, named Mylecharaine (a common Manx surname). It revolves around Mylecharaine's miserly ways, despite having a store of wealth, which he got from "in the Curragh, deep, deep enough". It carries the refrain after every line, "My-lomarcan daag oo mee" / "Alone you left me".
Cushag takes on this rather dark theme and spins a nice narrative around it. She interestingly manages to get a happy ending out of it, by placing the song half-way through, when all seems lost, before it is all regained in the final Act.
The play has some wonderful Manx characterisations - something that Cushag is a master of - and some very nice exchanges in a pleasing Manx dialect. However, the play overall is disappointingly executed, particularly in the final Act (and, startingly, in the sleep-talking scene of Act II, which couldn't possibly work on stage today).
Anyone looking to get a taste of Manx theatre would be well advised to come to Cushag, but a better impression might be made by looking first at her 'Peel Plays', perhaps in particular, 'Lazy Wife'.
Cushag's three 'Peel Plays' can be found online here:
www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/pp1908/index.htm
The original poem of Mylecharaine, as it appears in A. W. Moore is online here:
www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/mb1896/p052.htm
The tune for Mylecharaine can be fonud here:
www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/mb1896/p253.htm
Cushag's Wikipedia page is here:
"Globalement, le maltais est un dialecte arabe, proche des dialectes nord-africain, notamment tunisien, mais qui a été élevé au rang de langue distincte, ce qui en fait le seul dialecte arabe possédant ce statut. C'est aussi la seule langue sémite écrite en alphabet latin complété."
Voilà ce que dit Wikipédia de la langue Maltaise. A la lecture comme au parlé... c'est incompréhensible malgré les caractères latins.
Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Carinthia, Republic Of Austria.
Klagenfurt am Wörthersee (official name; until 2008 and further briefly just Klagenfurt , Slovenian Celovec ob Vrbskem jezeru ) is a large city in the south of Austria and the state capital of the Austrian state of Carinthia . In the local Bavarian-Austrian dialect her name is pronounced Klognfuat . With 104,332 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2023), it is the largest city in Carinthia and the sixth largest city in Austria . The urban area is located in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and currently has an area of 120 km².
Klagenfurt was first mentioned in documents in 1192/1199 and was of little relevance until Maximilian I donated the city to the Carinthian estates in 1518. This donation and the subsequent Protestant Reformation movement of the 16th century meant a steep rise for the city: Klagenfurt became the capital of Carinthia, and numerous buildings that are still important today, such as the country house and the cathedral, were built.
Today the statutory city of Klagenfurt is the seat of, among other things, the Carinthian state government , the Klagenfurt-Land district administration , the Diocese of Gurk , the Alpine-Adria University of Klagenfurt , the Gustav Mahler Private University of Music , an international airport and a location for the Carinthian University of Applied Sciences as well as numerous other companies and institutions, including those of the Carinthian Slovenes . Klagenfurt is also important for tourism due to its attractive city center with squares and old town buildings as well as cultural offerings and proximity to Lake Wörthersee .
Geography
Location
Klagenfurt is located on the Klagenfurter Feld in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and extends for around 15 km in a north-south and east-west direction. The city covers the entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee, the areas north of it are part of the Feldkirchen-Moosburg hill country and the Glantal mountain country. Parts of the northern district of Wölfnitz already belong to Zollfeld , the south of Klagenfurt lies at the foot of the Sattnitz ridge.
The city center is about 450 m above sea level; The highest point within the municipality is the Ulrichsberg at 1022 m above sea level. A. , the deepest is the Gurkerbrücke (420 m) on the eastern border of the city.
Around a third of the 120 km² municipal area is designated as agricultural area (33.4%) or forest (32.9%). 19.3% of Klagenfurt's area is used as building land , 2.2% is water and 1.3% is gardens. The remaining 10.9% fall under “other types of use”, which includes, among other things, transport routes , mining areas and wasteland .
The Adriatic is only about 150 kilometers away from Klagenfurt; Trieste can be reached via the motorway in around two hours.
Geology
The entire Klagenfurt Basin was filled by the Drau Glacier during the Ice Age . After the ice masses melted, alluvial fans of the Glan formed the subsoil of today's northern urban area and the Zollfeld, consisting of Ice Age gravel. At the same time, Lake Wörthersee was created, which around 4,000 years ago reached into today's city center, where a large moor area was formed through gradual silting up . The hills in the north of the city consist mainly of old crystalline mica schists and Paleozoic phyllites , green slates and limestone, while the Sattnitz ridge south of Klagenfurt consists of conglomerates .
Bodies of Water
In the north of the city, the Glan flows through Klagenfurt in a west-east direction, in the east the Gurk touches the Hörtendorf district , shortly before it joins the Glan in Ebenthal . There are two canals in the city center that were artificially created in the 16th century: the Lendkanal , which still connects the center with Lake Wörthersee today, and the Feuerbach , which is now almost completely absorbed into the city's underground sewer system. Flowing through the southern districts, the 8.8 km long Glanfurt (popularly “Sattnitz”) drains Lake Wörthersee into the Glan. Other, smaller rivers include the Kerbach, the Raba and the Struga, Wölfnitz and Viktringer Bach.
The entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee belongs to the urban area of Klagenfurt, which has used the name of the lake in its own name since mid-2007. There are also a number of ponds in Klagenfurt. The Hallegg ponds , which lie in a nature reserve below Hallegg Castle , are among the largest.
City structure
Until 1848, the urban area only included today's Inner City ; with the formation of political communities in Austria, the immediately adjacent four suburbs (St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Viktringer and Villacher Vorstadt) were added to Klagenfurt in 1850. Apart from a smaller city expansion in 1893, Klagenfurt only reached its current size in the 20th century through the incorporation of previously independent communities in 1938 (districts IX to XII) and 1973 (districts XIII to XV).
The four districts of the inner city roughly form a square made up of squares that are numbered clockwise starting at the top left (in the northwest corner). The next four districts (5-8) enclose the square in a roughly circular shape, the numbering starts at the top, in the north and goes to the right. The same applies to the larger districts 9 to 12, which in turn form a belt of sectors in the main cardinal directions. The three outermost and youngest districts, like all zones, are numbered to the right, but stand out discreetly like wings and are therefore not connected to each other; The count now starts in the south (southwest) with 13, runs through 14 in the northwest to the relatively small 15th district in the east.
The city consists of a total of 25 cadastral municipalities , in brackets the unofficial Slovenian names and the areas in hectares (as of December 31, 2021):
Bubble Village ( Blaznja vas , 241.49 ha)
Ehrenthal (548.85 ha)
Goritschitzen ( Goričica , 571.21 ha)
Großbuch (446.46 ha)
Großponfeld (664.94 ha)
Gurlitsch I* (632.51 ha)
Hallegg ( Helek , 425.55 ha)
Hörtendorf ( Trdnja vas , 946.61 ha)
Klagenfurt (629.53 ha)
Kleinbuch (220.95 ha)
Lendorf ( Dhovše , 579.55 ha)
Marolla (977.91 ha)
Nagra (201.44 ha)
Neudorf ( Nova vas , 658.90 ha)
St. Martin near Klagenfurt (349.02 ha)
St. Peter am Karlsberg (353.84 ha)
St. Peter near Ebenthal (358.99 ha)
St. Peter near Tentschach (246.63 ha)
St. Ruprecht near Klagenfurt (653.30 ha)
Stone ( Zakamen , 267.30 ha)
Tentschach (222.56 ha)
Viktring ( Vetrinj , 369.22 ha)
Waidmannsdorf ( Otoče , 422.75 ha)
Waltendorf ( Vapoča vas , 442.94 ha)
Welzenegg (579.38 ha)
* (Gurlitsch II is a cadastral community in the neighboring community of Krumpendorf.)
