At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

Folkloric

· For rheumatic pains of the legs and waist: use 3 to 6 gms of dried material in the form of decoction.

· Pounded fresh leaves may be applied as poultice for snakebites or may be used as insecticide.

· Poultice of leaves applied or rubbed on area of snake and insect bites.

· For sprains and bone pains: Oiled leaves or bark material are heated and applied to painful areas.

· Croton seed oil has been used as purgative.

· Seed oil used for treatment of schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasites.

· Roots, bark, seeds, and leaves considered a drastic purgative.

· Bruised root applied to carbuncles and cancerous sores.

· Testa used for fluxes.

· In Annam, bark used as a tonic.

· In Java and Kelantan, roots are finely shredded, mixed with water, and drunk by women as abortifacient.

· Diluted tincture of croton seeds used as a stimulant and applied in certain cutaneous affections, like eczema, ichthyosis and erythema.

· Seeds, while half-roasting over a lamp or candle flame, is inhaled through the nostril to relieve asthma.

· Croton oil is rubbed on the skin as rubefacient and counterirritant.

· Internally, croton oil us used as a powerful hydragogue, cathartic, and purgative. In excessive doses, it can cause severe purging, collapse and death.

· Liniment used as stimulant and applied to chronic rheumatism, neuralgia, glandular and other indolent swellings, chronic bronchitis and other pulmonary affections.

· Croton oil is used in dropsy, obstinate constipation, intestinal obstructions, and lead poisoning; as a preliminary laxative in leprosy; and as a revulsive in apoplexy. A few drops at the base of the tongue produces catharsis.

· As a blister, applied to the scalp in acute cerebral diseases, to the cord in spinal meningitis, to the chest in chronic bronchitis, and to the throat in laryngitis. Used in lock-jaw and mania.

· In Ayurveda, considered purgative; known as Kumbhini, used in the treatment of constipation after Sodhana (detoxification process) of seeds with Godugdha (cow's milk). (15)

- In Unani medicine, Croton tiglium seeds and Zingiber officinalis rhizome extract has been used in equal ratio as a paste formulation for the treatment of Safa (alopecia areata)

 

source: stuart xchange

GOVERNOR TOMBLIN CELEBRATES ONE-YEAR

ANNIVERSARY OF 844-HELP4WV CALL LINE

 

Call center has received more than 5,000 calls for help

around substance abuse, mental health

 

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) - Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today joined state and local officials at the 844-HELP4WV call line headquarters in Charleston to commemorate the one-year anniversary of West Virginia's first statewide 24-hour substance abuse call line, and highlight the state's progress in the fight against substance abuse.

 

"I am proud of the work we've done and the progress we've made together to help those struggling with addiction, especially through the HELP4WV call line," said. Gov. Tomblin. "As we mark the one year anniversary of the help line, we also look ahead to the challenges that remain - and recommit ourselves to helping more West Virginians overcome addiction."

 

In the year since Gov. Tomblin launched the call line, more than 5,200 calls have been received. Of those, 2,250 were individuals seeking help, all of whom were connected to at least one resource to begin or continue treatment. The help line was a recommendation of Gov. Tomblin's community-driven regional substance abuse task forces, which are set to hold their 20th round of meetings this fall.

 

The call line is administered through a collaborative partnership between the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) and First Choice Health Systems, whose employees are professionally certified and trained to engage callers in conversation. They work on a one-on-one basis to determine the best steps moving forward for each individual.

 

No callers are placed on hold and can be immediately connected with treatment staff to help determine the most appropriate treatment option. Follow-up phone calls are placed after the first appointment, the first month, and the first three months to help patients stay on track and have access to any additional clinical information or resources on community-based programs and local support groups.

 

Snapshot of Substance Abuse Resources & Programs in West Virginia

 

The 844-HELP4WV call line is available 24 hours a day, seven days per week and accepts phone calls and text messages. The website - www.help4wv.com - includes a live online chat application.

Substance abuse prevention services are provided in all 55 counties in West Virginia. More than 130 crisis detoxification beds in residential treatment facilities exist across the state with more sites under development. An additional 118 beds are designated for short-term, postpartum, youth and long-term treatment. Nearly 700 beds are available to those seeking help and support at peer and provider recovery homes and facilities.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently announced $53 million in funding for 44 states to combat opioid abuse. West Virginia is set to receive support in its efforts to prevent overdoses and strengthen drug misuse prevention, among other initiatives.

Today, the National Governor's Association invited West Virginia to attend a learning lab, State Strategies for Reducing Overdose and Deaths from Heroin and Illicit Fentanyl. A team will attend workshops focusing on innovative policies and programs and best practices to increase access to substance abuse treatment and improve timeliness of overdoes reporting and response.

The West Virginia Division of Corrections offers programs focused on combatting substance abuse in the state's prisons and jails. Nine Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) units in correctional centers across the state provide six-month to one-year courses of inpatient treatment with a total reach of 491 inmates. The RSAT model has been expanded to regional facilities.

Through a pilot program overseen by the DHHR, medication assisted treatment is available for paroling or discharging inmates who have completed substance abuse programs and show motivation for continuing treatment. As of June, 29 inmates had received this treatment before leaving their facility. This pilot program has been expanded through legislation passed this year and has begun development in regional jails.

Both prisons and jails offer outpatient substance abuse counseling programs, including 12-step peer-to-peer programs and a 39-session program focusing on addiction education, transitional skills for recovery and relapse prevention.

 

Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”

Red-backed Poison Frog (Ranitomeya reticulatus or Dendrobates reticaltus), Rio Napo rainforest area, Amazonian rainforest area, Loreto, Amazonia, Peru

 

It is the second-most toxic poison frog in the Ranitomeya genus, however, compared to other poison frogs it is moderately toxic. But the bright and characteristic colors and patterns alert possible predators: Do not touch me!

 

It is an arboreal and diurnal living frog, only 12-14 mm of length. The poison is not produced by the frogs themselves but for example from toxic fire ants and other insects which they feed on.

 

As you may know I use reduced flash and a paper tissue before the flash with frogs and almost no direct shot on the frog. So that's the reason why depth-of-field is not exactly what I am used to reach and remember: frogs are usually fast moving and following the frogs in the jungle is sometimes tricky: You are always on the risk to touch or sit or knee in ants, and that is definitely not very funny!!

 

Interesting facts: In a previous post I asked the question why some of the frogs in the neotropical rainforest are dependent on water but are not living directly in the water, as these little jewels will not do. Open water is too dangerous for the frogs. there are too many predators like fishes and dragonfly larvae wich will feed on the frogs and also tadpoles. So they choose another strategy for survival. Some species lay their eggs on leaves above the water surface to avoid direct killing by predators but they have still enough humidity not do dry out. Remember: Neotropical frogs have a sophisticated and very intensive and individual parental care. They do not produce masses of eggs and tadpoles to survive like most of the frogs do it out of the rainforest.

 

Another reason for the developing outside the water is the fact, that natural water resources are almost de-ionisied meaning there are no minerals and ions in it. Therefore there is an intense osmotic pressure on organism without a water-proof surface like frogs. The process of dilution will lead to an unilateral gradient with entrance of water in the organism and its cells and will destroy the tissues. Poison frogs and their eggs do not have a protection against this osmotic dilution. Some species solve this problem with establishing a system of eggs within a layer of spume/foam. Remember the last time when you have made egg white stiff? Some frogs do this with their legs. The result is a "stiffy" spume around the eggs and they are even protected against dehydration.

 

The skin of frogs is water-permeable, so they need water, but they do not live directly in the water or at the edges of little ponds. There are some African frogs which will change everyday their dried skin. That needs a lot of protein to rebuild this skin. In the neotropics there is not enough food available for doing this. Poison frog has choosen another way of protection. Humidity means constant challenge by bacteria and fungi to the thin frog's skin. To avoid infection and stabilize the skin they exude ... poison! The digestion process of these toxin by liver and kidney would be an extremely stress for these little frogs. Exuding by skin is much easier and they have even developped an effective protection mechanism against bacterial and fungal infection, detoxification of nutritiants, dehydration and several predators! This stretegy is so effective that they are almost not be hunted (however there are some snakes which were some kind of immune against the poison), they are allowed to live also diurnal and must not hide themselves due to the warning colors. And still: there are no masses of these frogs in the rainforest as it might be expected after installation of this sophisticated protection mechanism. The reason is again as I previously pointed out. There is not much food resources available.

Vishwa Shanti Yoga School ( Shobahana Yog Sadan) offers one and two weeks Yoga Retreats. The course includes Asanas, Pranayama Meditation Practice, Wellness – Nutritive and Preventive Health Care Classes, Ayurveda Massages, Naturopathy, Detoxification and Spirituality. Practitioners also have chances to experience the Himalayan trek and river rafting (as per the availability). Natural vegetarian food and comfortable accommodation are added benefit to practice Yoga in full sense.

  

Yoga Teacher Training in India

 

Shobhana Yog Sadan || Yoga Teacher Training in India || Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 100 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 200 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 300 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || Yoga Retreats in India || Yoga Courses for Beginners in India || Ayrveda Retreats in India

 

Vishwa Shanti Yoga School

Yoga Teacher Training in India || 200 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 300 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || Yoga Retreats in India || Yoga Courses for Beginners in India || Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 200 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 300 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

An Afghan man smokes during a break from a drug counselling session at the Drug Dependency Treatment Centre, as another looks on. The drug detoxification, treatment and rehabilitation services are provided by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC) in conjunction with the Counter Narcotics Directorate (CND) of the National Security Council of the Government of Afghanistan. 22/May/2006. UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe. www.unmultimedia.org/photo/

Mother and child in Chhath.

  

My Experienceof Chhath

I am a permanent resident of Kolkata, but I never witnessed the celebration of Chhath Pooja here. Lakhs of migrant residents from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India and Nepal as well, celebrated their most ancient festival along the bank of river Hoogly, the sacred river that flows through the city. On 6th November this year, around 2pm, I went to a famous ghat on the bank of river Hoogly opposite to Eden gardens. It was an unique photographic journey to witness how people performed their rituals with so much devotion and faith. I saw hundreds of devotees sitting on the banks quietly with their offerings to Sun God and some performing their rituals with half of their bodies immersed in the Ganges, and some with fire, called ‘Homas’. I was closely looking at them, and I was amazed by their dedication, devotion and complacency. Thousands of devotees were found proceeding towards the Ganges with their offerings, all cladded in bright clothes and ornaments, and many were found on their way to lay prone on the roads touching their whole body (Ashtanga or eight parts of the body) on the Earth and performing ‘Dondis’(Surya Namaskara -Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार, Sun Salutation). Many of the family members, including newborn kids were found lying on the roads waiting for the main worshipper of the family to crossover their bodies as a way to get blessings from them. Most of the main family worshippers were found to be the eldest ladies of the family. Through Chhath, I rediscovered my religious India, in a new and beautiful way.

  

Chhath Pooja

Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival of worshiping Sun God, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun God and describes similar rituals.Historically it is native to eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar of India and Mithila State of Nepal.The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth.The God is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is also believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders. Environmentalists claim that Chhath is the most eco-friendly Hindu festival.

 

Regions Celebrating Chhath

Although the festival is observed most elaborately in Mithila Province of Nepal,Terai-Madhesh region of Nepal, Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and UP, it is also more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence.The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, as well in various countries worldwide.

 

Timings

Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in Bengali calender. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian English Calendar.

  

History

The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites. It is assumed that the oldest Purohits were requested by the kings to come and perform the traditional pooja of the Lord Sun. They used to chant the ancient Rigveda texts and a variety of hymns for worshiping the God. In the ancient time of Mahabharata Chhath pooja was celebrated by Draupadi and Pandavas of Hastinapur (present Delhi) for solving their instant problem and regaining their lost kingdom. It is also assumed that the Chhath puja was first started by the Surya Putra (son of Sun God) Karna. He was a great warrior and had ruled over the Anga Desh (Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharata period.

 

Ethymology

The word chhath means sixth in Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri languages and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the month Kārtika of the Hindu lunar Bikram Sambat calendar.The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit ṣaṣṭhi, meaning sixth.

The Goddess who is also worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the beloved younger wife of Surya, the sun god. The rituals signify rising sun as well as setting sun.

 

Rituals and Traditions of Chhath Puja

It is believed that worshipers of the Chhath take holy bath and follows a period of abstinence and become separate for 4 days from the main family. Throughout the period he is believed as the pure spirit and sleep on the floor having single blanket.

Devotees offer prasad to Sun at the Chhath such as sweets, Kheer, Thekua, bananas and other fruits included in a small bamboo tokari. The prasad is cooked without salt, onions or garlic with maintained purity. It is a four days festival which includes:

On the first day, devotees take bathe early in the morning in the holy water of Gange and bring some holy water to their home to prepare the offerings. The home and its surroundings should be cleaned at this day. They take only one meal a day known as kaddu-bhat cooked only by using the bronze or soil utensils and mango woods over the soil stove.

On the second day, the day before Chhath, devotees keeps fast for whole day and break their fast in the evening after sunset after the worship of Sun. They offer Rasiao-kheer, puris, fruits in the puja. After taking meal in the evening, they go on a fast without water for the next 36 hours.

On the third day (day of Chhath) they offer the Sanjhiya Arghya at the ghat of riverbank. After Arghya, they wear the single saree of turmeric color. Other family members are waiting for getting the blessings from worshiper. At the night of Chhath a vibrant event of Kosi is celebrated by lighting the lamps of clay diyas under the covering of five sugarcane sticks. The five sugarcane sticks indicate the Panchatattva (earth, water, fire, air and space) the human is body made up of.

On the early morning of the fourth day (Paarun), devotees along with their family and friends offer Bihaniya Aragh at the ghat of riverbank of Gange. Devotees end their festival through breaking the fast by having the Chhath prashad.

 

Six levels of purification in Chhath ( a belief)

The belief of fast and cleanliness of body on the festival identify the detoxification of the body and mind in order to set up the body and mind to accept the cosmic solar energy.

Standing in water with half of the body inside the water diminishes the escape of energy as well as facilitates the prana to elevate to the sushumna.

Then the entrance of cosmic solar energy takes place in the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus (known as the Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

In the 4th stage Triveni complex gets activated.

After activation of the Triveni complex, spine gets polarized and body of devotee gets transformed into a cosmic powerhouse and gets the Kundalini Shakti.

At this stage the devotee is fully able to conduct, recycle and pass on the energy into entire universe.

  

Benefits of the rituals (a belief)

Devotee of the Chhath puja can improve the immunity of body.

A variety of skin infections can be cured through the safe radiations of sunlight.

It increases the fighting power of blood by improving the performance of WBC.

Solar energy provides the power to control the secretion of hormones.

 

Significance

Chhath puja has a special significance during the Sunrise and Sunset periods. The Sunrise and sunset are the most important periods of the day during which a human body can safely get the solar energy without any harm. That’s why there is a myth of offering the Sanjhiya Arghya and Bihaniya Arghya to the Sun at the Chhath festival. During this period the solar energy has low level of ultraviolet radiations so it is safe for the human body. People perform the Chhath puja in order to thank the Lord Sun for the lives on the earth as well as to get blessings.

The ritual of Chhath puja provides mental calmness (by detoxifying the body and mind), enhances the energy level and immunity, reduces the frequency of anger, greed and jealousy as well as lot of negative emotions. It is also believed that following the Chhath processes helps in slowing down the ageing process. Such beliefs and rituals of the Chhath make it the most significant festival in the Hindus ever.

 

[ Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhath and www.varanasi.org.in/chhath-pooja ]

  

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

Rabbit is pretty in pink after a romp in a patch of pokeweed, also called "poke salet" (salad) in the Southern US.

 

Most of the plant is toxic, but Rabbit's coat is stained by the berries' brilliant (and not too toxic) crimson dye, Rabbit has a special affinity for all things toxic, noxious and spiny.

 

Poke poisoning, usually acquired from medicinal poke tinctures, killed people in the 18th and 19th centuries. There are still occasional, usually nonfatal poisonings from eating improperly prepared poke greens. The seeds and rhizome are said to be the most toxic parts.

 

That said, I grew up eating poke greens. They have to be harvested young, parboiled three times, discarding the water each time, then cooked a final time with pork fatback (said to be an essential part of the detoxification) and served drained.

 

Cooking times and other details are critical. On balance, I'd say that you shouldn't eat them unless they're cooked by someone with a lot of experience.

 

Then of course there's Tony Joe White's Polk Salad Annie, a pretty good country blues song later covered by Elvis Presley.

My Experience

I am a permanent resident of Kolkata, but I never witnessed the celebration of Chhath Pooja here. Lakhs of migrant residents from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India and Nepal as well, celebrated their most ancient festival along the bank of river Hoogly, the sacred river that flows through the city. On 6th November this year, around 2pm, I went to a famous ghat on the bank of river Hoogly opposite to Eden gardens. It was an unique photographic journey to witness how people performed their rituals with so much devotion and faith. I saw hundreds of devotees sitting on the banks quietly with their offerings to Sun God and some performing their rituals with half of their bodies immersed in the Ganges, and some with fire, called ‘Homas’. I was closely looking at them, and I was amazed by their dedication, devotion and complacency. Thousands of devotees were found proceeding towards the Ganges with their offerings, all cladded in bright clothes and ornaments, and many were found on their way to lay prone on the roads touching their whole body (Ashtanga or eight parts of the body) on the Earth and performing ‘Dondis’(Surya Namaskara -Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार, Sun Salutation). Many of the family members, including newborn kids were found lying on the roads waiting for the main worshipper of the family to crossover their bodies as a way to get blessings from them. Most of the main family worshippers were found to be the eldest ladies of the family. Through Chhath, I rediscovered my religious India, in a new and beautiful way.

  

Chhath Pooja

Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival of worshiping Sun God, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun God and describes similar rituals.Historically it is native to eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar of India and Mithila State of Nepal.The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth.The God is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is also believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders. Environmentalists claim that Chhath is the most eco-friendly Hindu festival.

 

Regions Celebrating Chhath

Although the festival is observed most elaborately in Mithila Province of Nepal,Terai-Madhesh region of Nepal, Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and UP, it is also more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence.The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, as well in various countries worldwide.

 

Timings

Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in Bengali calender. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian English Calendar.

  

History

The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites. It is assumed that the oldest Purohits were requested by the kings to come and perform the traditional pooja of the Lord Sun. They used to chant the ancient Rigveda texts and a variety of hymns for worshiping the God. In the ancient time of Mahabharata Chhath pooja was celebrated by Draupadi and Pandavas of Hastinapur (present Delhi) for solving their instant problem and regaining their lost kingdom. It is also assumed that the Chhath puja was first started by the Surya Putra (son of Sun God) Karna. He was a great warrior and had ruled over the Anga Desh (Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharata period.

