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Hellenic Air Force F-16 Demo Team “Zeus” during its flying demonstration in Athens Flying Week 2018.
The Aircraft is an F-16C Blk 52+ from 340 Squadron “Fox”, stationed in 115 Combat Wing in Souda Air Force Base.
Demo Pilot: Major (Air Force) Dimitrios Volakakis.
Aerial view of the landscape around Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia.
Photo by Kate Evans/CIFOR
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Urbex Hellas -
Both city and island population continue to grow contrary to national levels; the city has an official permanent population of 49,541 in 2011 census but its estimated that some 65-70.000 reside permanently within city limits. During summer population reaches 100.000 due to some 25-30.000 hotel beds operating within city limits as well numerous seasonal workers that migrate from rest of Greece due to high unemployment mostly in peninsular parts of the country.
Aerial view of the landscape around Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia.
Photo by Kate Evans/CIFOR
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the regional decentralization entity of Trieste.
Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste, on a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia; Slovenia lies close, at approximately 8 km (5 mi) east and 10–15 km (6–9 mi) southeast of the city, while Croatia is about 30 km (19 mi) to the south of the city.
The city has a long coastline and is surrounded by grassland, forest, and karstic areas. In 2022, it had a population of 204,302.[2]
Trieste belonged to the Habsburg monarchy from 1382 until 1918. In the 19th century, the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport. As a prosperous trading hub in the Mediterranean region, Trieste grew to become the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (after Vienna, Budapest, and Prague). In the fin de siècle, it emerged as an important hub for literature and music. Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s, and the Free Territory of Trieste became a major site of the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War.
Trieste, a deep-water port, is a maritime gateway for northern Italy, Germany, Austria and Central Europe. It is considered the end point of the maritime Silk Road, with its connections to the Suez Canal and Turkey. Since the 1960s, Trieste has emerged as a prominent research location in Europe because of its many international organisations and institutions. The city lies at the intersection of Latin, Slavic and Germanic cultures, where Central Europe meets the Mediterranean Sea, and is home to diverse ethnic groups and religious communities.
Trieste has the highest percentage of researchers in Europe in relation to population. Città della Barcolana ("City of the Barcolana"), Città della bora ("City of the bora"), Città del vento ("City of Wind"), "Vienna by the sea" and "City of Coffee" are epithets used to describe Trieste.
Mauna Kea (English pronunciation: /ˌmɔːnə ˈkeɪ.ə/ or /ˌmaʊnə ˈkeɪ.ə/, Hawaiian: [ˈmɔunə ˈkɛjə]) is a Volcano on the island of Hawaii. Standing 4,205 m (13,796 ft) above sea level, its peak is the highest point in the state of Hawaii. However, much of the mountain is under water; when measured from its oceanic base, Mauna Kea is over 10,000 m (33,000 ft) tall—significantly taller than Mount Everest. Mauna Kea is about a million years old, and has thus passed the most active shield stage of life hundreds of thousands of years ago. In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, resulting in a steeper profile. Late volcanism has also given it a much rougher appearance than its neighboring volcanoes; contributing factors include the construction of cinder cones, the decentralization of its rift zones, the glaciation on its peak, and the weathering effects of the prevailing trade winds. Mauna Kea last erupted 6,000 to 4,000 years ago. According to the USGS, as of June 2011 the current Volcanic-Alert Level was "Normal".
According to the USGS Lava Flow Hazard Zones, on a scale of 1 to 9, Mauna Kea is in zones 7 and 8.
In Hawaiian mythology, the peaks of the island of Hawaii are sacred, and Mauna Kea is the most sacred of all. An ancient law allowed only high-ranking tribal chiefs to visit its peak. Ancient Hawaiians living on the slopes of Mauna Kea relied on its extensive forests for food, and quarried the dense volcano-glacial basalts on its flanks for tool production. When Europeans arrived in the late 18th century, settlers introduced cattle, sheep and game animals, many of which became feral and began to damage the mountain's ecology. Mauna Kea can be ecologically divided into three sections: an alpine climate at its summit, a Sophora chrysophylla–Myoporum sandwicense (or māmane–naio) forest on its flanks, and an Acacia koa–Metrosideros polymorpha (or koa–ʻōhiʻa) forest, now mostly cleared by the former sugar industry, at its base. In recent years, concern over the vulnerability of the native species has led to court cases that have forced the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources to eradicate all feral species on the mountain.
With its high altitude, dry environment, and stable airflow, Mauna Kea's summit is one of the best sites in the world for astronomical observation. Since the creation of an access road in 1964, thirteen telescopes funded by eleven countries have been constructed at the summit. The Mauna Kea Observatories are used for scientific research across the electromagnetic spectrum from visible light to radio, and comprise the largest such facility in the world. Their construction on a "sacred landscape"[4] continues to be a topic of debate. Studies are underway to determine their effect on the summit ecology, particularly on the rare Wēkiu bug.
Contents
1 Geology
1.1 Future activity
2 Human history
2.1 Native history
2.2 Modern era
2.3 Ascents
3 Ecology
3.1 Background
3.2 Alpine environment
3.3 Māmane–naio forest
3.4 Lower environment
4 Summit observatories
5 Climate
6 Recreation
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Geology
Location of Mauna Kea in Hawaii island. Mauna Kea makes up 22.8 percent of the island's area.[2]
Mauna Kea is one of five hotspot volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii, the largest and youngest island of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain.[5] Of these five volcanoes, Mauna Kea is the fourth oldest and fourth most active.[2] It began as a preshield volcano driven by the Hawaii hotspot around one million years ago, and became exceptionally active during its shield stage until 500,000 years ago.[6] Mauna Kea entered its quieter post-shield stage 250,000 to 200,000 years ago,[7] and is currently dormant.[2]
Mauna Kea is over 3,200 km3 (770 cu mi) in volume, so massive that it and its neighbor, Mauna Loa, depress the ocean crust beneath it by 6 km (4 mi).[8] The volcano continues to slip and flatten under its own weight at a rate of less than 0.2 mm (0.01 in) per year. Much of its mass lies east of its present summit. Mauna Kea stands 4,205 m (13,800 ft) above sea level, just 35 m (110 ft) higher than its neighbor Mauna Loa.[2] Measured from its base on the ocean floor, it rises over 10,000 m (33,000 ft), making it significantly taller than Mount Everest on the Tibetan Plateau,[9][10] and the highest point in the state of Hawaii.[11]
Like all Hawaiian volcanoes, Mauna Kea has been created by the Hawaiian hotspot, as the Pacific tectonic plate has moved over a hotspot in the Earth's underlying mantle.[12] The Hawaii island volcanoes are merely the most recent evidence of this process that, over 70 million years, has created the 6,000 km (3,700 mi)-long Hawaiian Ridge – Emperor Seamount chain.[5] The prevailing, though not completely settled, view is that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planet's mantle for much, if not all of the Cenozoic Era.[5][13] However, while Hawaiian volcanism is well-understood and extensively studied, there remains no definite explanation of the mechanism that causes the hotspot effect.[14]
Lava flows from Mauna Kea overlapped in complex layers with those of its neighbors during its growth. Most prominently, Mauna Kea is built upon older flows from Kohala to the northwest, and intersects the base of Mauna Loa to the south.[8] The original eruptive fissures (rift zones) in the flanks of Mauna Kea were buried by its post-shield volcanism.[7] Hilo Ridge, a prominent underwater rift zone structure east of Mauna Kea, was once believed to be a part of the volcano; however, it is now understood to be a rift zone of Kohala that has been affected by younger Mauna Kea flows.[12][15]
The shield-stage lavas that built the enormous main mass of the mountain are tholeiitic basalts, like those of Mauna Loa, created through the mixing of primary magma and subducted oceanic crust.[16] They are covered by the oldest exposed rock strata on Mauna Kea, the post-shield alkali basalts of the Hāmākua Volcanics, which erupted between 250,000 and 70–65,000 years ago. The most recent volcanic flows are hawaiites and mugearites: they are the post-shield Laupāhoehoe Volcanics, erupted between 65,000 and 4,000 years ago.[12][17] These changes in lava composition accompanied the slow reduction of the supply of magma to the summit, which led to weaker eruptions that then gave way to isolated episodes associated with volcanic dormancy. The Laupāhoehoe lavas are more viscous and contain more volatiles than the earlier tholeiitic basalts; their thicker flows significantly steepened Mauna Kea's flanks. In addition, explosive eruptions have built cinder cones near the summit.[2] These cones are the most recent eruptive centers of Mauna Kea. Its present summit is dominated by lava domes and cinder cones up to 1.5 km (0.9 mi) in diameter and hundreds of meters tall.[7]
Scoria and cinder cones on Mauna Kea's summit in winter
Glacial evidence on Mauna Kea, outlining terminal moraines ("m") and till ("w")
Mauna Kea is the only Hawaiian volcano with distinct evidence of glaciation.[7] Similar deposits probably existed on Mauna Loa, but have been covered by later lava flows.[2] Despite Hawaii's tropical location, during several past ice ages a drop of only a degree in temperature allowed snow to remain at the mountain's summit through summer, triggering the formation of an ice cap.[18] There are three episodes of glaciation that have been recorded from the last 180,000 years: the Pōhakuloa (180–130 ka), Wāihu (80–60 ka) and Mākanaka (40–13 ka) series. These have extensively sculpted the summit, depositing moraines and a circular ring of till and gravel along the mountain's upper flanks.[12] Subglacial eruptions built cinder cones during the Mākanaka glaciation,[19] most of which were heavily gouged by glacial action. The most recent cones were built between 9000 and 4500 years ago, atop the glacial deposits,[18][20] although one study indicates that the last eruption may have been around 3600 years ago.[21]
At their maximum extent, the glaciers extended from the summit down to between 3,200 and 3,800 m (10,500 and 12,500 ft) of elevation.[22] A small body of permafrost, less than 25 m (80 ft) across, was found at the summit of Mauna Kea prior to 1974, and may still be present.[12] Small gullies etch the summit, formed by rain- and snow-fed streams that flow only during winter melt and rain showers.[4] On the windward side of the mountain, stream erosion driven by trade winds has accelerated erosion in a manner similar to that on older Kohala.[23]
Mauna Kea is home to Lake Waiau, the highest lake in the Pacific Basin.[24] At an altitude of 3,969 m (13,022 ft), it lies within the Puʻu Waiau cinder cone and is the only alpine lake in Hawaii. The lake is very small and shallow, with a surface area of 0.73 ha (1.80 acres) and a depth of 3 m (10 ft). Radiocarbon dating of samples at the base of the lake indicates that it was clear of ice 12,600 years ago. Hawaiian lavas are typically permeable, preventing the formation of lakes due to infiltration. Here, either sulfur-bearing steam altered the volcanic ash to low-permeability clays, or explosive interactions between rising magma and groundwater or surface water (phreatic eruptions) formed exceptionally fine ash that also would reduce the permeability of the lake bed.[25]