Climate
Klagenfurt has a temperate continental climate with relatively large temperature fluctuations between the seasons. Due to the inversion weather conditions prevailing in the Klagenfurt Basin, an above-average and often long-lasting formation of haze and fog is typical for this area. In early and mid-autumn this is predominantly ground fog, while in late autumn and winter mostly high-level fog occurs. A general lack of wind is also characteristic. The winters, which are cold compared to the Austrian average, can be temporarily alleviated by the foehn through the Karawanken Mountains to the south .
The long-term mean annual temperature (determined between 1961 and 1990) is 7.7 °C. The average temperature in Klagenfurt in 2007 was 9.7 °C.
History
Origin of name and founding legend
Etymologically, the name Klagenfurt has a Romanesque origin and came into German via Slovenian. Heinz-Dieter Pohl has linguistically reconstructed the formation of the Slovenian name Celovec for Klagenfurt, first documented in 1615 as V Zelovzi . The starting point for this was a Romanesque l'aquiliu meaning “place by the water” - but what was meant was not Lake Wörthersee, but the River Glan . The original Romansh form was initially transformed into la quiliu and adopted into Slavic without an article. According to phonetic laws, it became cvilj- . This was expanded with the ending -ovec , which is common in field and place names, which created Cviljovec . The similar-sounding Slovenian word cvilja meant something like 'lamentation'. In Slovenian, the name Cviljovec was reinterpreted in folk etymology as the “place of laments ”, which is reflected in German in the loan translation Klagenfurt. Other derivations are therefore not applicable, such as the one advocated by Eberhard Kranzmayer about a lament woman cvilja (= lament), one of the legendary Slavic ford and water women who did their laundry at streams and springs wash and mourn deaths, or from the Glan, according to which a Glanfurt would be the origin of the name. What is overlooked is that there actually is a river called Glanfurt , which was called Lanquart until the 16th century and is now also called Sattnitz (Slovene: formerly: Lank(a)rt, today: Sotnica, or more commonly: Jezernica = Seebach). . It is the outflow of Lake Wörthersee.
An even older derivation, which comes from the time of humanism, names the Latin name of the Roman city Claudiforum or Forum Claudii as the original name and refers to Roman sources. The name Klagenfurt is said to have developed from this. In fact, a Roman city, Virunum , founded by the Emperor Claudius , existed north of the present urban area. Today it is clear that Forum Claudii was an alternative name for Virunum and that there was no Roman city in the area of today's Klagenfurt.
Lindwurm fountain : representation of the founding legend
The founding legend of Klagenfurt tells of a dragon that lived in a swamp and fed on people from the surrounding towns who approached it. The monster could only be killed through a trick: a tower was built, at the top of which an ox was chained as bait, the chain also being equipped with a large hook. When the dragon came out of its swamp to eat the ox, it got caught on the chain and was killed. This legend finds its heraldic expression in the city coat of arms of Klagenfurt and its artistic expression in the Lindwurm fountain .
Early settlements in today's urban area
The first traces of clearing and settlement in today's urban area date back to the period between 4000 and 2000 BC. Evidenced by finds in Lendorf, Waidmannsdorf and Viktring. Traces of settlements can be found from the Bronze Age ( dugout tree finds in the moor at the foot of the Sattnitz) as well as the urn field culture and the Hallstatt period (Wölfnitz and Waidmannsdorf). For a long time, only areas that towered over the marshy landscape in which today's city center is located were considered as settlement areas. The hills in the north of today's urban area were particularly suitable for this.
and the early
There is no evidence of any significant settlements in the area of today's Klagenfurt in ancient times . The center of power for this region both during the Celtic Noricum period and during the period of Roman occupation, which began in 45 BC. From the 6th century BC to the 6th century ( Virunum ), it was located on the Zollfeld north of today's Klagenfurt . Nevertheless, sporadic Roman settlements arose here too, for example on the Spitalsberg the remains of a villa and graves from Roman times were found
Unlike many towns in Carinthia, where evidence of the immigration of Slavs into the area of today's Carinthia, which took place from the end of the migration , can also be proven using place names, there is hardly any evidence of this in Klagenfurt. Nevertheless, it is assumed that today's urban area was connected to the Carolingian-Franconian Palatinate of Karnburg (Civitas Carantana), which was built around the year 828. In the course of the Christianization of Carinthia, the church foundations of Maria Saal in Zollfeld by the diocese of Salzburg and Maria Wörth were significant, but there is no evidence of any foundations on the eastern bank of Lake Wörthersee at this time.
After Carinthia was made a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire in 976, numerous monasteries were founded in the 11th century. But it was only in the first half of the 12th century that Klagenfurt became important: the Spanheimers , who had been wealthy in Carinthia since the middle of the 11th century and were the Carinthian dukes between the years 1122 and 1279, had gradually acquired parts of today's city area . Count Bernhard founded the Cistercian monastery of Viktring in 1142 and initiated settlement in its surroundings.
Founding of the city
The Carinthian dukes Hermann († 1181) and Bernhard von Spanheim († 1256) are considered the founders of Klagenfurt. Hermann is seen as the founder of the Klagenfurt market, which was built on the southern edge of the Zollfeld in the area of today's Spitalsberg . This settlement was first mentioned between June 1192 and March 1199 as the monastery of St. Paul was granted toll exemption “in foro Chlagenuurt”. However, the newly founded town was in the flood plain of the Glan and was repeatedly flooded. Bernhard von Spanheim took this as an opportunity to re-establish the settlement in a flood-proof area in 1246. Klagenfurt was rebuilt in the area around today's Old Square and received city rights in 1252.
To protect the city, a castle (first mentioned in documents in 1268) and a six meter high city wall were built, in front of which a four meter deep and ten meter wide ditch was dug. The castle probably stood on the site of today's country house and was administered by ministerials who were called castle keepers (“castellanus de Chlagenfurt”). The first documented priest in Klagenfurt (Dominus Friedericus, 1255) was still vicar of Maria Saal . The first church in Klagenfurt was probably today's parish church of Klagenfurt-St. Egid , who was the patron saint of St. in the 14th century. Egidius accepted (documented 1347); The Holy Spirit Church with a cemetery and hospital was built outside the city walls (documented in 1355 and 1381).
Klagenfurt had only a small population compared to other cities in Carinthia and remained in the shadow of the capital St. Veit and the commercial center of Villach until the 16th century .
Donation of Klagenfurt to the estates
At the beginning of the 16th century, Carinthia only played a minor role within the inner Austrian states, because for long stretches the office of governor was not even occupied. The Roman-German king and later emperor Maximilian I came to their extensive inheritance after the Gorizia people died out in 1500. On the one hand, the absence of a sovereign helped the Carinthian estates to gain a stronger political position, but on the other hand, they had to struggle with peasant revolts at the time, which flared up again in the country in 1515 and during which the state capital St. Veit proved to be less than reliable.
In 1514 Klagenfurt was almost completely destroyed by fire. The estates asked the emperor, who had now also become sovereign, to give them the city in order to turn it into a bulwark against enemies from within and without. Maximilian complied with this wish, in the “Gabbrief” of April 24, 1518, he donated the city, including the castle and citizens, to the estates, while at the same time revoking all civil privileges.
The estates rebuilt the city and commissioned Domenico dell'Allio to plan city fortifications . The financing of this undertaking was significantly supported by Ferdinand I's leasing of the sovereign mint in 1529 and its relocation from St. Veit to Klagenfurt soon afterwards. The Lend Canal , an artificial waterway from Lake Wörthersee to the city, had already been created in 1527 and was used to transport goods, flood the moat and serve as a fire-fighting water reservoir. A second, much smaller canal, the so-called Feuerbach , brought Glanwasser into the city, which was available in two open channels and was also used to transport waste. The previous “Galgentratte” became the new center of the city as “Neuer Platz”. The streets around it were laid out in a checkerboard pattern. Important representative buildings such as the country house (from 1574) and today's cathedral (from 1581), which was built as a Protestant church, were built. In 1587, due to the ever-increasing tasks of the city administration, the judge and council asked the estates to appoint a mayor. As a result, Christoph Windisch (* ? – † 1597) was appointed the first mayor of the corporative city of Klagenfurt. By the end of the 16th century, Klagenfurt had grown into the most modern and strongest fortress city in the region.
