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🌳💚🍄 @charlescreaturecabinet [GRODA BABBLES*] frog trollie ~the enchanted changeling child 🐾🐸✨ *A.k.a. Kodhok Wulu

#charlescreaturecabinet #ccc #cccbjd #trollbjd #tinybjd #hybridbjd #aggiepebbles #augiebambam #fantasybjd #groda_babbles #kodhok_wulu #woodlingtroll #uglywoodling #enchanted_changeling #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #designer_sculptor #rotterdam #dollmaker #dollartist #dollart #bjdart #collectibles #limitededition #anthropomorphic #whisperingwoodlingwoods #wunderkammer

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CCC AGGIE PEBBLES | 8cm Tiny BJD | Woodling Troll girl | Ball-Jointed Doll | caramel cream glow-in-the-dark resin

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CCC GRODA BABBLES | 6.5cm Tiny/Micro BJD | Ugly Woodling Troll | Ball-Jointed Doll | ~A.k.a. KODHOK WULU

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CCC AUGIE BAMBAM | 8cm Tiny BJD | Woodling Troll boy | Ball-Jointed Doll | fudge tan glow-in-the-dark resin

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Handmade outfits, mushroom cap @murjanikusumobroto | NL @easthetics_for_your_dolls | FR Gnome cloaks @etoilebleue | FR

CCC IF Booties 'wild animal' brown / baby IF Booties 'lime' | Tiny toy frogs Voorlopig Rotterdam | NL

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Photo: @charlescreaturecabinet studio | Rotterdam NL

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BJD Design/Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008-2022 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

Micro bjd > Maxi Happiness !! @charlescreaturecabinet [HOLLY] Baby Hedgehog Faerie "Hard not to be happy about this " ~MT #ccclover 🍀💞 | NL

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #holly #babyhedgehog #hedgehogfaerie_baby #hedgeling #happynose #microbjd #tinyjointedtail #tinywings #balljointeddoll #limitedition #collectibles #anthropomorphic #charlesgrimbergstephan #rotterdam #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #dollart #bjdart #cabinetofwonders #wunderkammer #fluisterwoud

#glowinthedark #whisperingwoodlingwoods

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CCC HOLLY | 40 mm Micro BJD | HAPPYNOSE Hedgeling Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | lil' pOtbellie ~tan Glow-in-the-Dark resin

/w poseable ears (stringed inside), tiny joined tail, clear tiny wings

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Photo/text MT | Den Haag NL

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

postcard from Toeterbig (2001). Tiny BJD ball-jointed doll @charlescreaturecabinet [BABI KUTIL] (2021) 🐗🐷 #babi2babi

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #balljointeddoll #Javanwarthog #cccbabikutil #babikutil #warthoglet #lilpotbellie #piganthrobjd #pigbjd #cabinetofwonders #tinymicrodolls #tinybjd #creaturebjd #legitbjd #designer #sculptor #charlesgrimbergstephan #bjdartist #rotterdam #watercolor #drawings #pigart #toeterbig #pigartist #varkenskunstenaar

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CCC BABI KUTIL | 6.5cm Tiny BJD | Lil' pOtbellie | warthog anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | tan resin

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Postcard illustration/watercolor | @charlescreaturecabinet | NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

An icon of New York's Met Museum. One of the most beautiful American statues by famed "coin designer/sculptor " St. Gaudens, shown her in 3D. The Anachrome process uses plastic, optically corrected glasses, that increase color accuracy, and sharpen the left eye. If you have only paper glasses use them OVER reading glasses to sharpen the fuzzy image. Anachrome is specially shot

with narrower lens spacing to reduce ghosting.

[RELEASE] Pre-Order open 16th October 2021 ~DON'T MISS this cute little faun! 🌼 @charlescreaturecabinet [FLÖR Faunette]

#charlescreaturecabinet #balljointeddoll #cccbjd #faunbjd #flörfaunette #tinybjd #cabinetofwonders #preorder #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #artistbjd #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #bjdart #collectibles #dollart #limitededition #rotterdam #legitbjd #anthropomorphic #anthropomorphism #wunderkammer #woodlingfaerie #whisperingwoodlingwoods

 

CCC FLÖR FAUNETTE | 9cm Tiny/Micro BJD | faun | Ball-Jointed Doll ~tan

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Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

🎃 @charlescreaturecabinet [FLÖR Faunette] and [PIN-DA peanut kacang faerie] #tinyhorns #tinytail #tinyhooves #woodlingswirl_bellybutton 💚

#charlescreaturecabinet #balljointeddoll #cccbjd #faunbjd #flörfaunette #pinda_peanut #kacangfaerie #tinymicrobjd #cabinetofwonders #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #artistbjd #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #bjdart #collectibles #dollart #limitededition #rotterdam #legitbjd #anthropomorphic #anthropomorphism #wunderkammer #woodlingfaerie #whisperingwoodlingwoods

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CCC FLÖR FAUNETTE | 9cm Tiny/Micro BJD | faun | Ball-Jointed Doll ~tan

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CCC PIN-DA | 4.5cm Micro BJD | peanut faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~ tan + yellow glow-in-the-dark

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Handmade outfit & pumpkin hats @murjanikusumobroto | Fairy Fragilities NL ~Hand micro knits ArgenTTo | Etsy US

Sylvanian Families Pumpkin cap/hat

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Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

@charlescreaturecabinet [FLEUR] Flör Faunette Pinku: her very own little flower shop 💐🌸🌺🌷🌹🎋🌸👉[ONLY] 1x one available in stock, pm/dm if interested👈

#charlescreaturecabinet #ccc #cccbjd #fleur #flör #faunette #tinybjd #balljointeddoll #pinku #glowinthedark #dollmaker #cabinetofwonders #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #artistbjd #characterdesigner #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #bjdart #instabjd #collectibles #rotterdam #anthropomorphic #wunderkammer

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CCC FLEUR Flör Faunette | 9cm Tiny BJD | Woodling Faun | Ball-Jointed Doll | pastel pink glow-in-the-dark resin colour pink

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Handmade tiny outfit cupcakes Murjani Kusumobroto | NL

Li'l Woodzeez Flower Shop

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Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet| All Rights Reserved.

Thumb sized hedgehoglet 👀 👍💞 @charlescreaturecabinet [HOLLY] Hedgehog-Faerie-Baby 45mm micro bjd #argenTTo #handmicroknits

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #hedgehogfaeriebaby #triplets #microbjd #hedgeling #tinyjointedtail #tinywings #lilpotbellie #balljointeddoll #limitedition #collectibles #anthropomorphic #charlesgrimbergstephan #rotterdam #designer #sculptor #bjdartist #dollart #cabinetofwonders #wunderkammer #bjdart #whisperingwoodlingwoods

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CCC TRIPLETS hoglet holly huffy | 45mm Micro BJD | HAPPYNOSE Hedgeling Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | lil' pOtbellie

~rose quartz pink /w pink faceup painting Glow-in-the-Dark resin

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Hand micro knits hedgeling hats @argenTTo | Etsy

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Photo: @charlescreaturecabinet | NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

🎵 Three little hoglets were sitting on a bench,

Sitting on a bench,

Sitting on a bench;

Three little hoglets were sitting on a bench,

On a fine cold day in December 🎵

‍♀️👶 Hedgehog-faerie-baby [triplets] !!! @charlescreaturecabinet HOGLET, HOLLY and HUFFY Hedgelings ~Happynose = family name 45mm Micro BJD ~SOON!

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #hedgehogfaerie_baby #triplets #hedgeling #happynose #microbjd #tinyjointedtail #tinywings #balljointeddoll #limitedition #collectibles #anthropomorphic #charlesgrimbergstephan #rotterdam #designer #sculptor #bjdartist #dollart #cabinetofwonders #wunderkammer #bjdart #lilliputian #handmade_outfit #argenTTo #whisperingwoodlingwoods

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CCC HOGLET, HOLLY, HUFFY | 45mm Micro BJD | HAPPYNOSE Hedgeling Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | lil' pOtbellie ~rose quartz pink /w pink faceup painting Glow-in-the-Dark resin

/w poseable ears (stringed), tiny joined tail, clear tiny wings

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CCC FUZZYHOG | 6.5cm Tiny BJD | hedgehog faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | lil pOtbellie ~Beige Tan and Glow-in-the-Dark green

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Hand micro knits hedgeling hats and Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle hand micro knits/outfit @argenTTo | Etsy

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Photo: @charlescreaturecabinet | NL

Handmade fuzzy chestnut baby beds Murjani Kusumobroto

Handmade woodworking tiny bench | Tösens Austria

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

More hand micro knits finished 👶‍♂️ @charlescreaturecabinet [HOGLET] baby hedgehog faerie ~by ArgenTTo/Resinbambola US

#charlescreaturecabinet #hoglet #babyhedgehogfaerie #kawaii #poseable_ears #tinyjointedtail #ccc #ooak #cccbjd #glowinthedark #microbjd #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #bjdartist #designer_sculptor #rotterdam #limitededition #collectibles #anthropomorphic #landofwonders #cabinetofwonders #pygmypotbellie

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CCC HOGLET | 40mm Micro BJD | HAPPYNOSE Hedgeling Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | pygmy pOtbellie GID ~named Pinzer

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"LOVE my new magnetic board fr cocoknits!!!

holds the workz and prevents constant searches between the sofa cushions (my sofa eats teeny tools)" Brenda F

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Photo/knits Resinbambola (Flickr) | US

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

[💚] Green Bats @charlescreaturecabinet [BATTY Boo & BabyBAT] 💚 ~Exclusive Limited Edition~ 👉 Send a pm/dm if interested 👈 Only 1x one of each available ‼️

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #tinybjd #glowinthedark #BattyBoo #BabyBat #batbjd #lilpotbellie #green #designer_sculptor #charlesgrimbergstephan #dollmaker #rotterdam #artist #artistbjd #exclusive #collectibles #limitededition #anthropomorphic #anthrobjd #fantasybjd #balljointeddoll #dollydaybcn #fairyfragilities

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CCC Batty BOO | 14 cm Tiny BJD | bat anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll ~green & Glow-in-the-Dark green

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CCC BABYbat BOO | 6 cm Tiny BJD | bat anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil' pOtbellie ~green & Glow-in-the-Dark green

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Handmade Chestnut bed FairyFragilities @murjanikusumobroto | NL

Photo @charlescreaturecabinet @dollydaybcn | ES

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BJD Design/Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008-2022 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | all rights reserved.