Future activity
The last eruption of Mauna Kea was about 4,600 years ago;[12] because of this inactivity, Mauna Kea is assigned a United States Geological Survey hazard listing of 7 for its summit and 8 for its lower flanks, out of the lowest possible hazard rating of 9 (which is given to the extinct volcano Kohala). Twenty percent of the volcano's summit has seen lava flows in the past 10,000 years, and its flanks have seen virtually no lava flows during that time.[26]
Despite its dormancy, Mauna Kea is expected to erupt again, although there would be sufficient warning to evacuate. The telescopes on Mauna Kea's summit would be the first to detect the minute amounts of deformation resulting from the volcano's swelling, acting like expensive tiltmeters. Based on previous eruptions, such an event could occur anywhere on the volcano's upper flanks and would likely produce extended lava flows, mostly of a'a, of 15–25 km (9–16 mi) in length. Long periods of activity could build a cinder cone at the source. Although not likely in the next few centuries, such an eruption would probably result in little loss of life but significant damage to infrastructure.[27]
Geologically recent Mauna Kea cinder cones and lava flows
Hazard mapping of Mauna Kea and nearby Kohala
Human history
Native history
A prehistoric stone structure on the saddle between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa
The first Ancient Hawaiians to arrive on Hawaii island lived along the shores, where food and water were plentiful. Settlement expanded inland to the Mauna Loa – Mauna Kea region in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Archaeological evidence suggests that these regions were used for hunting, collecting stone material, and possibly for spiritual reasons or for astronomical or navigational observations.[28] The mountain's plentiful forest provided plants and animals for food and raw materials for shelter. Flightless birds that had previously known no predators became a staple food source.[29]
Early settlement of the Hawaiian islands led to major changes to local ecosystems and many extinctions, particularly amongst bird species. Ancient Hawaiians brought foreign plants and animals, and their arrival was associated with increased rates of erosion.[30] The prevailing lowland forest ecosystem was transformed from forest to grassland; some of this change was caused by the use of fire, but the prevailing cause of forest ecosystem collapse and avian extinction on Hawaii appears to have been the introduction of the Polynesian (or Pacific) Rat.[31]
The summits of the five volcanoes of Hawaii are revered as sacred mountains; and Mauna Kea's summit, being the tallest, as the most sacred of all. For this reason, a kapu (ancient Hawaiian law) restricted visitor rights to high-ranking tribal chiefs. Hawaiians associated elements of their natural environment with particular deities. In Hawaiian mythology, the sky father Wākea marries the earth mother Pāpā, giving birth to the Hawaiian Islands. In many of these genealogical myths, Mauna Kea is portrayed as the pair's first-born son. The summit of Mauna Kea was seen as the "region of the gods", a place where benevolent spirits reside. Poliʻahu, deity of snow, also resides there.[29] In Hawaiian, Mauna Kea means "white mountain",[32] a reference to its summit, which is usually snow-capped in winter.[33] The mountain is also known as Mauna o Wākea ("Mountain of [the deity] Wākea").[34]
Around AD 1100, natives established adze quarries high up on Mauna Kea to extract the uniquely dense basalt—generated by the quick cooling of lava flows meeting glacial ice during subglacial eruptions—for use in the manufacture of tools. Volcanic glass and gabbro were collected for blades and fishing gear, and māmane wood was preferred for the handles. At peak quarry activity after AD 1400, there were separate facilities for rough and fine cutting; shelters with food, water, and wood to sustain the workers; and workshops creating the finished product.[29]
Lake Waiau provided drinking water for the workers. Native chiefs would dip the umbilical cords of newborn babies in its water, to give them the strength of the mountain. Use of the quarry declined between this period and contact with Americans and Europeans. As part of the ritual associated with quarrying, the workers erected shrines to their gods; these and other quarry artifacts remain at the sites, most of which lie within what is now the Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve.[29]
This early era was followed by peace and cultural expansion between the 12th and late 18th century. Land was divided into regions designed for both the immediate needs of the populace and the long-term welfare of the environment. These ahupuaʻa generally took the form of long strips of land oriented from the mountain summits to the coast. Mauna Kea's summit was encompassed in the ahupuaʻa of Kaʻole, with part of its eastern slope reaching into the nearby Humuʻula. Principal sources of nutrition for Hawaiians living on the slopes of the volcano came from the māmane–naio forest of its upper slopes, which provided them with vegetation and bird life. Bird species hunted included the ʻUaʻu (Pterodroma sandwichensis), Nēnē (Branta sandvicensis), and Palila (Loxioides bailleui). The lower koa–ʻōhiʻa forest gave the natives wood for canoes and ornate bird feathers for decoration.[29]
Modern era
View of the mountain from Mauna Loa Observatory
The first foreigner to arrive at Hawaii was James Cook, in 1778.[4] The earliest Western depictions of the isle, including Mauna Kea, were created by explorers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Contact with Europe and America had major consequences for island residents. Native Hawaiians were devastated by introduced diseases; port cities including Hilo, Kealakekua, and Kailua grew with the establishment of trade; and the adze quarries on Mauna Kea were abandoned after the introduction of metal tools.[29]
In 1793, cattle were brought by George Vancouver as a tribute to King Kamehameha I. By the early 19th century, they had escaped confinement and roamed the island freely, greatly damaging its ecosystem. In 1809 John Palmer Parker arrived and befriended Kamehameha I, who put him in charge of cattle management on the island. With an additional land grant in 1845, Parker established Parker Ranch on the northern slope of Mauna Kea, a large cattle ranch that is still in operation today.[29] Settlers to the island burned and cut down much of the native forest for the construction of sugar plantations and houses.[35]
The Saddle Road, named for its crossing of the saddle-shaped plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, was completed in 1943, and eased travel to Mauna Kea considerably.[4]
The Pohakuloa Training Area on the plateau is the largest military training ground in Hawaii. The 108,863-acre (44,055 ha) base extends from the volcano's lower flanks to 2,070 m (6,790 ft) elevation, on state land leased to the US Army since 1956. There are 15 threatened and endangered plants, 3 endangered birds, and 1 endangered bat species in the area.[4]
Mauna Kea has been the site of extensive archaeological research since the 1980s. Approximately 27 percent of the Science Reserve had been surveyed by 2000, identifying 76 shrines, 4 adze manufacturing workshops, 3 other markers, 1 positively identified burial site, and 4 possible burial sites.[29] By 2009, the total number of identified sites had risen to 223, and archaeological research on the volcano's upper flanks is ongoing.[4] It has been suggested that the shrines, which are arranged around the volcano's summit along what may be an ancient snow line, are markers for the transition to the sacred part of Mauna Kea. Despite many references to burial around Mauna Kea in Hawaiian oral history, few sites have been confirmed. The lack of shrines or other artifacts on the many cinder cones dotting the volcano may be because they were reserved for burial.[29]
Ascents
David Douglas, a Scottish botanist who died on Mauna Kea in 1834
In pre-contact times, natives traveling up Mauna Kea were probably guided more by landscape than by existing trails, as no evidence of the latter have been found. It is possible that natural ridges and water sources were followed instead. Individuals likely took trips up Mauna Kea's slopes to visit family-maintained shrines near its summit, and traditions related to ascending the mountain exist to this day. However, very few natives actually reached the summit, because of the strict kapu placed on it.[29]
In the early 19th century, the earliest notable recorded ascents of Mauna Kea included the following:
On August 26, 1823, Joseph F. Goodrich, an American missionary, made the first recorded ascent in a single day; however, a small arrangement of stones he observed suggested he was not the first human on the summit.[29] He recorded four ecosystems as he travelled from base to summit, and also visited Lake Waiau.[3]
On June 17, 1825, an expedition from HMS Blonde, led by botanist James Macrae, reached the summit of Mauna Kea. Macrae was the first person to record the Mauna Kea Silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense), saying: "The last mile was destitute of vegetation except one plant of the Sygenisia tribe, in growth much like a Yucca, with sharp pointed silver coloured leaves and green upright spike of three or four feet producing pendulous branches with brown flowers, truly superb, and almost worth the journey of coming here to see it on purpose."[3]
In January 1834, David Douglas climbed the mountain and described extensively the division of plant species by altitude. On a second climb in July, he was found dead in a pit intended to catch wild cattle. Although murder was suspected, it was probably an accidental fall. The site, Ka lua kauka 19°53′17″N 155°20′17″W, is marked by the Douglas Fir trees named for him.[36]
In 1881, Queen Emma traveled to the peak to bathe in the waters of Lake Waiau during competition for the role of ruling chief of the Kingdom of Hawaii.[29]
On August 6, 1889, E.D. Baldwin left Hilo and followed cattle trails to the summit.[3]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries trails were formed, often by the movement of game herds, that could be traveled on horseback.[29] However, vehicular access to the summit was practically impossible until the construction of a road in 1964, and it continues to be restricted.[37] Today, multiple trails to the summit exist, in various states of use.[4]
Ecology
Background
Hawaii's geographical isolation strongly influences its ecology. Remote islands like Hawaii have a large number of species that are found nowhere else (see Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands).[38] The remoteness resulted in evolutionary lines distinct from those elsewhere and isolated these endemic species from external biotic influence, and also makes them especially vulnerable to extinction and the effects of invasive species. In addition the ecosystems of Hawaii are under threat from human development including the clearing of land for agriculture; an estimated third of the island's endemic species have already been wiped out. Because of its elevation, Mauna Kea has the greatest diversity of biotic ecosystems anywhere in the Hawaiian archipelago. Ecosystems on the mountain form concentric rings along its slopes due to changes in temperature and precipitation with elevation.[35] These ecosystems can be roughly divided into three sections by elevation: alpine–subalpine, montane, and basal forest.[3]
Contact with Americans and Europeans in the early 19th century brought more settlers to the island, and had a lasting negative ecological effect. On lower slopes, vast tracts of koa–ʻōhiʻa forest were converted to farmland. Higher up, feral animals that escaped from ranches found refuge in, and damaged extensively, Mauna Kea's native māmane–naio forest.[39] Non-native plants are the other serious threat; there are over 4,600 introduced species on the island, whereas the number of native species is estimated at just 1,000.[40]
Alpine environment
Mauna Kea silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense sandwicense) growing near the volcano's summit.