 

Ethymology

The word chhath means sixth in Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri languages and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the month Kārtika of the Hindu lunar Bikram Sambat calendar.The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit ṣaṣṭhi, meaning sixth.

The Goddess who is also worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the beloved younger wife of Surya, the sun god. The rituals signify rising sun as well as setting sun.

 

Rituals and Traditions of Chhath Puja

It is believed that worshipers of the Chhath take holy bath and follows a period of abstinence and become separate for 4 days from the main family. Throughout the period he is believed as the pure spirit and sleep on the floor having single blanket.

Devotees offer prasad to Sun at the Chhath such as sweets, Kheer, Thekua, bananas and other fruits included in a small bamboo tokari. The prasad is cooked without salt, onions or garlic with maintained purity. It is a four days festival which includes:

On the first day, devotees take bathe early in the morning in the holy water of Gange and bring some holy water to their home to prepare the offerings. The home and its surroundings should be cleaned at this day. They take only one meal a day known as kaddu-bhat cooked only by using the bronze or soil utensils and mango woods over the soil stove.

On the second day, the day before Chhath, devotees keeps fast for whole day and break their fast in the evening after sunset after the worship of Sun. They offer Rasiao-kheer, puris, fruits in the puja. After taking meal in the evening, they go on a fast without water for the next 36 hours.

On the third day (day of Chhath) they offer the Sanjhiya Arghya at the ghat of riverbank. After Arghya, they wear the single saree of turmeric color. Other family members are waiting for getting the blessings from worshiper. At the night of Chhath a vibrant event of Kosi is celebrated by lighting the lamps of clay diyas under the covering of five sugarcane sticks. The five sugarcane sticks indicate the Panchatattva (earth, water, fire, air and space) the human is body made up of.

On the early morning of the fourth day (Paarun), devotees along with their family and friends offer Bihaniya Aragh at the ghat of riverbank of Gange. Devotees end their festival through breaking the fast by having the Chhath prashad.

 

Six levels of purification in Chhath ( a belief)

The belief of fast and cleanliness of body on the festival identify the detoxification of the body and mind in order to set up the body and mind to accept the cosmic solar energy.

Standing in water with half of the body inside the water diminishes the escape of energy as well as facilitates the prana to elevate to the sushumna.

Then the entrance of cosmic solar energy takes place in the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus (known as the Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

In the 4th stage Triveni complex gets activated.

After activation of the Triveni complex, spine gets polarized and body of devotee gets transformed into a cosmic powerhouse and gets the Kundalini Shakti.

At this stage the devotee is fully able to conduct, recycle and pass on the energy into entire universe.

  

Benefits of the rituals (a belief)

Devotee of the Chhath puja can improve the immunity of body.

A variety of skin infections can be cured through the safe radiations of sunlight.

It increases the fighting power of blood by improving the performance of WBC.

Solar energy provides the power to control the secretion of hormones.

 

Significance

Chhath puja has a special significance during the Sunrise and Sunset periods. The Sunrise and sunset are the most important periods of the day during which a human body can safely get the solar energy without any harm. That’s why there is a myth of offering the Sanjhiya Arghya and Bihaniya Arghya to the Sun at the Chhath festival. During this period the solar energy has low level of ultraviolet radiations so it is safe for the human body. People perform the Chhath puja in order to thank the Lord Sun for the lives on the earth as well as to get blessings.

The ritual of Chhath puja provides mental calmness (by detoxifying the body and mind), enhances the energy level and immunity, reduces the frequency of anger, greed and jealousy as well as lot of negative emotions. It is also believed that following the Chhath processes helps in slowing down the ageing process. Such beliefs and rituals of the Chhath make it the most significant festival in the Hindus ever.

 

[ Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhath and www.varanasi.org.in/chhath-pooja ]

  

Of the mind, of the body, and of the soul

Vishwa Shanti Yoga School ( Shobahana Yog Sadan) offers one and two weeks Yoga Retreats. The course includes Asanas, Pranayama Meditation Practice, Wellness – Nutritive and Preventive Health Care Classes, Ayurveda Massages, Naturopathy, Detoxification and Spirituality. Practitioners also have chances to experience the Himalayan trek and river rafting (as per the availability). Natural vegetarian food and comfortable accommodation are added benefit to practice Yoga in full sense.

  

Yoga Teacher Training in India

 

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The charm of film and the elegance of Japan: the ideal combo.

 

My digital detoxification continues, with some satisfaction. Here are some shots of the slow passing of our weekends.

 

LEICA M6

VOIGTLANDER Nokton 35MM f / 1.4 MC

KODAK 400TMAX

Red-backed Poison Frog (Ranitomeya reticulatus or Dendrobates reticaltus), Amazonian rainforest area, Loreto, Amazonia, Peru

 

It is the second-most toxic poison frog in the Ranitomeya genus, however, compared to other poison frogs it is moderately toxic. But the bright and characteristic colors and patterns alert possible predators: Do not touch me!

 

It is an arboreal and diurnal living frog, only 12-14 mm of length. The poison is not produced by the frogs themselves but for example from toxic fire ants and other insects where they feed on.

 

As you may know I use reduced flash and a paper tissue before the flash with frogs and almost no direct shot on the frog. SO that's the reason why depth-of-field is not exactly what I am used to reach and remember: frogs are usually fast moving and following the frogs in the jungle is sometimes tricky: You are always on the risk to touch or sit or knee in ants, and that is definitely not very funny!!

 

Interesting facts: In a previous post I asked the question why some of the frogs in the neotropical rainforest are dependent on water but are not living directly in the water, as these little jewels will not do. Open water is too dangerous for the frogs. there are too many predators like fishes and dragonfly larvae wich will feed on the frogs and also tadpoles. So they choose another strategy for survival. Some species lay their eggs on leaves above the water surface to avoid direct killing by predators but they have still enough humidity not do dry out. Remember: Neotropical frogs have a sophisticated and very intensive and individual parental care. They do not produce masses of eggs and tadpoles to survive like most of the frogs do it out of the rainforest.

 

Another reason for the developing outside the water is the fact, that natural water resources are almost de-ionisied meaning there are no minerals and ions in it. Therefore there is an intense osmotic pressure on organism without a water-proof surface like frogs. The process of dilution will lead to an unilateral gradient with entrance of water in the organism and its cells and will destroy the tissues. Poison frogs and their eggs do not have a protection against this osmotic dilution. Some species solve this problem with establishing a system of eggs within a layer of spume/foam. Remember the last time when you have made egg white stiff? Some frogs do this with their legs. The result is a "stiffy" spume around the eggs and they are even protected against dehydration.

 

The skin of frogs is water-permeable, so they need water, but they do not live directly in the water or at the edges of little ponds. There are some African frogs which will change everyday their dried skin. That needs a lot of protein to rebuild this skin. In the neotropics there is not enough food available for doing this. Poison frog has choosen another way of protection. Humidity means constant challenge by bacteria and fungi to the thin frog's skin. To avoid infection and stabilize the skin they exude ... poison! The digestion process of these toxin by liver and kidney would be an extremely stress for these little frogs. Exuding by skin is much easier and they have even developped an effective protection mechanism against bacterial and fungal infection, detoxification of nutritiants, dehydration and several predators! This stretegy is so effective that they are almost not be hunted (however there are some snakes which were some kind of immune against the poison), they are allowed to live also diurnal and must not hide themselves due to the warning colors. And still: there are no masses of these frogs in the rainforest as it might be expected after installation of this sophisticated protection mechanism. The reason is again as I previously pointed out. There is not much food resources available.

SPORTS604 VOLLEYBALL PLAYOFFS 2010

 

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photos by Ron Sombion Gallery & PacBlue Printing

 

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Levels range from beginners to seasoned vets. Not to mention, we do it with a bit of style. Not only do we include team t-shirts as a part of the registration fee, we love to rock in our socks to music! Yup, we crank up the volume when the whistle blows so everyone can get hyped before they play and groove while they play

     

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The MLD process involves a light vibratory touch to encourage the lymphatic fluid flow toward the main lymphatic ducts and back into the blood system.

When the flow of lymphatic elements is reduced, the immune system weakens. Lymphatic drainage can help improve the production and flow of antibodies, thus better empowering the immune system and assisting in detoxification and relaxation.

The black rhinoceros, black rhino or hook-lipped rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is a species of rhinoceros, native to eastern and southern Africa including Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Although the species is referred to as black, its colours vary from brown to grey. It is the only extant species of the genus Diceros.

 

The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The word "white" in the name "white rhinoceros" is often said to be a misinterpretation of the Afrikaans word wyd (Dutch wijd) meaning wide, referring to its square upper lip, as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros. These species are now sometimes referred to as the square-lipped (for white) or hook-lipped (for black) rhinoceros.

 

The species overall is classified as critically endangered (even though the south-western black rhinoceros is classified as near threatened) and is threatened by multiple factors including poaching and habitat reduction. Three subspecies have been declared extinct, including the western black rhinoceros, which was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2011. The IUCN estimates that there are 3,142 mature individuals remaining in the wild.

 

Taxonomy

The species was first named Rhinoceros bicornis by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema naturae in 1758. The name means "double-horned rhinoceros". There is some confusion about what exactly Linnaeus conceived under this name as this species was probably based upon the skull of a single-horned Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), with a second horn artificially added by the collector. Such a skull is known to have existed and Linnaeus even mentioned India as origin of this species. However he also referred to reports from early travellers about a double-horned rhino in Africa and when it emerged that there is only one, single-horned species of rhino in India, Rhinoceros bicornis was used to refer to the African rhinos (the white rhino only became recognised in 1812). In 1911 this was formally fixed and the Cape of Good Hope officially declared the type locality of the species.

 

Subspecies

The intraspecific variation in the black rhinoceros has been discussed by various authors and is not finally settled. The most accepted scheme considers seven or eight subspecies, of which three became extinct in historical times and one is on the brink of extinction:

 

Southern black rhinoceros or Cape black rhinoceros (D. b. bicornis) – Extinct. Once abundant from the Cape of Good Hope to Transvaal, South Africa and probably into the south of Namibia, this was the largest subspecies. It became extinct due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850.

North-eastern black rhinoceros (D. b. brucii) – Extinct. Formerly central Sudan, Eritrea, northern and southeastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern and southeastern Somalia. Relict populations in northern Somalia vanished during the early 20th century.

Chobe black rhinoceros (D. b. chobiensis) – A local subspecies restricted to the Chobe Valley in southeastern Angola, Namibia (Zambezi Region) and northern Botswana. Nearly extinct, possibly only one surviving specimen in Botswana.

Uganda black rhinoceros (D. b. ladoensis) – Former distribution from South Sudan, across Uganda into western Kenya and southwesternmost Ethiopia. Black rhinos are considered extinct across most of this area and its conservational status is unclear. Probably surviving in Kenyan reserves.

Western black rhinoceros (D. b. longipes) – Extinct. Once lived in South Sudan, northern Central African Republic, southern Chad, northern Cameroon, northeastern Nigeria and south-eastern Niger. The range possibly stretched west to the Niger River in western Niger, though this is unconfirmed. The evidence from Liberia and Burkina Faso mainly rests upon the existence of indigenous names for the rhinoceros. A far greater former range in West Africa as proposed earlier is doubted by a 2004 study. The last known wild specimens lived in northern Cameroon. In 2006 an intensive survey across its putative range in Cameroon failed to locate any, leading to fears that it was extinct in the wild. On 10 November 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhinoceros extinct.

Eastern black rhinoceros (D. b. michaeli) – Had a historical distribution from South Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, down through Kenya into north-central Tanzania. Today, its range is limited primarily to Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. In addition, its population is in South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park.

South-central black rhinoceros (D. b. minor) – Most widely distributed subspecies, characterised by a compact body, proportionally large head and prominent skin-folds. Ranged from north-eastern South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) to northeastern Tanzania and southeastern Kenya. Preserved in reserves throughout most of its former range but probably extinct in eastern Angola, southern Democratic Republic of Congo and possibly Mozambique. Extinct but reintroduced in Malawi, Botswana, and Zambia. It also ranges in parts of Namibia and inhabit national parks in South Africa.

South-western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) – A small subspecies, adapted to survival in desert and semi-desert conditions. Originally distributed in north-western Namibia and southwestern Angola, today restricted to wildlife reserves in Namibia with sporadic sightings in Angola. These populations are often referred to D. b. bicornis or D. b. minor, but some experts consider them a subspecies in their own right.

The most widely adopted alternative scheme only recognizes five subspecies or "eco-types": D. b. bicornis, D. b. brucii, D. b. longipes, D. b. michaeli, and D. b. minor. This concept is also used by the IUCN, listing three surviving subspecies and recognizing D. b. brucii and D. b. longipes as extinct. The most important difference to the above scheme is the inclusion of the extant southwestern subspecies from Namibia in D. b. bicornis instead of in its own subspecies, whereupon the nominal subspecies is considered extant.

 

Evolution

The rhinoceros originated in the Eocene about fifty million years ago alongside other members of Perissodactyla. Ancestors of the black and the white rhinoceros were present in Africa by the end of the Late Miocene about ten million years ago. The two species evolved from the common ancestral species Ceratotherium neumayri during this time. The clade comprising the genus Diceros is characterised by an increased adaptation to browsing. Between four and five million years ago, the black rhinoceros diverged from the white rhinoceros. After this split, the direct ancestor of Diceros bicornis, Diceros praecox was present in the Pliocene of East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania). D. bicornis evolved from this species during the Late Pliocene – Early Pleistocene, with the oldest definitive record at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary c. 2.5 million years ago at Koobi Fora, Kenya.

 

Description

An adult black rhinoceros stands 132–180 cm (52–71 in) high at the shoulder and is 2.8–3.75 m (9.2–12.3 ft) in length. An adult typically weighs from 800 to 1,400 kg (1,760 to 3,090 lb), however unusually large male specimens have been reported at up to 2,896 kg (6,385 lb). The cows are smaller than the bulls. Two horns on the skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 cm (20 in) long, exceptionally up to 135.9 cm (53.5 in).

 

The longest known black rhinoceros horn measured nearly 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length. Sometimes a third, smaller horn may develop. These horns are used for defense, intimidation, and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding. The black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and close in size to the Javan rhino of Indonesia. It has a pointed and prehensile upper lip, which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding, whereas the white rhinoceros has square lips used for eating grass. The black rhinoceros can also be distinguished from the white rhinoceros by its size, smaller skull, and ears; and by the position of the head, which is held higher than the white rhinoceros, since the black rhinoceros is a browser and not a grazer.

 

Their thick-layered skin helps to protect black rhinos from thorns and sharp grasses. Their skin harbors external parasites, such as mites and ticks, which may be eaten by oxpeckers and egrets. Such behaviour was originally thought to be an example of mutualism, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead, feeding on rhino blood. It is commonly assumed that black rhinos have poor eyesight, relying more on hearing and smell. However, studies have shown that their eyesight is comparatively good, at about the level of a rabbit. Their ears have a relatively wide rotational range to detect sounds. An excellent sense of smell alerts rhinos to the presence of predators.

 

Distribution

Prehistorical range

As with many other components of the African large mammal fauna, black rhinos probably had a wider range in the northern part of the continent in prehistoric times than today. However this seems to have not been as extensive as that of the white rhino. Unquestionable fossil remains have not yet been found in this area and the abundant petroglyphs found across the Sahara desert are often too schematic to unambiguously decide whether they depict black or white rhinos. Petroglyphs from the Eastern Desert of southeastern Egypt relatively convincingly show the occurrence of black rhinos in these areas in prehistoric times.

 

Historical and extant range

The natural range of the black rhino included most of southern and eastern Africa, except the Congo Basin, the tropical rainforest areas along the Bight of Benin, the Ethiopian Highlands, and the Horn of Africa. Its former native occurrence in the extremely dry parts of the Kalahari desert of southwestern Botswana and northwestern South Africa is uncertain. It was abundant in an area stretching from Eritrea and Sudan through South Sudan to southeastern Niger, especially around Lake Chad. Its occurrence further to the west is questionable, although this is often claimed in literature. Today it is found only in protected nature reserves, having vanished from many countries in which it once thrived, especially in the west and north of its former range. The remaining populations are highly scattered. Some specimens have been relocated from their habitat to better protected locations, sometimes across national frontiers. The black rhino has been successfully reintroduced to Malawi since 1993, where it became extinct in 1990. Similarly it was reintroduced to Zambia (North Luangwa National Park) in 2008, where it had become extinct in 1998, and to Botswana (extinct in 1992, reintroduced in 2003).

 

In May 2017, 18 eastern black rhinos were translocated from South Africa to the Akagera National Park in Rwanda. The park had around 50 rhinos in the 1970s but the numbers dwindled to zero by 2007. In September 2017, the birth of a calf raised the population to 19. The park has dedicated rhino monitoring teams to protect the animals from poaching.

 

In October 2017, The governments of Chad and South Africa reached an agreement to transfer six black rhinos from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad. Once established, this will be the northernmost population of the species. The species was wiped out from Chad in the 1970s and is under severe pressure from poaching in South Africa. The agreement calls for South African experts to assess the habitat, local management capabilities, security and the infrastructure before the transfer can take place.

 

Behavior

Black rhinos are generally thought to be solitary, with the only strong bond between a mother and her calf. In addition, bulls and cows have a consort relationship during mating, also subadults and young adults frequently form loose associations with older individuals of either sex. They are not very territorial and often intersect other rhino territories. Home ranges vary depending on season and the availability of food and water. Generally they have smaller home ranges and larger density in habitats that have plenty of food and water available, and vice versa if resources are not readily available. Sex and age of an individual black rhino influence home range and size, with ranges of cows larger than those of bulls, especially when accompanied by a calf. In the Serengeti home ranges are around 70 to 100 km2 (27 to 39 sq mi), while in the Ngorongoro it is between 2.6 to 58.0 km2 (1.0 to 22.4 sq mi). Black rhinos have also been observed to have a certain area they tend to visit and rest frequently called "houses" which are usually on a high ground level. These "home" ranges can vary from 2.6 km2 to 133 km2 with smaller home ranges having more abundant resources than larger home ranges.

 

Black rhinos in captivity and reservations sleep patterns have been recently studied to show that males sleep longer on average than females by nearly double the time. Other factors that play a role in their sleeping patterns is the location of where they decide to sleep. Although they do not sleep any longer in captivity, they do sleep at different times due to their location in captivity, or section of the park.

 

Black rhinos have a reputation for being extremely aggressive, and charge readily at perceived threats. They have even been observed to charge tree trunks and termite mounds.[citation needed] Black rhinos will fight each other, and they have the highest rates of mortal combat recorded for any mammal: about 50% of males and 30% of females die from combat-related injuries. Adult rhinos normally have no natural predators, thanks to their imposing size as well as their thick skin and deadly horns. However, adult black rhinos have fallen prey to crocodiles in exceptional circumstances. Calves and, very seldom, small sub-adults may be preyed upon by lions as well.