@charlescreaturecabinet [Pygmy pOtbellie troll] ~Finished #greymaster #prototype #charlescreaturecabinet 🐾🐇 ~New #babytroll

#pygmy #potbellie #troll #40mm #balljointeddoll #designertoy #artisttoy #limitededition #collectibles #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #designer_sculptor #dollartist #Dutchbjd #rotterdam #odorokikyabinetto #cabinetofwonders #cabinetofcuriosities #wunderkammer #pygmypotbellie #trollbjd

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BJD Design/Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

A glimpse of the Luxembourg Gardens ........in winter ....... on a peaceful afternoon. How can one tire of Paris when everywhere you look it has carefully and thoughtfully been touched by the human hand....artisans and artists and craftsmen, designers, sculptors, masons, metalsmiths....everywhere one looks there is evidence of focused human touch. Here, the dark bare branches of the winter trees contrasting with the curved balustrade and urns caught my eye. And if you like to learn about this place here is a Google page with several excellent sites. www.google.com/search?q=luxembourg+gardens&rls=com.mi...

 

PS WORK to convert color to black & white: in channel mixer, click on monochrome, drag RED slider to the right until around 160, drag GREEN to the right until about 130, drag BLUE to the left until -200. Add 5 to 10% on the CONSTANT slider to add overall brightness. The figures are approximate, but this gives you a starting point. This is one way to create a Black and White with more depth and it approximates the 'Ansel Adams zone system' according to Scott Bourne in "88 Secrets to Photoshop for Beginners", p.86.

Dress up rehearsal baby's first Halloween Party 💟 @charlescreaturecabinet [FLÖR Faunette] and [PIN-DA peanut kacang faerie] #tinyhorns #tinytail #tinyhooves #woodlingswirl_bellybutton 💟

#charlescreaturecabinet #balljointeddoll #cccbjd #faunbjd #flörfaunette #pinda_peanut #kacangfaerie #tinymicrobjd #cabinetofwonders #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #artistbjd #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #bjdart #collectibles #dollart #limitededition #rotterdam #legitbjd #anthropomorphic #anthropomorphism #wunderkammer #woodlingfaerie #whisperingwoodlingwoods #fairyfragilities

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CCC FLÖR FAUNETTE | 9cm Tiny/Micro BJD | faun | Ball-Jointed Doll ~tan

 

CCC PIN-DA | 4.5cm Micro BJD | peanut faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~ tan + yellow glow-in-the-dark

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Handmade tiny & micro outfit @murjanikusumobroto | Fairy Fragilities NL ~Head band flower ArgenTTo | Etsy US

Sylvanian Families tiny Halloween props

@charlescreaturecabinet CCC IF Booties (size baby/black)

 

Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

@charlescreaturecabinet [FUUGA firefly, LEMPI elfhog and FIDGET Fuzzbug] ~New #ccclover 🍀💞

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #fuuga #lempi #fidget #fuzzbug #fireflyfaerie #gogglesandwings #microbjd #tinywings #tinybjd #glowinthedark #balljointeddoll #elfhog #charlesgrimbergstephan #artistbjd #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #bjdart #collectibles #dollart #limitededition #rotterdam #legitbjd #anthropomorphic #cabinetofwonders #wunderkammer #whisperingwoodlingwoods #handmade_fairyfragilities

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CCC FUUGA | 10.5cm Tiny BJD | Firefly Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~Fair skin GID white

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CCC LEMPI | 7cm Tiny/Chunky BJD | Elfhog ~Hedgehog Troll | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil' pOtbellie ~beige tan GID

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CCC FIDGET Fuzzbug | 5cm Micro BJD | firefly faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~Fair GID glowinthedark white ~Goggles/Wings soft pink resin

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Handmade cherry blossom Alma Jimenez (Mixi Michi) | US

Hand micro knits by ArgenTTo (Etsy) | US

Handmade flower dress @murjanikusumobroto Fairy Fragilities | NL

Handmade cherry blossom mohair wig WeeDollyWears | US

Handmade flower cap Sweet Neat Crafts | FI

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

A large group of plastic artists, actors, chefs or athletes give life to these 1.80-meter-tall meninas.

 

The fun is going to be in running into dozens of sculptures in the middle of the street. Walking, for example, through the Puerta de Alcalá, through the Plaza de Cibeles, through the Gran Vía. Each one decorated in a different way, with different colors, with personal visions and individual messages.

  

All the figures incorporate a QR code that will be scanned with a mobile device. This will serve to access the information of each menina, her presentation and the approach that the artist has wanted to give her. Some figures will be auctioned and the benefits will go to the NGOs selected by the artists or sponsors.

 

Reinterpreting Velázquez

Of course, the initiative proposes to reinterpret the work of Velázquez known as Las Meninas. Actually, the painting was not originally called that, but The Family of Felipe IV, which is the one portrayed. But since the 19th century, the name that referred to the companions of the Infanta Margarita of Austria became popular.

 

La Meninas Madrid Gallery intends to pay homage to this paradigmatic painting of the Spanish Golden Age. Or rather take art to the streets of Madrid, using the iconic claim of the meninas.

 

It is also a tribute to diversity, to freedom of expression. To everything that Madrid represents as a melting pot of cultures and artistic manifestations. As its organizer, Antonio Azzato, says, if you stay at home you always miss something.

 

Azzato has studied Velázquez's painting in depth. Aware of the numerous interpretations that have been made of this canvas throughout history, he now dares to reinterpret it in his own way.

 

To do this, Azzato has brought together a wide group of artists from various disciplines. From designers, sculptors and painters to actors, some established, others emerging. All willing to contribute their personal vision.

 

In the first edition we saw meninas signed by Marta Hazas, Jordi Molla, Vicky Martín Berrocal or Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada. In the second we saw those of Dani Rovira and Ouka Leele among many others. The third brought us those of Antonia Dell'Ate, Jaime Martínez Alonso, Marta Sánchez, Modesto Lomba or Asier Etxeandía. And the fourth to Ana Obregón, Boris Izaguirre, Chef José Andrés or DJ Nano.

 

This fifth edition of Meninas Madrid Gallery has the participation of Los Morancos, Paulo Coelho, Carmen Lomana, Pablo Motos and Saúl Cravioto among many others. In addition, this year the organization has invited students from design schools and universities, such as the European Institute of Design or the Francisco de Vitoria University, to participate.

 

Every year we find some menina that triumphs for some reason. For example, last year there was a pilgrim menina, on the occasion of the celebration of the Xacobeo Year, next to the church of Santiago. It is also one decorated by the designer Lorenzo Caprile next to the Puerta de Alcalá.

 

There are more than 40 sculptures that will decorate the streets of Madrid. The City Council has ceded the main spaces of the capital so that the figures can be freely admired by the widest possible public.

 

The sculptures are made of fiberglass and are life size of a person. That is why they do not attract the citizen's attention too much from a distance, but rather when he comes across them. A height of 1.80 by a depth of 1.60 and a weight of 30 kilos are appreciable dimensions on the ground, once located.

 

Each sculpture has a QR code that can be scanned with any mobile device and explains the concept of the work as well as presenting the menina virtually.

 

The event is charitable. At the end of the exhibition, some works will be auctioned and the proceeds will go to organizations selected by the artists themselves or sponsors. As they will bear the signature of their authors, it will be a unique occasion for collectors.

 

Las Meninas are located in open and central spaces, common places of passage. The idea is that many people see them. But those who want to see them need to orient themselves around the city to find them.

 

@charlescreaturecabinet OOAK [IJO and HUFFY Grinchie] 👉Only ONE Grinchie early in stock artist proof left > send pm/dm if interested👈 ~First come, first serve. 💚️💜 [2x ~1x sold, last 1x ONE left]

#charlescreaturecabinet #OOAK_huffy_grinchie #ijo_green #kawaii #green_gid #poseable_ears #tinyjointedtail #ccc #hedgehogtroll #elfhog #ooak #cccbjd #glowinthedark #tinymicrobjd #chunkybjd #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #bjdartist #designer_sculptor #rotterdam #trollbjd #limitededition #collectibles #anthropomorphic #landofwonders #cabinetofwonders #lilpotbellie #argenTTo #handmade_outfit #thistle @murjanikusumobroto

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CCC IJO ELFHOG | 7cm Tiny/Chunky BJD | Hedgehog x Troll anthro | Lil' pOtbellie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~OOAK green GID green

~Ijo is green from Javanese / Indonesia

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CCC HUFFY Grinchie | 40mm Micro BJD | HAPPYNOSE Hedgeling Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | lil' pOtbellie GID green

/w poseable ears (stringed), tiny joined tail, clear tiny wings

💚💜

Handmade Thistle outfit/cap Murjani Kusumobroto | NL

Hand micro knits ArgenTTo (Etsy) | US

Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

Monument to the Fallen Soldiers of the Kosmaj Detachment (Споменик борцима Космајског одреда)

 

Kosmaj Mountain Park, Serbia

 

Designer: sculptor Vojin Stojić & architect Gradimir Medaković

💜#theblackertheberry #thesweeterthejuice #thedeepertheroots 💜💜🍇@charlescreaturecabinet [CELIE BEE] and [IF Imaginary Friend] ~Tiny & Micro BJD

#charlescreaturecabinet #thecolorpurple #celiebee #bee_faerie #IF_ImaginaryFriend #tinybjd #microbjd #balljointeddoll #resin #creaturebjd #tinywings #anthropomorphic #limitededition #collectibles #charlesgrimbergstephan #characterdesigner #designer_sculptor #artist #botanicalblossomfaerie #cabinetofwonders #wunderkammer #argenTTo #handmicroknits #WhoopBee #imaginaryfriend #tributebjd

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CCC IF | 35mm Micro BJD Toy | imaginary friend | Designer Toy | Cabinet of Wonders ~LE purple glowinthedark purple

 

CCC CELIE BEE | 9cm Tiny BJD | bee anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | custom OOAK

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Hand micro knits ArgenTTo | Etsy US

CCC IF Booties @charlescreaturecabinet | NL

Handmade nest, cherry hats @murjanikusumobroto | NL

Handmade mohair wig WeeDollyWears | US

 

Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ & Copyright ©️2008 I Charles Grimberg-Stephann I Charles' Creature Cabinet I All Rights Reserved.

postcard from Toeterbig (2001). Tiny BJD ball-jointed doll @charlescreaturecabinet [BABI KUTIL] (2021) 🐗🐷 #babi2babi