The summit of Mauna Kea lies above the tree line, and consists of mostly lava rock and alpine tundra. An area of heavy snowfall, it is inhospitable to vegetation, and is known as the Hawaiian tropical high shrublands. Growth is restricted here by extremely cold temperatures, a short growing season, low rainfall, and snow during winter months. A lack of soil also retards root growth, makes it difficult to absorb nutrients from the ground, and gives the area a very low water retention capacity.[3]
Plant species found at this elevation include Styphelia tameiameiae, Taraxacum officinale, Tetramolopium humile, Agrostis sandwicensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Trisetum glomeratum, Poa annua, Sonchus oleraceus, and Coprosma ernodiodes. One notable species is Mauna Kea Silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense var. sandwicense), a highly endangered endemic plant species that thrives in Mauna Kea's high elevation cinder deserts. At one stage reduced to a population of just 50 plants,[41] Mauna Kea Silversword was thought to be restricted to the alpine zone, but in fact has been driven there by pressure from livestock, and can grow at lower elevations as well.[3]
The Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve on the southern summit flank of Mauna Kea was established in 1981. The reserve is a region of sparsely vegetated cinder deposits and lava rock, including areas of aeolian desert and Lake Waiau.[42] This ecosystem is a likely haven for the threatened ʻUaʻu (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and also the center of a study on Wēkiu bugs (Nysius wekiuicola).[23]
Wēkiu bugs feed on dead insect carcasses that drift up Mauna Kea on the wind and settle on snow banks. This is a highly unusual food source for a species in the genus Nysius, which consists of predominantly seed-eating insects. They can survive at extreme elevations of up to 4,200 m (13,780 ft)[43] because of natural antifreeze in their blood. They also stay under heated surfaces most of the time. Their conservation status is unclear, as the effect summit observatories on Mauna Kea have on the species is not well understood; studies on the welfare of the species began in 1980. The closely related Nysius aa lives on Mauna Loa. Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and Forest Tent Caterpillar Moths have also been observed in the same Mauna Kea ecosystem; the former survive by hiding under heat-absorbing rocks, and the latter through cold-resistant chemicals in their bodies.[44]
Māmane–naio forest
A pair of Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) trees
The highest forested zone on the volcano, at an elevation of 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft), is dominated by Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) and Naio (Myoporum sandwicense), both endemic tree species, and is thus known as māmane–naio forest. Māmane seeds and Naio fruit are the chief foods of the birds in this zone, especially the Palila (Loxioides bailleui). The Palila was formerly found on the slopes of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualālai, but is now confined to the slopes of Mauna Kea—only 10% of its former range—and has been declared critically endangered.[35]
The largest threat to the ecosystem is grazing by feral sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos primigenius),[45] and goats (Capra hircus) introduced to the island in the late 18th century. Feral animal competition with commercial grazing was severe enough that a program to eradicate them existed as far back as the late 1920s,[35] and continued through to 1949. One of the results of this grazing was the increased prevalence of herbaceous and woody plants, both endemic and introduced, that were resistant to browsing.[45] The feral animals were almost eradicated, and numbered a few hundred in the 1950s. However, an influx of local hunters led to the feral species being valued as game animals, and in 1959 the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, the governing body in charge of conservation and land use management, changed its policy to a sustained-control program designed to facilitate the sport.[35]
Mouflon (Ovis aries orientalis) was introduced from 1962–1964,[46] and a plan to release Axis Deer (Axis axis) in 1964 was prevented only by protests from the ranching industry, who said that they would damage crops and spread disease. The hunting industry fought back, and the back-and-forth between the ranchers and hunters eventually gave way to a rise in public environmental concern. With the development of astronomical facilities on Mauna Kea commencing, conservationists demanded protection of Mauna Kea's ecosystem. A plan was proposed to fence 25% of the forests for protection, and manage the remaining 75% for game hunting. Despite opposition from conservationists the plan was put into action. While the land was partitioned no money was allocated for the building of the fence. In the midst of this wrangling the Endangered Species Act was passed; the National Audubon Society and Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit against the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, claiming that they were violating federal law, in the landmark case Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (1978).[35][47]
The court ruled in favor of conservationists and upheld the precedence of federal laws before state control of wildlife. Having violated the Endangered Species Act, Hawaii state was required to remove all feral animals from the mountainside.[35] This decision was followed by a second court order in 1981. A public hunting program removed many of the feral animals,[39] at least temporarily. An active control program is in place,[4] though it is not conducted with sufficient rigor to allow significant recovery of the māmane-naio ecosystem.[48] There are many other species and ecosystems on the island, and on Mauna Kea, that remain threatened by human development and invasive species.[35]
The Mauna Kea Forest Reserve protects 52,500 acres (212 km2) of māmane-naio forest under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. Ungulate hunting is allowed year-round.[4] A small part of the māmane–naio forest is encompassed by the Mauna Kea State Recreation Area.[49]
Lower environment
The ʻAlalā or Hawaiian Crow (Corvus hawaiiensis) is a bird in the crow family. It is extinct in the wild, with plans to reintroduce the species into the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge.
A band of ranch land on Mauna Kea's lower slopes was formerly Acacia koa – Metrosideros polymorpha (koa-ʻōhiʻa) forest.[3] Its destruction was driven by an influx of European and American settlers in the early 19th century, as extensive logging during the 1830s provided lumber for new homes. Vast swathes of the forest were burned and cleared for sugar plantations. Most of the houses on the island were built of koa, and those parts of the forest that survived became a source for firewood to power boilers on the sugar plantations and to heat homes. The once vast forest had almost disappeared by 1880, and by 1900 logging interests had shifted to Kona and the island of Maui.[39] With the collapse of the sugar industry in the 1990s, much of this land lies fallow but portions are used for cattle grazing, small-scale farming and the cultivation of eucalyptus for wood pulp.[4][50]
The Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge is a major koa forest reserve on Mauna Kea's windward slope. It was established in 1985, covering 32,733 acres (13,247 ha) of ecosystem remnant. Eight endangered bird species, twelve endangered plants, and the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) have been observed in the area, in addition to many other rare biota. The reserve has been the site of an extensive replanting campaign since 1989.[51] Parts of the reserve show the effect of agriculture on the native ecosystem,[39] as much of the land in the upper part of the reserve is abandoned farmland.[51]
Bird species native to the acacia koa–ʻōhiʻa forest include the Hawaiian Crow (Corvus hawaiiensis), the ʻAkepa (Loxops coccineus), Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana), ʻAkiapōlāʻau (Hemignathus munroi), and Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius), all of which are endangered, threatened, or near threatened; the Hawaiian Crow in particular is extinct in the wild, but there are plans to reintroduce the species into the Hakalau reserve.[51]
Summit observatories
Main article: Mauna Kea Observatories
Sunset over four telescopes of the Mauna Kea Observatories. From left to right: the Subaru Telescope, the twin Keck I and II telescopes, and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility
Mauna Kea's summit is one of the best sites in the world for astronomical observation because a number of factors create favorable observing conditions.[4][52][53] The atmosphere above the volcano is extremely dry, which is important for submillimeter and infrared astronomy because water vapor absorbs radiation in most of this region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The summit is above the inversion layer that separates lower maritime air from upper atmospheric air, keeping most cloud cover below the summit and ensuring the air on the summit is dry, and free of atmospheric pollution. The summit atmosphere is exceptionally stable; this lack of turbulence creates some of the world's best astronomical seeing. The very dark skies resulting from Mauna Kea's distance from city lights are preserved by legislation that minimizes light pollution from the surrounding area; the darkness level allows the observation of faint astronomical objects.[52] These factors historically made Mauna Kea an excellent spot for stargazing.[37]
In the 1950s, solar observatories were built on Haleakalā on Maui, as Mauna Kea was inaccessible by road above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In the early 1960s, the Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce began encouraging astronomical development of Mauna Kea, as an economic stimulus; this coincided with University of Arizona astronomer Gerard Kuiper's search for sites at which to use the newly improved detectors of infrared light, spurred by the rapid development of infrared astronomy. Site testing by Kuiper's assistant Alika Herring in 1964 confirmed the summit's outstanding suitability. An intense three-way competition for NASA funds to construct a large telescope began between Kuiper, Harvard University, and the University of Hawaii (UH), which only had experience in solar astronomy. This culminated in funds being awarded to the "upstart" UH proposal.[54] UH rebuilt its small astronomy department into a new Institute for Astronomy, and in 1968 the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources gave it a 65-year lease for all land within a 4 km (2.5 mi) radius of its telescope, essentially that above 11,500 ft (3,505 m).[4][52] On its completion in 1970, the UH 88 in (2.2 m) was the seventh largest optical/infrared telescope in the world.[54]
Other groups began requesting subleases on the newly accessible mountaintop. By 1970, two 24 in (0.6 m) telescopes had been constructed by the US Air Force and Lowell Observatory. In 1973, Canada and France agreed to build the 3.6 m CFHT on Mauna Kea.[54] However, local organisations started to raise concerns about the environmental impact of the observatory. This led the Department of Land and Natural Resources to prepare an initial management plan, drafted in 1977 and supplemented in 1980. In January 1982, the UH Board of Regents approved a plan to support the continued development of scientific facilities at the site.[4] In 1998, 2,033 acres (823 ha) were transferred from the observatory lease to supplement the Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve. The 1982 plan was replaced in 2000 by an extension designed to serve until 2020: it instituted an Office of Mauna Kea Management,[53] designated 525 acres (212 ha) for astronomy, and shifted the remaining 10,763 acres (4,356 ha) to "natural and cultural preservation". This plan was further revised to address concern expressed in the Hawaiian community that a lack of respect was being shown toward the cultural values of the mountain.[4]
Today the Mauna Kea Science Reserve has 13 observation facilities, each funded by as many as 11 countries. It is the largest such complex in the world. There are nine telescopes working in the visible and infrared spectrum, three in the submillimeter spectrum, and one in the radio spectrum, with mirrors or dishes ranging from 0.9 m (3.0 ft) to 25 m (82 ft).[55] In comparison, the Hubble Space Telescope has a 2.4 m (7.9 ft) mirror, similar in size to the UH88, now the second smallest telescope on the mountain.[55] Planned new telescopes, including Pan-STARRS and the enormous Thirty Meter Telescope, have attracted controversy due to their potential cultural and ecological impact. They are expected to replace older facilities on the summit rather than breaking new ground;[56][57] the multi-telescope "outrigger" extension to the Keck telescopes, which required new sites, was denied its construction permit in 2006.[58]
Climate
Climate data for Mauna Kea Observatory, Elevation: 13,800ft (4,205m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 55
(12.8) 56
(13.3) 54
(12.2) 55
(12.8) 59
(15) 58
(14.4) 75
(23.9) 57
(13.9) 60
(15.6) 59
(15) 54
(12.2) 55
(12.8) 75
(23.9)
Average high °F (°C) 42.0
(5.56) 42.5
(5.83) 40.3
(4.61) 41.4
(5.22) 47.5
(8.61) 49.3
(9.61) 50.9
(10.5) 49.9
(9.94) 50.5
(10.28) 43.8
(6.56) 45.1
(7.28) 42.7
(5.94) 46.0
(7.78)
Average low °F (°C) 26.3
(-3.17) 26.1
(-3.28) 24.9
(-3.94) 26.2
(-3.22) 29.0
(-1.67) 29.4
(-1.44) 30.3
(-0.94) 30.9
(-0.61) 31.3
(-0.39) 29.5
(-1.39) 27.8
(-2.33) 27.6
(-2.44) 28.4
(-2)
Record low °F (°C) 19
(-7.2) 12
(-11.1) 18
(-7.8) 18
(-7.8) 12
(-11.1) 23
(-5) 22
(-5.6) 17
(-8.3) 23
(-5) 20
(-6.7) 20
(-6.7) 17
(-8.3) 12
(-11.1)
Precipitation inches (mm) 0.80
(20.3) 0.24
(6.1) 1.05
(26.7) 0.50
(12.7) 0.92
(23.4) 0.14
(3.6) 0.29
(7.4) 0.77
(19.6) 0.51
(13) 0.58
(14.7) 1.04
(26.4) 0.52
(13.2) 7.36
(186.9)
Source: www.wrcc.dri.edu/ [59]
Recreation
Mauna Kea as seen from the Saddle Road
Mauna Kea on the left, Mauna Loa behind Hualālai on right
Mauna Kea's coastline is dominated by the Hamakua Coast, an area of rugged terrain created by frequent slumps and landslides on the volcano's flank.[60] The area includes several recreation parks including Kalopa State Recreation Area, Wailuku River State Park and Akaka Falls State Park.[61]
There are over 3,000 registered hunters on Hawaii island, and hunting, for both recreation and sustenance, is a common activity on Mauna Kea. A public hunting program is used to control the numbers of introduced animals including pigs, sheep, goats, turkey, pheasants, and quail.[4][35] The Mauna Kea State Recreation Area functions as a base camp for the sport.[37] Birdwatching is also common at lower levels on the mountain.[52] A popular site is Kīpuka Pu'u Huluhulu, a kīpuka on Mauna Kea's flank that formed when lava flows isolated the forest on a hill.[62]
Mauna Kea's great elevation and the steepness of its flanks provide a better view and a shorter hike than the adjacent Mauna Loa. The high elevation with its risk of altitude sickness, weather concerns, steep road grade, and overall inaccessibility make the volcano dangerous and summit trips difficult. Until the construction of roads in the mid-20th century, only the hardy visited Mauna Kea's upper slopes; hunters tracked game animals, and hikers traveled up the mountain. These travelers used stone cabins constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s as base camps, and it is from these facilities that the modern mid-level Onizuka Center for International Astronomy telescope support complex is derived. The first Mauna Kea summit road was built in 1964, making the peak itself accessible to larger numbers of people.[37]
Today, multiple hiking trails exist, including the Mauna Kea Trail, and by 2007 over 100,000 tourists and 32,000 vehicles were going each year to the Visitor Information Station adjacent to the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy. The Mauna Kea Access Road is paved up to the Center at 2,804 m (9,199 ft).[4] One study reported that around a third of visitors and two thirds of professional astronomers working on the mountain have experienced symptoms of acute altitude sickness;[63] visitors traveling up the volcano's flanks are advised to stop for at least half an hour and preferably longer at the visitor center to acclimate to the higher elevation. Driving all the way to the top requires a four-wheel drive vehicle, and brakes often overheat on the way down.[64] Between 5,000 and 6,000 people visit the summit of Mauna Kea each year, and to help ensure safety, and protect the integrity of the mountain, a ranger program was implemented in 2001.[4]
Because of snow cover in January and February, Mauna Kea can occasionally be skied. There are no facilities,[4] and winds can reach speeds of 80–110 km/h (50–68 mph),[33] but skiing remains a common pastime for some island residents. The most popular location is the Poi Bowl, just east of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory,[4] where competitions are held once or twice a year, depending on weather conditions.[37]
From 1954 until 1974, many American cities were ringed by a decentralized network of guided missiles intended to destroy incoming enemy aircraft and ICBMs. Named for the Greek goddess of victory, Nike missiles were equipped with either high explosive or "small" nuclear warheads (with up to a 40 kiloton yield). At the peak of the program there were over 200 Nike "batteries" in the Continental US (plus over a hundred more protecting strategic locations outside the US). Advances in ICBM technology, coupled with the ABM treaty, eventually put an end to the domestic Nike program, with most of the sites de-commissioned and quickly consumed by suburban sprawl. A few sites have been preserved, however, and I recently visited "SF88L" in Ft. Barry, just across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco in the Marin headlands. Click on the thumbnails for larger versions of the photos.