Burgfriedstein at the Sattnitzbauern onQuellenstrasse
The city's sphere of influence included extensive areas of the hinterland and smaller towns outside the city fortifications. They formed the Klagenfurt castle keep , which was administered by the city judge. It stretched from St. Primus in the north to the swampy landscape of Glanfurt in the south and from the Glan in the east to the village of Waidmannsdorf in the west of the city. Not a single castle was built in this area; the noble residences of this type were all outside the keep boundaries.
Reformation and
In the course of the second half of the 16th century, large parts of the population and almost all of the Carinthian estates had joined the Lutheran Reformation movement ; in Klagenfurt one can speak of a consistently Protestant population as early as the 1570s.
The new doctrine was proclaimed both in St. Egid and in the Church of the Holy Spirit, and the newly built Trinity Church, later the Catholic cathedral, was also used as a Protestant church after its completion. While the Catholic Habsburgs, as sovereigns, were initially almost powerless in the face of this development, from around 1580 they initially hesitantly implemented the Counter-Reformation together with the Catholic Church in 1595, then with all their might after Archduke Ferdinand came to power. Citizens were given the choice of returning to Catholicism or leaving the country, books were burned and Protestant churches were temporarily closed.
The Trinity Church, which was closed in November 1600, was given to the Jesuits and reopened by them in April 1604 and consecrated to Saints Peter and Paul. Above all, the Jesuits, but also other orders that were part of the Counter-Reformation, shaped the intellectual and cultural development as well as with numerous new church and monastery buildings (St. Mary's Church with Franciscan monastery in 1617, Capuchin church and monastery in 1646, redesign of St. Egid and St . Peter and Paul etc.) the face of the city.
After the Jesuit order was abolished in 1773, Klagenfurt became the seat of the Gurk Cathedral Chapter in 1787/93.
End of Estate Rule, French Wars and March Revolution
The estates had already lost power with Maria Theresa's administrative reform . Since 1748, the city administration was no longer subject to the estate councilors and the burgrave . State authorities had taken their place. The state of Carinthia was divided into three districts and the “castle” was now the seat of a district office. In 1782, Klagenfurt lost its position as state capital after Joseph II placed all of Carinthia administratively under the Gubernium of Graz.
The square, planned layout of the old city center, shown here on a map from around 1735 with the city walls and city gates razed in 1809, can still be clearly seen on today's plans.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Klagenfurt was occupied by French troops in 1797 and in 1805 and 1809/1810. Before they left, Napoleon's Württemberg sappers blew up the city walls. The Völkermarkter Tor was the only one of the city gates that remained intact, but it had to give way to road expansion in 1867. Massive causeway bridges were built in place of the blown-up city gates. Today only a small remnant of the fortification wall and the city moat remains. However, the location of the city walls can still be clearly seen on today's “ring” around the city center.
Even though there were only sporadic acts of war in the country during the wars, this period and the years that followed marked an economic decline. From an urban planning perspective, however, the demolition of the fortifications also opened up new perspectives. A city map from 1827 shows the merging of the city center with its four suburbs: St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Villacher and Viktringer Vorstadt. In addition to the formation of districts, Klagenfurt was also a vital city in the pre-industrial period in terms of its social structure, its culture and its relationship to the surrounding area.
On the political stage, Klagenfurt and the now divided Carinthia were of little importance during the Metternich era . This was only to change again after the revolutionary year of 1848 , when Carinthia became an independent crown state again with the headquarters of a state parliament and a state government in Klagenfurt. After Klagenfurt became a city with its own statute in 1850, the second city expansion took place after more than 300 years as part of the general restructuring of the state and the country and the associated creation of local communities as the smallest self-governing bodies.
However, the hoped-for unification of Klagenfurt with numerous surrounding towns did not initially materialize; the neighbors saw no advantage in this and preferred status as an independent rural community. In addition to the inner city, the new municipality only comprised its four suburbs, including the “rural town of Spitalmühle”. Not even the entire truce had come to Klagenfurt: even the Kreuzbergl area of the “Wölfnitzberg” remained in the cadastral community of St. Martin and became part of the new local community of St. Martin near Klagenfurt . In 1850, the first Klagenfurt local council chose the 51-year-old lawyer Andreas Koller , who had just been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Franz Joseph Order , as city leader.
Technological age
In 1863, Klagenfurt was connected to the Southern Railway network , and the resulting economic stimulus made Klagenfurt the center of Carinthia. The outdated, damaged water pipe, fed by the Feuerbach and the Sattnitz springs, was taken over by the city and improved. In 1864, Ferdinand Jergitsch founded the first volunteer fire department in Carinthia, a model organization for numerous cities in the k. u.k. Monarchy. The city ditches were partly filled in and built over, the agricultural area was expanded through drainage and the city was enlarged, including the former suburbs and surrounding communities, first to the east and later to the west towards Lake Wörthersee.
In the course of the busy construction activity, the Protestant Johanneskirche (1863–1866), the Carinthian State Museum (1884), the large school buildings (Hasner, Benedictine and West schools, secondary school, trade school, “Kucherhof” agricultural school), the state hospital (1895) and the new “Jubiläumsstadttheater” (1910). The economic rise was also documented by the first Carinthian state exhibition in 1885, at which 1,329 exhibiting companies presented their services to around 100,000 visitors. This laid the foundation for today's Klagenfurt Trade Fair.
In 1896, however, the city administration rejected the electrification of the city and the establishment of a railway directorate in Klagenfurt. Only after long negotiations was the basis for a power grid laid. In 1903, the city's streets received electric lighting instead of the incandescent gas lights that previously illuminated the streets. The horse-drawn tram set up in 1891 was replaced by the electric Klagenfurt tram from 1911 onwards . The railway management, on the other hand, had now established itself in Villach , making its western neighbor a “railway town”.
The First World War and its consequences for Klagenfurt
The First World War interrupted the city's rise. After Italy entered the war in 1915, Klagenfurt was not directly on the front of the mountain war and was therefore spared from the immediate war, but was subsequently flooded by returning soldiers. 2,214 people from Klagenfurt died as soldiers during the war. In addition, the SHS state that emerged after the end of the war claimed parts of southern Carinthia and Lower Styria, relying on the Slovenian population. His troops crossed the demarcation line and occupied Klagenfurt on June 6, 1919. For security reasons, the Carinthian state government had recently been temporarily relocated to Spittal an der Drau and later to St. Veit an der Glan. The troops had to withdraw again at the end of July 1919 after a referendum was held at the Paris Peace Conference on the fate of the disputed areas. The plebiscite of October 10, 1920 ultimately resulted in a clear majority for Carinthia and the Republic of Austria.
The economic consequences of the war - inflation and high unemployment - initially slowed down the further development of the city, which at times was unable to pay even the wages of its employees.
Period of National Socialism and the Second World War
With the “annexation” of Austria to the German Reich, Klagenfurt became the capital of the Carinthian district on March 12, 1938 ( Reichsgau from March 1, 1938 ). From October 1, 1938, East Tyrol and from April 17, 1941, Mießtal , which fell to Yugoslavia in 1918, and parts of Upper Carniola were also administered from Klagenfurt. Under the National Socialist mayor Friedrich von Franz, all previously published newspapers were discontinued and replaced by the Carinthian Grenzruf . The New Square was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz . In addition, numerous other squares and streets in the city were given the names of Nazi greats.
The young, small Jewish community in Klagenfurt (1934: 269 religious Jews) was almost completely wiped out during this time. During Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, citizens of Klagenfurt devastated the prayer house in Platzgasse (which was later completely destroyed in a bombing raid), demolished Jewish apartments and desecrated the Jewish cemetery in St. Ruprecht. The bank accounts of the Jews in Carinthia were blocked, but the money is said to have been used in collaboration with the religious community to cover the travel costs of the emigrating Jews. Of all the Jews who were expelled from Carinthia or who emigrated “voluntarily”, 45 certainly died, but probably more died. Most of the Jews who remained in Klagenfurt were later arrested and deported to concentration camps; only a few were able to save themselves after 1939. In 1951 there were only nine Jewish citizens left in Klagenfurt.