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #balljointeddoll #Javanwarthog #cccbabikutil #babikutil #warthoglet #lilpotbellie #piganthrobjd #pigbjd #cabinetofwonders #tinymicrodolls #tinybjd #creaturebjd #legitbjd #designer #sculptor #charlesgrimbergstephan #bjdartist #rotterdam #watercolor #drawings #pigart #toeterbig #pigartist #varkenskunstenaar

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CCC BABI KUTIL | 6.5cm Tiny BJD | Lil' pOtbellie | warthog anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | tan resin

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Postcard illustration/watercolor | @charlescreaturecabinet | NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

Happy #FuzzyhogFriday ‍♂️💞 @charlescreaturecabinet CCC [FUZZYHOG + WUZZYPRICKLE] hedgehog faerie tiny bjd ✨

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #balljointeddoll #hedgehogfaerie #fuzzyhog #wuzzyprickle #tinybjd #collectibles #tinyjointedtail #tinywings #lilpotbellie #creaturebjd #anthropomorphic #ccc #charlesgrimbergstephan #designer #sculptor #bjdartist #rotterdam #glowinthedark #legitbjd #artistbjd #limitededition

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CCC WUZZYPRICKLE | 6.5cm Tiny BJD | hedgehog faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil' pOtbellie ~Snowwhite and Glow-in-the-Dark white

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CCC FUZZYHOG | 6.5cm Tiny BJD | hedgehog faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil' pOtbellie ~Beige Tan and Glow-in-the-Dark green

‍♂️💜

Photo: @amberlywillowbjd

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

Happy Home "Fuuga has arrived in Austria. So cute and tiny. I'll post her after making wig and boots. At the moment she wears realpuki cloths lol. Ty so much Charles"

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #fuuga #fireflyfaerie #tinybjd #gogglesandwings #kawaii #anthropomorphic #balljointeddoll #fantasybjd #creaturebjd #limitedition #charlesgrimbergstephan #designer_sculptor #artistbjd #bjdartist #cabinetofwonders #collectibles #dutchbjd #dollsofinstagram #glowinthedark #whisperingwoodlingwoods

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CCC FUUGA | 10.5cm Tiny BJD | Firefly Faerie anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | Glow-in-the-Dark resin GID

😍‍♀️

Photo Doris Bogner | Austria

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

Part of a set building workshop for Albino Mosquito. We're making a full house worth of cardboard furniture for a music video!

 

www.albinomosquito.com/2011/11/workshop-for-set-designers...

Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument, brush, among other writing instruments. A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as, "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".

 

Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable.[1][page needed] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both.

 

Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design and typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art, announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions, and memorial documents. It is also used for props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates, maps, and other written works.

 

TOOLS

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen and the brush. Calligraphy pens write with nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens - steel brushes - can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. There are some styles of calligraphy, like Gothic script, which require a stub nib pen.

 

Writing ink is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of absorption, enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college-ruled paper often acts as a guideline well.

 

Common calligraphy pens and brushes are:

 

Quill

Dip pen

Ink brush

Qalam

Fountain pen

 

WORLD TRADITIONS

EUROPE

HISTORY

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Latin script. The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome, and by the first century[clarification needed] developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In the second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

 

At the height of the Empire, its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.

 

Christian churches promoted the development of writing through the prolific copying of the Bible, particularly the New Testament and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin "uncia," or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands. The 7th-9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.

 

Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends.

 

In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe; and in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first typeface.

 

In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua. The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books.

 

In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the Bastarda.

 

While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.

 

With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.

 

In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned.

 

STYLE

Sacred Western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715–720 AD) are an early example.

 

As with Chinese or Islamic calligraphy, Western calligraphic script employed the use of strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order.

 

Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style, and colors increases aesthetic value, though the content may be illegible. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of The Saint John's Bible. A particularly modern example is Timothy Botts' illustrated edition of the Bible, with 360 calligraphic images as well as a calligraphy typeface.

 

INFLUENCES

Several other Western styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the Slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language. It evolved from the 10th century to today.

 

EAST ASIA

The Chinese name for calligraphy is shūfǎ (書法 in Traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); the Japanese name shodō (書道, literally "the way or principle of writing"); the Korean is seoye (Korean: 서예/書藝, literally "the art of writing"); and the Vietnamese is Thư pháp (書法, literally "the way of letters or words"). The calligraphy of East Asian characters is an important and appreciated aspect of East Asian culture.

 

HISTORY

In ancient China, the oldest Chinese characters existing are Jiǎgǔwén(甲骨文) characters carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons, because the dominators in Shang Dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved.(Keightley, 1978). With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continued. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

 

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles - some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiaozhuan style - are still accessible.

 

About 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn(小篆) characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

 

The Lìshū(隶书) style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, have been also authorised under Qin Shi Huangdi.

 

Kǎishū style (traditional regular script)—still in use today—and attributed to Wang Xizhi (王羲之, 303–361) and his followers, is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in Kaishu. Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The Kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China. But small changes have been made, for example in the shape of 广 which is not absolutely the same in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 as in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to old style.

 

Styles which did not survive include Bāfēnshū, a mix made of Xiaozhuan style at 80%, and Lishu at 20%. Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose the Simplified Chinese character set.

 

TECHNIQUE

Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四寶/文房四宝): the ink brushes known as máobǐ (毛笔) to write Chinese characters, Chinese ink, paper, and inkstone, known as the Four Friends of the Study (Korean: 문방사우) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used.

 

The shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush, the color, color density and water density of the ink, as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture are the main physical parameters influencing the final result. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result. The calligrapher's work is influenced by the quantity of ink and water he lets the brush take, then by the pressure, inclination, and direction he gives to the brush, producing thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations, decelerations of the writer's moves, turns, and crochets, and the stroke order give the "spirit" to the characters, by greatly influencing their final shapes.

 

STYLES

Cursive styles such as xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where more movements made by the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from Clerical script, in the same time as Regular script (Han Dynasty), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated in Emperor Wu of Han reign (140–187 AD).

 

Examples of modern printed styles are Song from the Song Dynasty's printing press, and sans-serif. These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written.

 

INFLUENCES

Japanese and Korean calligraphies were greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. The Japanese and Korean people have also developed specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy. For example, Japanese calligraphy go out of the set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana, with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials (Japanese paper, washi 和紙, and Japanese ink). In the case of Korean calligraphy, the Hangeul and the existence of the circle required the creation of a new technique which usually confuses Chinese calligraphers.

 

Temporary calligraphy is a practice of water-only calligraphy on the floor, which dries out within minutes. This practice is especially appreciated by the new generation of retired Chinese in public parks of China. These will often open studio-shops in tourist towns offering traditional Chinese calligraphy to tourists. Other than writing the clients name, they also sell fine brushes as souvenirs and lime stone carved stamps.

 

Since late 1980s, a few Chinese artists have branched out traditional Chinese calligraphy to a new territory by mingling Chinese characters with English letters; notable new forms of calligraphy are Xu Bing's square calligraphy and DanNie's coolligraphy or cooligraphy.

 

Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style.

 

Calligraphy has influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting, a style of Chinese, Korean, Japanese painting, and Vietnamese painting based entirely on calligraphy.

 

SOUTH ASIA

INDIA

On the subject of Indian calligraphy, writes:

Aśoka's edicts (c. 265–238 BC) were committed to stone. These inscriptions are stiff and angular in form. Following the Aśoka style of Indic writing, two new calligraphic types appear: Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī. Kharoṣṭī was used in the northwestern regions of India from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century of the Christian Era, and it was used in Central Asia until the 8th century.

 

In many parts of ancient India, the inscriptions were carried out in smoke-treated palm leaves. This tradition dates back to over two thousand years. Even after the Indian languages were put on paper in the 13th century, palm leaves where considered a preferred medium of writing owing to its longevity (nearly 400 years) compared to paper. Both sides of the leaves were used for writing. Long rectangular strips were gathered on top of one another, holes were drilled through all the leaves, and the book was held together by string. Books of this manufacture were common to Southeast Asia. The palm leaf was an excellent surface for penwriting, making possible the delicate lettering used in many of the scripts of southern Asia.

 

Burnt clay and copper were a favoured material for Indic inscriptions. In the north of India, birch bark was used as a writing surface as early as the 2nd century AD.

 

NEPAL

Ranjana script is the primary form of Nepalese calligraphy. The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa, Phagpa, Kutila) are used in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Leh, Mongolia, coastal Japan, and Korea to write "Om mani padme hum" and other sacred Buddhist texts, mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali.

 

THAILAND

Sanskrit is the primary form of Thai calligraphy. Historically Thai calligraphy has been limited to sacred texts of the Pali Canon with few wider artistic applications where graphic calligraphy representing figures and objects is produced. Calligraphy appears on the personal flag of each member of the Thai royal family bearing its owner's initials in calligraphy. The most obvious place in the country where calligraphy is present is in graffiti. A few books have been published with calligraphic compositions.

 

TIBET

Calligraphy is central in Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts. The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace, were usually capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.

 

ISLAMIC WORLD

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is khatt ul-yad خط اليد‎) has evolved alongside Islam and the Arabic language. As it is based on Arabic letters, some call it "Arabic calligraphy". However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by the Muslim calligraphers from Andalusia in modern Spain to China.

 

Islamic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions.

 

Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslims is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Qur'an has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for Islamic calligraphy.

 

It is generally accepted that Islamic calligraphy excelled during the Ottoman era. Istanbul is an open exhibition hall for all kinds and varieties of calligraphy, from inscriptions in mosques to fountains, schools, houses, etc.

 

PERSIA

The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised.

 

It is believed that ancient Persian script was invented by about 600–500 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters, which is why it is called "script of nails/cuneiform script" (khat-e-mikhi) in Persian. Centuries later, other scripts such as "Pahlavi" and "Avestan" scripts were used in ancient Persia.

 

CONTEMPORARY SRIPTS

The Nasta'liq style is the most popular contemporary style among classical Persian calligraphy scripts; Persian calligraphers call it the "bride of calligraphy scripts". This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since. Mir Ali Tabrizi had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules so it has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.

 

MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Mayan calligraphy was expressed via Mayan hieroglyphs; modern Mayan calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Mayan hieroglyphs are rarely used in government offices; however in Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, Mayan calligraphy is written in Latin letters. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Mayan brotherhoods use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their groups.

 

Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza, Labna, Uxmal, Edzna, Calakmul, etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Mayan calligraphy.

 

MODERN CALLIGRAPHY

REVIVAL

After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.

 

The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts,who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.

 

This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).

 

He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen.

 

SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS

Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society.

 

Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.

 

Johnston’s pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles.

 

Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf.