SF88L is now under the control of the National Park Service (so don't mess with them), and, thanks to a team of volunteers (many of whom are Nike veterans), is open for guided tours for a few hours each month (as of this writing, the first Sunday of the month, 12:30-3:30pm, but check the web sites below before heading out). See www.nikemissile.net/, www.nikemissile.org/, ed-thelen.org/, and www.atomictourist.com/nike.htm for details on the site and the history of the Nike program generally. Considering its proximity to San Francisco the area is surprisingly remote and rural. (To get there from the highway you go through a neat little single lane tunnel that alternates direction every five minutes.)
The site is a must-see for the Bay-area hacker tourist -- a visit richly repays the advance planning needed to accomodate its somewhat out-of-the-way location and limited schedule. It is remarkably well-preserved, with at least four full, JATO-equipped Nike missiles (un-fueled and sans warheads, we're repeatedly assured), two underground "magazines" with launch platforms, launch and radar control trailers, a radar station (originally a few miles away, line of site), and display cases with assorted artifacts.
See www.crypto.com/photos/misc/sf88l/ for more.
Kul Bahdur Phagamay is an owner of a store in Darbang, Nepal.
Project Result:
Nepal: Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project (DRILP) - Loan 2092 (2010)
Helping Women and Building Infrastructure in Nepal
Read more on:
An aerial shows the contrast between forest and agricultural landscapes near Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
Photo by Kate Evans/CIFOR
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Bugal Shrestha works in his vegetable farm in Thade, Nepal. The Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project was designed to reduce rural poverty and to increase access to economic opportunities and social services.
Project Result:
Nepal: Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project (DRILP) - Loan 2092 (2010)
Helping Women and Building Infrastructure in Nepal
Read more on:
Hellenic Air Force F-16 Demo Team “Zeus” during its flying demonstration in Athens Flying Week 2018.
The Aircraft is an F-16C Blk 52+ from 340 Squadron “Fox”, stationed in 115 Combat Wing in Souda Air Force Base.
Demo Pilot: Major (Air Force) Dimitrios Volakakis.
"Mystras or Mistras (Greek: Μυστρᾶς/Μιστρᾶς), also known as Myzithras (Μυζηθρᾶς) in the Chronicle of the Morea, is a fortified town and a former municipality in Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece. Situated on Mt. Taygetos, near ancient Sparta, it served as the capital of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in the 14th and 15th centuries, experiencing a period of prosperity and cultural flowering. The site remained inhabited throughout the Ottoman period, when it was mistaken by Western travellers for ancient Sparta. In the 1830s, it was abandoned and the new town of Sparti was built, approximately eight kilometres to the east."
Source: Wikipedia
Sanfo Karim is 34 years old. He started his field thanks to a motorpump that allows him to irrigate. He grows bananas, cabbage, lettuce, potatoes and onions. His wife sells their produce at market while he is in the field.
Photo by Ollivier Girard/CIFOR
Find out more:
Twitter: @GLForum and #GLFCOP19
Facebook.com/GlobalLandscapesForum
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Before the 1920s, the bourbon industry thrived on the section of Main Street called "Whiskey Row." Prohibition, and the decentralization of the industry from downtown, led to a prolonged period of declined for the area. In 2011, most of the block was scheduled for demolition. However, the City of Louisville, along with private groups, developed plans to restore the buildings. In 2015, the area was undergoing restoration. The facades of some buildings in the 100 block of Main Street were preserved. Plans were to construct housing, retail and restaurant space behind them. However, in July 2015 a major fire gutted about half the buildings on the block. The restoration continued. Whiskey Row is located in the Whiskey Row Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
To view my 2015 photograph of the street go to: flic.kr/p/Cqjnrm or go to my album "City- Louisville to view other photographs of the street.
"Mystras or Mistras (Greek: Μυστρᾶς/Μιστρᾶς), also known as Myzithras (Μυζηθρᾶς) in the Chronicle of the Morea, is a fortified town and a former municipality in Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece. Situated on Mt. Taygetos, near ancient Sparta, it served as the capital of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in the 14th and 15th centuries, experiencing a period of prosperity and cultural flowering. The site remained inhabited throughout the Ottoman period, when it was mistaken by Western travellers for ancient Sparta. In the 1830s, it was abandoned and the new town of Sparti was built, approximately eight kilometres to the east."
Source: Wikipedia
Brazil nut processing, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.
For more on the lives of Brazil nut harvesters, see this video: www.blog.cifor.org/16627/snakes-thieves-and-falling-nuts-...
Photo by Marco Simola/CIFOR
For more information on CIFOR's research on Brazil nuts in Peru, please contact Manuel Guariguata (mailto:m.guariguata@cgiar.org)
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
An aerial shot shows the contrast between the forest and agricultural landscapes near Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
Photo by Kate Evans/CIFOR
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Scenic view of the Myagdi river along the Beni-Darbang road in Nepal.
Project Result:
Nepal: Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project (DRILP) - Loan 2092 (2010)
Helping Women and Building Infrastructure in Nepal
Read more on:
Hellenic Air Force F-16 Demo Team “Zeus” during its flying demonstration in Athens Flying Week 2018.
The Aircraft is an F-16C Blk 52+ from 340 Squadron “Fox”, stationed in 115 Combat Wing in Souda Air Force Base.
Demo Pilot: Captain (Air Force) Georgios Papadakis.
Santorini is one of the Cyclades islands in the Aegean Sea. It was devastated by a volcanic eruption in the 16th century BC, forever shaping its rugged landscape. The whitewashed, cubiform houses of its 2 principal towns, Fira and Oia, cling to cliffs above an underwater caldera (crater). They overlook the sea, small islands to the west and beaches made up of black, red and white lava pebbles.
Akrotiri, a Bronze Age settlement preserved under ash from the eruption, provides a frozen-in-time glimpse into Minoan life. The ruins of Ancient Thera lie on a dramatic bluff that drops to the sea on 3 sides. Fira, the island's commercial heart, has the Archaeological Museum of Thera and boutique shops. It also has a lively bar scene and tavernas serving local grilled seafood and dry white wine, made from the Assyrtiko grape. Oia is famous for sunsets over its old fortress [Santorini Google Travel]
Jean Claude (R) is pictured selling some Kabode Orange Flesh Sweet Potato vines to a neighbour in rural Rwanda. Jean-Claude is a DVM, or a Decentralized Vine Multiplier in rural Rwanda. " I multiply orange-fleshed sweeetpotato quality planting seed, I sell it to local people and other people who can then sell it as part of their livelihoods." Having local vine multipliers is important to communities, like Jean Claude's, as they no longer have to travel great distanced to purchase quality OFSP vine. "Previously, farmers used to grow sweetpotato varieties that were not productive and prone to diseases. But now, with OFSP DVMs, they multiply good quality planting seed free from disease, with high yields," he says. Jean Claude is also able to offer casual work to his neighbors, who also benefit from this versatile crop.
Learn more about the visit here
Photo by: Hugh Rutherford for CIP
A lot of people give the printing press and it's dominance of the flow of information of the era credit for the birth of our republic.
It's been a tool in the struggle for freedom and justice since it was invented.
The printing press democratized and it decentralized the distribution of information.
It was a potent tool in the right hands.
Dynasties and dictators fell... and 'democracies' were born.
It really came to change the game forever.
All because information was available to the masses.
Iron Fist had risen to power in the printing press era.
At the end of it really.
I completely respected him as an adversary throughout this whole thing... but his 'playbook' was probably written on a mimeograph machine.
You remember those funny blue copies you used to get in school?
The ones you'd sniff?
Thanks to The Mole I pretty much had a copy of Iron Fist's playbook.
Having 'the playbook' helped me to understand my adversary in a much better way.
But Iron Fist didn't understand this thing called the 'internet.'
He'd told The Mole that when they had breakfast.
'I can't believe that anyone can just get on there and say things' he complained.
His real complaint was that he had no control over it.
I did.
I knew where this battle would be fought from the beginning.
And Sun Tzu told me how to win it.
Secretly I became the editor for a local Deadwood website called 'topix.com.'
It was a community forum and as editor I had control over the news articles that were placed there.
I also became an editor for a few other sites.
I even started a website of my own just to capture the IP addresses of the players in this game.
I learned how search engines worked and how I could use them to advantage.
I'd taken the 'high ground' before Iron Fist and his crew'd even known where the battle would take place.
In the beginning I was just one pissed off guy workin' it all out by myself... but using the magic of the internet I found ways to hit 'Goliath' from every angle.
And I was able to gain a lot of real support and enlist other people to fight for the cause.
In the 'Art of War' Sun Tzu said that if you don't have a big army you gotta drag branches behind your chariots so you make more dust so your enemy THINKS you've got a bigger army than you do... when you make campfires at night... you make a lot more than you need... so it looks like you're a lot more powerful.
Scares the shit out of them.
The internet did that for me.
I was highlighting passages from the Art of War... a book more than a thousand years old... and I was applying them to this new technology that was completely foreign to my enemy.
It would allow me to become the master of the battlefield.
They never figured it out for the most part.
Sometimes I wanted them to...
Like the time I found the website called 'churchsigngenerator.com' where you could make church signs say anything you want.
I would manufacture photographs of church signs that were critical of the administration and what they'd done to my family.
Then I'd post those pictures on the web.