On October 15, 1938, the previously independent community of Sankt Ruprecht and the towns of Sankt Peter, Annabichl and Sankt Martin as well as parts of the communities of Krumpendorf , Lendorf, Hörtendorf , Viktring and Maria Wörth were incorporated. This meant that the urban area grew from 618 hectares to 5,613 hectares (around nine times as much), and the population rose from 30,000 to over 50,000.
In the Lendorf district, prisoners from the Mauthausen concentration camp built a barracks and a “ Junker school ” for the Waffen-SS . The Klagenfurt-Lendorf concentration camp subcamp was located in the courtyard of today's Khevenhüller barracks.
After there had already been a smaller attack by the 9th US Air Fleet on Klagenfurt Airport in September 1943 , the first bombs fell on built-up urban areas on Sunday, January 16, 1944, at 11:41 a.m. The main targets were the area around the main train station and the tobacco factory on Kempfstrasse, where part of German aircraft production had been relocated from Wiener Neustadt to Klagenfurt. In three waves of attacks, 90 bombers dropped around 1,200 high-explosive bombs over the city. There were 234 deaths, 73 seriously injured and around 1,800 homeless people.
This attack was followed by 48 more by April 26, 1945, 12 of which were major attacks in which a total of 2,000 tons of bombs were dropped. At the end of the war, 3,413 houses and 9,672 apartments had been destroyed. 60 percent of Klagenfurt's apartments were destroyed and 510 people were killed. 1665 Klagenfurt residents died as soldiers during the war.
Post-war and present
On May 8, 1945, British troops reached the city a few hours before the units of the Yugoslav armed forces and the Yugoslav partisans. The communist leadership of Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito , with the support of the Soviet Union , claimed Klagenfurt and large parts of Carinthia for themselves, but they encountered resistance from the British. However, the British were unable to prevent residents of the Klagenfurt district from being kidnapped by Yugoslav partisans.
Klagenfurt was part of the British zone until the end of the occupation in Austria in 1955. The English War Cemetery on Lilienthalstraße is still a reminder of this today.
In 1947, Austria's first district heating power plant was built in Klagenfurt, in 1955 the country's first high-rise building was built and in 1961, Wiener Gasse, together with Kramergasse, became the first designated pedestrian zone in Austria, which was soon expanded to include Alter Platz. The botanical garden , founded in 1862, was moved from Mießtalerstrasse to the former quarry on Kreuzbergl in 1958. The creation of the cathedral square by demolishing the Jesuit barracks , which had been damaged in the war, caused controversial discussions in the 1960s .
Science & Technology Park
A focus of city policy in the post-war period was the reconstruction and expansion of the school and university systems. With the establishment of the Federal High School for Slovenes in Klagenfurt in 1957, one of Austria's obligations in the State Treaty of 1955 was fulfilled. In addition, other educational centers were built with the aim of offering several training focuses for students in Klagenfurt, including the music high school in Viktring and the Mössingerstraße federal school center, which houses an HTL and a high school. The University of Education Sciences was founded in 1970, which subsequently became what is now the University of Klagenfurt .
As a result of the incorporation of four large neighboring communities ( Viktring , Hörtendorf , Wölfnitz and St. Peter am Bichl with the Ulrichsberg ) as well as some areas of neighboring communities ( Ebenthal , Maria Wörth , Poggersdorf , Liebenfels ) as part of the municipal reform in 1973, the municipal area became In 1938 it was expanded again significantly, by a good double, and reached its current size of 12,030 hectares.
Mosaic coat of arms for UEFA Euro 2008
On July 3, 2007, the local council decided to rename the city of Klagenfurt to “Klagenfurt am Wörthersee”, this was confirmed by the Carinthian state parliament. It was hoped that this would increase the city's marketing value. Critical voices, however, emphasized that Klagenfurt has only been located on Lake Wörthersee since the beginning of the 20th century through property purchases and that it has little in common with Lake Wörthersee in terms of cultural history.
The Wörthersee Stadium was rebuilt between 2006 and 2008 for the 2008 European Football Championship , and three preliminary round games took place in the stadium.
In 2015, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .
"Cape Matapan (Greek: Κάβο Ματαπάς, or Ματαπά in the Maniot dialect), also named as Cape Tainaron (Greek: Ακρωτήριον Ταίναρον), or Cape Tenaro, is situated at the end of the Mani Peninsula, Greece. Cape Matapan is the southernmost point of mainland Greece, and the second southernmost point in mainland Europe. It separates the Messenian Gulf in the west from the Laconian Gulf in the east.
"Cape Matapan has been an important place for thousands of years. The tip of Cape Matapan was the site of the ancient town Tenarus, near which there was (and still is) a cave that Greek legends claim was the home of Hades, the god of the dead. The ancient Spartans built several temples there, dedicated to various gods. On the hill situated above the cave, lie the remnants of an ancient temple dedicated to the sea god Poseidon (Νεκρομαντεῖον Ποσειδῶνος). Under the Byzantine Empire, the temple was converted into a Christian church, and Christian rites are conducted there to this day. Cape Matapan was once the place where mercenaries waited to be employed.
"At Cape Matapan, the Titanic's would-be rescue ship, the SS Californian, was torpedoed and sunk by German forces on 9 November 1915. In March 1941, a major naval battle, the Battle of Cape Matapan, occurred off the coast of Cape Matapan, between the Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina, in which the British emerged victorious in a one-sided encounter. The encounter's main result was to drastically reduce future Italian naval activity in the Eastern Mediterranean.
"More recently a lighthouse was constructed, but it is now in disuse."
Source: Wikipedia
Meeting with Agnès de Cayeux about Dialector by Chris Marker, in the context of "Iceberg" workspace.
“In the margin of the exhibition of Chris Marker’s work, the Iceberg is a workshop, a workspace, a temporary meeting space, with plenty of analogue and digital tools, texts, images, sounds and knowledge. This meeting place, which is open to the public, will become an exhibition space, before it will disappear. During this time, it will have been used by various groups from art colleges, secondary schools and other bodies, as they engage in a conversation with a body of work, that of Chris Marker, and of memories, technical resources, and places, here, in the present, in Brussels, in Belgium.“
www.bozar.be/fr/activities/148298-opening-l-iceberg
www.bozar.be/fr/activities/148040-l-iceberg-ou-qu-est-ce-...
Christkindelsmärik (Alsatian dialect meaning "Market of the Christ Child") is a Christmas market held annually in Strasbourg, France on the Grande Île near Strasbourg Cathedral and Place Kléber. It draws in approximately 2 million visitors each year and since the arrival of TGV High Speed Train service in Strasbourg in 2007, the number of visitors has been on the rise. A substantial number of hotel rooms are booked a year in advance, and some receive between 15 and 17% of their yearly income thanks to the Christkindelsmärik's visitors. It is considered one of the most famous Christmas markets throughout Europe. It is estimated that the city benefits of a 16 million Euros profit from this 38-day-long tradition. It is mostly famous for its fragrance of mulled wine.
Le "Särkov", nom donné en dialecte francique mosellan à la région du bord de Sarre, est un paysage fascinant par sa diversité et les nombreuses facettes qu’y offre la nature.
Sur les coteaux du bassin de Merzig et les vallées transversales qui y débouchent, les vergers alternent suivant la nature du sol avec différentes plantes, depuis les pelouses sèches en passant par les pelouses calcicoles couvertes d’orchidées et les zones de forêts.
Sur les hauteurs l’image est marquée surtout en été par les champs de blé, de colza et de maïs.
merzig.de/fr/tourisme/sehenswuerdigkeiten/steine_an_der_g...
Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Carinthia, Republic Of Austria.