 

Contemporary typefaces used by computers, from word processors like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages to professional designers' software like Adobe InDesign, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today.

 

Unicode provides "Script" and "Fraktur" Latin alphabets that can be used for calligraphy. See Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument, brush, among other writing instruments. A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as, "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".

 

Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable.[1][page needed] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both.

 

Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design and typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art, announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions, and memorial documents. It is also used for props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates, maps, and other written works.

 

TOOLS

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen and the brush. Calligraphy pens write with nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens - steel brushes - can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. There are some styles of calligraphy, like Gothic script, which require a stub nib pen.

 

Writing ink is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of absorption, enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college-ruled paper often acts as a guideline well.

 

Common calligraphy pens and brushes are:

 

Quill

Dip pen

Ink brush

Qalam

Fountain pen

 

WORLD TRADITIONS

EUROPE

HISTORY

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Latin script. The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome, and by the first century[clarification needed] developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In the second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

 

At the height of the Empire, its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.

 

Christian churches promoted the development of writing through the prolific copying of the Bible, particularly the New Testament and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin "uncia," or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands. The 7th-9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.

 

Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends.

 

In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe; and in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first typeface.

 

In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua. The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books.

 

In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the Bastarda.

 

While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.

 

With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.

 

In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned.

 

STYLE

Sacred Western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715–720 AD) are an early example.

 

As with Chinese or Islamic calligraphy, Western calligraphic script employed the use of strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order.

 

Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style, and colors increases aesthetic value, though the content may be illegible. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of The Saint John's Bible. A particularly modern example is Timothy Botts' illustrated edition of the Bible, with 360 calligraphic images as well as a calligraphy typeface.

 

INFLUENCES

Several other Western styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the Slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language. It evolved from the 10th century to today.

 

EAST ASIA

The Chinese name for calligraphy is shūfǎ (書法 in Traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); the Japanese name shodō (書道, literally "the way or principle of writing"); the Korean is seoye (Korean: 서예/書藝, literally "the art of writing"); and the Vietnamese is Thư pháp (書法, literally "the way of letters or words"). The calligraphy of East Asian characters is an important and appreciated aspect of East Asian culture.

 

HISTORY

In ancient China, the oldest Chinese characters existing are Jiǎgǔwén(甲骨文) characters carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons, because the dominators in Shang Dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved.(Keightley, 1978). With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continued. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

 

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles - some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiaozhuan style - are still accessible.

 

About 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn(小篆) characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

 

The Lìshū(隶书) style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, have been also authorised under Qin Shi Huangdi.

 

Kǎishū style (traditional regular script)—still in use today—and attributed to Wang Xizhi (王羲之, 303–361) and his followers, is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in Kaishu. Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The Kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China. But small changes have been made, for example in the shape of 广 which is not absolutely the same in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 as in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to old style.

 

Styles which did not survive include Bāfēnshū, a mix made of Xiaozhuan style at 80%, and Lishu at 20%. Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose the Simplified Chinese character set.

 

TECHNIQUE

Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四寶/文房四宝): the ink brushes known as máobǐ (毛笔) to write Chinese characters, Chinese ink, paper, and inkstone, known as the Four Friends of the Study (Korean: 문방사우) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used.

 

The shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush, the color, color density and water density of the ink, as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture are the main physical parameters influencing the final result. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result. The calligrapher's work is influenced by the quantity of ink and water he lets the brush take, then by the pressure, inclination, and direction he gives to the brush, producing thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations, decelerations of the writer's moves, turns, and crochets, and the stroke order give the "spirit" to the characters, by greatly influencing their final shapes.

 

STYLES

Cursive styles such as xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where more movements made by the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from Clerical script, in the same time as Regular script (Han Dynasty), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated in Emperor Wu of Han reign (140–187 AD).

 

Examples of modern printed styles are Song from the Song Dynasty's printing press, and sans-serif. These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written.

 

INFLUENCES

Japanese and Korean calligraphies were greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. The Japanese and Korean people have also developed specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy. For example, Japanese calligraphy go out of the set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana, with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials (Japanese paper, washi 和紙, and Japanese ink). In the case of Korean calligraphy, the Hangeul and the existence of the circle required the creation of a new technique which usually confuses Chinese calligraphers.

 

Temporary calligraphy is a practice of water-only calligraphy on the floor, which dries out within minutes. This practice is especially appreciated by the new generation of retired Chinese in public parks of China. These will often open studio-shops in tourist towns offering traditional Chinese calligraphy to tourists. Other than writing the clients name, they also sell fine brushes as souvenirs and lime stone carved stamps.

 

Since late 1980s, a few Chinese artists have branched out traditional Chinese calligraphy to a new territory by mingling Chinese characters with English letters; notable new forms of calligraphy are Xu Bing's square calligraphy and DanNie's coolligraphy or cooligraphy.

 

Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style.

 

Calligraphy has influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting, a style of Chinese, Korean, Japanese painting, and Vietnamese painting based entirely on calligraphy.

 

SOUTH ASIA

INDIA

On the subject of Indian calligraphy, writes:

Aśoka's edicts (c. 265–238 BC) were committed to stone. These inscriptions are stiff and angular in form. Following the Aśoka style of Indic writing, two new calligraphic types appear: Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī. Kharoṣṭī was used in the northwestern regions of India from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century of the Christian Era, and it was used in Central Asia until the 8th century.

 

In many parts of ancient India, the inscriptions were carried out in smoke-treated palm leaves. This tradition dates back to over two thousand years. Even after the Indian languages were put on paper in the 13th century, palm leaves where considered a preferred medium of writing owing to its longevity (nearly 400 years) compared to paper. Both sides of the leaves were used for writing. Long rectangular strips were gathered on top of one another, holes were drilled through all the leaves, and the book was held together by string. Books of this manufacture were common to Southeast Asia. The palm leaf was an excellent surface for penwriting, making possible the delicate lettering used in many of the scripts of southern Asia.

 

Burnt clay and copper were a favoured material for Indic inscriptions. In the north of India, birch bark was used as a writing surface as early as the 2nd century AD.

 

NEPAL

Ranjana script is the primary form of Nepalese calligraphy. The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa, Phagpa, Kutila) are used in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Leh, Mongolia, coastal Japan, and Korea to write "Om mani padme hum" and other sacred Buddhist texts, mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali.

 

THAILAND

Sanskrit is the primary form of Thai calligraphy. Historically Thai calligraphy has been limited to sacred texts of the Pali Canon with few wider artistic applications where graphic calligraphy representing figures and objects is produced. Calligraphy appears on the personal flag of each member of the Thai royal family bearing its owner's initials in calligraphy. The most obvious place in the country where calligraphy is present is in graffiti. A few books have been published with calligraphic compositions.

 

TIBET

Calligraphy is central in Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts. The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace, were usually capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.

 

ISLAMIC WORLD

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is khatt ul-yad خط اليد‎) has evolved alongside Islam and the Arabic language. As it is based on Arabic letters, some call it "Arabic calligraphy". However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by the Muslim calligraphers from Andalusia in modern Spain to China.

 

Islamic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions.

 

Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslims is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Qur'an has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for Islamic calligraphy.

 

It is generally accepted that Islamic calligraphy excelled during the Ottoman era. Istanbul is an open exhibition hall for all kinds and varieties of calligraphy, from inscriptions in mosques to fountains, schools, houses, etc.

 

PERSIA

The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised.

 

It is believed that ancient Persian script was invented by about 600–500 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters, which is why it is called "script of nails/cuneiform script" (khat-e-mikhi) in Persian. Centuries later, other scripts such as "Pahlavi" and "Avestan" scripts were used in ancient Persia.

 

CONTEMPORARY SRIPTS

The Nasta'liq style is the most popular contemporary style among classical Persian calligraphy scripts; Persian calligraphers call it the "bride of calligraphy scripts". This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since. Mir Ali Tabrizi had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules so it has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.

 

MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Mayan calligraphy was expressed via Mayan hieroglyphs; modern Mayan calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Mayan hieroglyphs are rarely used in government offices; however in Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, Mayan calligraphy is written in Latin letters. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Mayan brotherhoods use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their groups.

 

Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza, Labna, Uxmal, Edzna, Calakmul, etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Mayan calligraphy.

 

MODERN CALLIGRAPHY

REVIVAL

After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.

 

The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts,who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.

 

This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).

 

He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen.

 

SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS

Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society.

 

Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.

 

Johnston’s pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles.

 

Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf.

 

Contemporary typefaces used by computers, from word processors like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages to professional designers' software like Adobe InDesign, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today.

 

Unicode provides "Script" and "Fraktur" Latin alphabets that can be used for calligraphy. See Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument, brush, among other writing instruments. A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as, "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".

 

Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable.[1][page needed] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both.

 

Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design and typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art, announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions, and memorial documents. It is also used for props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates, maps, and other written works.

 

TOOLS

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen and the brush. Calligraphy pens write with nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens - steel brushes - can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. There are some styles of calligraphy, like Gothic script, which require a stub nib pen.

 

Writing ink is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of absorption, enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college-ruled paper often acts as a guideline well.

 

Common calligraphy pens and brushes are:

 

Quill

Dip pen

Ink brush

Qalam

Fountain pen

 

WORLD TRADITIONS

EUROPE

HISTORY

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Latin script. The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome, and by the first century[clarification needed] developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In the second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

 

At the height of the Empire, its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.

 

Christian churches promoted the development of writing through the prolific copying of the Bible, particularly the New Testament and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin "uncia," or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands. The 7th-9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.

 

Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends.

 

In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe; and in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first typeface.

 

In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua. The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books.

 

In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the Bastarda.

 

While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.

 

With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.

 

In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned.

 

STYLE

Sacred Western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715–720 AD) are an early example.

 

As with Chinese or Islamic calligraphy, Western calligraphic script employed the use of strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order.

 

Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style, and colors increases aesthetic value, though the content may be illegible. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of The Saint John's Bible. A particularly modern example is Timothy Botts' illustrated edition of the Bible, with 360 calligraphic images as well as a calligraphy typeface.

 

INFLUENCES

Several other Western styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the Slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language. It evolved from the 10th century to today.

 

EAST ASIA

The Chinese name for calligraphy is shūfǎ (書法 in Traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); the Japanese name shodō (書道, literally "the way or principle of writing"); the Korean is seoye (Korean: 서예/書藝, literally "the art of writing"); and the Vietnamese is Thư pháp (書法, literally "the way of letters or words"). The calligraphy of East Asian characters is an important and appreciated aspect of East Asian culture.