Iron Fist's crew thought I had all of this 'support' from different churches.
No politician wants to be on the wrong side of the church people.
The day before the trial I let it slip out... that the signs were bogus... and man did they cry foul.
They told me with their own church sign.
I kept 'em running in circles there... and it was a good arena to test out strategies... do psyops and throw dirt to see what stuck... to see what made ripples and to see what made waves.
Right before major events would transpire... events that I'd been tipped off about... I'd predict them... or taunt them about it... especially when someone was about to be taken down.
I always signed those posts 'The Hunter.'
And after a while, when The Hunter said something was gonna go down, they knew it was.
Sometimes 'The Hunter' even knew tommorow's headlines today.
'He' was just another piece on this chessboard where this all played itself out.
I really owe the internet a lot.
Without it I'd probably never have been able to get the story to the print, radio and television media.
It was on the Topix site I edited that the dime got dropped about the water in a cryptic posting that I knew was some really hot information.
All the post said was 'is it just me or does the water in Deadwood taste like it's half well water, half city water?'
The second I'd read it I knew it was the bomb.
It was the bomb diggity alright.
Nuclear style.
And somebody I'll probably never know handed it right to me.
Without me even askin'.
I'd heard rumblings about the secret use of the well months before...
but I thought maybe they were just rumors.
That posting struck me as a confirmation of the rumors that I'd heard.
I picked up that dime and I made a few phone calls myself to the right people.
That's when I decided to go have a look-see at the well.
Santorini is one of the Cyclades islands in the Aegean Sea. It was devastated by a volcanic eruption in the 16th century BC, forever shaping its rugged landscape. The whitewashed, cubiform houses of its 2 principal towns, Fira and Oia, cling to cliffs above an underwater caldera (crater). They overlook the sea, small islands to the west and beaches made up of black, red and white lava pebbles.
Akrotiri, a Bronze Age settlement preserved under ash from the eruption, provides a frozen-in-time glimpse into Minoan life. The ruins of Ancient Thera lie on a dramatic bluff that drops to the sea on 3 sides. Fira, the island's commercial heart, has the Archaeological Museum of Thera and boutique shops. It also has a lively bar scene and tavernas serving local grilled seafood and dry white wine, made from the Assyrtiko grape. Oia is famous for sunsets over its old fortress [Santorini Google Travel]
Anamnagar -32 Kathmandu Nepal
Phone: 4246351, 4232340
www.polyclinic.com.np | contact@polyclinic.com.np
This brief introduction is to appraise the honoured general public, Lions members cooperatives and corporate sectors about a Community Hospital which has a cherished goal to provide efficient and qualitative medical services in a sustained way.
Institutional Background:
The Anaamnagar Polyclinic and Community Hospital (ANPCH), a private hospital was established in 2000 A.D (2057 B.C). It has introduced the services of highly qualified, experienced, competent as well as dedicated young professionals to implement as institutional health service provider. After achieving a great success in the past, we have come forward to see and venture in an expansive way in this field. The Hospital believes that quality health service is possible even by the private sector, so we firmly aware that the spirit of achievement drives us towards another success.
The central thrust of ANPCH is social awareness, strengthening institutional capacities through the process of various stackholders. It gives priority to those grass root levels and implementation of which would directly benefit to a large section of general public in health sector.
Vision:
ANPCH shall take care on the overall matters which will directly have impacts on health, private sector quality, speed and efficiency, decentralization, innovation and entrepreneurship and long-term commitment to the people in this sector. We serve in particular the sectoral areas of concentration to product medical manpower as required to our nation.
Mission:
To establish 50 beded hospital and health institution like: Nursing college and other technical & health institution within three years This organization is planning to oprate the medical collage and to provide innovative & quality health services systems. Our mission is not a task to be carried out by ourselves only but it’s a dream that we have dared to share therefore, we appeal every supporting line agencies and stackholders to work together to succeed this mission.
Goal:
The overarching goal of ANPCH is to empower woman, children and other sections of our society. It is working with local stackholders and concernd line agencies abroad through the creative collaborations and meaningful partnership
Objectives
To provide qualitative health service and to produce medical human resources.
Strategic Priorities:
ANPCH will extend facilities to all the sectors of society not only within the boundary of our country but across its’ border. It will lend its expertise to the government and non government agencies whenever it is required in order to strengthen the commitment and deliverance of the said agencies.
We have various projects, such as established Nursing collage, health institution, health research foundation and to establish medical collage within three years is offing. Our strategic priorities will be to provide local community based health services with an excellent quality.
Tentative estimated cost to established 50 beded Hospital.
1. Hospital furniture and accessory 20,00000.00
2. Equipment for OT1,20,00000.00
3. ICU and CCU60,00000.00
4. Operating cost and house rent ( Annual )24,00000.00
5. Administrative cost ( Annual )30,00000.00
Grand Total NRS. 2,54,00000.00
Budget resources to establish 50 beded hospital.
1.50 percent of total project cost will be invested by founder chairperson.
2.50 percent of total project cost shall be covered by the issuance of shares of the hospital or loan to be borrowed by financial institution .
Present Income of hospital.
Details LIST OF HOSPITAL CHARGE
OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT FEES
SERVICEPRICE (Rs)
Free check up (Every Saturday)20 (only registration charge)
General check up by Medical Officer100 including
Check up by Consultant250 “ with TDS
EMERGENCY & GENERAL SURGICAL PROCEDURE
SERVICEPRICE (Rs)
Emergency Consultant Fee150 including 5%
Observation on Emergency250 “
Wound Dressing-N/ Doc/ Con50/100/250 “
Special Dressing by Doctor300 “
Suture50 per stitch “
Suture removal- N/ Doc/ Con25/50/100 “
Injection charge10 “
Catherization150 “
Enema 200 “
Blood Pressure check up20 “
Diagnostic Aspiration200 “
Gastric Lavage200 “
Oxygen per hour200 “
Nebulisation100 “
Crepe bandage- N/ Doc/ Con100/150/250 “
Normal plaster Intermittent plaster400 “
Intermittent plaster700 “
Plaster1100 “
Plaster removal300 “
ENT Nasal packing by Nurse/ Doctor300/400 “
Ear syringe200 “
I & D- Local400 “
I & D- Anesthesia2000 “
Suprapubic puncture- N/ Doc/ Con500/700/1000 “
FAMILY PLANNING, MATERNITY & GYNAE SURGERY
SERVICEPRICE (Rs)
Norplant Insertion/ Removal1000/500 5% extra
Copper T Insertion/ Removal500/200 “
Tubectomy – GA/LA8000/2000 “
Vasectomy3000 “
Ring Pressary Insertion/ Removal300/200 “
Dilation & Currete- N / Doc /Con2000-3000 “
Normal Delivery- Consultant10000 “
Normal Delivery- Consultant- Nurse & Medical Officer (Package)7000 “
Instrumental Delivery- Consultant (Package)11000 “
Instrumental Delivery- Nurse & Medical Officer (Package)9000 “
MINOR OPERATION
SERVICEPRICE (Rs)
Hernia adult- LA (Doc) (operation charge)6000 “
Hernia adult- GA (Con) (operation charge)9000 “
Hernia child- LA (Doc) (operation charge)5000 “
Hernia child- GA (Con) (operation charge)7000 “
Hydrocele adult- LA (Doc) 5000 “
Hydrocele adult- LA (Doc)7000 “
Hydrocele child- LA4000 “
Hydrocele child- GA6000 “
MDA (Adult block)5000 “
Intermittent ENT surgery7000 “
Intermittent ortho surgery7000 “
L/N Biopsy2500 “
Fistulectomy9000 “
I & D Surgery GA6000 “
Dilate & Curette-A5000 “
I & D- Breast abcess LA3000 “
I & D- Breast abcess GA7000 “
Gall bladder stone10000-12000 “
MAJOR OPERATION
SERVICEPRICE (Rs)
Cessarian Section- N/Con (Operation Charge)10000/13000
Hysterectomy (Operation Charge)15000
Laparectomy Chole- (Operation Charge) 13000/15000
Appendix – N/Con (Operation Charge)10000/13000
Ortho Surgery (Operation Charge)15000
Kidney & Uterine stone (Operation Charge)15000-18000
Laproscopy (Operation Charge)8000
INVESTIGATIONS
SERVICEPRICE (Rs)
X-ray (Normal)180
Special X-ray-KUB200
ECG300
Echocardiogram1200
Audiogram300
Pregnancy test100
Endoscopy (Vedio)1000
Endoscopy (Fiber)700
Endoscopy (Treatment Procedure)1000
Protoscopy200
Clonoscopy1500
Ultra sonogram (Usg)500
HSG (X-ray) by consultant1200
IVU (X-ray) 1500
USG Vascular Study/ Artery1500
ollicular Study1000
BED CHARGES
SERVICEPRICE (Rs)
Single Deluxe Cabin800
Double Deluxe Cabin600
Single Cabin500
Double Cabin300
Semi- General200
Special- General300
Triple Cabin300
Post Operative Room300
Require medical equipments and surgical instruments necessary materials.
1.)Echocardiograph
2.)Generator (Big/Small)
3.)Water Purifier and Treatment Plant
4.)Cardio Monitor
5.)Endoscopy
6.)Emergency Pickup Van / Ambulance
7.)Indoor Beds (General bed – 35, Semi folding – 20) & Deluxe Bed – 10) in Sets
8.)Gyene / Obs (OT Table, OT light, delivery table, suction machine, refrigerator, cupboard, medicine, instruments )
9.) Washing machines, hot water system
10.) Death body room, ground plaster which maintain level from the main road.
11.) Window screen, bed sheets, aprons, pillow cover, pillow, towels etc.
12. Instrument trolleys
13. Dressing Trolley
14. Mayo's Tables
15. Instrument Racks
16. Instrument Cupboards
17. Dressing Drums of different Sizes
18. Ambu Bags with Mask (Pediatric and Adult)
19. Laryngoscopes with 3 Blades (Pediatric and Adult}
20. E.N.T. Tubes of sizes:
(Cuffed from 5 to 3 to 5.5 i.e. 8 sizes);
(Non- Cuffed from 3 to 5.5 i.e. 6 sizes)
i.e. Spinal Sets (3): Kidney Tray (small) 1 Straight Artery Forceps 1, Eye Towel 1, Gauze/ Cotton.
OT Sets
Equipments in the operating theatre:
1. Operating Table. 2. Operating Light. 3. Suction Machine. 4. Cautery Machine.
5. Anesthetic Machine.6.ECG Monitor/patient monitor with SP02 and BP assessment facility.7. Ventilator. 8. Incubator.9. I/V Stands
Anaesthetic Agents/Drugs:
1. Inj. Sodium Thiopentone. 500mg- 2 vials
2. Inj. Scoline.3. In; Pavulone,4. Inj Neostigmine. (5ml)5. Inj Vecuronium.
6. Inj Betaloc.7. Inj Midazolam.8. Inj Ketamine.9. Inj Sensorcaine Heavy.
10. Inj Arropine-11. Inj Adrenaline-12. Inj Perinom13. Inj Phenergan
14. Inj Pethedine(50mg/100mg)15. Inj Fortwin16. Inj Sodaium Bi-carbonate.
17. Inj 2% Xylocaine18- Inj 2% Xylocaine with Adr.19. Inj l%Xylocaine
20. Inj 0.5% Xylocaine21. Inj Xylocard.22. Inj Hydro cortisone
23. Inj Dexamethasone.24. Inj Gentamycin25. Inj.Mephenteramine (Termin)
26. Inj Syntocinon27. Inj Methargin28. Hatochane (250ml.)29. Spinal Needles 23G, 24G, 25G30. ECG Electrodes
31. Other antibiotics as required.
I/V Infusions
1. Dextrose Normal Saline 2. 5% Dextrose 3. Normal Saline 4. 2/3^ Dextrose in 1/3rd Normal Saline 5. Ringers Lactate 6. Haemaccel 7. I/V Sets (Paediatric and Adult)
8. l/V Cannula 16Gto24G. 9. Water for Injection. 10. Syringes 3cc, 5cc, 10cc, 20cc. 50cc. 11. Bladder Irrigation Syringe 12.) Perineal Sheets (3ft x 5ft)
(With 10" x 3" hole at 1/3rd Part)
13.) Eye towel 2ft x 2ft (With 4" hole at 1/3"' place end)
14.) Big Wrapper with tag (4ft" 4ft) (Double Layer)
15.) Wrapper without tag (3ftX 3ft) Inside (Double layer)
16.) Inside Wrapper (30"x 30")
17.) Medium wrappers with tag 3ft x 3ft) (Double layer)
18.) Wrappers for Dressing etc (2ft x 2ft) (Double Layer with tag)
19.) Leggings 20.) Glove Covers
21.)Caps and Masks (for Drs.)