 

Black rhinos follow the same trails that elephants use to get from foraging areas to water holes. They also use smaller trails when they are browsing. They are very fast and can get up to speeds of 55 kilometres per hour (34 mph) running on their toes.

 

While it was assumed all rhinoceros are short-sighted, a study involving black rhinoceros retinas suggests they have better eyesight than previously assumed.

 

Diet

Black rhinos are herbivorous browsers that eat leafy plants, twigs, branches, shoots, thorny wood bushes, small trees, legumes, fruit, and grass. The optimum habitat seems to be one consisting of thick scrub and bushland, often with some woodland, which supports the highest densities. Their diet can reduce the number of woody plants, which may benefit grazers (who focus on leaves and stems of grass), but not competing browsers (who focus on leaves, stems of trees, shrubs or herbs). It has been known to eat up to 220 species of plants. They have a significantly restricted diet with a preference for a few key plant species and a tendency to select leafy species in the dry season.[48] The plant species they seem to be most attracted to when not in dry season are the woody plants. There are 18 species of woody plants known to the diet of the black rhinoceros, and 11 species that could possibly be a part of their diet too. Black rhinos also have a tendency to choose food based on quality over quantity, where researchers find more populations in areas where the food has better quality. Black rhinos show a preference for Acacia species, as well as plants in the family Euphorbiaceae. In accordance with their feeding habit, adaptations of the chewing apparatus have been described for rhinos. The black rhinoceros has a two phased chewing activity with a cutting ectoloph and more grinding lophs on the lingual side. The black rhinoceros can also be considered a more challenging herbivore to feed in captivity compared to its grazing relatives. They can live up to 5 days without water during drought. Black rhinos live in several habitats including bushlands, Riverine woodland, marshes, and their least favorable, grasslands. Habitat preferences are shown in two ways, the amount of sign found in the different habitats, and the habitat content of home ranges and core areas. Habitat types are also identified based on the composition of dominant plant types in each area. Different subspecies live in different habitats including Vachellia and Senegalia savanna, Euclea bushlands, Albany thickets, and even desert. They browse for food in the morning and evening. They are selective browsers but, studies done in Kenya show that they do add the selection material with availability in order to satisfy their nutritional requirements. In the hottest part of the day they are most inactive- resting, sleeping, and wallowing in mud. Wallowing helps cool down body temperature during the day and protects against parasites. When black rhinos browse they use their lips to strip the branches of their leaves. Competition with elephants is causing the black rhinoceros to shift its diet. The black rhinoceros alters its selectivity with the absence of the elephant.

 

There is some variance in the exact chemical composition of rhinoceros horns. This variation is directly linked to diet and can be used as a means of rhino identification. Horn composition has helped scientists pinpoint the original location of individual rhinos, allowing for law enforcement to more accurately and more frequently identify and penalize poachers.

 

Communication

Black rhinos use several forms of communication. Due to their solitary nature, scent marking is often used to identify themselves to other black rhinos. Urine spraying occurs on trees and bushes, around water holes and feeding areas. Cows urine spray more often when receptive for breeding. Defecation sometimes occurs in the same spot used by different black rhinos, such as around feeding stations and watering tracks. Coming upon these spots, rhinos will smell to see who is in the area and add their own marking. When presented with adult feces, bulls and cows respond differently than when they are presented with subadult feces. The urine and feces of one black rhinoceros helps other black rhinoceroses to determine its age, sex, and identity. Less commonly they will rub their heads or horns against tree trunks to scent-mark.

 

The black rhino has powerful tube-shaped ears that can freely rotate in all directions. This highly developed sense of hearing allows black rhinos to detect sound over vast distances.

 

Reproduction

The adults are solitary in nature, coming together only for mating. Mating does not have a seasonal pattern but births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in more arid environments.

 

When in season the cows will mark dung piles. Bulls will follow cows when they are in season; when she defecates he will scrape and spread the dung, making it more difficult for rival adult bulls to pick up her scent trail.

 

Courtship behaviors before mating include snorting and sparring with the horns among males. Another courtship behavior is called bluff and bluster, where the black rhino will snort and swing its head from side to side aggressively before running away repeatedly. Breeding pairs stay together for 2–3 days and sometimes even weeks. They mate several times a day over this time and copulation lasts for a half-hour.

 

The gestation period for a black rhino is 15 months. The single calf weighs about 35–50 kilograms (80–110 lb) at birth, and can follow its mother around after just three days. Weaning occurs at around 2 years of age for the offspring. The mother and calf stay together for 2–3 years until the next calf is born; female calves may stay longer, forming small groups. The young are occasionally taken by hyenas and lions. Sexual maturity is reached from 5 to 7 years old for females, and 7 to 8 years for males. The life expectancy in natural conditions (without poaching pressure) is from 35 to 50 years.

 

Conservation

For most of the 20th century the continental black rhino was the most numerous of all rhino species. Around 1900 there were probably several hundred thousand living in Africa. During the latter half of the 20th century their numbers were severely reduced from an estimated 70,000 in the late 1960s to only 10,000 to 15,000 in 1981. In the early 1990s the number dipped below 2,500, and in 2004 it was reported that only 2,410 black rhinos remained. According to the International Rhino Foundation—housed in Yulee, Florida at White Oak Conservation, which breeds black rhinos—the total African population had recovered to 4,240 by 2008 (which suggests that the 2004 number was low). By 2009 the population of 5,500 was either steady or slowly increasing.

 

In 1992, nine black rhinos were brought from Chete National Park, Zimbabwe to Australia via Cocos Island. After the natural deaths of the males in the group, four males were brought in from United States and have since adapted well to captivity and new climate. Calves and some subadults are preyed on by lions, but predation is rarely taken into account in managing the black rhinoceros.[citation needed] This is a major flaw because predation should be considered when attributing cause to the poor performance of the black rhinoceros population. In 2002 only ten western black rhinos remained in Cameroon, and in 2006 intensive surveys across its putative range failed to locate any, leading to fears that this subspecies had become extinct. In 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhino extinct. There was a conservation effort in which black rhinos were translocated, but their population did not improve, as they did not like to be in an unfamiliar habitat.

 

Under CITES Appendix I all international commercial trade of the black rhino horn is prohibited since 1977. China though having joined CITES since 8 April 1981 is the largest importer of black rhino horns. However, this is a trade in which not only do the actors benefit, but so do the nation states ignoring them as well. Nevertheless, people continue to remove the rhino from its natural environment and allow for a dependence on human beings to save them from endangerment. Parks and reserves have been made for protecting the rhinos with armed guards keeping watch, but even still many poachers get through and harm the rhinos for their horns. Many have considered extracting rhino horns in order to deter poachers from slaughtering these animals or potentially bringing them to other breeding grounds such as the US and Australia. This method of extracting the horn, known as dehorning, consists of tranquilizing the rhino then sawing the horn almost completely off to decrease initiative for poaching, although the effectiveness of this in reducing poaching is not known and rhino mothers are known to use their horns to fend off predators.

 

The only rhino subspecies that has recovered somewhat from the brink of extinction is the southern white rhinoceros, whose numbers now are estimated around 14,500, up from fewer than 50 in the first decade of the 20th century. But there seems to be hope for the black rhinoceros in recovering their gametes from dead rhinos in captivity. This shows promising results for producing black rhinoceros embryos, which can be used for testing sperm in vitro.

 

A January 2014 auction for a permit to hunt a black rhinoceros in Namibia sold for $350,000 at a fundraiser hosted by the Dallas Safari Club. The auction drew considerable criticism as well as death threats directed towards members of the club and the man who purchased the permit. This permit was issued for 1 of 18 black rhinoceros specifically identified by Namibia's Ministry of Environment and Tourism as being past breeding age and considered a threat to younger rhinos. The $350,000 that the hunter paid for the permit was used by the Namibian government to fund anti-poaching efforts in the country.

 

In 2022 South Africa granted permits to hunt 10 black rhinos, stating that the population is growing.

 

Threats

Today, there are various threats posed to black rhinos including habitat changes, illegal poaching, and competing species. Civil disturbances, such as war, have made mentionably negative effects on the black rhinoceros populations in since the 1960s in countries including, but not limited to, Chad, Cameroon, Rwanda, Mozambique, and Somalia. In the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is posing slight concern involving the black rhinoceroses who also inhabit the area. Both animals are browsers; however, the elephant's diet consists of a wider variety of foraging capacity, while the black rhinoceros primarily sticks to dwarf shrubs. The black rhinoceros has been found to eat grass as well; however, the shortening of its range of available food could be potentially problematic.

 

Black rhinos face problems associated with the minerals they ingest. They have become adjusted to ingesting less iron in the wild due to their evolutionary progression, which poses a problem when placed in captivity. These rhinoceroses can overload on iron, which leads to build up in the lungs, liver, spleen and small intestine. Not only do these rhinoceros face threats being in the wild, but in captivity too. Black rhinoceros have become more susceptible to disease in captivity with high rates of mortality.

 

Illegal poaching for the international rhino horn trade is the main and most detrimental threat. The killing of these animals is not unique to modern-day society. The Chinese have maintained reliable documents of these happenings dating back to 1200 B.C. The ancient Chinese often hunted rhino horn for the making of wine cups, as well as the rhino's skin to manufacture imperial crowns, belts and armor for soldiers. A major market for rhino horn has historically been in the Middle East nations to make ornately carved handles for ceremonial daggers called jambiyas. Demand for these exploded in the 1970s, causing the black rhinoceros population to decline 96% between 1970 and 1992. The horn is also used in traditional Chinese medicine, and is said by herbalists to be able to revive comatose patients, facilitate exorcisms and various methods of detoxification, and cure fevers. It is also hunted for the Chinese superstitious belief that the horns allow direct access to Heaven due to their unique location and hollow nature. The purported effectiveness of the use of rhino horn in treating any illness has not been confirmed, or even suggested, by medical science. In June 2007, the first-ever documented case of the medicinal sale of black rhino horn in the United States (confirmed by genetic testing of the confiscated horn) occurred at a traditional Chinese medicine supply store in Portland, Oregon's Chinatown.

Vishwa Shanti Yoga School ( Shobahana Yog Sadan) offers one and two weeks Yoga Retreats. The course includes Asanas, Pranayama Meditation Practice, Wellness – Nutritive and Preventive Health Care Classes, Ayurveda Massages, Naturopathy, Detoxification and Spirituality. Practitioners also have chances to experience the Himalayan trek and river rafting (as per the availability). Natural vegetarian food and comfortable accommodation are added benefit to practice Yoga in full sense.

  

Yoga Teacher Training in India

 

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Vishwa Shanti Yoga School

Yoga Teacher Training in India || 200 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 300 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in India || Yoga Retreats in India || Yoga Courses for Beginners in India || Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 200 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 300 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh || 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Training in Rishikesh

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

Manual Lymphatics Drainage (MLD) is a form of soft-tissue mobilization. Our body’s immune system is highly dependent on the lymphatic system function.

The lymphatic system is located close to the surface of the skin and is composed of a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, and vessels (ducts and nodes) that transport the fluid.

 

The MLD process involves a light vibratory touch to encourage the lymphatic fluid flow toward the main lymphatic ducts and back into the blood system.

When the flow of lymphatic elements is reduced, the immune system weakens. Lymphatic drainage can help improve the production and flow of antibodies, thus better empowering the immune system and assisting in detoxification and relaxation.

 

MLD can effectively decrease post - surgical and traumatic edema (swelling). In addition it relieves symptoms of fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, fatigue, migraine headaches, stress and more.

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

An old photographer covering the story.

 

My Experience of Chhath

I am a permanent resident of Kolkata, but I never witnessed the celebration of Chhath Pooja here. Lakhs of migrant residents from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India and Nepal as well, celebrated their most ancient festival along the bank of river Hoogly, the sacred river that flows through the city. On 6th November this year, around 2pm, I went to a famous ghat on the bank of river Hoogly opposite to Eden gardens. It was an unique photographic journey to witness how people performed their rituals with so much devotion and faith. I saw hundreds of devotees sitting on the banks quietly with their offerings to Sun God and some performing their rituals with half of their bodies immersed in the Ganges, and some with fire, called ‘Homas’. I was closely looking at them, and I was amazed by their dedication, devotion and complacency. Thousands of devotees were found proceeding towards the Ganges with their offerings, all cladded in bright clothes and ornaments, and many were found on their way to lay prone on the roads touching their whole body (Ashtanga or eight parts of the body) on the Earth and performing ‘Dondis’(Surya Namaskara -Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार, Sun Salutation). Many of the family members, including newborn kids were found lying on the roads waiting for the main worshipper of the family to crossover their bodies as a way to get blessings from them. Most of the main family worshippers were found to be the eldest ladies of the family. Through Chhath, I rediscovered my religious India, in a new and beautiful way.

  

Chhath Pooja

Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival of worshiping Sun God, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun God and describes similar rituals.Historically it is native to eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar of India and Mithila State of Nepal.The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth.The God is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is also believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders. Environmentalists claim that Chhath is the most eco-friendly Hindu festival.

 

Regions Celebrating Chhath

Although the festival is observed most elaborately in Mithila Province of Nepal,Terai-Madhesh region of Nepal, Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and UP, it is also more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence.The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, as well in various countries worldwide.

 

Timings

Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in Bengali calender. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian English Calendar.

  

History

The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites. It is assumed that the oldest Purohits were requested by the kings to come and perform the traditional pooja of the Lord Sun. They used to chant the ancient Rigveda texts and a variety of hymns for worshiping the God. In the ancient time of Mahabharata Chhath pooja was celebrated by Draupadi and Pandavas of Hastinapur (present Delhi) for solving their instant problem and regaining their lost kingdom. It is also assumed that the Chhath puja was first started by the Surya Putra (son of Sun God) Karna. He was a great warrior and had ruled over the Anga Desh (Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharata period.

 

Ethymology

The word chhath means sixth in Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri languages and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the month Kārtika of the Hindu lunar Bikram Sambat calendar.The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit ṣaṣṭhi, meaning sixth.

The Goddess who is also worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the beloved younger wife of Surya, the sun god. The rituals signify rising sun as well as setting sun.

 

Rituals and Traditions of Chhath Puja

It is believed that worshipers of the Chhath take holy bath and follows a period of abstinence and become separate for 4 days from the main family. Throughout the period he is believed as the pure spirit and sleep on the floor having single blanket.

Devotees offer prasad to Sun at the Chhath such as sweets, Kheer, Thekua, bananas and other fruits included in a small bamboo tokari. The prasad is cooked without salt, onions or garlic with maintained purity. It is a four days festival which includes:

On the first day, devotees take bathe early in the morning in the holy water of Gange and bring some holy water to their home to prepare the offerings. The home and its surroundings should be cleaned at this day. They take only one meal a day known as kaddu-bhat cooked only by using the bronze or soil utensils and mango woods over the soil stove.

On the second day, the day before Chhath, devotees keeps fast for whole day and break their fast in the evening after sunset after the worship of Sun. They offer Rasiao-kheer, puris, fruits in the puja. After taking meal in the evening, they go on a fast without water for the next 36 hours.

On the third day (day of Chhath) they offer the Sanjhiya Arghya at the ghat of riverbank. After Arghya, they wear the single saree of turmeric color. Other family members are waiting for getting the blessings from worshiper. At the night of Chhath a vibrant event of Kosi is celebrated by lighting the lamps of clay diyas under the covering of five sugarcane sticks. The five sugarcane sticks indicate the Panchatattva (earth, water, fire, air and space) the human is body made up of.

On the early morning of the fourth day (Paarun), devotees along with their family and friends offer Bihaniya Aragh at the ghat of riverbank of Gange. Devotees end their festival through breaking the fast by having the Chhath prashad.

 

Six levels of purification in Chhath ( a belief)

The belief of fast and cleanliness of body on the festival identify the detoxification of the body and mind in order to set up the body and mind to accept the cosmic solar energy.

Standing in water with half of the body inside the water diminishes the escape of energy as well as facilitates the prana to elevate to the sushumna.

Then the entrance of cosmic solar energy takes place in the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus (known as the Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

In the 4th stage Triveni complex gets activated.

After activation of the Triveni complex, spine gets polarized and body of devotee gets transformed into a cosmic powerhouse and gets the Kundalini Shakti.

At this stage the devotee is fully able to conduct, recycle and pass on the energy into entire universe.

  

Benefits of the rituals (a belief)

Devotee of the Chhath puja can improve the immunity of body.

A variety of skin infections can be cured through the safe radiations of sunlight.

It increases the fighting power of blood by improving the performance of WBC.

Solar energy provides the power to control the secretion of hormones.

 

Significance

Chhath puja has a special significance during the Sunrise and Sunset periods. The Sunrise and sunset are the most important periods of the day during which a human body can safely get the solar energy without any harm. That’s why there is a myth of offering the Sanjhiya Arghya and Bihaniya Arghya to the Sun at the Chhath festival. During this period the solar energy has low level of ultraviolet radiations so it is safe for the human body. People perform the Chhath puja in order to thank the Lord Sun for the lives on the earth as well as to get blessings.

The ritual of Chhath puja provides mental calmness (by detoxifying the body and mind), enhances the energy level and immunity, reduces the frequency of anger, greed and jealousy as well as lot of negative emotions. It is also believed that following the Chhath processes helps in slowing down the ageing process. Such beliefs and rituals of the Chhath make it the most significant festival in the Hindus ever.

 

[ Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhath and www.varanasi.org.in/chhath-pooja ]

 

Green beans on a kitchen table with blurred background with other vegetables

Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is a component in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines. There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu that has been processed in some way. Tofu is bought or made to be soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu has a subtle flavor and can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.

 

Tofu originated in Han dynasty China some 2,000 years ago.[5] Chinese legend ascribes its invention to prince Liu An (179–122 BC). Tofu and its production technique were introduced into Korea and then Japan during the Nara period (710–794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th century. It spread into other parts of Southeast Asia as well. This spread probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism because it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism. Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in the Compendium of Materia Medica.

 

Tofu has a low calorie count and relatively large amounts of protein. It is high in iron, and depending on the coagulants used in manufacturing (e.g. calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate), it can have higher calcium or magnesium content.

 

The term tofu by extension can be used in similarly textured curdled dishes that do not use soy products at all, such as "almond tofu" (almond jelly), tamago-dōfu (ja) (egg), goma-dōfu (ja) (sesame), or peanut tofu (Chinese 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu and Okinawan jīmāmi-dōfu (ja)).

 

ETYMOLOGY

The English term comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐), borrowed from the original Chinese equivalent (豆腐 or 荳腐) transcribed tou4-fu3 (Wade-Giles) or dòufu (pinyin), literally "bean" (豆) + "curdled" or "fermented" (腐).