 

HISTORY

In ancient China, the oldest Chinese characters existing are Jiǎgǔwén(甲骨文) characters carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons, because the dominators in Shang Dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved.(Keightley, 1978). With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continued. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

 

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles - some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiaozhuan style - are still accessible.

 

About 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn(小篆) characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

 

The Lìshū(隶书) style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, have been also authorised under Qin Shi Huangdi.

 

Kǎishū style (traditional regular script)—still in use today—and attributed to Wang Xizhi (王羲之, 303–361) and his followers, is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in Kaishu. Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The Kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China. But small changes have been made, for example in the shape of 广 which is not absolutely the same in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 as in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to old style.

 

Styles which did not survive include Bāfēnshū, a mix made of Xiaozhuan style at 80%, and Lishu at 20%. Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose the Simplified Chinese character set.

 

TECHNIQUE

Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四寶/文房四宝): the ink brushes known as máobǐ (毛笔) to write Chinese characters, Chinese ink, paper, and inkstone, known as the Four Friends of the Study (Korean: 문방사우) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used.

 

The shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush, the color, color density and water density of the ink, as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture are the main physical parameters influencing the final result. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result. The calligrapher's work is influenced by the quantity of ink and water he lets the brush take, then by the pressure, inclination, and direction he gives to the brush, producing thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations, decelerations of the writer's moves, turns, and crochets, and the stroke order give the "spirit" to the characters, by greatly influencing their final shapes.

 

STYLES

Cursive styles such as xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where more movements made by the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from Clerical script, in the same time as Regular script (Han Dynasty), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated in Emperor Wu of Han reign (140–187 AD).

 

Examples of modern printed styles are Song from the Song Dynasty's printing press, and sans-serif. These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written.

 

INFLUENCES

Japanese and Korean calligraphies were greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. The Japanese and Korean people have also developed specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy. For example, Japanese calligraphy go out of the set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana, with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials (Japanese paper, washi 和紙, and Japanese ink). In the case of Korean calligraphy, the Hangeul and the existence of the circle required the creation of a new technique which usually confuses Chinese calligraphers.

 

Temporary calligraphy is a practice of water-only calligraphy on the floor, which dries out within minutes. This practice is especially appreciated by the new generation of retired Chinese in public parks of China. These will often open studio-shops in tourist towns offering traditional Chinese calligraphy to tourists. Other than writing the clients name, they also sell fine brushes as souvenirs and lime stone carved stamps.

 

Since late 1980s, a few Chinese artists have branched out traditional Chinese calligraphy to a new territory by mingling Chinese characters with English letters; notable new forms of calligraphy are Xu Bing's square calligraphy and DanNie's coolligraphy or cooligraphy.

 

Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style.

 

Calligraphy has influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting, a style of Chinese, Korean, Japanese painting, and Vietnamese painting based entirely on calligraphy.

 

SOUTH ASIA

INDIA

On the subject of Indian calligraphy, writes:

Aśoka's edicts (c. 265–238 BC) were committed to stone. These inscriptions are stiff and angular in form. Following the Aśoka style of Indic writing, two new calligraphic types appear: Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī. Kharoṣṭī was used in the northwestern regions of India from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century of the Christian Era, and it was used in Central Asia until the 8th century.

 

In many parts of ancient India, the inscriptions were carried out in smoke-treated palm leaves. This tradition dates back to over two thousand years. Even after the Indian languages were put on paper in the 13th century, palm leaves where considered a preferred medium of writing owing to its longevity (nearly 400 years) compared to paper. Both sides of the leaves were used for writing. Long rectangular strips were gathered on top of one another, holes were drilled through all the leaves, and the book was held together by string. Books of this manufacture were common to Southeast Asia. The palm leaf was an excellent surface for penwriting, making possible the delicate lettering used in many of the scripts of southern Asia.

 

Burnt clay and copper were a favoured material for Indic inscriptions. In the north of India, birch bark was used as a writing surface as early as the 2nd century AD.

 

NEPAL

Ranjana script is the primary form of Nepalese calligraphy. The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa, Phagpa, Kutila) are used in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Leh, Mongolia, coastal Japan, and Korea to write "Om mani padme hum" and other sacred Buddhist texts, mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali.

 

THAILAND

Sanskrit is the primary form of Thai calligraphy. Historically Thai calligraphy has been limited to sacred texts of the Pali Canon with few wider artistic applications where graphic calligraphy representing figures and objects is produced. Calligraphy appears on the personal flag of each member of the Thai royal family bearing its owner's initials in calligraphy. The most obvious place in the country where calligraphy is present is in graffiti. A few books have been published with calligraphic compositions.

 

TIBET

Calligraphy is central in Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts. The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace, were usually capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.

 

ISLAMIC WORLD

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is khatt ul-yad خط اليد‎) has evolved alongside Islam and the Arabic language. As it is based on Arabic letters, some call it "Arabic calligraphy". However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by the Muslim calligraphers from Andalusia in modern Spain to China.

 

Islamic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions.

 

Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslims is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Qur'an has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for Islamic calligraphy.

 

It is generally accepted that Islamic calligraphy excelled during the Ottoman era. Istanbul is an open exhibition hall for all kinds and varieties of calligraphy, from inscriptions in mosques to fountains, schools, houses, etc.

 

PERSIA

The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised.

 

It is believed that ancient Persian script was invented by about 600–500 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters, which is why it is called "script of nails/cuneiform script" (khat-e-mikhi) in Persian. Centuries later, other scripts such as "Pahlavi" and "Avestan" scripts were used in ancient Persia.

 

CONTEMPORARY SRIPTS

The Nasta'liq style is the most popular contemporary style among classical Persian calligraphy scripts; Persian calligraphers call it the "bride of calligraphy scripts". This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since. Mir Ali Tabrizi had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules so it has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.

 

MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Mayan calligraphy was expressed via Mayan hieroglyphs; modern Mayan calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Mayan hieroglyphs are rarely used in government offices; however in Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, Mayan calligraphy is written in Latin letters. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Mayan brotherhoods use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their groups.

 

Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza, Labna, Uxmal, Edzna, Calakmul, etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Mayan calligraphy.

 

MODERN CALLIGRAPHY

REVIVAL

After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.

 

The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts,who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.

 

This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).

 

He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen.

 

SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS

Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society.

 

Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.

 

Johnston’s pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles.

 

Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf.

 

Contemporary typefaces used by computers, from word processors like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages to professional designers' software like Adobe InDesign, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today.

 

Unicode provides "Script" and "Fraktur" Latin alphabets that can be used for calligraphy. See Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

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Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument, brush, among other writing instruments. A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as, "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".

 

Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable.[1][page needed] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both.

 

Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design and typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art, announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions, and memorial documents. It is also used for props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates, maps, and other written works.

 

TOOLS

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen and the brush. Calligraphy pens write with nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens - steel brushes - can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. There are some styles of calligraphy, like Gothic script, which require a stub nib pen.

 

Writing ink is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of absorption, enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college-ruled paper often acts as a guideline well.

 

Common calligraphy pens and brushes are:

 

Quill

Dip pen

Ink brush

Qalam

Fountain pen

 

WORLD TRADITIONS

EUROPE

HISTORY

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Latin script. The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome, and by the first century[clarification needed] developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In the second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

 

At the height of the Empire, its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.

 

Christian churches promoted the development of writing through the prolific copying of the Bible, particularly the New Testament and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin "uncia," or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands. The 7th-9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.

 

Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends.

 

In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe; and in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first typeface.

 

In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua. The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books.

 

In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the Bastarda.

 

While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.

 

With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.

 

In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned.

 

STYLE

Sacred Western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715–720 AD) are an early example.

 

As with Chinese or Islamic calligraphy, Western calligraphic script employed the use of strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order.

 

Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style, and colors increases aesthetic value, though the content may be illegible. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of The Saint John's Bible. A particularly modern example is Timothy Botts' illustrated edition of the Bible, with 360 calligraphic images as well as a calligraphy typeface.

 

INFLUENCES

Several other Western styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the Slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language. It evolved from the 10th century to today.

 

EAST ASIA

The Chinese name for calligraphy is shūfǎ (書法 in Traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); the Japanese name shodō (書道, literally "the way or principle of writing"); the Korean is seoye (Korean: 서예/書藝, literally "the art of writing"); and the Vietnamese is Thư pháp (書法, literally "the way of letters or words"). The calligraphy of East Asian characters is an important and appreciated aspect of East Asian culture.

 

HISTORY

In ancient China, the oldest Chinese characters existing are Jiǎgǔwén(甲骨文) characters carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons, because the dominators in Shang Dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved.(Keightley, 1978). With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continued. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

 

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles - some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiaozhuan style - are still accessible.

 

About 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn(小篆) characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

 

The Lìshū(隶书) style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, have been also authorised under Qin Shi Huangdi.

 

Kǎishū style (traditional regular script)—still in use today—and attributed to Wang Xizhi (王羲之, 303–361) and his followers, is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in Kaishu. Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The Kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China. But small changes have been made, for example in the shape of 广 which is not absolutely the same in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 as in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to old style.

 

Styles which did not survive include Bāfēnshū, a mix made of Xiaozhuan style at 80%, and Lishu at 20%. Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose the Simplified Chinese character set.

 

TECHNIQUE

Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四寶/文房四宝): the ink brushes known as máobǐ (毛笔) to write Chinese characters, Chinese ink, paper, and inkstone, known as the Four Friends of the Study (Korean: 문방사우) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used.

 

The shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush, the color, color density and water density of the ink, as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture are the main physical parameters influencing the final result. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result. The calligrapher's work is influenced by the quantity of ink and water he lets the brush take, then by the pressure, inclination, and direction he gives to the brush, producing thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations, decelerations of the writer's moves, turns, and crochets, and the stroke order give the "spirit" to the characters, by greatly influencing their final shapes.

 

STYLES

Cursive styles such as xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where more movements made by the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from Clerical script, in the same time as Regular script (Han Dynasty), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated in Emperor Wu of Han reign (140–187 AD).

 

Examples of modern printed styles are Song from the Song Dynasty's printing press, and sans-serif. These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written.

 

INFLUENCES

Japanese and Korean calligraphies were greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. The Japanese and Korean people have also developed specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy. For example, Japanese calligraphy go out of the set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana, with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials (Japanese paper, washi 和紙, and Japanese ink). In the case of Korean calligraphy, the Hangeul and the existence of the circle required the creation of a new technique which usually confuses Chinese calligraphers.