22)Pyjamas and Shirts (for Drs.)
23.)Pyzamas and shins (for Staff)
24.)Caps and Mask (for Start)
25.)Scrub Gowns (green) 4,5ft long
26.)Ordinary Gowns (green)
27.)Patient Gowns (Different from staff) 8.)Hand Towels
28) Drapes 3ftx4ft (single layer)
29.) Laparotomy sheets (8ft x 5ft) (with hole at 1/3rd pan) 1ft x 3”")
30.) Extra towel (single layer)
Suture Materials ( Johnsons and Johnsons)
1. Chr.Catgul 1/2; Circle(RB) No.1 to 4.0.
2. Chr. Catgut3/8th ' circle (Cu) No. 1 to 4.0.
3. Mersilk '/; Circle (RB) No. 1 to 4.0.
4. Mersilk 3/8th Circle (Cu) No.1 to 4.0.
5. Ethilon (RB) Needle No. 1 to 5.0.
6. Ethilon (Cu) Needle No. 1 to 5.0.
7. Protene (RB) Needle No. 1 to 4.0.
8. Prolene (Cu) Needle No. 1 to 4.0.
9. Vicryl (RB) Needle No, 1 to 4.0.
10. Vicryl (Cu) Needle No. 1 to 4.0,
11. Free Needles (RB) 1/2 Circles No. 8 to 14.
12. Free Needles (Cu) 3/8th Circle No. 8 to 14.
13. Mersilk Free Reels No 1, 1.0 and 2.0.
Retractors
Balfour's Self retaining Retractor
Doyen's suprapubic retractor
Morris retractor
Langenback Retractor small/medium
Deavers of sizes( ½’’ to 3’’)
Kellys Rt. Angie Retractor
Mastoid Retractors
Single hook retractors, Skin hooks Retractors
Scissors
Mayo scissors( St.), Mayo Scissors (Curved). Medium Scissors (Sharp and Blunt tip)
Vulsellum
Other/ Extra Instruments
Cusco's Vaginal Specullums Proctoscopes ( 3 Sizes)
Volkmann's curettes(3 Sizes)
B.P. handle No. 3,B.P. handle No. 4,B.P. handle No. 7
Dissecting (Toothed Long) Dissecting (Non-Toothed Long) Cervical Punch Biopsy Forceps,Towel Clips Backhaus,S S Trays (assorted sizes) L, M, S
Buckets 12L, 65L, Bowls (Plastic), Bowls (S S), Dust Bins
LSCS SET
Major set Plus, Green Armytage forceps, Sponge holding forceps, Wriglis Obstetric forceps, Hysterectomy Clamps, Kochers (Long Curved 8" Kochers (Long Straight)
Abdominal Hysterectomy Set
Major set Plus, Hysterectomy Clamps, Vulselluro, Uterine Dressing Forceps, Myomectomy screw
Vaginal Hysterectomy
Major set Plus,Vaginal Speculum (Auvards)
OTHER MATERIALS
Foleys Catheter 12G/4G, I6G, 18G
Urine collecting Bag
3 Way Foly's 18, 20, and 22G.
T Tubes 14G, 16G. 18G
N.G Tubes 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 18G
Chest Drainage Tubes 24,26,28,30G
Plain Caaiheter ( Various Sizes)
Sofi-atole (Vaseline Gauze)
Surgicare Dressing ( 3 Sizes)
Corrugated Rubber Drain
Abgel
Romovac Drain
K.Y. Jelly, Xylocaine 2% Jelly, Leucoplast (Plaster), Elastoplast, Paper Tape (2 Sizes)
POP Plaster( 4" and 6" )
Antiseptics/Chemical gents
Spirit, Savlon, Betadine Scrub (500ml), Betadine Lotion (500ml), Virex, Formaline Tab lets
Formaline Solution cone.Cotton,Gauze Than
Contact Person :
Bhakta Bahadur KC (Chairman)
Anamnagar Polyclinic & Community Hospital
House No. 745, Anamnagar-32
GPO Box. 8978 CPC 90
Kathmandu, Nepal
contact@polyclinic.com.np www.polyclinic.com.np
Phone 977-1-4256351, 977-1-4232340, Fax 977-1-4219221
.
ACTION WEEKS AGAINST GENTRIFICATION
06.06.-21.06.2009 in Berlin
Concept
Wie letztes Jahr sollen die Action Weeks wieder nach dem Grundsatz DIY (Do It Yourself) ablaufen. Dies bedeutet, dass ihr für das gelingen der Action Weeks verantwortlich seid. Wir planen keine Aktionen, die Aufgabe Protest gegen kapitalistische Stadtumstrukturierung sichtbar zu machen, übergeben wir an euch. Organisiert euch, macht kreative Aktionen, bietet Workshops an, bleibt spontan und unberechenbar! Das DIY Konzept geht Hand in Hand mit der dezentralen Ausrichtung der Action Weeks. Nutzt die große Fläche die Berlin euch bietet und macht euch so schwerer angreifbarer für den Repressionsapparat. Dabei ist die aktionistische Ebene euch überlassen. Direkte Aktionen sind genauso willkommen wie lockere Info- oder Vernetzungsveranstaltungen in Parks oder Mieterläden. Critical Mass und theorielastige Workshops schließen sich nicht aus! Wir freuen uns auf einen vielfältiger Protest! Dafür stellen wir die Infrastruktur mit Radio, Infopunkt, EA, Prisoner Support, Website, Ticker, Vokü etc… Den Rest überlassen wir in gespannter Erwartung euch!
###
This year we also organized the Action Weeks following the DIY (Do it yourself) concept. It means that we dont plan any direct action. Bringing the creative protest against capitalist restructuring of the city to the streets is your part. Organize yourself, plan direct action, offer workshops, stay spontanious and therefor hard to repress. DIY also requires a decentralized form of protest. Use all the space Berlin is offering and make the action weeks an unpredictable event. On what level you get involved or protest is completely your choice. We want a broad protest where direct action, critical mass, workshops on theory, net-working sessions in the neighbourhood don‘t contradict but support and foster each other! To make this all work and to ensure a minimum level of organization we will provide the basic infrastructure with places to sleep, radio, website, ticker, infopoint etc…The rest is up to you!
This is our City! Lets take it back!
###
Tout comme l‘ an dernier lors des „Action days“, ces Action Weeks -semaines d‘action contre la gentrification- se déroulent en D.I.Y. (Do It Yourself-Fais-le toi-meme). Ce qui veux dire que nous ne planifions aucune action directe. C‘est à chacun d‘initier dans la rue des actions créatives contre la restucturation capitaliste de la ville. Organise-toi, imagine des actions diectes, propose des ateliers, reste spontané, et donc difficile à réprimer. Le D.I.Y. requiert aussi une forme décentralisée de protestation. (si si, ca se dit) Utilise tout l‘ espace qu‘offre Berlin, et fait des actionweeks un évènement imprévisible. A quel point tu veux y prendre part, et comment, c‘est toi qui vois.
On souhaite une protestation multiple, diversifiée, ou les actions directes sont tout autant bienvenues que les ateliers de discussion, rencontres connectant individus et projets, de manifs/blocages à vélo type „Critical mass“, etc , et que ces différentes actions ne se contredisent pas, mais se soutiennent et se fécondent mutuellement! Et pour que ca marche, les participants pourrons béneficier d‘une infrastructure basique: endroits où dormir, radio, sites internet, points info ou infokiosques, legal team, soutient aux prisoniers, page web actualisée sur les actions en cours, cuisines autogérées (Vokü), etc… Pour tout le reste, à toi de jouer!
actiondays.blogsport.de/concept
-------------
Action Days 2009 Mobi Video
This year we also organized the Action Weeks following the DIY (Do it yourself) concept. It means that we dont plan any direct action. Bringing the creative protest against capitalist restructuring of the city to the streets is your part. Organize yourself, plan direct action, offer workshops, stay spontanious and therefor hard to repress. DIY also requires a decentralized form of protest. Use all the space Berlin is offering and make the action weeks an unpredictable event. On what level you get involved or protest is completely your choice. We want a broad protest where direct action, critical mass, workshops on theory, net-working sessions in the neighbourhood don‘t contradict but support and foster each other! To make this all work and to ensure a minimum level of organization we will provide the basic infrastructure with places to sleep, radio, website, ticker, infopoint etc…The rest is up to you!
This is our City! Lets take it back!
www.liveleak.com/view?i=d04_1240858834
-------------
Aufruf [pdf] / Call: wba.blogsport.de/images/aufruf_actionweeks_2009.pdf
Freiraum-ActionWeeks in Berlin im Juni 2009
Die Liste der Freiräume, die in Berlin akut von der Gentrifizierung bedroht sind, bleibt unverändert lang. Nach wie vor sind in Berlin um die zehn Projekte mehr oder weniger gefährdet. Von spektakulären Einzelerfolgen wie der Besetzung des Bethaniens oder der Rettung der Köpi letztes Jahr abgesehen ist die Situation also konstant scheiße. Jeder verlorene Freiraum ist ein schwer zu ersetzender Verlust und jede Räumung muss verhindert werden.
Das Erkämpfen neuer Freiräume war in den letzten Jahren selten erfolgreich. Dabei gibt es in Berlin weiterhin viele leer stehende Häuser und Flächen, die auf ihre Besetzung warten. Und jede Besetzung ist ein weiteres Sandkorn im Getriebe der kapitalistischen Aufwertung der Stadt.
Die letzten Action Days haben das Thema Freiräume und Stadtaufwertung der radikalen Linken sowie breiten Öffentlichkeit schlagkräftig ins Bewusstsein gerufen. Das dezentrale „Do It Yourself“-Konzept ging auf und ließ die staatlichen Repressionsorgane ohnmächtig dastehen. Durch viele unberechenbare und spontane Aktionen wurde den Bullen kaum Angriffsfläche geboten. Ein Polizeisprecher verkündete öffentlich: „Die Autonomen wissen, dass sie ob unserer Personalsituation den längeren Atem haben.“ – Wir bedanken uns für diesen strategischen Hinweis und wissen ihn zu berücksichtigen.
Deshalb rufen wir die ActionWeeks 2009 in Berlin aus!