 

A reference to the word "towfu" exists in a letter dated 1770 from English merchant James Flint to United States statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. This is believed to be the first documented usage of the word in English.

 

The term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used in the United States since at least 1840. It is not frequently used, however, in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand.

 

PRODUCTION

Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, some tofu producers begin by making their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh) soybeans.

 

Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.

 

SALT COAGULANTS

Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of dietary calcium.

 

Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified: 卤水, lǔshuǐ) - Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts have a high solubility in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation. These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Calcium chloride is a common coagulant for tofu in North America. Fresh clean sea water itself can also be used as a coagulant.

 

ACID COAGULANTS

Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product. Commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.

Other edible acids: Though they can affect the taste of the tofu more, and vary in efficacy and texture, acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid (such as lemon juice), can also be used to coagulate soy milk and produce tofu.

 

ENZYME COAGULANTS

Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme to substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 °C. Papain, moreover, has been studied as a gelling agent to produce "instant tofu" from soy protein isolate and soy glycinin (11S) protein.

 

Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.

 

The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐; nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using cheese cloth or muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (豆干) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold and the end product is called đậu khuôn (molded bean) or đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese dòufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.

 

Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration so as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.

 

VARIETIES

There is a wide variety of tofu available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the large variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories: fresh tofu, which is produced directly from soy milk, and processed tofu, which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.

 

FRESH TOFU

Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties. Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.

 

SOFT OR SILKEN TOFU

Soft/silken tofu (嫩豆腐 or 滑豆腐, nèn dòufu or huá dòufu, in Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu"; 絹漉し豆腐, kinugoshi tōfu in Japanese, lit. "silk-filtered tofu"; 순두부, 純豆腐, sundubu in Korean, lit. "pure tofu") is undrained, unpressed tofu that contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus. Silken tofu is produced by coagulating soy milk without curdling it. Silken tofu is available in several consistencies, including "soft" and "firm", but all silken tofu is more delicate than regular firm tofu (pressed tofu) and has different culinary uses. In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with seawater. Silken tofu is a versatile, reliable substitute for dairy and eggs, especially for smoothies and baked desserts.

 

Douhua (豆花, dòuhuā or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā in Chinese), or tofu brain (豆腐腦 or 豆腐脑, dòufunaǒ in Chinese) is often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes salty pickles or hot sauce are added instead. This is a type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is very difficult to pick up with chopsticks, it is generally eaten with a spoon. With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped spring onions, dried shrimp, soy sauce, chilli sauce, douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia, douhua is usually served warm with white or dark (palm) sugar syrup, or served cold with longans.

 

Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (黑豆花, hēidòuhuā) is a type of silken tofu made from black soybeans, which is usually made into dòuhuā (豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for the earthy "black bean taste." Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of kinugoshi tōfu made from edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole edamame.

 

FIRM TOFU

Firm tofu (called 老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, momen-dōfu in Japanese, lit. "cotton tofu"; 단단한두부, dandanhan dubu in Korean): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. It can be picked up easily with chopsticks.

 

In some places in Japan, a very firm type of momen-dōfu is eaten, called ishi-dōfu (石豆腐; literally stone tofu) in parts of Ishikawa, or iwa-dōfu (岩豆腐; literally rock tofu) in Gokayama in the Toyama prefecture and in Iya in the prefecture of Tokushima. Due to their firmness, some of these types of tofu can be tied by rope and carried.[citation needed] These types of firm tofu are produced with seawater instead of nigari (magnesium chloride), or using concentrated soy milk. Some of them are squeezed of excess moisture using heavy weights. These products are produced in areas where travelling is inconvenient, such as remote islands, mountain villages, heavy snowfall areas, and so on.

 

EXTRA FIRM TOFU

Dòu gān (豆干, literally "dry tofu" in Chinese) is an extra firm variety of tofu where a large amount of liquid has been pressed out of the tofu. Dòu gān contains the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu and has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to that of paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (豆干絲, dòugānsī in Chinese, or simply 干絲, gānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese aburaage.

 

PROCESSED TOFU

Many forms of processed tofu exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques probably[citation needed] originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.

 

FERMENTED

Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, lit. "tofu dairy," or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu," this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. And in Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called "tofu no misodzuke," which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, there is a pickled and fermented tofu called "tofuyo"(豆腐餻). It is made from "Shima-doufu" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented, and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.

 

Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòudòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine. The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal.[citation needed] Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu from which it is made. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, or hot sauce.

 

DRIED TOFU

Two kinds of dried tofu are produced in Japan. They are usually rehydrated (by being soaked in water) prior to consumption. In their dehydrated state they do not require refrigeration.

 

FRIED

With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core 豆泡 dòupào, 豆腐泡 dòufupào, 油豆腐 yóudòufu, or 豆卜 dòubǔ in Chinese, literally "bean bubble," describing the shape of the fried tofu as a bubble).

Tofus such as firm Asian and dòu gān (Chinese dry tofu), with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhádòufu, lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai. This deep fried tofu is also called Atsuage (厚揚げ) or Namaage (生揚げ) in Japan. The thinner variety is called Aburaage (油揚げ) which develops a tofu pouch when fried that is often used for Inari-sushi.

 

FROZEN

Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, 凍豆腐 dòngdòufu or 冰豆腐 bīngdòufu in Chinese, literally "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted, and sometimes pressed to remove moisture, prior to use.

 

Koya-dofu (kōya-dōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Koya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. Since it is dried, it can be preserved for long term. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mild sweet and savory flavor (the taste and flavor depend on what soup or cooking stock it was simmered in). A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.

 

BYPRODUCTS OF TOFU PRODUCTION

Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," which forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk are called okara.

 

TOFU SKIN

Tofu skin is produced through the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as soy milk skin (腐皮, fǔpí in Chinese; 湯葉, yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is : 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.

 

The skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegan cuisine.

 

Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.

 

OKARA

Okara (from the Japanese, おから, okara; known as 雪花菜, xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. "snowflake vegetable"; 豆腐渣, dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. "tofu sediment/residue"; and 콩비지, kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product, sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees",[40] consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (콩비지찌개). It is also an ingredient for vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.

 

NON-TOFU "TOFUS"

Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin. As well, some foods such as Burmese tofu are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta, Korean muk, or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China.

 

NON-TOFU SWEETS

The "almond tofu" (Chinese: 杏仁豆腐 xìngrén dòufu; Japanese: annindōfu) is a milky white and gelatinous resembling tofu, but does not use soy products or soy milk and is hardened with agar. A similar dessert made with coconut milk or mango juices might occasionally be referred to as "coconut tofu" or "mango tofu", though such names are also given to hot dishes that use soy tofu and coconut or mango in the recipe.

 

EGG TOFU

Egg tofu (ja) (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. Whole beaten eggs are combined with dashi, poured into molds, and steamed in a steamer (cf. chawanmushi). The tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein. Plain "dried tofu" can be flavored by stewing in soysauce (滷) to make soy-sauce tofu. It is quite common to see tofu sold in market in this soy-sauce stewed form.

 

SESAME TOFU

The goma-dōfu (ja) is made by grinding sesame into a smooth paste, combining with liquid and kudzu starch, and heating until curdling occurs. It is often served chilled as hiyayakko.

 

PEANUT TOFU

In Okinawa, Japan, the jīmāmi-dōfu (ja) is made in a process similar to the sesame tofu. A peanut milk (made by crushing raw peanuts, adding water and straining) is combined with starch (usually sweet potato starch known locally as umukuji　or umukashi (芋澱粉?)) and heating until curdling occurs.

 

The Chinese equivalent is the 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu.

 

BURMESE TOFU

Burmese tofu (to hpu in Burmese) is a type of legume product made from besan (chana dal) flour; the Shan variety uses yellow split pea flour instead. Both types are yellow in color and generally found only in Myanmar, though the Burman variety is also available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.

 

Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut in rectangular or triangular shapes. Rice tofu, called hsan to hpu (or hsan ta hpo in Shan regions) is made from rice flour (called hsan hmont or mont hmont) and is white in color, with the same consistency as yellow Burmese tofu when set. It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.

 

PREPARATION

Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own. Consequently, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.

 

EASTERN METHODS

In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in myriad ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiācháng dòufu (家常豆腐) and mápó dòufú (麻婆豆腐) include meat.

 

LIGHTLY FLVORED

In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (冷奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as "yudofu," which is simmered in a claypot with some vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion etc.) using konbu dashi.

 

In Chinese cuisine, Dòuhuā (豆花) is served with toppings such as boiled peanuts, azuki beans, cooked oatmeal, tapioca, mung beans and a syrup flavored with ginger or almond. During the summer, "dòuhuā" is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm.[43] And also, in many parts of China, fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs (皮蛋 pídàn), and sesame seed oil.

 

In Korean cuisine, dubu gui (두부구이) consists of pan fried cubes of firm tofu, seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese hiyayakko, are also enjoyed. The popular bar food, or anju (안주), called dubu kimchi (두부김치), features boiled, firm tofu served in rectangular slices around the edges of a plate with pan fried, sautéed or freshly mixed kimchi (김치) in the middle.

 

In the Philippines, the sweet delicacy taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and sago. The Malaysian version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in "slices" (due to being scooped using a flat spoon from a wooden bucket) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.

 

In Vietnam, dòuhuā is pronounced đậu hủ. This variety of soft tofu is made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and eaten with either powdered sugar and lime juice or with a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, even during summer.

 

FRIED

A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in vegetable oil, sunflower oil, or canola oil with varied results. In Indonesia, it is usually fried in palm oil. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with fish paste to make Yong Tau Foo or cooked in soups. In Taiwan, fried tofu is made into a dish called "A-gei", which consists of a fried aburage tofu package stuffed with noodles and capped with surimi.

 

In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a kombu dashi-based sauce are called agedashi-dofu (揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as aburage in Japan and yubu (유부) in Korea, is commonly blanched, seasoned with soy sauce and mirin and served in dishes such as kitsune udon. Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with sushi rice; this dish is called inarizushi (稲荷寿司) and is also popular in Korea, where it is called yubu chobap (유부초밥). In Indonesia, tofu is called tahu, and the popular fried tofu is tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang.

 

SOUPS, STEWS, AND BRAISED DISHES

A spicy Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is mápó dòufu (麻婆豆腐). This involves braised tofu in a beef, chili, and a fermented bean paste sauce. A vegetarian version is known as málà dòufu (麻辣豆腐)[citation needed].

 

Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices.[citation needed] Some types of dried tofu are pre-seasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐 wǔxiāng dòufu) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐 lǔshuǐ dòufu). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.

 

Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed meatloaf or meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for paneer providing the same texture with similar taste.

 

Tofu bamboos are often used in lamb stew or in a dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in dim sum. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of these dried tofu can provide protein for many days.

 

Japanese 'miso soup', stocks with miso paste, is frequently made with tofu.

 

In Korean cuisine, soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부), is used to make a thick stew called sundubu jjigae (순두부 찌개). Firm, diced tofu often features in the staple stews doenjang jjigae (된장 찌개) and kimchi jjigae (김치

찌개).

 

SMOKED

At Qufu, the home town of Confucius, smoked tofu is a popular dish.

 

BACEM

Bacem is a method of cooking tofu originating from Java, Indonesia. The tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with lengkuas (galangal), Indonesian bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, tamarind and palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water has completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it is golden brown. The result is sweet, spicy, and crisp. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as tahu bacem in Indonesian. Tahu bacem is commonly prepared along with tempeh and chicken.

 

AS FLAVORING

Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.

 

WESTERN METHODS

Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.

 

Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as lasagna).

 

Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the west, for instance used in Indian-style curries.

 

Tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavors to the likes of cheese, pudding, eggs, bacon, etc. Tofu's texture can also be altered by freezing, pureeing, and cooking. In the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, tofu is frequently associated with vegetarianism and veganism as it is a source of non-animal protein.

 

THREE THEORIES OF ORIGIN

The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord Liu An, a Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time. In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.

 

Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would probably have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel. This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.

 

The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the Mongolians or East Indians. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. (They did not seek such technology, probably because of the Confucian taboo on fermented dairy products and other so-called "barbarian foodstuffs".) The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (rufu, which literally means "milk curdled") and the term doufu ("beans curdled") or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.

 

HISTORY

IN ASIA

Tofu originated in ancient China,[5] although little else is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and of its method of production.

 

The theory that tofu was invented by Lord Liu An of Huainan in about 164 BC (early Han dynasty) has steadily lost favor among most scholars in China and abroad since the 1970s. The claim concerning Liu An was first made by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty (960-1127 AD) - roughly 1,000 years after the supposed invention.

 

The theory that tofu-making is shown in a mural incised on a stone slab in Han Tomb No. 1, at Da-hu-ting, Mixian, Henan province attracted much attention after about 1990. Yet it too has lost favor because (1) no step of cooking the soy puree is shown in the mural, and (2) when Chinese food historians tried to make tofu without cooking the puree, the result was a tiny amount of unpalatable material.

 

Thus, while there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough as to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven. The historical era starts in the year 965 AD (early Song dynasty) with the Qing Yilu by Tao Ku.

 

What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.

 

Its development likely preceded Liu An, as tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in China by the 2nd century BC. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the Song and Yuan Dynasty show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized by then, to the extent that they would be similar to tofu of contemporary times.

 

In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during the winter time, due to the tofu not spoiling in the colder weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero, Yim Wing-chun, was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in the 1994 movie about her life, Wing Chun.)

 

Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea and then Japan in the Nara period (late 8th century) as well as other parts of East Asia. The earliest document of tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara in 1183. The book Tofu Hyakuchin (豆腐百珍 Dòufu Bǎizhēn), published in the Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.

 

The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.

 

In Southeast Asia, tofu was introduced to the region by Chinese immigrants from sea-faring Fujian province, evident from the fact that many countries in Southeast Asia refer to tofu by the Min Nan Chinese pronunciations for either soft and firm tofu, or "tāu-hū" and "tāu-goan" respectively. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, tofu is widely available and used in many local dishes. Tofu is called tahu in Indonesia, Indonesian dishes such as, tahu sumbat, taoge tahu, asinan, siomay and some curries, are often add slices of tofu as ingredients. In addition, tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang are the popular fried tofu snacks. Tofu is called tauhu in Malaysia and Singapore. The Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine such as Indian mee goreng, rojak pasembor. The strait peranakan cuisine often uses tofu, such as mee kari Penang, and laksa. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally the Chinese but tofu now is made by non-Chinese as well. Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are major producers of tofu and have plants located within many municipalities. However, Singapore imports its tofu from its neighboring country, Malaysia.

 

Tofu in the Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals, and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10th to 13th centuries by Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Philippine diet. The use and production of tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as Cebu or Tondo, but were quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.

 

IN THE WEST

Benjamin Franklin was the first American to mention tofu in a 1770 letter to John Bartram. Franklin, who discovered it during a trip to London, included a few soybeans and referred to it as "cheese" from China. The first tofu company in the United States was established in 1878. In 1908 Li Yuying, a Chinese anarchist and a vegetarian with a French degree in agriculture and biology, opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell beancurd. However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and East Asia and growing interest in vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. It is also used by many vegans and vegetarians as a means to gain protein without the consumption of meat products.

 

NUTRITION AND CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS

TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS

Tofu is considered a cool agent in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the spleen, replenish qi, moisture and cool off Yang vacuity, and to detoxify the body. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting neither such claims, nor their implied notions.

 

FUNCTIONS

In Chinese traditional medicine, tofu is suitable for those who are weak, malnourished, deficient in blood and qi; is suitable for old, slim or otherwise; suitable for those with high fat content in blood, high cholesterol, overweight, and with hardened blood vessels; suitable for people with diabetes; for mothers with low breast milk supply; for children and young adults; for those with inflamed respiratory tract, with phlegm, coughing and asthma. Tofu is also suited for people of old age; it is recommended to eat with liquor, since tofu contains cysteine, which can speed up the detoxification of alcohol in the body, and lessen the harm done to the liver, protecting the liver.

 

PROTEIN

Tofu is relatively high in protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu with about 5% and 2% fat respectively as a percentage of weight.

 

In 1995, a report from the University of Kentucky, financed by Solae, concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (″bad cholesterol″) and triglyceride concentrations. However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL (″good cholesterol″) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.

 

The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." For reference, 100 grams of firm tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate contains 8.19 grams of soy protein. In January 2006, an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.

 

ALLERGIES

Because it is made of soy, individuals with allergies, particularly those allergic to legumes, should not consume tofu.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food made by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks. It is a component in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines. There are many different varieties of tofu, including fresh tofu and tofu that has been processed in some way. Tofu is bought or made to be soft, firm, or extra firm. Tofu has a subtle flavor and can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.

 

Tofu originated in Han dynasty China some 2,000 years ago. Chinese legend ascribes its invention to prince Liu An (179–122 BC). Tofu and its production technique were introduced into Korea and then Japan during the Nara period (710–794). Some scholars believe tofu arrived in Vietnam during the 10th and 11th century. It spread into other parts of Southeast Asia as well. This spread probably coincided with the spread of Buddhism because it is an important source of protein in the vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism. Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty described a method of making tofu in the Compendium of Materia Medica.

 

Tofu has a low calorie count and relatively large amounts of protein. It is high in iron, and depending on the coagulants used in manufacturing (e.g. calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate), it can have higher calcium or magnesium content.

 

The term tofu by extension can be used in similarly textured curdled dishes that do not use soy products at all, such as "almond tofu" (almond jelly), tamago-dōfu (ja) (egg), goma-dōfu (ja) (sesame), or peanut tofu (Chinese 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu and Okinawan jīmāmi-dōfu (ja)).

 

ETYMOLOGY

The English term comes from Japanese tōfu (豆腐), borrowed from the original Chinese equivalent (豆腐 or 荳腐) transcribed tou4-fu3 (Wade-Giles) or dòufu (pinyin), literally "bean" (豆) + "curdled" or "fermented" (腐).

 

A reference to the word "towfu" exists in a letter dated 1770 from English merchant James Flint to United States statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. This is believed to be the first documented usage of the word in English.

 

The term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used in the United States since at least 1840. It is not frequently used, however, in the United Kingdom, Australia or New Zealand.

 

PRODUCTION

Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, some tofu producers begin by making their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh) soybeans.

 

Coagulation of the protein and oil (emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.

 

SALT COAGULANTS

Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of dietary calcium.

 

Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified: 卤水, lǔshuǐ) - Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts have a high solubility in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation. These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Calcium chloride is a common coagulant for tofu in North America. Fresh clean sea water itself can also be used as a coagulant.

 

ACID COAGULANTS

Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product. Commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.

Other edible acids: Though they can affect the taste of the tofu more, and vary in efficacy and texture, acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid (such as lemon juice), can also be used to coagulate soy milk and produce tofu.