Klagenfurt am Wörthersee (official name; until 2008 and further briefly just Klagenfurt , Slovenian Celovec ob Vrbskem jezeru ) is a large city in the south of Austria and the state capital of the Austrian state of Carinthia . In the local Bavarian-Austrian dialect her name is pronounced Klognfuat . With 104,332 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2023), it is the largest city in Carinthia and the sixth largest city in Austria . The urban area is located in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and currently has an area of 120 km².
Klagenfurt was first mentioned in documents in 1192/1199 and was of little relevance until Maximilian I donated the city to the Carinthian estates in 1518. This donation and the subsequent Protestant Reformation movement of the 16th century meant a steep rise for the city: Klagenfurt became the capital of Carinthia, and numerous buildings that are still important today, such as the country house and the cathedral, were built.
Today the statutory city of Klagenfurt is the seat of, among other things, the Carinthian state government , the Klagenfurt-Land district administration , the Diocese of Gurk , the Alpine-Adria University of Klagenfurt , the Gustav Mahler Private University of Music , an international airport and a location for the Carinthian University of Applied Sciences as well as numerous other companies and institutions, including those of the Carinthian Slovenes . Klagenfurt is also important for tourism due to its attractive city center with squares and old town buildings as well as cultural offerings and proximity to Lake Wörthersee .
Geography
Location
Klagenfurt is located on the Klagenfurter Feld in the center of the Klagenfurt Basin and extends for around 15 km in a north-south and east-west direction. The city covers the entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee, the areas north of it are part of the Feldkirchen-Moosburg hill country and the Glantal mountain country. Parts of the northern district of Wölfnitz already belong to Zollfeld , the south of Klagenfurt lies at the foot of the Sattnitz ridge.
The city center is about 450 m above sea level; The highest point within the municipality is the Ulrichsberg at 1022 m above sea level. A. , the deepest is the Gurkerbrücke (420 m) on the eastern border of the city.
Around a third of the 120 km² municipal area is designated as agricultural area (33.4%) or forest (32.9%). 19.3% of Klagenfurt's area is used as building land , 2.2% is water and 1.3% is gardens. The remaining 10.9% fall under “other types of use”, which includes, among other things, transport routes , mining areas and wasteland .
The Adriatic is only about 150 kilometers away from Klagenfurt; Trieste can be reached via the motorway in around two hours.
Geology
The entire Klagenfurt Basin was filled by the Drau Glacier during the Ice Age . After the ice masses melted, alluvial fans of the Glan formed the subsoil of today's northern urban area and the Zollfeld, consisting of Ice Age gravel. At the same time, Lake Wörthersee was created, which around 4,000 years ago reached into today's city center, where a large moor area was formed through gradual silting up . The hills in the north of the city consist mainly of old crystalline mica schists and Paleozoic phyllites , green slates and limestone, while the Sattnitz ridge south of Klagenfurt consists of conglomerates .
Bodies of Water
In the north of the city, the Glan flows through Klagenfurt in a west-east direction, in the east the Gurk touches the Hörtendorf district , shortly before it joins the Glan in Ebenthal . There are two canals in the city center that were artificially created in the 16th century: the Lendkanal , which still connects the center with Lake Wörthersee today, and the Feuerbach , which is now almost completely absorbed into the city's underground sewer system. Flowing through the southern districts, the 8.8 km long Glanfurt (popularly “Sattnitz”) drains Lake Wörthersee into the Glan. Other, smaller rivers include the Kerbach, the Raba and the Struga, Wölfnitz and Viktringer Bach.
The entire eastern shore of Lake Wörthersee belongs to the urban area of Klagenfurt, which has used the name of the lake in its own name since mid-2007. There are also a number of ponds in Klagenfurt. The Hallegg ponds , which lie in a nature reserve below Hallegg Castle , are among the largest.
City structure
Until 1848, the urban area only included today's Inner City ; with the formation of political communities in Austria, the immediately adjacent four suburbs (St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Viktringer and Villacher Vorstadt) were added to Klagenfurt in 1850. Apart from a smaller city expansion in 1893, Klagenfurt only reached its current size in the 20th century through the incorporation of previously independent communities in 1938 (districts IX to XII) and 1973 (districts XIII to XV).
The four districts of the inner city roughly form a square made up of squares that are numbered clockwise starting at the top left (in the northwest corner). The next four districts (5-8) enclose the square in a roughly circular shape, the numbering starts at the top, in the north and goes to the right. The same applies to the larger districts 9 to 12, which in turn form a belt of sectors in the main cardinal directions. The three outermost and youngest districts, like all zones, are numbered to the right, but stand out discreetly like wings and are therefore not connected to each other; The count now starts in the south (southwest) with 13, runs through 14 in the northwest to the relatively small 15th district in the east.
The city consists of a total of 25 cadastral municipalities , in brackets the unofficial Slovenian names and the areas in hectares (as of December 31, 2021):
Bubble Village ( Blaznja vas , 241.49 ha)
Ehrenthal (548.85 ha)
Goritschitzen ( Goričica , 571.21 ha)
Großbuch (446.46 ha)
Großponfeld (664.94 ha)
Gurlitsch I* (632.51 ha)
Hallegg ( Helek , 425.55 ha)
Hörtendorf ( Trdnja vas , 946.61 ha)
Klagenfurt (629.53 ha)
Kleinbuch (220.95 ha)
Lendorf ( Dhovše , 579.55 ha)
Marolla (977.91 ha)
Nagra (201.44 ha)
Neudorf ( Nova vas , 658.90 ha)
St. Martin near Klagenfurt (349.02 ha)
St. Peter am Karlsberg (353.84 ha)
St. Peter near Ebenthal (358.99 ha)
St. Peter near Tentschach (246.63 ha)
St. Ruprecht near Klagenfurt (653.30 ha)
Stone ( Zakamen , 267.30 ha)
Tentschach (222.56 ha)
Viktring ( Vetrinj , 369.22 ha)
Waidmannsdorf ( Otoče , 422.75 ha)
Waltendorf ( Vapoča vas , 442.94 ha)
Welzenegg (579.38 ha)
* (Gurlitsch II is a cadastral community in the neighboring community of Krumpendorf.)
Climate
Klagenfurt has a temperate continental climate with relatively large temperature fluctuations between the seasons. Due to the inversion weather conditions prevailing in the Klagenfurt Basin, an above-average and often long-lasting formation of haze and fog is typical for this area. In early and mid-autumn this is predominantly ground fog, while in late autumn and winter mostly high-level fog occurs. A general lack of wind is also characteristic. The winters, which are cold compared to the Austrian average, can be temporarily alleviated by the foehn through the Karawanken Mountains to the south .
The long-term mean annual temperature (determined between 1961 and 1990) is 7.7 °C. The average temperature in Klagenfurt in 2007 was 9.7 °C.
History
Origin of name and founding legend
Etymologically, the name Klagenfurt has a Romanesque origin and came into German via Slovenian. Heinz-Dieter Pohl has linguistically reconstructed the formation of the Slovenian name Celovec for Klagenfurt, first documented in 1615 as V Zelovzi . The starting point for this was a Romanesque l'aquiliu meaning “place by the water” - but what was meant was not Lake Wörthersee, but the River Glan . The original Romansh form was initially transformed into la quiliu and adopted into Slavic without an article. According to phonetic laws, it became cvilj- . This was expanded with the ending -ovec , which is common in field and place names, which created Cviljovec . The similar-sounding Slovenian word cvilja meant something like 'lamentation'. In Slovenian, the name Cviljovec was reinterpreted in folk etymology as the “place of laments ”, which is reflected in German in the loan translation Klagenfurt. Other derivations are therefore not applicable, such as the one advocated by Eberhard Kranzmayer about a lament woman cvilja (= lament), one of the legendary Slavic ford and water women who did their laundry at streams and springs wash and mourn deaths, or from the Glan, according to which a Glanfurt would be the origin of the name. What is overlooked is that there actually is a river called Glanfurt , which was called Lanquart until the 16th century and is now also called Sattnitz (Slovene: formerly: Lank(a)rt, today: Sotnica, or more commonly: Jezernica = Seebach). . It is the outflow of Lake Wörthersee.