 

Temporary calligraphy is a practice of water-only calligraphy on the floor, which dries out within minutes. This practice is especially appreciated by the new generation of retired Chinese in public parks of China. These will often open studio-shops in tourist towns offering traditional Chinese calligraphy to tourists. Other than writing the clients name, they also sell fine brushes as souvenirs and lime stone carved stamps.

 

Since late 1980s, a few Chinese artists have branched out traditional Chinese calligraphy to a new territory by mingling Chinese characters with English letters; notable new forms of calligraphy are Xu Bing's square calligraphy and DanNie's coolligraphy or cooligraphy.

 

Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style.

 

Calligraphy has influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting, a style of Chinese, Korean, Japanese painting, and Vietnamese painting based entirely on calligraphy.

 

SOUTH ASIA

INDIA

On the subject of Indian calligraphy, writes:

Aśoka's edicts (c. 265–238 BC) were committed to stone. These inscriptions are stiff and angular in form. Following the Aśoka style of Indic writing, two new calligraphic types appear: Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī. Kharoṣṭī was used in the northwestern regions of India from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century of the Christian Era, and it was used in Central Asia until the 8th century.

 

In many parts of ancient India, the inscriptions were carried out in smoke-treated palm leaves. This tradition dates back to over two thousand years. Even after the Indian languages were put on paper in the 13th century, palm leaves where considered a preferred medium of writing owing to its longevity (nearly 400 years) compared to paper. Both sides of the leaves were used for writing. Long rectangular strips were gathered on top of one another, holes were drilled through all the leaves, and the book was held together by string. Books of this manufacture were common to Southeast Asia. The palm leaf was an excellent surface for penwriting, making possible the delicate lettering used in many of the scripts of southern Asia.

 

Burnt clay and copper were a favoured material for Indic inscriptions. In the north of India, birch bark was used as a writing surface as early as the 2nd century AD.

 

NEPAL

Ranjana script is the primary form of Nepalese calligraphy. The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa, Phagpa, Kutila) are used in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Leh, Mongolia, coastal Japan, and Korea to write "Om mani padme hum" and other sacred Buddhist texts, mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali.

 

THAILAND

Sanskrit is the primary form of Thai calligraphy. Historically Thai calligraphy has been limited to sacred texts of the Pali Canon with few wider artistic applications where graphic calligraphy representing figures and objects is produced. Calligraphy appears on the personal flag of each member of the Thai royal family bearing its owner's initials in calligraphy. The most obvious place in the country where calligraphy is present is in graffiti. A few books have been published with calligraphic compositions.

 

TIBET

Calligraphy is central in Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts. The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace, were usually capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.

 

ISLAMIC WORLD

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is khatt ul-yad خط اليد‎) has evolved alongside Islam and the Arabic language. As it is based on Arabic letters, some call it "Arabic calligraphy". However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by the Muslim calligraphers from Andalusia in modern Spain to China.

 

Islamic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions.

 

Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslims is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Qur'an has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for Islamic calligraphy.

 

It is generally accepted that Islamic calligraphy excelled during the Ottoman era. Istanbul is an open exhibition hall for all kinds and varieties of calligraphy, from inscriptions in mosques to fountains, schools, houses, etc.

 

PERSIA

The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised.

 

It is believed that ancient Persian script was invented by about 600–500 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters, which is why it is called "script of nails/cuneiform script" (khat-e-mikhi) in Persian. Centuries later, other scripts such as "Pahlavi" and "Avestan" scripts were used in ancient Persia.

 

CONTEMPORARY SRIPTS

The Nasta'liq style is the most popular contemporary style among classical Persian calligraphy scripts; Persian calligraphers call it the "bride of calligraphy scripts". This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since. Mir Ali Tabrizi had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules so it has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.

 

MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Mayan calligraphy was expressed via Mayan hieroglyphs; modern Mayan calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Mayan hieroglyphs are rarely used in government offices; however in Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, Mayan calligraphy is written in Latin letters. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Mayan brotherhoods use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their groups.

 

Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza, Labna, Uxmal, Edzna, Calakmul, etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Mayan calligraphy.

 

MODERN CALLIGRAPHY

REVIVAL

After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.

 

The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts,who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.

 

This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).

 

He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen.

 

SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS

Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society.

 

Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.

 

Johnston’s pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles.

 

Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf.

 

Contemporary typefaces used by computers, from word processors like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages to professional designers' software like Adobe InDesign, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today.

 

Unicode provides "Script" and "Fraktur" Latin alphabets that can be used for calligraphy. See Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument, brush, among other writing instruments. A contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as, "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner".

 

Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not be readable.[1][page needed] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may practice both.

 

Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design and typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art, announcements, graphic design and commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions, and memorial documents. It is also used for props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates, maps, and other written works.

 

TOOLS

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen and the brush. Calligraphy pens write with nibs that may be flat, round, or pointed. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens - steel brushes - can be used. However, works have also been created with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. There are some styles of calligraphy, like Gothic script, which require a stub nib pen.

 

Writing ink is usually water-based and is much less viscous than the oil-based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of absorption, enables cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase imperfections and a light-box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. Normally, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used. This is the case with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college-ruled paper often acts as a guideline well.

 

Common calligraphy pens and brushes are:

 

Quill

Dip pen

Ink brush

Qalam

Fountain pen

 

WORLD TRADITIONS

EUROPE

HISTORY

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Latin script. The Latin alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome, and by the first century[clarification needed] developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In the second and third centuries the uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial script was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

 

At the height of the Empire, its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.

 

Christian churches promoted the development of writing through the prolific copying of the Bible, particularly the New Testament and other sacred texts. Two distinct styles of writing known as uncial and half-uncial (from the Latin "uncia," or "inch") developed from a variety of Roman bookhands. The 7th-9th centuries in northern Europe were the heyday of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.

 

Charlemagne's devotion to improved scholarship resulted in the recruiting of "a crowd of scribes", according to Alcuin, the Abbot of York. Alcuin developed the style known as the Caroline or Carolingian minuscule. The first manuscript in this hand was the Godescalc Evangelistary (finished 783) — a Gospel book written by the scribe Godescalc. Carolingian remains the one progenitor hand from which modern booktype descends.

 

In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant throughout Europe; and in 1454, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first typeface.

 

In the 15th century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the humanist minuscule or littera antiqua. The 17th century saw the Batarde script from France, and the 18th century saw the English script spread across Europe and world through their books.

 

In the mid-1600s French officials, flooded with documents written in various hands and varied levels of skill, complained that many such documents were beyond their ability to decipher. The Office of the Financier thereupon restricted all legal documents to three hands, namely the Coulee, the Rhonde, (known as Round hand in English) and a Speed Hand sometimes simply called the Bastarda.

 

While there were many great French masters at the time, the most influential in proposing these hands was Louis Barbedor, who published Les Ecritures Financière Et Italienne Bastarde Dans Leur Naturel circa 1650.

 

With the destruction of the Camera Apostolica during the sack of Rome (1527), the capitol for writing masters moved to Southern France. By 1600, the Italic Cursiva began to be replaced by a technological refinement, the Italic Chancery Circumflessa, which in turn fathered the Rhonde and later English Roundhand.

 

In England, Ayres and Banson popularized the Round Hand while Snell is noted for his reaction to them, and warnings of restraint and proportionality. Still Edward Crocker began publishing his copybooks 40 years before the aforementioned.

 

STYLE

Sacred Western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715–720 AD) are an early example.

 

As with Chinese or Islamic calligraphy, Western calligraphic script employed the use of strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order.

 

Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style, and colors increases aesthetic value, though the content may be illegible. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of The Saint John's Bible. A particularly modern example is Timothy Botts' illustrated edition of the Bible, with 360 calligraphic images as well as a calligraphy typeface.

 

INFLUENCES

Several other Western styles use the same tools and practices, but differ by character set and stylistic preferences. For Slavonic lettering, the history of the Slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language. It evolved from the 10th century to today.

 

EAST ASIA

The Chinese name for calligraphy is shūfǎ (書法 in Traditional Chinese, literally "the method or law of writing"); the Japanese name shodō (書道, literally "the way or principle of writing"); the Korean is seoye (Korean: 서예/書藝, literally "the art of writing"); and the Vietnamese is Thư pháp (書法, literally "the way of letters or words"). The calligraphy of East Asian characters is an important and appreciated aspect of East Asian culture.

 

HISTORY

In ancient China, the oldest Chinese characters existing are Jiǎgǔwén(甲骨文) characters carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons, because the dominators in Shang Dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved.(Keightley, 1978). With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continued. Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

 

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles - some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiaozhuan style - are still accessible.

 

About 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn(小篆) characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

 

The Lìshū(隶书) style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, have been also authorised under Qin Shi Huangdi.

 

Kǎishū style (traditional regular script)—still in use today—and attributed to Wang Xizhi (王羲之, 303–361) and his followers, is even more regularized. Its spread was encouraged by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (926–933), who ordered the printing of the classics using new wooden blocks in Kaishu. Printing technologies here allowed a shape stabilization. The Kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China. But small changes have been made, for example in the shape of 广 which is not absolutely the same in the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 as in modern books. The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to old style.

 

Styles which did not survive include Bāfēnshū, a mix made of Xiaozhuan style at 80%, and Lishu at 20%. Some variant Chinese characters were unorthodox or locally used for centuries. They were generally understood but always rejected in official texts. Some of these unorthodox variants, in addition to some newly created characters, compose the Simplified Chinese character set.

 

TECHNIQUE

Traditional East Asian writing uses the Four Treasures of the Study (文房四寶/文房四宝): the ink brushes known as máobǐ (毛笔) to write Chinese characters, Chinese ink, paper, and inkstone, known as the Four Friends of the Study (Korean: 문방사우) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used.

 

The shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush, the color, color density and water density of the ink, as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture are the main physical parameters influencing the final result. The calligrapher's technique also influences the result. The calligrapher's work is influenced by the quantity of ink and water he lets the brush take, then by the pressure, inclination, and direction he gives to the brush, producing thinner or bolder strokes, and smooth or toothed borders. Eventually, the speed, accelerations, decelerations of the writer's moves, turns, and crochets, and the stroke order give the "spirit" to the characters, by greatly influencing their final shapes.

 

STYLES

Cursive styles such as xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are less constrained and faster, where more movements made by the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different forms. They are descended from Clerical script, in the same time as Regular script (Han Dynasty), but xíngshū and cǎoshū were used for personal notes only, and never used as a standard. The cǎoshū style was highly appreciated in Emperor Wu of Han reign (140–187 AD).