 

ENZYME COAGULANTS

Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme to substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 °C. Papain, moreover, has been studied as a gelling agent to produce "instant tofu" from soy protein isolate and soy glycinin (11S) protein.

 

Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.

 

The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐; nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (豆花, dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using cheese cloth or muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (豆干) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold and the end product is called đậu khuôn (molded bean) or đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese dòufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.

 

Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration so as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.

 

VARIETIES

There is a wide variety of tofu available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the large variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories: fresh tofu, which is produced directly from soy milk, and processed tofu, which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.

 

FRESH TOFU

Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties. Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.

 

SOFT OR SILKEN TOFU

Soft/silken tofu (嫩豆腐 or 滑豆腐, nèn dòufu or huá dòufu, in Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu"; 絹漉し豆腐, kinugoshi tōfu in Japanese, lit. "silk-filtered tofu"; 순두부, 純豆腐, sundubu in Korean, lit. "pure tofu") is undrained, unpressed tofu that contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus. Silken tofu is produced by coagulating soy milk without curdling it. Silken tofu is available in several consistencies, including "soft" and "firm", but all silken tofu is more delicate than regular firm tofu (pressed tofu) and has different culinary uses. In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with seawater. Silken tofu is a versatile, reliable substitute for dairy and eggs, especially for smoothies and baked desserts.

 

Douhua (豆花, dòuhuā or 豆腐花, dòufuhuā in Chinese), or tofu brain (豆腐腦 or 豆腐脑, dòufunaǒ in Chinese) is often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes salty pickles or hot sauce are added instead. This is a type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is very difficult to pick up with chopsticks, it is generally eaten with a spoon. With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped spring onions, dried shrimp, soy sauce, chilli sauce, douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia, douhua is usually served warm with white or dark (palm) sugar syrup, or served cold with longans.

 

Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (黑豆花, hēidòuhuā) is a type of silken tofu made from black soybeans, which is usually made into dòuhuā (豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for the earthy "black bean taste." Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of kinugoshi tōfu made from edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole edamame.

 

FIRM TOFU

Firm tofu (called 老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, momen-dōfu in Japanese, lit. "cotton tofu"; 단단한두부, dandanhan dubu in Korean): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. It can be picked up easily with chopsticks.

 

In some places in Japan, a very firm type of momen-dōfu is eaten, called ishi-dōfu (石豆腐; literally stone tofu) in parts of Ishikawa, or iwa-dōfu (岩豆腐; literally rock tofu) in Gokayama in the Toyama prefecture and in Iya in the prefecture of Tokushima. Due to their firmness, some of these types of tofu can be tied by rope and carried.[citation needed] These types of firm tofu are produced with seawater instead of nigari (magnesium chloride), or using concentrated soy milk. Some of them are squeezed of excess moisture using heavy weights. These products are produced in areas where travelling is inconvenient, such as remote islands, mountain villages, heavy snowfall areas, and so on.

 

EXTRA FIRM TOFU

Dòu gān (豆干, literally "dry tofu" in Chinese) is an extra firm variety of tofu where a large amount of liquid has been pressed out of the tofu. Dòu gān contains the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu and has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to that of paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (豆干絲, dòugānsī in Chinese, or simply 干絲, gānsī), which looks like loose cooked noodles, can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese aburaage.

 

PROCESSED TOFU

Many forms of processed tofu exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques probably[citation needed] originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.

 

FERMENTED

Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufurǔ, lit. "tofu dairy," or 腐乳 fŭrŭ; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu," this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufurǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. And in Japan, pickled tofu with miso paste is called "tofu no misodzuke," which is a traditional preserved food in Kumamoto. In Okinawa, there is a pickled and fermented tofu called "tofuyo"(豆腐餻). It is made from "Shima-doufu" (an Okinawan variety of large and firm tofu). It is fermented, and matured with koji mold, red koji mold, and awamori.

 

Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòudòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine. The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal.[citation needed] Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu from which it is made. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, or hot sauce.

 

DRIED TOFU

Two kinds of dried tofu are produced in Japan. They are usually rehydrated (by being soaked in water) prior to consumption. In their dehydrated state they do not require refrigeration.

 

FRIED

With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core 豆泡 dòupào, 豆腐泡 dòufupào, 油豆腐 yóudòufu, or 豆卜 dòubǔ in Chinese, literally "bean bubble," describing the shape of the fried tofu as a bubble).

Tofus such as firm Asian and dòu gān (Chinese dry tofu), with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhádòufu, lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai. This deep fried tofu is also called Atsuage (厚揚げ) or Namaage (生揚げ) in Japan. The thinner variety is called Aburaage (油揚げ) which develops a tofu pouch when fried that is often used for Inari-sushi.

 

FROZEN

Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, 凍豆腐 dòngdòufu or 冰豆腐 bīngdòufu in Chinese, literally "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted, and sometimes pressed to remove moisture, prior to use.

 

Koya-dofu (kōya-dōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Koya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. Since it is dried, it can be preserved for long term. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mild sweet and savory flavor (the taste and flavor depend on what soup or cooking stock it was simmered in). A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.

 

BYPRODUCTS OF TOFU PRODUCTION

Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," which forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk are called okara.

 

TOFU SKIN

Tofu skin is produced through the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as soy milk skin (腐皮, fǔpí in Chinese; 湯葉, yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is : 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.

 

The skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegan cuisine.

 

Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.

 

OKARA

Okara (from the Japanese, おから, okara; known as 雪花菜, xuěhuācài, in Chinese, lit. "snowflake vegetable"; 豆腐渣, dòufuzhā, also Chinese, lit. "tofu sediment/residue"; and 콩비지, kongbiji, in Korean), is a tofu by-product, sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees", consisting of the fiber, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines, such as in the Korean stew kongbiji jjigae (콩비지찌개). It is also an ingredient for vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.

 

NON-TOFU "TOFUS"

Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar. For instance, many sweet almond tofus are actually gelatinous desserts hardened using agar or gelatin. As well, some foods such as Burmese tofu are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft polenta, Korean muk, or the jidou liangfen of Yunnan province of Southwest China.

 

NON-TOFU SWEETS

The "almond tofu" (Chinese: 杏仁豆腐 xìngrén dòufu; Japanese: annindōfu) is a milky white and gelatinous resembling tofu, but does not use soy products or soy milk and is hardened with agar. A similar dessert made with coconut milk or mango juices might occasionally be referred to as "coconut tofu" or "mango tofu", though such names are also given to hot dishes that use soy tofu and coconut or mango in the recipe.

 

EGG TOFU

Egg tofu (ja) (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. Whole beaten eggs are combined with dashi, poured into molds, and steamed in a steamer (cf. chawanmushi). The tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein. Plain "dried tofu" can be flavored by stewing in soysauce (滷) to make soy-sauce tofu. It is quite common to see tofu sold in market in this soy-sauce stewed form.

 

SESAME TOFU

The goma-dōfu (ja) is made by grinding sesame into a smooth paste, combining with liquid and kudzu starch, and heating until curdling occurs. It is often served chilled as hiyayakko.

 

PEANUT TOFU

In Okinawa, Japan, the jīmāmi-dōfu (ja) is made in a process similar to the sesame tofu. A peanut milk (made by crushing raw peanuts, adding water and straining) is combined with starch (usually sweet potato starch known locally as umukuji　or umukashi (芋澱粉?)) and heating until curdling occurs.

 

The Chinese equivalent is the 落花生豆腐 luòhuāshēng dòufu.

 

BURMESE TOFU

Burmese tofu (to hpu in Burmese) is a type of legume product made from besan (chana dal) flour; the Shan variety uses yellow split pea flour instead. Both types are yellow in color and generally found only in Myanmar, though the Burman variety is also available in some overseas restaurants serving Burmese cuisine.

 

Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut in rectangular or triangular shapes. Rice tofu, called hsan to hpu (or hsan ta hpo in Shan regions) is made from rice flour (called hsan hmont or mont hmont) and is white in color, with the same consistency as yellow Burmese tofu when set. It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.

 

PREPARATION

Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own. Consequently, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.

 

EASTERN METHODS

In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in myriad ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiācháng dòufu (家常豆腐) and mápó dòufú (麻婆豆腐) include meat.

 

LIGHTLY FLVORED

In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is hiyayakko (冷奴), silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated ginger, green onions, or katsuobushi shavings with soy sauce. In the winter, tofu is frequently eaten as "yudofu," which is simmered in a claypot with some vegetables (ex:chinese cabbage, green onion etc.) using konbu dashi.

 

In Chinese cuisine, Dòuhuā (豆花) is served with toppings such as boiled peanuts, azuki beans, cooked oatmeal, tapioca, mung beans and a syrup flavored with ginger or almond. During the summer, "dòuhuā" is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm. And also, in many parts of China, fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavored with katsuobushi shavings, century eggs (皮蛋 pídàn), and sesame seed oil.

 

In Korean cuisine, dubu gui (두부구이) consists of pan fried cubes of firm tofu, seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked firm tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese hiyayakko, are also enjoyed. The popular bar food, or anju (안주), called dubu kimchi (두부김치), features boiled, firm tofu served in rectangular slices around the edges of a plate with pan fried, sautéed or freshly mixed kimchi (김치) in the middle.

 

In the Philippines, the sweet delicacy taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and sago. The Malaysian version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in "slices" (due to being scooped using a flat spoon from a wooden bucket) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.

 

In Vietnam, dòuhuā is pronounced đậu hủ. This variety of soft tofu is made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and eaten with either powdered sugar and lime juice or with a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, even during summer.

 

FRIED

A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in vegetable oil, sunflower oil, or canola oil with varied results. In Indonesia, it is usually fried in palm oil. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with fish paste to make Yong Tau Foo or cooked in soups. In Taiwan, fried tofu is made into a dish called "A-gei", which consists of a fried aburage tofu package stuffed with noodles and capped with surimi.

 

In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a kombu dashi-based sauce are called agedashi-dofu (揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as aburage in Japan and yubu (유부) in Korea, is commonly blanched, seasoned with soy sauce and mirin and served in dishes such as kitsune udon. Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with sushi rice; this dish is called inarizushi (稲荷寿司) and is also popular in Korea, where it is called yubu chobap (유부초밥). In Indonesia, tofu is called tahu, and the popular fried tofu is tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang.

 

SOUPS, STEWS, AND BRAISED DISHES

A spicy Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is mápó dòufu (麻婆豆腐). This involves braised tofu in a beef, chili, and a fermented bean paste sauce. A vegetarian version is known as málà dòufu (麻辣豆腐)[citation needed].

 

Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices.[citation needed] Some types of dried tofu are pre-seasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐 wǔxiāng dòufu) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐 lǔshuǐ dòufu). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.

 

Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed meatloaf or meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for paneer providing the same texture with similar taste.

 

Tofu bamboos are often used in lamb stew or in a dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in dim sum. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of these dried tofu can provide protein for many days.

 

Japanese 'miso soup', stocks with miso paste, is frequently made with tofu.

 

In Korean cuisine, soft tofu, called sundubu (순두부), is used to make a thick stew called sundubu jjigae (순두부 찌개). Firm, diced tofu often features in the staple stews doenjang jjigae (된장 찌개) and kimchi jjigae (김치

찌개).

 

SMOKED

At Qufu, the home town of Confucius, smoked tofu is a popular dish.

 

BACEM

Bacem is a method of cooking tofu originating from Java, Indonesia. The tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with lengkuas (galangal), Indonesian bay leaves, coriander, shallot, garlic, tamarind and palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water has completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it is golden brown. The result is sweet, spicy, and crisp. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as tahu bacem in Indonesian. Tahu bacem is commonly prepared along with tempeh and chicken.

 

AS FLAVORING

Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.

 

WESTERN METHODS

Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.

 

Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as lasagna).

 

Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the west, for instance used in Indian-style curries.

 

Tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavors to the likes of cheese, pudding, eggs, bacon, etc. Tofu's texture can also be altered by freezing, pureeing, and cooking. In the Americas, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, tofu is frequently associated with vegetarianism and veganism as it is a source of non-animal protein.

 

THREE THEORIES OF ORIGIN

The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord Liu An, a Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time. In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.

 

Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would probably have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel. This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.

 

The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the Mongolians or East Indians. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. (They did not seek such technology, probably because of the Confucian taboo on fermented dairy products and other so-called "barbarian foodstuffs".) The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (rufu, which literally means "milk curdled") and the term doufu ("beans curdled") or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.

 

HISTORY

IN ASIA

Tofu originated in ancient China, although little else is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and of its method of production.

 

The theory that tofu was invented by Lord Liu An of Huainan in about 164 BC (early Han dynasty) has steadily lost favor among most scholars in China and abroad since the 1970s. The claim concerning Liu An was first made by Zhu Xi during the Song dynasty (960-1127 AD) - roughly 1,000 years after the supposed invention.

 

The theory that tofu-making is shown in a mural incised on a stone slab in Han Tomb No. 1, at Da-hu-ting, Mixian, Henan province attracted much attention after about 1990. Yet it too has lost favor because (1) no step of cooking the soy puree is shown in the mural, and (2) when Chinese food historians tried to make tofu without cooking the puree, the result was a tiny amount of unpalatable material.

 

Thus, while there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough as to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven. The historical era starts in the year 965 AD (early Song dynasty) with the Qing Yilu by Tao Ku.

 

What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.

 

Its development likely preceded Liu An, as tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in China by the 2nd century BC. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the Song and Yuan Dynasty show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized by then, to the extent that they would be similar to tofu of contemporary times.

 

In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during the winter time, due to the tofu not spoiling in the colder weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero, Yim Wing-chun, was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in the 1994 movie about her life, Wing Chun.)

 

Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into Korea and then Japan in the Nara period (late 8th century) as well as other parts of East Asia. The earliest document of tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the Kasuga Shrine in Nara in 1183. The book Tofu Hyakuchin (豆腐百珍 Dòufu Bǎizhēn), published in the Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.

 

The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a staple in many countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.

 

In Southeast Asia, tofu was introduced to the region by Chinese immigrants from sea-faring Fujian province, evident from the fact that many countries in Southeast Asia refer to tofu by the Min Nan Chinese pronunciations for either soft and firm tofu, or "tāu-hū" and "tāu-goan" respectively. In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, tofu is widely available and used in many local dishes. Tofu is called tahu in Indonesia, Indonesian dishes such as, tahu sumbat, taoge tahu, asinan, siomay and some curries, are often add slices of tofu as ingredients. In addition, tahu goreng, tahu isi and tahu sumedang are the popular fried tofu snacks. Tofu is called tauhu in Malaysia and Singapore. The Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine such as Indian mee goreng, rojak pasembor. The strait peranakan cuisine often uses tofu, such as mee kari Penang, and laksa. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally the Chinese but tofu now is made by non-Chinese as well. Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines are major producers of tofu and have plants located within many municipalities. However, Singapore imports its tofu from its neighboring country, Malaysia.

 

Tofu in the Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals, and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10th to 13th centuries by Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Philippine diet. The use and production of tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as Cebu or Tondo, but were quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.

 

IN THE WEST

Benjamin Franklin was the first American to mention tofu in a 1770 letter to John Bartram. Franklin, who discovered it during a trip to London, included a few soybeans and referred to it as "cheese" from China. The first tofu company in the United States was established in 1878. In 1908 Li Yuying, a Chinese anarchist and a vegetarian with a French degree in agriculture and biology, opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell beancurd. However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and East Asia and growing interest in vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West. It is also used by many vegans and vegetarians as a means to gain protein without the consumption of meat products.

 

NUTRITION AND CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS

TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CLAIMS

Tofu is considered a cool agent in Traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to invigorate the spleen, replenish qi, moisture and cool off Yang vacuity, and to detoxify the body. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting neither such claims, nor their implied notions.

 

FUNCTIONS

In Chinese traditional medicine, tofu is suitable for those who are weak, malnourished, deficient in blood and qi; is suitable for old, slim or otherwise; suitable for those with high fat content in blood, high cholesterol, overweight, and with hardened blood vessels; suitable for people with diabetes; for mothers with low breast milk supply; for children and young adults; for those with inflamed respiratory tract, with phlegm, coughing and asthma. Tofu is also suited for people of old age; it is recommended to eat with liquor, since tofu contains cysteine, which can speed up the detoxification of alcohol in the body, and lessen the harm done to the liver, protecting the liver.

 

PROTEIN

Tofu is relatively high in protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu with about 5% and 2% fat respectively as a percentage of weight.

 

In 1995, a report from the University of Kentucky, financed by Solae, concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein LDL (″bad cholesterol″) and triglyceride concentrations. However, High Density Lipoprotein HDL (″good cholesterol″) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.

 

The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." For reference, 100 grams of firm tofu coagulated with calcium sulfate contains 8.19 grams of soy protein. In January 2006, an American Heart Association review (in the journal Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.

 

ALLERGIES

Because it is made of soy, individuals with allergies, particularly those allergic to legumes, should not consume tofu.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Offerings for Sun God.

  

My Experience of Chhath

I am a permanent resident of Kolkata, but I never witnessed the celebration of Chhath Pooja here. Lakhs of migrant residents from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India and Nepal as well, celebrated their most ancient festival along the bank of river Hoogly, the sacred river that flows through the city. On 6th November this year, around 2pm, I went to a famous ghat on the bank of river Hoogly opposite to Eden gardens. It was an unique photographic journey to witness how people performed their rituals with so much devotion and faith. I saw hundreds of devotees sitting on the banks quietly with their offerings to Sun God and some performing their rituals with half of their bodies immersed in the Ganges, and some with fire, called ‘Homas’. I was closely looking at them, and I was amazed by their dedication, devotion and complacency. Thousands of devotees were found proceeding towards the Ganges with their offerings, all cladded in bright clothes and ornaments, and many were found on their way to lay prone on the roads touching their whole body (Ashtanga or eight parts of the body) on the Earth and performing ‘Dondis’(Surya Namaskara -Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार, Sun Salutation). Many of the family members, including newborn kids were found lying on the roads waiting for the main worshipper of the family to crossover their bodies as a way to get blessings from them. Most of the main family worshippers were found to be the eldest ladies of the family. Through Chhath, I rediscovered my religious India, in a new and beautiful way.

  

Chhath Pooja

Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival of worshiping Sun God, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun God and describes similar rituals.Historically it is native to eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar of India and Mithila State of Nepal.The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth.The God is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is also believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders. Environmentalists claim that Chhath is the most eco-friendly Hindu festival.

 

Regions Celebrating Chhath

Although the festival is observed most elaborately in Mithila Province of Nepal,Terai-Madhesh region of Nepal, Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and UP, it is also more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence.The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, as well in various countries worldwide.

 

Timings

Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in Bengali calender. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian English Calendar.