An even older derivation, which comes from the time of humanism, names the Latin name of the Roman city Claudiforum or Forum Claudii as the original name and refers to Roman sources. The name Klagenfurt is said to have developed from this. In fact, a Roman city, Virunum , founded by the Emperor Claudius , existed north of the present urban area. Today it is clear that Forum Claudii was an alternative name for Virunum and that there was no Roman city in the area of today's Klagenfurt.
Lindwurm fountain : representation of the founding legend
The founding legend of Klagenfurt tells of a dragon that lived in a swamp and fed on people from the surrounding towns who approached it. The monster could only be killed through a trick: a tower was built, at the top of which an ox was chained as bait, the chain also being equipped with a large hook. When the dragon came out of its swamp to eat the ox, it got caught on the chain and was killed. This legend finds its heraldic expression in the city coat of arms of Klagenfurt and its artistic expression in the Lindwurm fountain .
Early settlements in today's urban area
The first traces of clearing and settlement in today's urban area date back to the period between 4000 and 2000 BC. Evidenced by finds in Lendorf, Waidmannsdorf and Viktring. Traces of settlements can be found from the Bronze Age ( dugout tree finds in the moor at the foot of the Sattnitz) as well as the urn field culture and the Hallstatt period (Wölfnitz and Waidmannsdorf). For a long time, only areas that towered over the marshy landscape in which today's city center is located were considered as settlement areas. The hills in the north of today's urban area were particularly suitable for this.
and the early
There is no evidence of any significant settlements in the area of today's Klagenfurt in ancient times . The center of power for this region both during the Celtic Noricum period and during the period of Roman occupation, which began in 45 BC. From the 6th century BC to the 6th century ( Virunum ), it was located on the Zollfeld north of today's Klagenfurt . Nevertheless, sporadic Roman settlements arose here too, for example on the Spitalsberg the remains of a villa and graves from Roman times were found
Unlike many towns in Carinthia, where evidence of the immigration of Slavs into the area of today's Carinthia, which took place from the end of the migration , can also be proven using place names, there is hardly any evidence of this in Klagenfurt. Nevertheless, it is assumed that today's urban area was connected to the Carolingian-Franconian Palatinate of Karnburg (Civitas Carantana), which was built around the year 828. In the course of the Christianization of Carinthia, the church foundations of Maria Saal in Zollfeld by the diocese of Salzburg and Maria Wörth were significant, but there is no evidence of any foundations on the eastern bank of Lake Wörthersee at this time.
After Carinthia was made a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire in 976, numerous monasteries were founded in the 11th century. But it was only in the first half of the 12th century that Klagenfurt became important: the Spanheimers , who had been wealthy in Carinthia since the middle of the 11th century and were the Carinthian dukes between the years 1122 and 1279, had gradually acquired parts of today's city area . Count Bernhard founded the Cistercian monastery of Viktring in 1142 and initiated settlement in its surroundings.
Founding of the city
The Carinthian dukes Hermann († 1181) and Bernhard von Spanheim († 1256) are considered the founders of Klagenfurt. Hermann is seen as the founder of the Klagenfurt market, which was built on the southern edge of the Zollfeld in the area of today's Spitalsberg . This settlement was first mentioned between June 1192 and March 1199 as the monastery of St. Paul was granted toll exemption “in foro Chlagenuurt”. However, the newly founded town was in the flood plain of the Glan and was repeatedly flooded. Bernhard von Spanheim took this as an opportunity to re-establish the settlement in a flood-proof area in 1246. Klagenfurt was rebuilt in the area around today's Old Square and received city rights in 1252.
To protect the city, a castle (first mentioned in documents in 1268) and a six meter high city wall were built, in front of which a four meter deep and ten meter wide ditch was dug. The castle probably stood on the site of today's country house and was administered by ministerials who were called castle keepers (“castellanus de Chlagenfurt”). The first documented priest in Klagenfurt (Dominus Friedericus, 1255) was still vicar of Maria Saal . The first church in Klagenfurt was probably today's parish church of Klagenfurt-St. Egid , who was the patron saint of St. in the 14th century. Egidius accepted (documented 1347); The Holy Spirit Church with a cemetery and hospital was built outside the city walls (documented in 1355 and 1381).
Klagenfurt had only a small population compared to other cities in Carinthia and remained in the shadow of the capital St. Veit and the commercial center of Villach until the 16th century .
Donation of Klagenfurt to the estates
At the beginning of the 16th century, Carinthia only played a minor role within the inner Austrian states, because for long stretches the office of governor was not even occupied. The Roman-German king and later emperor Maximilian I came to their extensive inheritance after the Gorizia people died out in 1500. On the one hand, the absence of a sovereign helped the Carinthian estates to gain a stronger political position, but on the other hand, they had to struggle with peasant revolts at the time, which flared up again in the country in 1515 and during which the state capital St. Veit proved to be less than reliable.
In 1514 Klagenfurt was almost completely destroyed by fire. The estates asked the emperor, who had now also become sovereign, to give them the city in order to turn it into a bulwark against enemies from within and without. Maximilian complied with this wish, in the “Gabbrief” of April 24, 1518, he donated the city, including the castle and citizens, to the estates, while at the same time revoking all civil privileges.
The estates rebuilt the city and commissioned Domenico dell'Allio to plan city fortifications . The financing of this undertaking was significantly supported by Ferdinand I's leasing of the sovereign mint in 1529 and its relocation from St. Veit to Klagenfurt soon afterwards. The Lend Canal , an artificial waterway from Lake Wörthersee to the city, had already been created in 1527 and was used to transport goods, flood the moat and serve as a fire-fighting water reservoir. A second, much smaller canal, the so-called Feuerbach , brought Glanwasser into the city, which was available in two open channels and was also used to transport waste. The previous “Galgentratte” became the new center of the city as “Neuer Platz”. The streets around it were laid out in a checkerboard pattern. Important representative buildings such as the country house (from 1574) and today's cathedral (from 1581), which was built as a Protestant church, were built. In 1587, due to the ever-increasing tasks of the city administration, the judge and council asked the estates to appoint a mayor. As a result, Christoph Windisch (* ? – † 1597) was appointed the first mayor of the corporative city of Klagenfurt. By the end of the 16th century, Klagenfurt had grown into the most modern and strongest fortress city in the region.
Burgfriedstein at the Sattnitzbauern onQuellenstrasse
The city's sphere of influence included extensive areas of the hinterland and smaller towns outside the city fortifications. They formed the Klagenfurt castle keep , which was administered by the city judge. It stretched from St. Primus in the north to the swampy landscape of Glanfurt in the south and from the Glan in the east to the village of Waidmannsdorf in the west of the city. Not a single castle was built in this area; the noble residences of this type were all outside the keep boundaries.
Reformation and
In the course of the second half of the 16th century, large parts of the population and almost all of the Carinthian estates had joined the Lutheran Reformation movement ; in Klagenfurt one can speak of a consistently Protestant population as early as the 1570s.
The new doctrine was proclaimed both in St. Egid and in the Church of the Holy Spirit, and the newly built Trinity Church, later the Catholic cathedral, was also used as a Protestant church after its completion. While the Catholic Habsburgs, as sovereigns, were initially almost powerless in the face of this development, from around 1580 they initially hesitantly implemented the Counter-Reformation together with the Catholic Church in 1595, then with all their might after Archduke Ferdinand came to power. Citizens were given the choice of returning to Catholicism or leaving the country, books were burned and Protestant churches were temporarily closed.
The Trinity Church, which was closed in November 1600, was given to the Jesuits and reopened by them in April 1604 and consecrated to Saints Peter and Paul. Above all, the Jesuits, but also other orders that were part of the Counter-Reformation, shaped the intellectual and cultural development as well as with numerous new church and monastery buildings (St. Mary's Church with Franciscan monastery in 1617, Capuchin church and monastery in 1646, redesign of St. Egid and St . Peter and Paul etc.) the face of the city.