 

Examples of modern printed styles are Song from the Song Dynasty's printing press, and sans-serif. These are not considered traditional styles, and are normally not written.

 

INFLUENCES

Japanese and Korean calligraphies were greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy. The Japanese and Korean people have also developed specific sensibilities and styles of calligraphy. For example, Japanese calligraphy go out of the set of CJK strokes to also include local alphabets such as hiragana and katakana, with specific problematics such as new curves and moves, and specific materials (Japanese paper, washi 和紙, and Japanese ink). In the case of Korean calligraphy, the Hangeul and the existence of the circle required the creation of a new technique which usually confuses Chinese calligraphers.

 

Temporary calligraphy is a practice of water-only calligraphy on the floor, which dries out within minutes. This practice is especially appreciated by the new generation of retired Chinese in public parks of China. These will often open studio-shops in tourist towns offering traditional Chinese calligraphy to tourists. Other than writing the clients name, they also sell fine brushes as souvenirs and lime stone carved stamps.

 

Since late 1980s, a few Chinese artists have branched out traditional Chinese calligraphy to a new territory by mingling Chinese characters with English letters; notable new forms of calligraphy are Xu Bing's square calligraphy and DanNie's coolligraphy or cooligraphy.

 

Mongolian calligraphy is also influenced by Chinese calligraphy, from tools to style.

 

Calligraphy has influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including ink and wash painting, a style of Chinese, Korean, Japanese painting, and Vietnamese painting based entirely on calligraphy.

 

SOUTH ASIA

INDIA

On the subject of Indian calligraphy, writes:

Aśoka's edicts (c. 265–238 BC) were committed to stone. These inscriptions are stiff and angular in form. Following the Aśoka style of Indic writing, two new calligraphic types appear: Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī. Kharoṣṭī was used in the northwestern regions of India from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century of the Christian Era, and it was used in Central Asia until the 8th century.

 

In many parts of ancient India, the inscriptions were carried out in smoke-treated palm leaves. This tradition dates back to over two thousand years. Even after the Indian languages were put on paper in the 13th century, palm leaves where considered a preferred medium of writing owing to its longevity (nearly 400 years) compared to paper. Both sides of the leaves were used for writing. Long rectangular strips were gathered on top of one another, holes were drilled through all the leaves, and the book was held together by string. Books of this manufacture were common to Southeast Asia. The palm leaf was an excellent surface for penwriting, making possible the delicate lettering used in many of the scripts of southern Asia.

 

Burnt clay and copper were a favoured material for Indic inscriptions. In the north of India, birch bark was used as a writing surface as early as the 2nd century AD.

 

NEPAL

Ranjana script is the primary form of Nepalese calligraphy. The script itself, along with its derivatives (like Lantsa, Phagpa, Kutila) are used in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Leh, Mongolia, coastal Japan, and Korea to write "Om mani padme hum" and other sacred Buddhist texts, mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali.

 

THAILAND

Sanskrit is the primary form of Thai calligraphy. Historically Thai calligraphy has been limited to sacred texts of the Pali Canon with few wider artistic applications where graphic calligraphy representing figures and objects is produced. Calligraphy appears on the personal flag of each member of the Thai royal family bearing its owner's initials in calligraphy. The most obvious place in the country where calligraphy is present is in graffiti. A few books have been published with calligraphic compositions.

 

TIBET

Calligraphy is central in Tibetan culture. The script is derived from Indic scripts. The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace, were usually capable calligraphers. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.

 

ISLAMIC WORLD

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is khatt ul-yad خط اليد‎) has evolved alongside Islam and the Arabic language. As it is based on Arabic letters, some call it "Arabic calligraphy". However the term "Islamic calligraphy" is a more appropriate term as it comprises all works of calligraphy by the Muslim calligraphers from Andalusia in modern Spain to China.

 

Islamic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions.

 

Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslims is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The Qur'an has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for Islamic calligraphy.

 

It is generally accepted that Islamic calligraphy excelled during the Ottoman era. Istanbul is an open exhibition hall for all kinds and varieties of calligraphy, from inscriptions in mosques to fountains, schools, houses, etc.

 

PERSIA

The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised.

 

It is believed that ancient Persian script was invented by about 600–500 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters, which is why it is called "script of nails/cuneiform script" (khat-e-mikhi) in Persian. Centuries later, other scripts such as "Pahlavi" and "Avestan" scripts were used in ancient Persia.

 

CONTEMPORARY SRIPTS

The Nasta'liq style is the most popular contemporary style among classical Persian calligraphy scripts; Persian calligraphers call it the "bride of calligraphy scripts". This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since. Mir Ali Tabrizi had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules so it has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.

 

MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Mayan calligraphy was expressed via Mayan hieroglyphs; modern Mayan calligraphy is mainly used on seals and monuments in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Mayan hieroglyphs are rarely used in government offices; however in Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, Mayan calligraphy is written in Latin letters. Some commercial companies in southern Mexico use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their business. Some community associations and modern Mayan brotherhoods use Mayan hieroglyphs as symbols of their groups.

 

Most of the archaeological sites in Mexico such as Chichen Itza, Labna, Uxmal, Edzna, Calakmul, etc. have glyphs in their structures. Carved stone monuments known as stele are common sources of ancient Mayan calligraphy.

 

MODERN CALLIGRAPHY

REVIVAL

After printing became ubiquitous from the 15th century, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline. However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.

 

The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. Edward Johnston is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy. After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect William Harrison Cowlishaw, he was introduced to William Lethaby in 1898, principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts,who advised him to study manuscripts at the British Museum.

 

This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in Southampton Row, London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor Eric Gill. He was commissioned by Frank Pick to design a new typeface for London Underground, still used today (with minor modifications).

 

He has been credited for reviving the art of modern penmanship and lettering single-handedly through his books and teachings - his handbook on the subject, Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including Graily Hewitt, Stanley Morison, Eric Gill and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the simply crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the Foundational hand. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle. He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen.

 

SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS

Graily Hewitt taught at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and published together with Johnston throughout the early part of the century. Hewitt was central to the revival of gilding in calligraphy, and his prolific output on type design also appeared between 1915 and 1943. He is attributed with the revival of gilding with gesso and gold leaf on vellum. Hewitt helped to found the Society of Scribes & Illuminators (SSI) in 1921, probably the world's foremost calligraphy society.

 

Hewitt is not without both critics and supporters in his rendering of Cennino Cennini's medieval gesso recipes. Donald Jackson, a British calligrapher, has sourced his gesso recipes from earlier centuries a number of which are not presently in English translation. Graily Hewitt created the patent announcing the award to Prince Philip of the title of Duke of Edinburgh on November 19, 1947, the day before his marriage to Queen Elizabeth.

 

Johnston’s pupil, Anna Simons, was instrumental in sparking off interest in calligraphy in Germany with her German translation of Writing and Illuminating, and Lettering in 1910. Austrian Rudolf Larisch, a teacher of lettering at the Vienna School of Art, published six lettering books that greatly influenced German-speaking calligraphers. Because German-speaking countries had not abandoned the Gothic hand in printing, Gothic also had a powerful effect on their styles.

 

Rudolf Koch was a friend and younger contemporary of Larisch. Koch's books, type designs, and teaching made him one of the most influential calligraphers of the 20th century in northern Europe and later in the U.S. Larisch and Koch taught and inspired many European calligraphers, notably Karlgeorg Hoefer, and Hermann Zapf.

 

Contemporary typefaces used by computers, from word processors like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages to professional designers' software like Adobe InDesign, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today.

 

Unicode provides "Script" and "Fraktur" Latin alphabets that can be used for calligraphy. See Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

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Wendell Castle REMASTERED

 

This exhibition presents the recent, digitally crafted works of Wendell Castle, master furniture maker, designer, sculptor, and pioneer of the American art furniture movement. In his meditation on a career that spans nearly six decades, Castle revisits the technique that he innovated in 1963—a unique method of stack wood lamination—and re-examines it through a contemporary lens. In 2011 he purchased a computer-numerical-control (CNC) milling robot, nicknamed Mr. Chips, to investigate the role that digital fabrication might play in expanding his studio practice. The results were dramatic, allowing him to create works of greater structural complexity that were ever before possible.

 

Stack lamination served as Castle’s primary means of production throughout the 1960s. In this process, layers of wood are glued, clamped, built up, and carved to create the final form. This technique had been used in sculpture, but Castle applied it to furniture, and his work developed a unique, organic character that has become his signature style. Most important, this process liberated him from the rectilinear forms associated with traditional wood-working joinery.

Invited to respond to a selection of historically significant works from the 1960s, Castle has created new works through his latest practice of incorporating digital technologies into the stack-lamination process. He combined 3D scanning, 3D modeling, and CNC milling with hand building, carving, rasping, and finishing. These new works are installed in dialogue with the earlier pieces that inspired them, providing a study in form, scale, volume, and visual language. The exhibition also includes Castle’s recent explorations in bronze and fiberglass.

 

Castle links the past with the present by blending craftsmanship with state-of-the-art digital technologies to create ever increasingly sculptural works. Yet they remain quintessentially the hand of Wendell Castles, the master.

From the placard… Memorial Art Gallery Rochester, New York.