  

History

The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites. It is assumed that the oldest Purohits were requested by the kings to come and perform the traditional pooja of the Lord Sun. They used to chant the ancient Rigveda texts and a variety of hymns for worshiping the God. In the ancient time of Mahabharata Chhath pooja was celebrated by Draupadi and Pandavas of Hastinapur (present Delhi) for solving their instant problem and regaining their lost kingdom. It is also assumed that the Chhath puja was first started by the Surya Putra (son of Sun God) Karna. He was a great warrior and had ruled over the Anga Desh (Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharata period.

 

Ethymology

The word chhath means sixth in Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri languages and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the month Kārtika of the Hindu lunar Bikram Sambat calendar.The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit ṣaṣṭhi, meaning sixth.

The Goddess who is also worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the beloved younger wife of Surya, the sun god. The rituals signify rising sun as well as setting sun.

 

Rituals and Traditions of Chhath Puja

It is believed that worshipers of the Chhath take holy bath and follows a period of abstinence and become separate for 4 days from the main family. Throughout the period he is believed as the pure spirit and sleep on the floor having single blanket.

Devotees offer prasad to Sun at the Chhath such as sweets, Kheer, Thekua, bananas and other fruits included in a small bamboo tokari. The prasad is cooked without salt, onions or garlic with maintained purity. It is a four days festival which includes:

On the first day, devotees take bathe early in the morning in the holy water of Gange and bring some holy water to their home to prepare the offerings. The home and its surroundings should be cleaned at this day. They take only one meal a day known as kaddu-bhat cooked only by using the bronze or soil utensils and mango woods over the soil stove.

On the second day, the day before Chhath, devotees keeps fast for whole day and break their fast in the evening after sunset after the worship of Sun. They offer Rasiao-kheer, puris, fruits in the puja. After taking meal in the evening, they go on a fast without water for the next 36 hours.

On the third day (day of Chhath) they offer the Sanjhiya Arghya at the ghat of riverbank. After Arghya, they wear the single saree of turmeric color. Other family members are waiting for getting the blessings from worshiper. At the night of Chhath a vibrant event of Kosi is celebrated by lighting the lamps of clay diyas under the covering of five sugarcane sticks. The five sugarcane sticks indicate the Panchatattva (earth, water, fire, air and space) the human is body made up of.

On the early morning of the fourth day (Paarun), devotees along with their family and friends offer Bihaniya Aragh at the ghat of riverbank of Gange. Devotees end their festival through breaking the fast by having the Chhath prashad.

 

Six levels of purification in Chhath ( a belief)

The belief of fast and cleanliness of body on the festival identify the detoxification of the body and mind in order to set up the body and mind to accept the cosmic solar energy.

Standing in water with half of the body inside the water diminishes the escape of energy as well as facilitates the prana to elevate to the sushumna.

Then the entrance of cosmic solar energy takes place in the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus (known as the Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

In the 4th stage Triveni complex gets activated.

After activation of the Triveni complex, spine gets polarized and body of devotee gets transformed into a cosmic powerhouse and gets the Kundalini Shakti.

At this stage the devotee is fully able to conduct, recycle and pass on the energy into entire universe.

  

Benefits of the rituals (a belief)

Devotee of the Chhath puja can improve the immunity of body.

A variety of skin infections can be cured through the safe radiations of sunlight.

It increases the fighting power of blood by improving the performance of WBC.

Solar energy provides the power to control the secretion of hormones.

 

Significance

Chhath puja has a special significance during the Sunrise and Sunset periods. The Sunrise and sunset are the most important periods of the day during which a human body can safely get the solar energy without any harm. That’s why there is a myth of offering the Sanjhiya Arghya and Bihaniya Arghya to the Sun at the Chhath festival. During this period the solar energy has low level of ultraviolet radiations so it is safe for the human body. People perform the Chhath puja in order to thank the Lord Sun for the lives on the earth as well as to get blessings.

The ritual of Chhath puja provides mental calmness (by detoxifying the body and mind), enhances the energy level and immunity, reduces the frequency of anger, greed and jealousy as well as lot of negative emotions. It is also believed that following the Chhath processes helps in slowing down the ageing process. Such beliefs and rituals of the Chhath make it the most significant festival in the Hindus ever.

 

[ Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhath and www.varanasi.org.in/chhath-pooja ]

  

Offerings for Sun God.

  

My Experience of Chhath

I am a permanent resident of Kolkata, but I never witnessed the celebration of Chhath Pooja here. Lakhs of migrant residents from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India and Nepal as well, celebrated their most ancient festival along the bank of river Hoogly, the sacred river that flows through the city. On 6th November this year, around 2pm, I went to a famous ghat on the bank of river Hoogly opposite to Eden gardens. It was an unique photographic journey to witness how people performed their rituals with so much devotion and faith. I saw hundreds of devotees sitting on the banks quietly with their offerings to Sun God and some performing their rituals with half of their bodies immersed in the Ganges, and some with fire, called ‘Homas’. I was closely looking at them, and I was amazed by their dedication, devotion and complacency. Thousands of devotees were found proceeding towards the Ganges with their offerings, all cladded in bright clothes and ornaments, and many were found on their way to lay prone on the roads touching their whole body (Ashtanga or eight parts of the body) on the Earth and performing ‘Dondis’(Surya Namaskara -Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार, Sun Salutation). Many of the family members, including newborn kids were found lying on the roads waiting for the main worshipper of the family to crossover their bodies as a way to get blessings from them. Most of the main family worshippers were found to be the eldest ladies of the family. Through Chhath, I rediscovered my religious India, in a new and beautiful way.

  

Chhath Pooja

Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival of worshiping Sun God, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun God and describes similar rituals.Historically it is native to eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar of India and Mithila State of Nepal.The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth.The God is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is also believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders. Environmentalists claim that Chhath is the most eco-friendly Hindu festival.

 

Regions Celebrating Chhath

Although the festival is observed most elaborately in Mithila Province of Nepal,Terai-Madhesh region of Nepal, Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and UP, it is also more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence.The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, as well in various countries worldwide.

 

Timings

Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in Bengali calender. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian English Calendar.

  

History

The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites. It is assumed that the oldest Purohits were requested by the kings to come and perform the traditional pooja of the Lord Sun. They used to chant the ancient Rigveda texts and a variety of hymns for worshiping the God. In the ancient time of Mahabharata Chhath pooja was celebrated by Draupadi and Pandavas of Hastinapur (present Delhi) for solving their instant problem and regaining their lost kingdom. It is also assumed that the Chhath puja was first started by the Surya Putra (son of Sun God) Karna. He was a great warrior and had ruled over the Anga Desh (Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharata period.

 

Ethymology

The word chhath means sixth in Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri languages and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the month Kārtika of the Hindu lunar Bikram Sambat calendar.The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit ṣaṣṭhi, meaning sixth.

The Goddess who is also worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the beloved younger wife of Surya, the sun god. The rituals signify rising sun as well as setting sun.

 

Rituals and Traditions of Chhath Puja

It is believed that worshipers of the Chhath take holy bath and follows a period of abstinence and become separate for 4 days from the main family. Throughout the period he is believed as the pure spirit and sleep on the floor having single blanket.

Devotees offer prasad to Sun at the Chhath such as sweets, Kheer, Thekua, bananas and other fruits included in a small bamboo tokari. The prasad is cooked without salt, onions or garlic with maintained purity. It is a four days festival which includes:

On the first day, devotees take bathe early in the morning in the holy water of Gange and bring some holy water to their home to prepare the offerings. The home and its surroundings should be cleaned at this day. They take only one meal a day known as kaddu-bhat cooked only by using the bronze or soil utensils and mango woods over the soil stove.

On the second day, the day before Chhath, devotees keeps fast for whole day and break their fast in the evening after sunset after the worship of Sun. They offer Rasiao-kheer, puris, fruits in the puja. After taking meal in the evening, they go on a fast without water for the next 36 hours.

On the third day (day of Chhath) they offer the Sanjhiya Arghya at the ghat of riverbank. After Arghya, they wear the single saree of turmeric color. Other family members are waiting for getting the blessings from worshiper. At the night of Chhath a vibrant event of Kosi is celebrated by lighting the lamps of clay diyas under the covering of five sugarcane sticks. The five sugarcane sticks indicate the Panchatattva (earth, water, fire, air and space) the human is body made up of.

On the early morning of the fourth day (Paarun), devotees along with their family and friends offer Bihaniya Aragh at the ghat of riverbank of Gange. Devotees end their festival through breaking the fast by having the Chhath prashad.

 

Six levels of purification in Chhath ( a belief)

The belief of fast and cleanliness of body on the festival identify the detoxification of the body and mind in order to set up the body and mind to accept the cosmic solar energy.

Standing in water with half of the body inside the water diminishes the escape of energy as well as facilitates the prana to elevate to the sushumna.

Then the entrance of cosmic solar energy takes place in the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus (known as the Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

In the 4th stage Triveni complex gets activated.

After activation of the Triveni complex, spine gets polarized and body of devotee gets transformed into a cosmic powerhouse and gets the Kundalini Shakti.

At this stage the devotee is fully able to conduct, recycle and pass on the energy into entire universe.

  

Benefits of the rituals (a belief)

Devotee of the Chhath puja can improve the immunity of body.

A variety of skin infections can be cured through the safe radiations of sunlight.

It increases the fighting power of blood by improving the performance of WBC.

Solar energy provides the power to control the secretion of hormones.

 

Significance

Chhath puja has a special significance during the Sunrise and Sunset periods. The Sunrise and sunset are the most important periods of the day during which a human body can safely get the solar energy without any harm. That’s why there is a myth of offering the Sanjhiya Arghya and Bihaniya Arghya to the Sun at the Chhath festival. During this period the solar energy has low level of ultraviolet radiations so it is safe for the human body. People perform the Chhath puja in order to thank the Lord Sun for the lives on the earth as well as to get blessings.

The ritual of Chhath puja provides mental calmness (by detoxifying the body and mind), enhances the energy level and immunity, reduces the frequency of anger, greed and jealousy as well as lot of negative emotions. It is also believed that following the Chhath processes helps in slowing down the ageing process. Such beliefs and rituals of the Chhath make it the most significant festival in the Hindus ever.

 

[ Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhath and www.varanasi.org.in/chhath-pooja ]

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------

TAURINE

---------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid which is naturally occurring in the human body. “Conditionally essential” means that in some situations or under certain conditions, as for example, in situations of high stress or physical exertion, increased amounts of taurine are eliminated from the body and cannot be replaced by the body in sufficient amounts.

 

Taurine is involved in vital functions of the human body. Taurine acts as an antioxidant and has been shown to promote detoxification by binding together with harmful substances and thereby accelerating their excretion from the body.

 

Taurine is also contained in different foodstuffs like e.g. scallops, fish or poultry and is added to most baby food.

 

GLUCURONOLACTONE

 

Glucuronolactone is a carbohydrate.

It is naturally occurring in the human body where it is involved in detoxification processes, supporting the body in eliminating waste substances from the body.

 

Glucuronolactone is also present in different foodstuffs such as grain or red wine.

 

CAFFEINE

 

Caffeine is known for its beneficial effects on mental and physical functions. It has been shown to improve e.g. reaction speed, alertness and concentration. Caffeine also stimulates fat-burning during endurance activities and thereby helps to use fat stores in the body which results in a more efficient supply of energy.

 

Caffeine is contained in many foodstuffs such as coffee tea or chocolate. One can of Red Bull Energy Drink contains approximately the same amount of caffeine as a cup of coffee.

 

B-GROUP VITAMINS

 

B-group vitamins play an important role in energy metabolism, such as the build-up and break-down of carbohydrates, fat and protein. B vitamins are also shown to support mental and physical performance.

 

SUCROSE

 

GLUCOSE

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Milo

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Milo (pronounced /ˈmaɪloʊ/) is a chocolate and malt powder which is mixed with hot or cold milk to produce a beverage popular in many parts of the world. Produced by Nestlé, was originally developed by Thomas Mayne in Sydney, Australia in 1934.[1] It is marketed and sold in many countries around the world. However, in the United Kingdom, the United States, Sweden and Colombia it is available only in small quantities.

Most commonly sold as a powder in a familiar green tin, often depicting various sporting activities, Milo is available as a premixed beverage in some countries, and has been subsequently developed into a snack bar and breakfast cereal. Its composition and taste differ in some countries.

  

----------------------------------------

BlueStorm

----------------------------------------

BLUE STORM wakes up your body when it revitalizes the nervous system, detoxifying the organism, simulating the circulation, increasing the capacity to react and concentrate at work, the gym, sports, intimate sessions, and all activities that require your body to make maximum effort.

 

Furthermore, BLUE STORM enhances efficiency of body functions, improves performance and provides energy boost. It works to increase endurance and concentration, promote rapid recovery, and improve reaction speed. Containing Taurine, Caffeine, and Vitamins, BLUE STORM stimulates the metabolism and enhances efficiency of body functions. No wonder why experts call it the ideal energy and functional drink of athletes, professionals, students, motorists, travelers, clubbers, and lovers.

 

Apart from helping your body to react better while you do activities that require more effort, BLUE STORM energy drink helps to recover lost energy that the body loses while doing such activities. As a premium functional energy drink, BLUE STORM when consumed in appropriate quantities daily becomes an additional battery for the body.

 

Ladies in traditional clothes and ornaments.

  

My Experience of Chhath

I am a permanent resident of Kolkata, but I never witnessed the celebration of Chhath Pooja here. Lakhs of migrant residents from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India and Nepal as well, celebrated their most ancient festival along the bank of river Hoogly, the sacred river that flows through the city. On 6th November this year, around 2pm, I went to a famous ghat on the bank of river Hoogly opposite to Eden gardens. It was an unique photographic journey to witness how people performed their rituals with so much devotion and faith. I saw hundreds of devotees sitting on the banks quietly with their offerings to Sun God and some performing their rituals with half of their bodies immersed in the Ganges, and some with fire, called ‘Homas’. I was closely looking at them, and I was amazed by their dedication, devotion and complacency. Thousands of devotees were found proceeding towards the Ganges with their offerings, all clad in bright clothes and ornaments, and many were found on their way to lay prone on the roads touching their whole body (Ashtanga or eight parts of the body) on the Earth and performing ‘Dondis’(Surya Namaskara -Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार, Sun Salutation). Many of the family members, including newborn kids were found lying on the roads waiting for the main worshipper of the family to crossover their bodies as a way to get blessings from them. Most of the main family worshippers were found to be the eldest ladies of the family. Through Chhath, I rediscovered my religious India, in a new and beautiful way.

  

Chhath Pooja

Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival of worshiping Sun God, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun God and describes similar rituals.Historically it is native to eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar of India and Mithila State of Nepal.The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth.The God is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is also believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders. Environmentalists claim that Chhath is the most eco-friendly Hindu festival.

 

Regions Celebrating Chhath

Although the festival is observed most elaborately in Mithila Province of Nepal,Terai-Madhesh region of Nepal, Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and UP, it is also more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence.The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, as well in various countries worldwide.

 

Timings

Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in Bengali calender. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian English Calendar.

  

History

The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites. It is assumed that the oldest Purohits were requested by the kings to come and perform the traditional pooja of the Lord Sun. They used to chant the ancient Rigveda texts and a variety of hymns for worshiping the God. In the ancient time of Mahabharata Chhath pooja was celebrated by Draupadi and Pandavas of Hastinapur (present Delhi) for solving their instant problem and regaining their lost kingdom. It is also assumed that the Chhath puja was first started by the Surya Putra (son of Sun God) Karna. He was a great warrior and had ruled over the Anga Desh (Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharata period.

 

Ethymology

The word chhath means sixth in Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri languages and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the month Kārtika of the Hindu lunar Bikram Sambat calendar.The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit ṣaṣṭhi, meaning sixth.

The Goddess who is also worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the beloved younger wife of Surya, the sun god. The rituals signify rising sun as well as setting sun.

 

Rituals and Traditions of Chhath Puja

It is believed that worshipers of the Chhath take holy bath and follows a period of abstinence and become separate for 4 days from the main family. Throughout the period he is believed as the pure spirit and sleep on the floor having single blanket.

Devotees offer prasad to Sun at the Chhath such as sweets, Kheer, Thekua, bananas and other fruits included in a small bamboo tokari. The prasad is cooked without salt, onions or garlic with maintained purity. It is a four days festival which includes:

On the first day, devotees take bathe early in the morning in the holy water of Gange and bring some holy water to their home to prepare the offerings. The home and its surroundings should be cleaned at this day. They take only one meal a day known as kaddu-bhat cooked only by using the bronze or soil utensils and mango woods over the soil stove.

On the second day, the day before Chhath, devotees keeps fast for whole day and break their fast in the evening after sunset after the worship of Sun. They offer Rasiao-kheer, puris, fruits in the puja. After taking meal in the evening, they go on a fast without water for the next 36 hours.

On the third day (day of Chhath) they offer the Sanjhiya Arghya at the ghat of riverbank. After Arghya, they wear the single saree of turmeric color. Other family members are waiting for getting the blessings from worshiper. At the night of Chhath a vibrant event of Kosi is celebrated by lighting the lamps of clay diyas under the covering of five sugarcane sticks. The five sugarcane sticks indicate the Panchatattva (earth, water, fire, air and space) the human is body made up of.

On the early morning of the fourth day (Paarun), devotees along with their family and friends offer Bihaniya Aragh at the ghat of riverbank of Gange. Devotees end their festival through breaking the fast by having the Chhath prashad.

 

Six levels of purification in Chhath ( a belief)

The belief of fast and cleanliness of body on the festival identify the detoxification of the body and mind in order to set up the body and mind to accept the cosmic solar energy.

Standing in water with half of the body inside the water diminishes the escape of energy as well as facilitates the prana to elevate to the sushumna.

Then the entrance of cosmic solar energy takes place in the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus (known as the Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

In the 4th stage Triveni complex gets activated.

After activation of the Triveni complex, spine gets polarized and body of devotee gets transformed into a cosmic powerhouse and gets the Kundalini Shakti.

At this stage the devotee is fully able to conduct, recycle and pass on the energy into entire universe.

  

Benefits of the rituals (a belief)

Devotee of the Chhath puja can improve the immunity of body.

A variety of skin infections can be cured through the safe radiations of sunlight.

It increases the fighting power of blood by improving the performance of WBC.

Solar energy provides the power to control the secretion of hormones.

 

Significance

Chhath puja has a special significance during the Sunrise and Sunset periods. The Sunrise and sunset are the most important periods of the day during which a human body can safely get the solar energy without any harm. That’s why there is a myth of offering the Sanjhiya Arghya and Bihaniya Arghya to the Sun at the Chhath festival. During this period the solar energy has low level of ultraviolet radiations so it is safe for the human body. People perform the Chhath puja in order to thank the Lord Sun for the lives on the earth as well as to get blessings.