Es gibt auch dieses Jahr viel zu erkämpfen. Die aktuellen Freiräume müssen erhalten bleiben, neue Freiräume müssen geschaffen werden, die allgegenwärtige Stadtaufwertung muss auch weiterhin mit vielfältigen Mitteln bekämpft werden. Wir reihen uns damit ein in die immer größer werdende Bewegung gegen die Privatisierung und Kapitalisierung Berlins und anderer Städte.
Zum Abschluss des zweiwöchigen Ausnahmezustands rufen wir zur öffentlichen Massenbesetzung der neuen Freifläche des ehemaligen Flughafens Tempelhof auf. Wir laden euch ein, vom 06.06. bis 21.06. nach Berlin zu kommen:
Do It Yourself – But Do It Together
Besetzt Häuser und Plätze
Verhindert Räumungen
Stört die neoliberale Ordnung
Holt euch die Stadt zurück
Und wie immer, Kapitalismus angreifen
Wir Bleiben Alle!
ActionWeeks 2009 in Berlin vom 06.06. bis 21.06.
Infos, Orga, Pennplätze, etc.: actiondays.blogsport.de
Wir Bleiben Alle! – Kampagne: wba.blogsport.de/
Verbreite diesen Aufruf! Übersetzungen bitte an wba-internet [ät] riseup.net
actiondays.blogsport.de/concept/
- * -
Timetable
(Kursiv sind Veranstaltungen markiert zu denen wir mit hin mobiliseren, die aber nicht direkt Teil der Action Weeks sind.
Cursive events are not really part of the Action Weeks, but we still want people to consider the event, because we support the ideas.)
Einen schöneren Zeitplan gibt es hier (Stand 05.06.): [pdf]
actiondays.blogsport.de/images/Zeitplan1.3..pdf
Timetable mit allen Terminen ab dem 12.6. als Word-Datei: [doc]
actiondays.blogsport.de/workshops/
Website der Theorie AG mit Beschreibungen, Flyern und sonstigen Infos: [link]
stadtraum.spacequadrat.de/dwiki/doku.php
English Timetable: [pdf]
actiondays.blogsport.de/images/TimetableEnglish_01.pdf
Sa / Sat, June 6th
15h, Potsdam Hauptbahnhof: Freiraumdemo [Link]
So / Sun, June 7th
12h, KÖPI: Brunch
15h, KÖPI: Auftakt VV
Mo, June 8th
15h, KÖPI: Metallworkshop
15h, Flughafen Schönefeld: Kundgebung gegen Massenabschiebung!
Am Montag dem 08. Juni findet die größte Abschiebung seit Jahren statt. Aus diesem Grund geht es vormittags zum Flughafen Tegel und um 15h zu einer Kundgebung nach Schönefeld. Es wird dazu aufgerufen, dezentrale Aktionen zu machen, sich am Prostest zu beteiligen und natürlich viele Menschen mitzubringen!
Weitere Infos gibts hier…
18h, Rigaer 105: Internet Security
20h Kadterschmiede: Infoveranstaltung
Soziale Kämpfe und Repression in Frankreich“. In Frankreich eskalieren Bildungsproteste, der Staat überzieht Squats und Einzelperonen mit Terrorismusverfahren. Bei einer Exploson starb eine Aktivistin. In Straßbourg sitzen
noch Gefangene vom NATO-Treffen, immer wieder Konfrontationen in den Vororten. Infos wie das alles zusammenhängt und zur aktuellen Situation gibts auf dieser Veranstaltung. Eintritt frei.
Die/Tue, June 9th
9h, Landgericht Littenstr 14: Kundgebung für Liebig 14
In 4 Prozessen der zweiten Instanz wird über die Rechtmässigkeit der Kuendigungen entschieden, der Prozess findet im 3.OG in Raum 3810 Landgericht Littenstr.14.
15h, KÖPI: Metallworkshop
16h, Kadterschmiede: Verstecktes Theater
18h, Ort folgt: Squat Tempelhof Antirep
19h, Heilehaus: Out of Action Gesprächsangebot
19.30h, XB Liebig: Vokü/Videos
(Video-)Beam in die Vergangenheit autonomer Proteste. Anlauf- und
Verschnaufpunkt für Aktivist_innen im Rahmen der Action Weeks.
Austauschen, vernetzen, planen, essen, chillen… daneben.info
20h, Rigaer 105: Repressions-WS:
Muster repressiver Gewalt im Raum/ Selbst-und Fremdschutz“
Kommt es auf Demonstrationen oder öffentlichen Versammlungen zu repressiven Situationen, gilt es, sich und sein näheres Umfeld -nicht nur vor physischem Schaden- zu schützen. Überträgt sich dieser Impuls auf mehrere Personen, entstehen oft „eingespielte“ Interaktionsmuster im Raum. Diese im eigenen Sinne erkennen, vermeidet Blessuren…
Mi/Wed, June 10th
15h, KÖPI: Metallworkshop
16h, Kadterschmiede: Stencil & Ad-Busting Workshop
17h, Brunnen 6+7: Basteln gegen Gentrifizierung
17h, Frauenknast Pankow (Arkonastr. 56 in Berlin-Pankow – S/U-Bhf. Pankow): Kundgebung in Solidarität mit Alex
Am 20. Mai 2009 wurde die Antifaschistin Alexandra R. auf einerKundgebung verhaftet. Laut Aussagen von Zivilbeamten soll sie beobachtet worden sein, wie sie versucht haben soll, ein Auto anzuzünden. Zwei Tage vorher war sie wegen „nicht dringenden Tatverdachts“ (wegen des selben Tatvorwurfs) freigelassen worden. Dies erzeugte in der Boulevardpresse einen Aufschrei der Empörung. Die „Hassbrennerin“, wie sie der Berliner Kurier in diffamierender Weise nannte, „solle gefälligst weggesperrt werden“. Schnell wird deutlich, dass Polizei und Presse unter dem Druck stehen, einen Sündenbock für die mittlerweile fast zweijährige Welle an PWK-Brandanschlägen vorzuführen. Wir lassen Alex nicht allein und fordern: „Freiheit für Alex und alle anderen Gefangenen!“.
18h, XB Liebig: Anti Sexismus
20h, New Yorck im Bethanien: EA/Rechtshilfe
Do/Thur, June 11th
16.30h, RAW: Demo
Wir wollen, wo wir wohnen
Für eine Entwicklung des Revaler Vierecks mit den AnwohnerInnen und NutzerInnen!!!
Wer gestaltet die Stadt, wenn nicht die, die darin leben???
Dazu rufen der RAW-tempel eV und Zirkus Zack für eine lustige und bunte Kiezdemo mit vielen Kindern auf!
Donnerstag 11. Juni, 16.30 Uhr, Revaler Strasse, Tor 2, eine Runde durch den Kiez
Anschließend wieder ‚Neues vom Garagendach’ am Tor 2 18:30-19:30
NachbarInnen, kommt vorbei und mischt Euch ein!
Englisch:
We want, where we live
We claim a development of Revaler Viereck with participation of the neighbourhood and the projects on RAW!!!
Who designs the city, if not the inhabitants???
RAW-tempel eV and Zirkus Zack call for a colourful and humorous demo through the quarter with many kids!
Thursday, June 11th, 4:30 p.m., Revaler Str. 99, gate 2
Afterwards like every Thursday ‘News from the Garage Roof’ at gate 2, 6:30-7:30 p.m.
Neighbours come along and participate!
17h, S+U Tempelhof: Fahrraderkundung
19 Uhr, Humboldt-Uni | Seminargebäude am Hegelplatz Dorotheenstr. 24 | Raum 1.101 (s.u.): AK-Hopo, Perspektiven des Bildungsstreiks:
Mit der Aktionswoche “Bildungsstreik 2009” vom 15. bis 19.6. werden Studierende gemeinsam mit SchülerInnen, Auszubildenden, Lehrpersonal und Hochschulbeschäftigten ihren Widerstand gegen die neoliberale Zurichtung des Bildungssystems zum Ausdruck bringen. In der Veranstaltung sollen die Perspektiven des Bildungsstreiks diskutiert werden: Wie lässt sich der Widerstand gegen die Krise der Bildungsinstitutionen verbreitern? Wie lassen sich Forderungen und Alternativen für ein sozial gerechtes und demokratisches Bildungssystem realisieren? Wo liegen Anknüpfungspunkte für Bündnisse mit anderen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen (Beschäftigte, Erwerbslose, sozialen Bewegungen etc.)? In welchem Verhältnis stehen der Bildungsstreik und die Proteste gegen die herrschende Krisenpolitik?
19.30h, New Yorck im Bethanien: Anti Räumungs Vollversammlung
Die Brunnen183 soll am 18.6. geräumt werden. Das finden wir scheiße. Um Widerstand zu koordinieren und letzte Infos zu verteilen, findet diese VV statt. Nicht abgesprochene dezentrale Protestaktionen sind natürlich trotzdem gern gesehen!
20h, Bunten Kuh (Bernkastelerstr. 78 in Berlin-Weissensee – Tram 12, 24 Rennbahnstr.): Antirepressions-Infoveranstaltung.
Der EA (Ermittlungsausschuss) lädt ein, um anhand der letzten Ereignisse (1. Mai u.a.) praktische Tips im Umgang mit Staat und Repression zu vermitteln und eure Fragen zu beantworten.
21h, Subversiv: Film und Punkrocktresen
Passend zu den Action Weeks gibt es im Rahmen der wöchentlichen Kneipe im
Sub einen Film über die Räumung des Ungdomshuset in Kopenhagen und danach
Punk aus der Konserve und Getränke am Tresen.
As we have action weeks this week’s bar night at Subversiv will show a
movie about the eviction of Ungdomshuset in Copenhagen followed by hanging
out at the bar listening to punk.
Fri, June 12th
16h, Kottbusser Brücke:
Fahrrad-Demo gegen MediaSpree, steigende Mieten, Luxus für wenige und Verdrängung für viele, und den ganzen Stadtumstrukturierungsscheiß [link]
17h, JVA Plötzensee (Nähe S-Bhf. Beusselstrasse): Knastkundgebung für 1.-Mai-Gefangene
Seit dem 1. Mai 2009 sitzen etliche junge Leute in Berliner Knästen. Ihnen wird die Beteiligung während und nach der revolutionären 1.-Mai-Demonstration in Berlin-Kreuzberg vorgeworfen. Die Vorwürfe sind teilweise sehr hart, u.a. „schwerer Landfriedensbruch“ bis hin zu „versuchtem Mord“. Der Revolutionäre 1. Mai 2009 zog wieder mehrere Tausend Menschen auf die Straße, die ihren Unmut gegen Kapitalismus und Krieg lautstark äußerten. Einige müssen nun dafür sitzen.
18h, KÖPI: Start des Vernetzungswochenendes
Inoffizieller Start des Vernetzungswochenendes der Projekte Willkommensrunde/ kurze Projektvorstellung, Vorschlag des Zeitplans, Bierchen trinken, VOKÜ
19h, Yaam: „Dein Kiez außer Kontrolle“ Konzert/Infoveranstaltung [link]
21h, Schnarup-Thumby: Squat Tempelhof Infotresen
Sa / Sat, June 13th
10h – 13.30h und 18h – 22h, KÖPI: Vernetzungstreffen
--> 10h Brunch
--> 11h Auftakt VV des Vernetzungstreffen der Projekte: Vorstellungsrunde, Idee des Treffens, Zeitplan
--> 12h Diskussionsrunde zum Thema Freiräume und Utopie versus Realität
--> 13h selbstorganisierte Projekte -ismen und Umgang mit Grenzüberschreitungen
13.30h – 21h, SfE (Gneisenaustrasse 2a)
Workshops im Rahmen der Action Weeks Im Rahmen der Aktionswochen vom 6. bis zum 20. Juni werden verschiedene Workshops organisiert und angeboten.