After the Jesuit order was abolished in 1773, Klagenfurt became the seat of the Gurk Cathedral Chapter in 1787/93.
End of Estate Rule, French Wars and March Revolution
The estates had already lost power with Maria Theresa's administrative reform . Since 1748, the city administration was no longer subject to the estate councilors and the burgrave . State authorities had taken their place. The state of Carinthia was divided into three districts and the “castle” was now the seat of a district office. In 1782, Klagenfurt lost its position as state capital after Joseph II placed all of Carinthia administratively under the Gubernium of Graz.
The square, planned layout of the old city center, shown here on a map from around 1735 with the city walls and city gates razed in 1809, can still be clearly seen on today's plans.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Klagenfurt was occupied by French troops in 1797 and in 1805 and 1809/1810. Before they left, Napoleon's Württemberg sappers blew up the city walls. The Völkermarkter Tor was the only one of the city gates that remained intact, but it had to give way to road expansion in 1867. Massive causeway bridges were built in place of the blown-up city gates. Today only a small remnant of the fortification wall and the city moat remains. However, the location of the city walls can still be clearly seen on today's “ring” around the city center.
Even though there were only sporadic acts of war in the country during the wars, this period and the years that followed marked an economic decline. From an urban planning perspective, however, the demolition of the fortifications also opened up new perspectives. A city map from 1827 shows the merging of the city center with its four suburbs: St. Veiter, Völkermarkter, Villacher and Viktringer Vorstadt. In addition to the formation of districts, Klagenfurt was also a vital city in the pre-industrial period in terms of its social structure, its culture and its relationship to the surrounding area.
On the political stage, Klagenfurt and the now divided Carinthia were of little importance during the Metternich era . This was only to change again after the revolutionary year of 1848 , when Carinthia became an independent crown state again with the headquarters of a state parliament and a state government in Klagenfurt. After Klagenfurt became a city with its own statute in 1850, the second city expansion took place after more than 300 years as part of the general restructuring of the state and the country and the associated creation of local communities as the smallest self-governing bodies.
However, the hoped-for unification of Klagenfurt with numerous surrounding towns did not initially materialize; the neighbors saw no advantage in this and preferred status as an independent rural community. In addition to the inner city, the new municipality only comprised its four suburbs, including the “rural town of Spitalmühle”. Not even the entire truce had come to Klagenfurt: even the Kreuzbergl area of the “Wölfnitzberg” remained in the cadastral community of St. Martin and became part of the new local community of St. Martin near Klagenfurt . In 1850, the first Klagenfurt local council chose the 51-year-old lawyer Andreas Koller , who had just been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Franz Joseph Order , as city leader.
Technological age
In 1863, Klagenfurt was connected to the Southern Railway network , and the resulting economic stimulus made Klagenfurt the center of Carinthia. The outdated, damaged water pipe, fed by the Feuerbach and the Sattnitz springs, was taken over by the city and improved. In 1864, Ferdinand Jergitsch founded the first volunteer fire department in Carinthia, a model organization for numerous cities in the k. u.k. Monarchy. The city ditches were partly filled in and built over, the agricultural area was expanded through drainage and the city was enlarged, including the former suburbs and surrounding communities, first to the east and later to the west towards Lake Wörthersee.
In the course of the busy construction activity, the Protestant Johanneskirche (1863–1866), the Carinthian State Museum (1884), the large school buildings (Hasner, Benedictine and West schools, secondary school, trade school, “Kucherhof” agricultural school), the state hospital (1895) and the new “Jubiläumsstadttheater” (1910). The economic rise was also documented by the first Carinthian state exhibition in 1885, at which 1,329 exhibiting companies presented their services to around 100,000 visitors. This laid the foundation for today's Klagenfurt Trade Fair.
In 1896, however, the city administration rejected the electrification of the city and the establishment of a railway directorate in Klagenfurt. Only after long negotiations was the basis for a power grid laid. In 1903, the city's streets received electric lighting instead of the incandescent gas lights that previously illuminated the streets. The horse-drawn tram set up in 1891 was replaced by the electric Klagenfurt tram from 1911 onwards . The railway management, on the other hand, had now established itself in Villach , making its western neighbor a “railway town”.
The First World War and its consequences for Klagenfurt
The First World War interrupted the city's rise. After Italy entered the war in 1915, Klagenfurt was not directly on the front of the mountain war and was therefore spared from the immediate war, but was subsequently flooded by returning soldiers. 2,214 people from Klagenfurt died as soldiers during the war. In addition, the SHS state that emerged after the end of the war claimed parts of southern Carinthia and Lower Styria, relying on the Slovenian population. His troops crossed the demarcation line and occupied Klagenfurt on June 6, 1919. For security reasons, the Carinthian state government had recently been temporarily relocated to Spittal an der Drau and later to St. Veit an der Glan. The troops had to withdraw again at the end of July 1919 after a referendum was held at the Paris Peace Conference on the fate of the disputed areas. The plebiscite of October 10, 1920 ultimately resulted in a clear majority for Carinthia and the Republic of Austria.
The economic consequences of the war - inflation and high unemployment - initially slowed down the further development of the city, which at times was unable to pay even the wages of its employees.
Period of National Socialism and the Second World War
With the “annexation” of Austria to the German Reich, Klagenfurt became the capital of the Carinthian district on March 12, 1938 ( Reichsgau from March 1, 1938 ). From October 1, 1938, East Tyrol and from April 17, 1941, Mießtal , which fell to Yugoslavia in 1918, and parts of Upper Carniola were also administered from Klagenfurt. Under the National Socialist mayor Friedrich von Franz, all previously published newspapers were discontinued and replaced by the Carinthian Grenzruf . The New Square was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz . In addition, numerous other squares and streets in the city were given the names of Nazi greats.
The young, small Jewish community in Klagenfurt (1934: 269 religious Jews) was almost completely wiped out during this time. During Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938, citizens of Klagenfurt devastated the prayer house in Platzgasse (which was later completely destroyed in a bombing raid), demolished Jewish apartments and desecrated the Jewish cemetery in St. Ruprecht. The bank accounts of the Jews in Carinthia were blocked, but the money is said to have been used in collaboration with the religious community to cover the travel costs of the emigrating Jews. Of all the Jews who were expelled from Carinthia or who emigrated “voluntarily”, 45 certainly died, but probably more died. Most of the Jews who remained in Klagenfurt were later arrested and deported to concentration camps; only a few were able to save themselves after 1939. In 1951 there were only nine Jewish citizens left in Klagenfurt.
On October 15, 1938, the previously independent community of Sankt Ruprecht and the towns of Sankt Peter, Annabichl and Sankt Martin as well as parts of the communities of Krumpendorf , Lendorf, Hörtendorf , Viktring and Maria Wörth were incorporated. This meant that the urban area grew from 618 hectares to 5,613 hectares (around nine times as much), and the population rose from 30,000 to over 50,000.
In the Lendorf district, prisoners from the Mauthausen concentration camp built a barracks and a “ Junker school ” for the Waffen-SS . The Klagenfurt-Lendorf concentration camp subcamp was located in the courtyard of today's Khevenhüller barracks.
After there had already been a smaller attack by the 9th US Air Fleet on Klagenfurt Airport in September 1943 , the first bombs fell on built-up urban areas on Sunday, January 16, 1944, at 11:41 a.m. The main targets were the area around the main train station and the tobacco factory on Kempfstrasse, where part of German aircraft production had been relocated from Wiener Neustadt to Klagenfurt. In three waves of attacks, 90 bombers dropped around 1,200 high-explosive bombs over the city. There were 234 deaths, 73 seriously injured and around 1,800 homeless people.
This attack was followed by 48 more by April 26, 1945, 12 of which were major attacks in which a total of 2,000 tons of bombs were dropped. At the end of the war, 3,413 houses and 9,672 apartments had been destroyed. 60 percent of Klagenfurt's apartments were destroyed and 510 people were killed. 1665 Klagenfurt residents died as soldiers during the war.