The ritual of Chhath puja provides mental calmness (by detoxifying the body and mind), enhances the energy level and immunity, reduces the frequency of anger, greed and jealousy as well as lot of negative emotions. It is also believed that following the Chhath processes helps in slowing down the ageing process. Such beliefs and rituals of the Chhath make it the most significant festival in the Hindus ever.

 

[ Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhath and www.varanasi.org.in/chhath-pooja ]

  

Devotion

 

My Experience

I am a permanent resident of Kolkata, but I never witnessed the celebration of Chhath Pooja here. Lakhs of migrant residents from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other states of India and Nepal as well, celebrated their most ancient festival along the bank of river Hoogly, the sacred river that flows through the city. On 6th November this year, around 2pm, I went to a famous ghat on the bank of river Hoogly opposite to Eden gardens. It was an unique photographic journey to witness how people performed their rituals with so much devotion and faith. I saw hundreds of devotees sitting on the banks quietly with their offerings to Sun God and some performing their rituals with half of their bodies immersed in the Ganges, and some with fire, called ‘Homas’. I was closely looking at them, and I was amazed by their dedication, devotion and complacency. Thousands of devotees were found proceeding towards the Ganges with their offerings, all cladded in bright clothes and ornaments, and many were found on their way to lay prone on the roads touching their whole body (Ashtanga or eight parts of the body) on the Earth and performing ‘Dondis’(Surya Namaskara -Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार, Sun Salutation). Many of the family members, including newborn kids were found lying on the roads waiting for the main worshipper of the family to crossover their bodies as a way to get blessings from them. Most of the main family worshippers were found to be the eldest ladies of the family. Through Chhath, I rediscovered my religious India, in a new and beautiful way.

  

Chhath Pooja

Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival of worshiping Sun God, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun God and describes similar rituals.Historically it is native to eastern Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar of India and Mithila State of Nepal.The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth.The God is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is also believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders. Environmentalists claim that Chhath is the most eco-friendly Hindu festival.

 

Regions Celebrating Chhath

Although the festival is observed most elaborately in Mithila Province of Nepal,Terai-Madhesh region of Nepal, Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and UP, it is also more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence.The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat, as well in various countries worldwide.

 

Timings

Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in Bengali calender. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian English Calendar.

  

History

The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites. It is assumed that the oldest Purohits were requested by the kings to come and perform the traditional pooja of the Lord Sun. They used to chant the ancient Rigveda texts and a variety of hymns for worshiping the God. In the ancient time of Mahabharata Chhath pooja was celebrated by Draupadi and Pandavas of Hastinapur (present Delhi) for solving their instant problem and regaining their lost kingdom. It is also assumed that the Chhath puja was first started by the Surya Putra (son of Sun God) Karna. He was a great warrior and had ruled over the Anga Desh (Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharata period.

 

Ethymology

The word chhath means sixth in Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri languages and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the month Kārtika of the Hindu lunar Bikram Sambat calendar.The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit ṣaṣṭhi, meaning sixth.

The Goddess who is also worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the beloved younger wife of Surya, the sun god. The rituals signify rising sun as well as setting sun.

 

Rituals and Traditions of Chhath Puja

It is believed that worshipers of the Chhath take holy bath and follows a period of abstinence and become separate for 4 days from the main family. Throughout the period he is believed as the pure spirit and sleep on the floor having single blanket.

Devotees offer prasad to Sun at the Chhath such as sweets, Kheer, Thekua, bananas and other fruits included in a small bamboo tokari. The prasad is cooked without salt, onions or garlic with maintained purity. It is a four days festival which includes:

On the first day, devotees take bathe early in the morning in the holy water of Gange and bring some holy water to their home to prepare the offerings. The home and its surroundings should be cleaned at this day. They take only one meal a day known as kaddu-bhat cooked only by using the bronze or soil utensils and mango woods over the soil stove.

On the second day, the day before Chhath, devotees keeps fast for whole day and break their fast in the evening after sunset after the worship of Sun. They offer Rasiao-kheer, puris, fruits in the puja. After taking meal in the evening, they go on a fast without water for the next 36 hours.

On the third day (day of Chhath) they offer the Sanjhiya Arghya at the ghat of riverbank. After Arghya, they wear the single saree of turmeric color. Other family members are waiting for getting the blessings from worshiper. At the night of Chhath a vibrant event of Kosi is celebrated by lighting the lamps of clay diyas under the covering of five sugarcane sticks. The five sugarcane sticks indicate the Panchatattva (earth, water, fire, air and space) the human is body made up of.

On the early morning of the fourth day (Paarun), devotees along with their family and friends offer Bihaniya Aragh at the ghat of riverbank of Gange. Devotees end their festival through breaking the fast by having the Chhath prashad.

 

Six levels of purification in Chhath ( a belief)

The belief of fast and cleanliness of body on the festival identify the detoxification of the body and mind in order to set up the body and mind to accept the cosmic solar energy.

Standing in water with half of the body inside the water diminishes the escape of energy as well as facilitates the prana to elevate to the sushumna.

Then the entrance of cosmic solar energy takes place in the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus (known as the Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

In the 4th stage Triveni complex gets activated.

After activation of the Triveni complex, spine gets polarized and body of devotee gets transformed into a cosmic powerhouse and gets the Kundalini Shakti.

At this stage the devotee is fully able to conduct, recycle and pass on the energy into entire universe.

  

Benefits of the rituals (a belief)

Devotee of the Chhath puja can improve the immunity of body.

A variety of skin infections can be cured through the safe radiations of sunlight.

It increases the fighting power of blood by improving the performance of WBC.

Solar energy provides the power to control the secretion of hormones.

 

Significance

Chhath puja has a special significance during the Sunrise and Sunset periods. The Sunrise and sunset are the most important periods of the day during which a human body can safely get the solar energy without any harm. That’s why there is a myth of offering the Sanjhiya Arghya and Bihaniya Arghya to the Sun at the Chhath festival. During this period the solar energy has low level of ultraviolet radiations so it is safe for the human body. People perform the Chhath puja in order to thank the Lord Sun for the lives on the earth as well as to get blessings.

The ritual of Chhath puja provides mental calmness (by detoxifying the body and mind), enhances the energy level and immunity, reduces the frequency of anger, greed and jealousy as well as lot of negative emotions. It is also believed that following the Chhath processes helps in slowing down the ageing process. Such beliefs and rituals of the Chhath make it the most significant festival in the Hindus ever.

 

[ Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhath and www.varanasi.org.in/chhath-pooja ]

 

GOVERNOR TOMBLIN CELEBRATES ONE-YEAR

ANNIVERSARY OF 844-HELP4WV CALL LINE

 

Call center has received more than 5,000 calls for help

around substance abuse, mental health

 

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) - Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today joined state and local officials at the 844-HELP4WV call line headquarters in Charleston to commemorate the one-year anniversary of West Virginia's first statewide 24-hour substance abuse call line, and highlight the state's progress in the fight against substance abuse.

 

"I am proud of the work we've done and the progress we've made together to help those struggling with addiction, especially through the HELP4WV call line," said. Gov. Tomblin. "As we mark the one year anniversary of the help line, we also look ahead to the challenges that remain - and recommit ourselves to helping more West Virginians overcome addiction."

 

In the year since Gov. Tomblin launched the call line, more than 5,200 calls have been received. Of those, 2,250 were individuals seeking help, all of whom were connected to at least one resource to begin or continue treatment. The help line was a recommendation of Gov. Tomblin's community-driven regional substance abuse task forces, which are set to hold their 20th round of meetings this fall.

 

The call line is administered through a collaborative partnership between the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) and First Choice Health Systems, whose employees are professionally certified and trained to engage callers in conversation. They work on a one-on-one basis to determine the best steps moving forward for each individual.

 

No callers are placed on hold and can be immediately connected with treatment staff to help determine the most appropriate treatment option. Follow-up phone calls are placed after the first appointment, the first month, and the first three months to help patients stay on track and have access to any additional clinical information or resources on community-based programs and local support groups.

 

Snapshot of Substance Abuse Resources & Programs in West Virginia

 

The 844-HELP4WV call line is available 24 hours a day, seven days per week and accepts phone calls and text messages. The website - www.help4wv.com - includes a live online chat application.

Substance abuse prevention services are provided in all 55 counties in West Virginia. More than 130 crisis detoxification beds in residential treatment facilities exist across the state with more sites under development. An additional 118 beds are designated for short-term, postpartum, youth and long-term treatment. Nearly 700 beds are available to those seeking help and support at peer and provider recovery homes and facilities.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently announced $53 million in funding for 44 states to combat opioid abuse. West Virginia is set to receive support in its efforts to prevent overdoses and strengthen drug misuse prevention, among other initiatives.

Today, the National Governor's Association invited West Virginia to attend a learning lab, State Strategies for Reducing Overdose and Deaths from Heroin and Illicit Fentanyl. A team will attend workshops focusing on innovative policies and programs and best practices to increase access to substance abuse treatment and improve timeliness of overdoes reporting and response.

The West Virginia Division of Corrections offers programs focused on combatting substance abuse in the state's prisons and jails. Nine Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) units in correctional centers across the state provide six-month to one-year courses of inpatient treatment with a total reach of 491 inmates. The RSAT model has been expanded to regional facilities.

Through a pilot program overseen by the DHHR, medication assisted treatment is available for paroling or discharging inmates who have completed substance abuse programs and show motivation for continuing treatment. As of June, 29 inmates had received this treatment before leaving their facility. This pilot program has been expanded through legislation passed this year and has begun development in regional jails.

Both prisons and jails offer outpatient substance abuse counseling programs, including 12-step peer-to-peer programs and a 39-session program focusing on addiction education, transitional skills for recovery and relapse prevention.

 

Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

The lymphatic system is part of the immune system where cleansing of blood, and the detoxification of our bodies takes place. A huge network of lymphatic vessels recycles blood plasma by removing fluid from the tissues, filtering it, and carrying it back into the bloodstream.

These are foods to add into your diet to boost the lymphatic system:

* Garlic

Garlic boosts immune function and combats harmful microbes. It improves circulation and aids in the cleansing of toxins. It boosts the function of your lymphatic system and contains antibacterial qualities.

* Citrus

Citrus fruits aid hydration, carry powerful antioxidants and enzymes, and help cleanse and protect the lymphatic system.

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

At Yaksheetasri.com, experience a feeling of healing and pampering with a blend of relaxation and rejuvenation in the exotic ambiance imparting a sense of tranquility, peace and calm. Humans need touch and touch is a powerful healer. For thousands of years, many cultures have practiced some form of massage with the aim of easing physical, mental and spiritual aliment. We at Yaksheetasri.com, welcome you to undertake the journey within, through powerful and magical touch.

Choose from an intelligent mix of exotic treatments, traditional massages, detoxification, reflexology, scrubs, wraps, signature facials, hair spa, foot spa and the most indispensable dental spa, to let go your stress, completely beautify your body and unchain the abundant energy within you. The entire range of treatments/rituals has also been grouped into a variety of packages to suit your convenience, desires and precious time.

At Yaksheetasri.com, the team of masseurs/masseuse comprises of handpicked experts from all field of massages and treatments with ample experience. In today’s fast paced individualistic world with huge scarcity of time and energy, come to Yaksheetasri.com and find yourself and the abundant energy within you. Yaksheetasri Spa's treatments have been carefully designed to energize your body, mind and soul. The treatments have been customized depending on the location, by keeping in mind the guest's needs. An airport spa would incorporate express treatments keeping in mind, the traveler's limited time.

Whether it is an express Spa & Salon with a selected few treatments or a complex set-up with exotic features and a wide array of spa services, Yaksheetasri Spa has a complete solution for hospitality organization. With in-house design, training, product development, marketing and management capabilities, Yaksheetasri Spa can offer individual solutions from green field projects to complete spa management of existing facilities.

Yaksheetasri Spa is only leading "Premium Class" Chennai spa chain in existence. We have transformed a first class upscale Chennai Massage & spa concept in to a successful spa wonderland. This has turned out as a perfect gift for passengers who are on- the-go. Our spas are designed to encourage tranquility and well-being. We use warm earth tones of wenge & beige, world class leather seating, wooden floors, gentle indirect lighting and soothing background music to create a relaxing environment that attracts women’s only.

Additionally, Yaksheetasri Spa has developed numerous innovative spa practices that enhance the airport spa experience. We are very proud to have revolutionized the way to operate a spa, while having created the most relaxing destination in Chennai. In the past couple of years, Yaksheetasri Spa single-handedly transformed Indian Chennai concessions by turning spas into a must-have for any major are in Chennai.

Foot Reflexology

Foot reflexology is "pressure therapy" and involves applying focused pressure to certain known reflex points located in the foot to cure or prevent disease. Foot reflexology is based on the premise that our nerve zones or reflex points go from the bottom of our feet to the top of our head, encompassing all vital organs on the way.

Neck & Back Massage

A massage is the most basic of all healing techniques. Studies indicate that this touch therapy reduces stress, depression, lessen pain and boost the immune system. A back massage is the most preferred massage treatment as poor spine, postural defects and sleeping disorders are effectively addressed through this simple, nurturing and powerful touch therapy.

Swedish Massage

Swedish body massage is the original massage technique involving a sequence of movements working superficially and deeper into the tissue layers. The main purpose of Swedish massage is to increase the oxygen flow in the blood and release toxins from the muscles. Massage helps in flushing the tissues of harmful deposits such as lactic acid, uric acid, and other metabolic wastes . Swedish massage also stretches the ligaments and tendons keeping them supple and pliable, and stimulates the skin and sooth the nervous system at the same time. As a treatment it helps reduce stress, both emotional and physical, and is often suggested in a program for stress management. It also has many specific medical uses.

Balinese Massage

A Balinese massage uses a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure. Aroma oils used in the massage stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen and energy around your body, and bring deep relaxation and wellness. Massage is a rigorous and luxurious spa treatment and a great one to choose if you want to experience a variety of massage techniques, relax and feel spiritually renewed at the same time. Balinese massage is related to the ancient Ayurveda, the Indian holistic medical system.

Aromatherapy Massage

Aromatherapy massage is an ancient science of healing, relaxing and energizing by the use of plants and their parts. The roots, barks, flowers, fruits, seeds and nuts play a crucial part in this massage. The word aromatherapy is derived from two words aroma which means smell and therapy which stands for healing and overall relaxation and wellbeing.

Thai Massage

Thai massage is an ancient healing art. Through application of pressure on energy lines and points, and a vast array of passive stretching movements performed with the hands, feet, knees and elbows, the body experiences profound relaxation, peripheral stimulation of internal organs, increased flexibility and increased flow of energy. Thai massage is that you get the flexibility, inner organ massage, oxygenation of the blood and quieting of the mind that is attained with yoga. Through deep muscle stretching, joint release and emphasis on breath, Thai massage offers many of the same benefits as yoga.

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a particularly effective massage for people with muscular pain. Massage helps to refresh and relax muscles, increasing the blood flow and therefore the oxygen flow around your body. This gets rid of toxins in very sore and strained muscles, which helps them to strengthen and heal. Deep tissue massage is often used to treat people who are recovering from accidents, and for sports injuries as it increases blood circulation in muscles that are underused, relieves chronic muscle tension throughout the body, and can also break down scar tissue and "knots" deep in the muscles.

Ayurveda Massage

According to Ayurveda each individual is a combination of the 3 doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha. These 3 govern the metabolic activity in an individual. The detoxification methods like panchakarma and other health remedies ( herbal) when applied wholly/singly make the body, more responsive to medicines thereby hastening the healing process. Various yogasanas achieve, the twin propose of strengthening the body, vital organs like heart, liver etc. as well as keep the physical and psychological condition strong. Not only do the herbal remedies play an important role in internal health and well being but also external health and beauty which is quite evident from the overall appearance.

One of the most important reasons for increasing use of Ayurveda in beauty and skin care is that this system can clearly bring out a youthful clear skin in conjunction with happiness and relaxation which otherwise can’t be achieved by cosmetics. A well regulated lifestyle along with suggesting a discerning diet according to ones doshas will go a long way to strengthen ones natural immune system. Ayurveda is perhaps the first such system that recognises that all diseases are, but the direct manifestations of one’s mental conditions. Any disturbance in the 3 states of human mind (Trigunas) namely Satwa, Rajas as and Tamas manifests in the form of physical illness.

 

Fruits, goldmine of vitamins, minerals and fibre are ideal to consume at least 4-5 servings in a day. Since they are in the natural form, account for largest part of water and 100% bad cholesterol free, it's much easier for the body to process and absorb the vitamins and minerals from the fresh fruit.

 

Apple - Round fruit with lots of fibre, vitamins A, C, E and folate. Available in green, red or yellow skin when ripe. Apples reduce the risk of colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. They also help with heart disease, weight loss and controlling cholesterol.

 

Bananas - Long thick skinned fruit yellow in colour when ripe. Good source of fibre, potassium, vitamins A, C, B6, E & folate. Unripe or green bananas are used in cooking.

 

Cherries - small round fruit with a seed, red or black in colour when ripened. Cherries always have to be ripe to eat. Cherries contain anthocyanins that reduce pain & inflammation.

 

Figs - Eaten either dried or fresh, figs contain vitamin A, C, folate and niacin. A small sweet fruit full of small seeds.

 

Kiwi - A rich source of vitamins A, C, E, B - complex, calcium, iron and folic acid, kiwi is a small oval fruit with thin brown skin, soft green flesh and black seeds. The skin is a good source of flavonoid antioxidants.

 

Lime - Lime or lemon is the most cultivated citrus fruit with green to yellow colour loaded with vitamins A, C and folate. Juice of lime is good for detoxification and has antioxidant properties.

 

Peach - Round juicy fruit with a yellowish red skin & flesh having a taste of acidic tang and sweetness contains a rough stone. Always to be picked and eaten ripe.

 

Orange - A round thick-skinned juicy edible fruit that is a reddish-yellow colour when ripe with sweet to sour flavour. Peeled and eaten fresh or squeezed to make juice. Contain vitamin C, flavanoids, provides pectin and rich in sodium when ripened in sunshine.

 

Plum - soft round smooth-skinned fruit with sweet flesh and a flattish pointed stone. It is high in carbohydrates, low in fat and calories. An excellent source of vitamin A, C, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, fibre and free of sodium and cholesterol.

 

Papaya - A melon like fruit with yellow- orange flesh with dozens of small black seeds enclosed in skin that ranges in colour from green to orange. Either round, pear-shaped, or long like a banana. Rich in vitamins A, B, C, and D; calcium, phosphorous and iron. It is high in digestive properties and has a direct tonic effect on the stomach.

 

Pear - A sweet juicy yellow or green fruit with a rounded shape narrow towards the stalk. Best eaten at room temperature, pear contains kalium and riboflavine. It is good for skin and contains plenty of fibres.

 

Strawberry - A triangular shaped red colour fruit. It is one of the richest sources of Vitamin C and fibre. It has high content of sodium and iron. It helps in whitening of the teeth. Used to relieve rheumatism.