  

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#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #lempi_elfhog #hollyhog #hedgehogtroll #tinybjd #anthropomorphic #balljointeddoll #fantasybjd #creaturebjd #limitedition #charlesgrimbergstephan #fuzzyhog #hedgehogfaerie #designer_sculptor #artistbjd #bjdartist #kawaii #cabinetofwonders #collectibles #dutchbjd #dollsofinstagram #glowinthedark #whisperingwoodlingwoods #tinyjointedtail #lempi_means_love_Finnish @latelier_de_seito @easthetics_for_your_dolls

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CCC LEMPI Hollyhog | 7cm Tiny/Chunky BJD | Elfhog ~Hedgehog Troll anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil' pOtbellie ~beige tan GID

~Lempi means LOVE from Finnish

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CCC FUZZYHOG | 6,5cm Tiny BJD | Hedgehog Faerie anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil' pOtbellie ~beige tan GID

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Handmade blue outfits Eäréwen Créations | FR

Handmade Mushroom cap L’Atelier De Seito | FR

CCC IF Booties/Baby Hotaru shoes

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Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

@charlescreaturecabinet [FIDELIA] & [SO sad] 🐝🐝 #FireflyFriday Fidelia Tan & SO sad 👉ONE of each 1x in stock: email, pm/dm. First come, first serve👈 www.charlescreaturecabinet.net

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #cccSO #FideliaFireflyFaerie #gogglesandwings #botanicalblossomfaerie #balljointeddoll #tinybjd #microbjd #creaturebjd #ccc #anthropomorphic #anthropomorphism #charlesgrimbergstephan #bjdartist #rotterdam #designer_sculptor #legitbjd #artistbjd #dollart #limitededition #collectibles #whisperingwoodlingwoods #fluisterwoud #handmicroknits @catherinejanakiraman

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CCC FIDELIA | 10.5cm Tiny BJD | Firefly Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~Tan glow-in-the-dark ~1x in stock

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CCC SO | 4.5cm Micro BJD | botanical blossom faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~Sand & GID ~1x in stock

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Fidelia in handmade dress/shoes Alma Jimenez | US

Handmade bee cap @linnn_67 Lin Murasaki Design | NL

SO in in hand micro knit bee outfit Catherine Janakiraman | US

Handmade root end chairs Murjani Kusumobroto | NL

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Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD design/sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

@charlescreaturecabinet [Bunny Faerie]

#charlescreaturecabinet #bunnyfaerie #buntut #lilpotbellie #faeriewings #poseable_ears #pompomtail #pocketbjd #cccbjd #tinybjd #kawaii #anthropomorphic #glowinthedark #whisperingwoodlingwoods #landofwonders #cabinetofwonders #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #bjdartist #designer_sculptor #rotterdam #handmicroknits #ArgenTTo #collectibles #limitededition

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CCC BUNTUT | 6.5cm Tiny BJD | Bunny Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil' pOtbellie Tan (GiD), Ebony and Snow (GiD)

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[Exclusive/separately available]

Hand micro knits by ArgenTTo (Etsy) | US

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BJD Design/Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

Aggie & Lempi have their hands full w/ @charlescreaturecabinet

[ #EBI #UMI #PIP ] baby pygmy trolls #charlescreaturecabinet New micro #babytroll 💛💗💙 ~Coming SOON ! Stay tuned 💗

#pygmy #potbellie #troll #glowinthedark #balljointeddoll #tinyjointedtail #artisttoy #limitededition #collectibles #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #designer_sculptor #dollartist #Dutchbjd #rotterdam #odorokikyabinetto #cabinetofwonders #cabinetofcuriosities #wunderkammer #pygmypotbellie #trollbjd #shrimp #aggiepebbles #LEMPI #ebi_umi_pip

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CCC AGGIE Pebbles 8cm 💛 LEMPI Elfhog 7cm 💗 Ebi, Umi, Pip 4cm 💙 | Tiny Micro BJD | Woodling Troll | Ball-Jointed Doll GID

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All in hand micro knits ArgenTTo's (Etsy) | US

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BJD Design/Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

[🐾🐸] @charlescreaturecabinet [KODHOK Wulu] ~is hairy frog from Javanese language~ #enchanted_changeling

#charlescreaturecabinet #ccc #cccbjd #kodhok_wulu #trollbjd #tinyjointedtail #tinybjd #fantasybjd #groda_babbles #woodlingtroll #uglywoodling #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #designer_sculptor #rotterdam #dollmaker #dollartist #dollart #bjdart #collectibles #limitededition #anthropomorphic #whisperingwoodlingwoods #hetwonderlijkefluisterwoud #fluisterwoud #wunderkammer #odorokikyabinetto

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CCC KODHOK Wulu | 6 cm Tiny/Micro BJD | Ugly Woodling Troll | Ball-Jointed Doll | tan glow-in-the-dark

*a.k.a. Groda Babbles ~frog troll transformed back to woodling troll~

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Handmade faux fur FairyFragilities | NL

Hand micro knit overall ArgenTTo (Etsy) | US

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Photo: @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD Design/Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008-2022 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

Who would've thought that pOink would look so sweet in yellow? Oh and Glow-in-the-Dark too! ~ OOAK Strawberry Vanilla @charlescreaturecabinet POINK Bee WithMe 💛🐽💗

#charlescreaturecabinet #ccc #cccbjd #cccpoink #poink #lilpotbellie #tinybjd #leaveswings #balljointeddoll #nanadae #gingerrootgnome #dollart #glowinthedark #cabinetofwonders #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #artistbjd #characterdesigner #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #bjdart #instabjd #collectibles #rotterdam #anthropomorphism #wunderkammer

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CCC POINK | 6.5 cm Tiny BJD | piggy anthro | Ball-Jointed Doll | Lil pOtbellie | Bee Withme Vanilla | Glow-in-the-Dark Yellow

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pOink Bee vanilla in handmade pink fur Hedgehog outfit @murjanikusumobroto | NL

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Photos: Charles' Creature Cabinet | NL

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BJD Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

[NEW] @charlescreaturecabinet [Tempeh MADU] & [KODHOK Wulu] 🐝💛

#charlescreaturecabinet #honeybee #balljointeddoll #cccbjd #madu_house_brownie #tempeh_madu #housebrownie #browniebjd #grodababbles #kodhok_wulu #trollbjd #tinybjd #fantasybjd #cabinetofwonders #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #artistbjd #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #bjdart #collectibles #dollart #limitededition #rotterdam #legitbjd #anthropomorphic #wunderkammer #whisperingwoodlingwoods

 

CCC MADU | 9 cm Tiny BJD | House Brownie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~Tempeh Tan **Madu is honey from Indonesian language

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CCC KODHOK Wulu | 6 cm Tiny BJD | Woodling Troll | Ball-Jointed Doll ~A.k.a. Groda Babbles **Kodhok wulu is hairy frog from Javanese language

 

[Exclusive]

Handmade crochet hat @linnn_67 | NL

Hand micro knits by ArgenTTo's (Etsy) | US

Handmade tiny shoes / cap by FairyFragilities | NL

 

Photo @charlescreaturecabinet Rotterdam | NL

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BJD Design/Sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008-2022 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

@charlescreaturecabinet OOAK [GAYLIBRI Birdboy] #fireflyfaeriefriday #fireflyfriday 🐦💞

#charlescreaturecabinet #balljointeddoll #cccbjd #Gaylibri #birdboy #fireflyfaerie #gogglesandwings #tinybjd #ooak #cabinetofwonders #glowinthedark #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #artistbjd #designer_sculptor #bjdart #collectibles #dollart #limitededition #rotterdam #legitbjd #anthropomorphic #wunderkammer #whisperingwoodlingwoods #fantasybjd #dutchbjd

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CCC GAYLIBRI | 10cm Tiny BJD | Birdboy Firefly Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll ~OOAK Fair skin Glow-in-the-Dark

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[Gaylibri]

Handmade mohair wig WeeDollyWears | US

Handmade bumblebee top FairyFragilities | NL

Handmade bird pants @linnn_67 Lin Murasaki Design | NL

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Photo @charlescreaturecabinet | Rotterdam NL

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BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008-2022 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

@charlescreaturecabinet [MURU, PORO, PUDGE & FUZZYHOG]

#charlescreaturecabinet #muru_poro_pudge_fuzzyhog #poseable_ears #tinyjointedtail #ccc #hedgehogtroll #elfhog #elvenhogs #hedgehogfaerie #cccbjd #glowinthedark #tinybjd #chunkybjd #pigbjd #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #bjdartist #designer_sculptor #rotterdam #trollbjd #limitededition #collectibles #anthropomorphic #landofwonders #ladybugshoes #cabinetofwonders #lilpotbellie #baby_if_booties #tinymicro

 

CCC MURU/PORO | 7cm Tiny/Chunky BJD | Elfhog = Hedgehog x Troll anthro | Lil' pOtbellie | Ball-Jointed Doll

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CCC PUDGE | 6,5cm Tiny BJD | baby piglet anthro | Lil' pOtbellie | Ball-Jointed Doll

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CCC FUZZYHOG | 6,5cm Tiny BJD | Hedgehog Faerie anthro | Lil' pOtbellie | Ball-Jointed Doll

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Handmade Cloak Red Riding Hood by Etoilebleue Yotoli | FR

Hand micro knit dress/head band acorn by ArgenTTo (Etsy) | US

Handmade wolf wig by WeeDollyWears | US

Handmade Strawberry hat by Sanna Jurvanen | FI

Handmade outfits Fuzzyhog/Poro by @murjanikusumobroto | NL

 

@charlescreaturecabinet CCC Baby IF Booties, black/lime

Photo Charles' Creature Cabinet | Rotterdam NL

 

BJD design/sculpt TM & Copyright © 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

👀‍♀️👶💞 @charlescreaturecabinet [TRIPLETS] Hedgehog-Faerie-Baby 45mm micro bjd ~My my what big eyes ~14mm DollSoom glass eyes color yellow~

www.charlescreaturecabinet.net/ > shop

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #hedgehogfaeriebaby #triplets #microbjd #hedgeling #tinyjointedtail #tinywings #lilpotbellie #balljointeddoll #limitedition #collectibles #anthropomorphic #charlesgrimbergstephan #rotterdam #designer #sculptor #bjdartist #dollart #cabinetofwonders #wunderkammer #bjdart #whisperingwoodlingwoods

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CCC TRIPLETS hoglet holly huffy | 45mm Micro BJD | HAPPYNOSE Hedgeling Faerie | Ball-Jointed Doll | lil' pOtbellie

~rose quartz pink /w pink faceup painting Glow-in-the-Dark resin

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www.charlescreaturecabinet.net/ > shop

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Photo: @charlescreaturecabinet | NL

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan

| Charles' Creature Cabinet

| All Rights Reserved.

Little imp explores ancestral natural habitat 🌱🌳🌱 @charlescreaturecabinet CCC TEMPEH House Brownie 9cm tiny ball-jointed doll ~by Sinéad Cannon

#tempehthrowbackthursday

#charlescreaturecabinet #cccbjd #ccc #tempeh #housebrownie #pixie #tinybjd #balljointeddoll #miniaturebjd #limitededition #fantasybjd #collectibles #charlesgrimbergstephan #artist #designer_sculptor #bjdartist #faerieragsnfriends #imp #moriko #cabinetofwonders #wunderkammer #whisperingwoodlingwoods

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CCC TEMPEH | 9cm Tiny BJD | House Brownie | OOAK beige tan

Handmade outfit Faerie Rags 'n' friends

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Photo: @faerie_rags | US

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BJD Sculpt ™️ Copyright ©️ 2008 | Charles Grimberg-Stephan | Charles' Creature Cabinet | All Rights Reserved.

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