Post-war and present
On May 8, 1945, British troops reached the city a few hours before the units of the Yugoslav armed forces and the Yugoslav partisans. The communist leadership of Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito , with the support of the Soviet Union , claimed Klagenfurt and large parts of Carinthia for themselves, but they encountered resistance from the British. However, the British were unable to prevent residents of the Klagenfurt district from being kidnapped by Yugoslav partisans.
Klagenfurt was part of the British zone until the end of the occupation in Austria in 1955. The English War Cemetery on Lilienthalstraße is still a reminder of this today.
In 1947, Austria's first district heating power plant was built in Klagenfurt, in 1955 the country's first high-rise building was built and in 1961, Wiener Gasse, together with Kramergasse, became the first designated pedestrian zone in Austria, which was soon expanded to include Alter Platz. The botanical garden , founded in 1862, was moved from Mießtalerstrasse to the former quarry on Kreuzbergl in 1958. The creation of the cathedral square by demolishing the Jesuit barracks , which had been damaged in the war, caused controversial discussions in the 1960s .
Science & Technology Park
A focus of city policy in the post-war period was the reconstruction and expansion of the school and university systems. With the establishment of the Federal High School for Slovenes in Klagenfurt in 1957, one of Austria's obligations in the State Treaty of 1955 was fulfilled. In addition, other educational centers were built with the aim of offering several training focuses for students in Klagenfurt, including the music high school in Viktring and the Mössingerstraße federal school center, which houses an HTL and a high school. The University of Education Sciences was founded in 1970, which subsequently became what is now the University of Klagenfurt .
As a result of the incorporation of four large neighboring communities ( Viktring , Hörtendorf , Wölfnitz and St. Peter am Bichl with the Ulrichsberg ) as well as some areas of neighboring communities ( Ebenthal , Maria Wörth , Poggersdorf , Liebenfels ) as part of the municipal reform in 1973, the municipal area became In 1938 it was expanded again significantly, by a good double, and reached its current size of 12,030 hectares.
Mosaic coat of arms for UEFA Euro 2008
On July 3, 2007, the local council decided to rename the city of Klagenfurt to “Klagenfurt am Wörthersee”, this was confirmed by the Carinthian state parliament. It was hoped that this would increase the city's marketing value. Critical voices, however, emphasized that Klagenfurt has only been located on Lake Wörthersee since the beginning of the 20th century through property purchases and that it has little in common with Lake Wörthersee in terms of cultural history.
The Wörthersee Stadium was rebuilt between 2006 and 2008 for the 2008 European Football Championship , and three preliminary round games took place in the stadium.
In 2015, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .
Brèves de couloir "mission de management globale du potentiel de réalisation".
citation authentique de langage professionnel
Dumenza ( Duménsa in Varese dialect ) is an Italian municipality of 1,438 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy .
It is made up of the hamlets of Runo , Due Cossani , Stivigliano, Trezzino, Vignone and Torbera and other various localities.
Physical geography
The territory is crossed by the Rio Colmegnino , which originates in the locality of Regordallo ( Due Cossani ) from Mount Colmegnino and flows into Lake Maggiore at the level of the Colmegna di Luino hamlet . However, the valley dug in this way takes the name of Val Dumentina (also called Valle Smeralda due to its green colours). To the north of Colmegnino stands Monte Lema , which with its 1624 meters above sea level is an excellent panoramic peak, the highest in the Luinese area, served by a cable car on the Swiss side , from Miglieglia . In fact, Dumenza borders Switzerland and hosts a pedestrian crossing in Palone (Dumenza). To the north, however, it borders Val Veddasca , which can be accessed by continuing along provincial road 6.
Origins of the name
Various theories justify the toponym . The most probable is that it derives from a person's name: in the lists of "fires" (i.e. families) of the municipality, the name Dugmentio appears among some heads of families . It could derive from dux mensae or from loco mensa . In fact, only in one historical document, from another municipality, does it appear as Locomenza .
History
Two stone brackets decorated with human faces, found by the parish priest Parapini in the church, date back to 909. They are now found at the base of the tower. But these districts are already mentioned in an 18th century document which testifies how King Liutprand donated the lands of Valtravaglia to the monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia .
The bell tower of the church of San Giorgio , in Runo , seems to have had a military role in the period before the year 1000 , during the various barbarian invasions : in fact, the road that led from Varese to Luino and then to Dumenza was the only one that accessed Bellinzona , as the long lake did not exist. It was probably part of a system of towers along these valleys, of which Runo's is the only one surviving.
From the 16th century it was under the lordship of the rich and powerful Moriggia family
In the Napoleonic era the municipality annexed Runo for the first time . The first city council was elected in 1821 . In 1928 fascism gave the municipality its current extension by incorporating Due Cossani and Runo.
Monuments and places of interest
The church of San Nazario.
The church of the Immaculate Conception (of the former institute of the Ursuline nuns).
The church of San Giorgio in Runo
The historic center of Dumenza is characterized by rural houses with large sunny balconies.
Stivigliano
Stivigliano maintains its medieval conformation intact, with narrow streets and houses close together. An old turret is visible overlooking the Val Dumentina, evidently for military purposes.
Churaumi means "beautiful sea" in the Okinawan dialect. Its aims to recreate every aspect of the Okinawa's seas and its aquarium is one of the largest in the world. The "Kuroshio (black current) sea" tank itself holds 7500 cubic meters of water and it's front panel currently holds the Guinness World Record for the world's largest aquarium viewing window.
More about this photo at www.kenleewrites.com/2008/11/okinawa-churaumi-aquarium.html.
Dumenza ( Duménsa in Varese dialect ) is an Italian municipality of 1,438 inhabitants in the province of Varese in Lombardy .
It is made up of the hamlets of Runo , Due Cossani , Stivigliano, Trezzino, Vignone and Torbera and other various localities.
Physical geography
The territory is crossed by the Rio Colmegnino , which originates in the locality of Regordallo ( Due Cossani ) from Mount Colmegnino and flows into Lake Maggiore at the level of the Colmegna di Luino hamlet . However, the valley dug in this way takes the name of Val Dumentina (also called Valle Smeralda due to its green colours). To the north of Colmegnino stands Monte Lema , which with its 1624 meters above sea level is an excellent panoramic peak, the highest in the Luinese area, served by a cable car on the Swiss side , from Miglieglia . In fact, Dumenza borders Switzerland and hosts a pedestrian crossing in Palone (Dumenza). To the north, however, it borders Val Veddasca , which can be accessed by continuing along provincial road 6.
Origins of the name
Various theories justify the toponym . The most probable is that it derives from a person's name: in the lists of "fires" (i.e. families) of the municipality, the name Dugmentio appears among some heads of families . It could derive from dux mensae or from loco mensa . In fact, only in one historical document, from another municipality, does it appear as Locomenza .
History
Two stone brackets decorated with human faces, found by the parish priest Parapini in the church, date back to 909. They are now found at the base of the tower. But these districts are already mentioned in an 18th century document which testifies how King Liutprand donated the lands of Valtravaglia to the monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia .
The bell tower of the church of San Giorgio , in Runo , seems to have had a military role in the period before the year 1000 , during the various barbarian invasions : in fact, the road that led from Varese to Luino and then to Dumenza was the only one that accessed Bellinzona , as the long lake did not exist. It was probably part of a system of towers along these valleys, of which Runo's is the only one surviving.
From the 16th century it was under the lordship of the rich and powerful Moriggia family
In the Napoleonic era the municipality annexed Runo for the first time . The first city council was elected in 1821 . In 1928 fascism gave the municipality its current extension by incorporating Due Cossani and Runo.
Monuments and places of interest
The church of San Nazario.
The church of the Immaculate Conception (of the former institute of the Ursuline nuns).
The church of San Giorgio in Runo
The historic center of Dumenza is characterized by rural houses with large sunny balconies.
Stivigliano
Stivigliano maintains its medieval conformation intact, with narrow streets and houses close together. An old turret is visible overlooking the Val Dumentina, evidently for military purposes.