 

Watermelon - a type of melon with smooth exterior rind and juicy sweet red interior flesh. Extraordinarily refreshing to drink as juice or eaten when ripe and fresh. Valuable for minerals, vitamins and sugar with useful amount of fibre and iron.

The MLD process involves a light vibratory touch to encourage the lymphatic fluid flow toward the main lymphatic ducts and back into the blood system.

When the flow of lymphatic elements is reduced, the immune system weakens. Lymphatic drainage can help improve the production and flow of antibodies, thus better empowering the immune system and assisting in detoxification and relaxation.

 

MLD can effectively decrease post - surgical and traumatic edema (swelling). In addition it relieves symptoms of fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, fatigue, migraine headaches, stress and more.

Growth: dandelion is common across the country, common in sunny places or semidarkness, in pastures, hayfields, pastures, uncultivated land, the crops, roadsides from plains up in the hillsides.

Body plant used: root, leaves, plant entirely.

Harvest time: dandelion root can be harvested from March Tagged until September.

Dandelion leaves from May to August.

Dandelion-Natural Treatments

In internal use, dandelion is used for vascular disorders, for the treatment of anorexia, biliary dyskinesia, urinary tract disorders, gout treatment, chronic hepatitis, digestive disorders, varicose ulcers, cholecystitis, eczema, Hepatic failure, elimination of biliary calculus, metabolic disorders, splenic diseases, arthritis, rheumatism, inflammation of the lymph, as depurative, sweating, diuretic.

External use:in external use herb is used to treat skin irritation and redness, and eye ailments.

Young dandelion leaves contain a lot of boron and occupy the second, after cabbage, in the hierarchy of plants that preserve bone tissue, preventing osteoporosis.

Fresh dandelion straws, which consume 5-6 per day, help heal biliary and liver diseases.

Dandelion roots eaten raw, have a depurative effect and help to thin the blood, stimulate digestion, is sweat and diuretic.

Dandelion has been used since antiquity for beauty, as a cosmetic product.

The plant is an excellent product for detoxifying the body, but it also has positive properties for stimulating breast growth, especially if dandelion root is used.

Additionally, the plant will reduce the inflammation present in the breast area, providing active protection and necessary especially during the development of treatments for breast augmentation and embellishment.

In ancient times, women washed with an infusion of dandelion to embellish the complexion. ... read more ...

The MLD process involves a light vibratory touch to encourage the lymphatic fluid flow toward the main lymphatic ducts and back into the blood system.

When the flow of lymphatic elements is reduced, the immune system weakens. Lymphatic drainage can help improve the production and flow of antibodies, thus better empowering the immune system and assisting in detoxification and relaxation.

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For those who dont know me I am a Shia Muslim from Mumbai who shoots Hinduism as Hope Hindutva message of peace Humanity .. and promotes living in peace as Indians beyond caste culture or creed .. Hinduism is my cultural inheritance and I call myself a Hindu Shia a person who promotes Inter Faith .. I have no other agenda , I am a amateur photographer and a passionate hobbyist blogger , you might not like my world but it exists and it has to be seen , you might not like the rites rituals but they exist too as tradition heritage ancestry of faith and mankind..

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  

Chhath (Hindi: छठ, also called Dala Chhath) is an ancient Hindu festival dedicated to the Hindu Sun God, Surya, also known as Surya Shashti.[1] The Chhath Puja is performed in order to thank Surya for sustaining life on earth and to request the granting of certain wishes. The Sun, considered the god of energy and of the life-force, is worshiped during the Chhath fesival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders.

 

The rituals of the festival are rigorous and are observed over a period of four days. They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water (Vratta), standing in water for long periods of time, and offering prashad (prayer offerings) and aragh to the setting and rising sun.

 

Although it is observed most elaborately in Bihar, Jharkhand and the Terai regions of Nepal in modern times, and is more prevalent in areas where migrants from those areas have a presence, it is celebrated in all regions and major urban centers in India. The festival is celebrated in the regions including but not exclusive to the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Gujarat,[2] Delhi,[3] Mumbai[4] and Mauritius.[5]

Contents

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Chhath puja is performed on kartika Shukala Shashti, which is the sixth day of the month of Kartika in the Hindu Calendar. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the Gregorian Calendar.

 

It is also celebrated in the summer (March–April), on Chaitra Shashti, some days after Holi; this event is called Chaiti Chhath.[6] The former is more popular because winter is the usual festive season in North India, and Chhath, being an arduous observance, requiring the worshipers to fast without water for around 36 hours continuously, is easier to undertake in the Indian winters.

[edit] Etymology

 

The word chhath denotes the number 6 in Hindi[7] and the festival is celebrated on the sixth day of the Hindu lunar month of KARTIKA. The word is a Prakrit derivation from the Sanskrit şaşţhi, meaning sixth.

[edit] History

 

It is believed that the Maga Purohits (modern days known as Shakya Dwipi Brahmins) were invited by local kings for their expertise in Sun worshiping. They started the tradition of Chhat Puja. Today Chhat Puja is celebrated specially in those places where Shakya Dwipi Brahmins are found.

  

It is believed that the ritual of Chhath puja may even predate the ancient Vedas texts, as the Rigveda contains hymns worshiping the Sun god and describes similar rituals. The rituals also find reference in the Sanskrit epic poem Mahābhārata in which Draupadi is depicted as observing similar rites.

 

In the poem, Draupadi and the Pandavas, rulers of Hastinapur (modern Delhi), performed the Chhath ritual on the advice of noble sage Dhaumya. Through her worship of the Sun God, Draupadi was not only able to solve her immediate problems, but also helped the Pandavas later regain their lost kingdom.

 

It is also believed that Chhath was started by Karna, the son of Surya Putra Karna who ruled over the Anga Desh (present day Munger district of Bihar) during the Mahabharat Age. He was a great warrior and fought against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War.

 

Its yogic/scientific history dates back to the Vedic times. The rishis of yore used this method to remain without any external intake of food as they were able to obtain energy directly from the sun's rays. This was done through the Chhath method.[8]The chhat puja is very popular in Dehri-On-Sone(Rohtas),Patna, Dev & Gaya. Now a days it is celebrated in approximately all parts of India.

[edit] Chhathi Maiya

 

It is also said that the Goddess that is worshipped during the famous Chhath Puja is known as Chhathi Maiya. Chhathi Maiya is known as Usha in the Vedas. She is believed to be the consort of Surya, the sun god. Some scholars are of the view that she is only the beloved of Surya and some suggest that She is Surya’s wife.

 

Usha is the term used to refer to dawn – The first light of day. But in the Rig Veda she has more symbolic meaning. Symbolically Usha is the dawn of divine consciousness in the individual aspirant.

 

During the Chhath Puja, Chhathi Maiya is invoked to bless us with this divine consciousness which will help us to overcome all the troubles in the world – this bless will help us to Moksha or liberation.

[edit] Rituals and traditions

 

Chhath is a ritual bathing festival that follows a period of abstinence and ritual segregation of the worshiper from the main household for four days. During this period, the worshiper observes ritual purity, and sleeps on the floor on a single blanket.

 

This is the only holy festival which has no involvement of any pandit (priest). The devotees offer their prayers to the setting sun, and then the rising sun in celebrating its glory as the cycle of birth starts with death. It is seen as the most glorious form of Sun worship.

 

Bihar has a number of Sun temples, flanked by a surajkund or sacred pool of the Sun, forming a popular venue for the celebration of this festival.Patna,Bhagalpur,Munger, Haveli Kharagpur( Banahara) ,Samastipur,Dumka,sahibganj, Dev, Gaya, ranchi,Rampurhat are known popular for chhath puja.

 

The main worshipers, called Parvaitin (from Sanskrit parv, meaning 'occasion' or 'festival'), are usually women. However, a large number of men also observe this festival. The parvaitin pray for the well-being of their family, for prosperity and for offspring. Once a family starts performing Chhatt Puja, it is their duty to perform it every year and to pass it on to the following generations. The festival is skipped only if there happens to be a death in the family that year.

 

The prasad offerings include sweets(Thekua) and fruit offered in small bamboo winnows. The food is strictly vegetarian and it is cooked without salt, onions or garlic. Emphasis is put on maintaining the purity of the food.

  

Day 1: Nahay khay (literally, bathe and eat)

 

On the first day of Chhath Puja, the devotees take a dip, preferably in the holy river Ganges, and carry home the holy water of the river Ganges to prepare the offerings. The house and surroundings are scrupulously cleaned. The parvaitin allows themselves only one meal on this day.It is also known as " kaddu-bhat" in some region.Generally Parvaitin eat kaddu, channa dal, and arwa chawal (non-boiled rice). Traditionally the food is cooked on soil stove & mango wood is used a fuel. Only bronze or soil utensils are used to prepare the food. But now a days steel utensils are also used in preparation of food.

 

Day 2: Kharna or Lohanda (the day before Chhath)

 

On Panchami, the day before Chhath, the parvaitins observe a fast for the whole day, which ends in the evening a little after sunset. Just after the worship of earth, the offerings of Rasiao-kheer (rice delicacy), puris (deep-fried puffs of wheat flour) and bananas, are distributed among family and friends. From this day onwards, for the next 36 hours, the parvaitin goes on a fast without water.

 

The traditional way of preparation of Kheer for parvaitin is without sugar. Only Jaggery is used in preparation of prasad for other family members & friends. The prasad is prepared by the parvaitin itself in the bronze or soil utensils only. While eating the prasad by parvaitin if any unwanted thing like small stone etc comes into the mouth immediately they have to stop eating without making any complain.

 

Day 3: Chhath

 

Sanjhiya Arghya (evening offerings): The day is spent preparing the prasad (offerings) at home. On the eve of this day, the entire household accompanies the parvaitins to a riverbank, pond or a common large water body to make the offerings (Aragh) to the setting sun. It is during this phase of Chhath Puja that the devotees offer prayers to the just setting sun. Traditionally during the aragh the parvaitin should wear the single saree colored with turmeric. But now a days printed & colored sarees are also in use.

 

The occasion is almost a carnival. Besides the parvaitin, there are friends and family, and numerous participants and onlookers, all willing to help and receive the blessings of the worshipper. Ritual rendition of regional folk songs, carried on through oral transmission from mothers and mothers-in-law to daughters and daughters-in-law, are sung on this occasion.

 

The folk songs sung on the evening of Chhath reflect the culture, social structure, mythology and history of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Nowadays, modern Chhath songs, largely Bollywood film remixes, have caught on, but the old tradition still goes strong with a great degree of sanctity. The three main linguistic regions of Bihar (the Maithili, the Magadhi, and the Bhojpuri), and all the various dialects associated with these, have different folk songs; but have an underlying unity in their dedicated to Chhath. The minor nuances of the Chhath rituals, such as in the Kharna ritual, vary from region to region and across families, but still there is a fundamental similarity.

 

Kosi: On the night of day three, a colorful event of Kosi is held. Here, lighted earthen lamps are kept under a canopy of five sugarcane sticks. The five sticks signify the human body made of Panchatattva (the five great elements - earth, water, fire, air and ether). This is a symbolic ritual in Chhath Puja, performed especially in those families where marriage or childbirth has taken place recently. The lighted lamps signify the solar energy sustaining the human being. People perform this ritual at home, during late evening on day three after making the offering to the just setting sun. After that, it is done at the banks of the river on day four before making the offerings to the rising sun.

 

Day 4: Paarun (the day after Chhath)

 

Bihaniya Aragh (next morning offerings): On the final day of Chhath Puja, the devotees, along with family and friends, go to the riverbank before sunrise, in order to make the offerings (Aragh) to the rising sun. The festival ends with the breaking of the fast by the parvaitin and friends visiting the houses of the devotees to receive the prashad. The chhath has so much importance that even millionaire beg for prasad at the Chhath ghat. This symbolizes that all persons are beggar in front of the almighty. Witnessing Chhath being celebrated at the crack of the dawn on a river bank is a beautiful, elating spiritual experience connecting the modern Indian to his ancient cultural roots.After aragh , Ganga maiya is worshipped.

[edit] Yogic viewpoint

 

There is also a yogic process of Chhath that may have been associated with the religious observance of Chhath puja, but the current religious observers of Chhath puja do not refer to the yogic process and may not even be aware of it. All the traditional rules of Chhath puja has also got some strong scientific reasons behind it & by following that maximum benefits can be gain.

[edit] The Yogic Philosophy of Chhath

 

According to yogic philosophy, the physical bodies of all the living organisms are highly sophisticated energy conducting channels. The solar bio-electricity starts flowing in the human body when it is exposed to solar radiations of specific wavelengths. Under particular physical and mental conditions, the absorption and conduction of this solar-bio-electricity increases. The processes and the rituals of the Chhath puja aim at preparing the body and the mind of the Vratti (devotee) for the process of cosmic solar energy infusion.[citation needed]

 

The scientific process similar to Chhath was used by the Rishis of yore for carrying out their austerities without any intake of solid or liquid diet. Using a process similar to the Chhath puja, they were able to absorb the energy needed for sustenance directly from the sun, instead of taking it indirectly through food and water.

 

The retina is a kind of photoelectric material, which emits subtle energy when exposed to light. Hence, very subtle electric energy starts flowing from the retina. This energy (photo-bio-electricity) is transmitted from the retina to the pineal gland by the optic nerves connecting the retina to the pineal gland, leading to its activation. The pineal gland is in close proximity with the pituitary and hypothalamus glands (together, three glands are called Triveni) due to which, the energy generated in this process starts impacting these glands. Consequently, the pranic activity becomes uniform, giving the Vratti good health and a calm mind.

[edit] Stages of Chhath (Conscious Photoenergization Process)

 

According to Yoga philosophy, the process of Chhath is divided into six stages of the Conscious Cosmic Solar Energy Infusion Technique (Conscious Photoenergization Process).[9]

 

Stage 1: Fasting and the discipline of cleanliness leads to detoxification of the body and mind. This stage prepares the body and mind of the Vratti (devotee) to receive the cosmic solar energy.

 

Stage 2: Standing in a water body with half the body (navel deep) in the water minimizes the leak of energy and helps the prana (psychic energy) to move up the sushumna (psychic channel in the spine).

 

Stage 3: Cosmic Solar Energy enters the Vratti’s pineal, pituitary and hypothalamus glands (Triveni complex) through the retina and optic nerves.

 

Stage 4: Activation of Triveni tri-glandular complex (pineal, pituitary and hypothalamus).

 

Stage 5: A kind of polarization of happens in the spine, which results in the Vratti’s gross and subtle bodies getting transformed into a cosmic powerhouse. This can also lead to the awakening of the latent psychic energy popularly known as the Kundalini Shakti.

 

Stage 6: The body of the Vratti (devotee) becomes a channel which conducts, recycles and transmits the energy into the entire universe.

[edit] Benefits of Chhath process

 

The Chhath process results in detoxification

 

The Chhath process stresses mental discipline. The discipline of mental purity is a result of this work. By employing a number of rituals, the vrattis focus on maintaining the cleanliness of the offerings and environment. Cleanliness is the most dominant thought that prevails in the minds of the devotees during Chhath.

 

This has a great detoxification effect on the body and the mind as mental moods can result in biochemical changes. Now comes the physical detoxification. The fasting paves the way for detoxification at a material level.

 

Detoxification helps in regularizing the flow of prana and makes the person more energetic. The natural immune system of the body spends much of its energy in fighting the toxins present in the body. By using the detoxification methods such as pranayam, meditation, yoga and Chhath practices, the amount of toxins present in the body can be reduced to a great extent. Thus, with reduction in the amount of toxins, the expenditure of energy also reduces and you feel more energetic. It improves the appearance of the skin. The eyesight can improve and the ageing process of the body slows down.

[edit] Benefits of Chhath Puja

 

Photo-electro-chemical effect: physical benefits

 

The Chhath practice improves the immunity of the Vratti’s body.

Antiseptic effect: Safe radiation of sunlight can help cure fungal and bacterial infections of the skin.

Raktavardhak (increase in fighting power of blood): As a consequence of the practice of Chhath, the energy infused in the blood stream improves the performance of white blood cells.

The solar energy has a great influence on the glands, which results in balanced secretion of hormones.

Energy requirements are met by the solar energy directly. This will further detoxify the body.

 

Photo-electro-psychic effects: mental benefits

 

A state of creative calmness will prevails in the mind.

To a great extent, all negative responses have their origin in the disturbed flow of prana. With the pranic flow regularized, the duration and frequency of occurrences of anger, jealousy, and other negative emotions will be reduced.

With patient and sincere practice, the psychic powers like intuition, healing, and telepathy awaken. This depends on the concentration with which the practice is undertaken.

 

[edit] Daily sun meditation (Chhath process)

 

In the fast lifestyle of the present times, it may not be possible to follow the Chhath process very often. The detoxification can be undertaken through pranayam, yoga, meditation and Conscious Photoenergization Process known as Chhath Dhyan Sadhana (CDS).

 

Chhath Dhyan Sadhana (CDS): Conscious Photoenergization Process

 

Assume a comfortable position (standing or sitting) with back and spine straight. With eyes closed, face the Sun. Inhale completely, as slowly as possible. Do not strain in making the breathing slow. Maintain your comfort level. As you breath in, visualize (feelingly experience) the cosmic solar energy entering through your eyes and moving to the pineal gland through optic nerves and charging the pineal–pituitary–hypothalamus complex. Now, as you exhale, visualize the cosmic solar energy flowing down the pineal gland and spreading throughout your body with a revitalizing effect.

 

Thus, the process starts with inhalation and ends in exhalation. This constitutes one round. It is suggested to start with five rounds (two minutes), and increase if time permits. On completion of the practice, thank the Sun for bestowing upon you the life giving solar energy. Thereafter, sit quietly for a minute, observing the good things in the environment around.

 

CDS should be practiced within one-hour window after sunrise or within one-hour window before sunset. Any person of any age can practice CDS. If you wish to practice CDS at any time other than sunrise or sunset, do not practice it in front of Sun. You can however, practice CDS in a room. Even a bed-ridden person can try and consciously draw in the solar energy while lying on the bed. With regular practice, he/she will notice an improvement in physical and mental health. For those who are not comfortable facing the sun, they can practice the technique in any room having proper ventilation. If you have time, you can also practice twice a day. Do not hurry in increasing the number of rounds, as there is no shortcut to success in this method. The nervous system of the body takes its own time in adapting and to be able to receive the energy.

 

Significance of emphasis on sunrise and Sunset periods

 

Only sunrise and sunset are the periods during which the majority of humans can safely obtain the solar energy directly from the Sun. However, there may be some exceptions. That is why, in Chhath puja, there is a tradition of offering Arghya to the Sun in late evening and in early morning. During these phases (one hour window after sunrise and before sunset), the ultraviolet radiation levels remain in safe limits.