Wir betrachten das Konfliktfeld Stadtraum als Klammer für unterschiedliche soziale Kämpfe. Die Analyse der Prozesse und Konflikte im Kontext der kapitalistischen Stadterneuerungspolitik wirft Fragen auf über Verwertungslogiken im Stadtraum, dem Ablauf von Aufwertungsprozessen, Konzepten der Stadt-und Sicherheitspolitik und konstruktiver Kritik an Freiräumen.
Durch Analyse, Kritik und Utopien sollen die Veranstaltungen den Aktionswochen einen theoretischen Hintergrund bieten und die überregionale Vernetzung fördern.
Samstag 13.06. von 14-22 Uhr in der SfE, Gneisenaustr. 2a:
Workshoptag mit David Harvey, André Holm, Volker Eick, Paul Martin Richter (Mediaspree versenken!), Sigmar Gude (TOPOS)
Programm als Flyer: [pdf]
14h, S Bhf Adlershof: Demo zum Abschiebeknast in Grünau [link]
19.30h, KÖPI: Autonome VV
So / Sun, June 14th
10h – 16h, KÖPI: Vernetzungswochenende
--> 12h Kleingruppendiskussion: besetzen, mieten, kaufen, sanieren, bauen und finanzieren
--> 13h Vorstellung der in Gründung und bedrohten Projekten, Besetzungs-, Antiräumungsstrategien, Kampanien und Möglichkeiten der Unterstützung
--> 15h Vokü-Food for Action
--> 16h Abschluss VV
13h, Görlitzer Park: Umsonstflohmarkt
14h, Görlitzer Park: Aktionstraining von Squat Tempelhof
15h, Mehringdamm Ecke Gneisenaustrasse: Demo
Soli-Demo zur mexikanischen Botschaft. Am 14.6. jährt sich zum dritten Mal der Beginn des Aufstands von Oaxaca (Mexico). Wir gedenken der Opfer der Repression, die zur vorläufigen Niederschlagung des Aufstands führte, fordern die Freilassung der politischen Gefangenen, aber erinnern auch daran, dass die APPO noch nicht geschlagen ist und wir weiter solidarisch sind, mit der libertären Bewegung in Oaxaca. (AB Oaxaca rebelde)
18h, KÖPI: Kopenhagen nach der Räumung 2007
20h, Kommandatur AKZ KÖPI: AKTIONISTISCHE SIEBDRUCKEREI (Workshopangebot Plakat + Textildruck)
juhu wir machen unsere eigenen Shirts, Flyer, Flaggen, Schablonen…..
bringt Eure Entwürfe / Ideen mit
(+ zwar am Besten schwarz gedruckt auf Transparentpapier)
-Rückfragen / Anmeldungen + wat sonst noch:
kommandatur@koepi137.net
[ACTION!-Silkscreenworkshop 20 to 24 o`clock; poster and textile….. bring your own ideas!
(the best black and white on transparent paper)
questions: kommandatur@koepi137.net]
Mo, June 15th
10h – open end, Brunnen183: Bau – Action
15h, KÖPI: Metallworkshop für angewandten Widerstand
16h, RAW: Workshop zur Projektentwicklung
„Wie komme ich von der Idee zum realen Projekt?“
Im Rahmen des Workshops wollen wir Ansätze zur Beantwortung dieser Frage gemeinsam entwickeln. Von der grundsätzlichen Definition eines Projektes, über seine Ausgestaltung und Entwicklung, bis hin zu Möglichkeiten der Finanzierung und Umsetzung, werden die wesentlichen Arbeitsschritte kurz umrissen. Aktuelle Ideen oder Projektvorschläge der TeilnehmerInnen sind willkommen und werden nach Möglichkeit aufgegriffen.
Anzahl TeilnehmerInnen: maximal ca. 20 Personen
Durchführung: Andrea Taha
18h, Rigaer 105: Internet Security
19.30h, Herzbergstr. 32: Squat Tempelhof Infoveranstaltung
Die / Tue, June 16th
15h, KÖPI: Metallworkshop für angewandten Widerstand
16h, Kadterschmiede: Verstecktes Theater
19h, Heilehaus: Out of Action Gesprächsangebot
19.30, SfE: Squat Tempelhof Infoveranstaltung
20h, Kommandatur AKZ KÖPI: AKTIONISTISCHE SIEBDRUCKEREI (Workshopangebot Plakat + Textildruck)
juhu wir machen unsere eigenen Shirts, Flyer, Flaggen, Schablonen…..
bringt Eure Entwürfe / Ideen mit
(+ zwar am Besten schwarz gedruckt auf Transparentpapier)
-Rückfragen / Anmeldungen + wat sonst noch:
kommandatur@koepi137.net
[ACTION!-Silkscreenworkshop 20 to 24 o`clock; poster and textile….. bring your own ideas!
(the best black and white on transparent paper)
questions: kommandatur@koepi137.net]
Mi / Wed, June 17th
12h, Alexanderplatz: Schulstreik Demo
15h, KÖPI: Metallworkshop für angewandten Widerstand
16h, Kadterschmiede: Stencil & Ad Busting
18h, XB Liebig: Antisexismus
20 Uhr, Rigaer 105: WBA Theorie AG, Management of Public Spaces am Beispiel Tempelhof:
In Berlin werden öffentliche Räume immer weiter umdefiniert. Kommerzialisierung, Überwachung, Konsumzwang, Sicherheitsdienste, glatte und stromlinienförmige Gebäude- und Parkstruturen lassen wenig Freiheiten. Tempelhof ist in diesem Zusammenhang als Paradebeispiel zu sehen. Erst wenn der Zugang und die Nutzung des Geländes kontrollierbar ist, wird der Zaun aufgemacht. Solche Politiken sind nicht dafür geeignet nachhaltige Regelungen für öffentliche Räume zu schaffen und gefährden den Einschluss von großen Bevölkerungsteilen, da ihr Interesse als nicht legitim gilt. Das Resultat wären angstvolle statt einschließende öffentliche Räume. In 2h wollen wir mit euch über diese Tendenzen und Gegenstrategien sprechen.
Do / Thur, June 18th
7h, Brunnen183: Räumung verhindern! Danach, davor, dabei: dezentrale Aktionen!
19h, Vetomat (Scharnweberstr. 35): Offenes Antifa-Café „Grenzenfreier Sommer“
Vom 8. bis 10. Juli wird der G8-Gipfel in Italien stattfinden. Aktivist_innen aus Frankreich und Großbritannien laden vom 23.-29. Juni zu Aktionen an der Grenze zwischen den beiden Staaten in Calais auf. Dort hat GB die Überwachung der Grenze auf französisches Territorium vorverlagert, was es Menschen ohne entsprechende Papiere massiv erschwert, nach GB zu reisen bzw. dort einen Asylantrag zu stellen. Diese Grenze ist ein Ort der internen Kontrolle der EU und dient der Regulierung von Migration. Auch in Lebsos wird es im August ein „No Border Camp“ geben, dass sich jedoch insbesondere mit den EU-Außengrenzen beschäftigen wird. Lesbos ist ein zentrales Eingangstor für Tausende Flüchtlinge und Migrant_innen, die nach Europa wollen. Sie stapeln sich in kleinen Plastikbooten, bei ihrem Versuch, die Wassergrenze Türkei-Griechenland zu überwinden. Neben Lampedusa und Mellila macht sich hier besonders das rassistische europäische Grenzregime bemerkbar. Wie sich das Grenzregime entwickelt hat und welche antirassistischen Netzwerk existieren möchten wir im Rahmen einer Mobilisierungsveranstaltung, insbesondere für das Lesboscamp, mit euch erörtern. Referent_innen des Frassanito-Netzwerkes und Fels Intersol werden für die Infos sorgen, wie sorgen für nen netten Film.
20h, Schwarzer Kanal: Queer Variété
Fri, June 19th
16h, Infoladen Daneben: Berlin für Auswärtige
19 Uhr, Rigaer 105: WBA Theorie AG, Interventionsebenen sozialer Kämpfe
Interventionen gegen kapitalistische Stadtumstrukturierung: Wir wollen in diesem Workshop einen Überblick über verschiedene Formen zur aktiven Verschlechterung des Investitionsklimas geben. Auf welchen Ebenen müssen diese ansetzen? Welche Wirkungen sind beabsichtigt und sinnvoll, welche weniger?
21.30h, Versammlungsraum im Mehringhof (Gneisenaustr. 2a): Late-Night Infoveranstaltung zu Squat Tempelhof
20h, New Yorck im Bethanien: EA Rechtshilfe
Mo – Fri, 15.6. – 19.6.
Bundesweiter Bildungsstreik!
Sa / Sat, June 20th
tba: Squat Tempelhof! [Link]
So / Sun, June 21st
12h, KÖPI: Brunch
15h, KÖPI / Tempelhof: Abschluss VV
actiondays.blogsport.de/workshops
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Auswertung der Action Weeks 2009
7. Februar 2010
Danke an die autonome Gruppe die uns im besten diy-stil diese Auswertung der Action Weeks 2009 hat zukommen lassen!
Unserer Auswertung der Actionweeks 2009
Ganz nach dem Motto „lieber spät als nie“ kommt hier unsere Auswertung der Actionweeks 2009, die im Juni des letzten Jahres in Berlin stattfanden.
Der Text wurde bereits im Spätsommer geschrieben, konnte jedoch aufgrund einiger Problemchen noch nicht veröffentlicht werden. Dementsprechend sind einige Ereignisse, die uns gewisse Dinge etwas anders betrachten lassen, noch nicht mit eingeflossen. Trotzdem denken wir kann es nicht schaden den Text jetzt noch nach zuschieben, da es allgemein viel zu wenig schriftliches gibt, was sich mit den Aktionen und Entwicklungen im Kampf gegen Gentrifizierung auseinandersetzt.
Rückblick
Uns geht es hier um eine kleine Auswertung dieser zwei Wochen, um unsere Grenzen kennenzulernen und die Bereitschaft zu wecken, immer weiter über diese hinaus zu gehen, um Kritiken und Selbstkritiken zu formulieren, sowie eine Einschätzung zu geben, wie es weiter gehen könnte. Unser Fokus richtet sich eher an die militanten Aspekte dieser Tage, will sich aber nicht darauf beschränken und einen weiter gefassten Bogen ziehen.
Diese zwei Wochen waren sehr intensiv, mit langen Tagen und Nächten, die oft stressig und erschöpfend waren, uns aber auch einiges neues gebracht haben: seien es neue Bekanntschaften im Kampf oder die Bestätigung, dass autonome, anarchistische und emanzipatorischen Kräfte in dieser Stadt noch lebendig sind und es auch schaffen wenigstens zeitweise ihren Feinden in die Suppe zu spucken.
Im Großen und Ganzen denken wir, dass die Sachen, die im letzten Jahr gut gelaufen sind, auch dieses Jahr funktioniert haben. Leider war es auch andersherum genauso, dass was nicht so richtig geklappt hat, lief wieder schief. Was meinen wir mit solch einer verkürzten Aussage?
Heisse Nächte, ruhige Tage
Wie sich schon im letzten Jahr gezeigt hat, gibt es eine Vielzahl von Menschen in dieser Stadt, die mit ihren Kampfformen gerne über die Gesetzesgrenzen hinaus gehen. Verschiedenste militante, direkte Aktionen fanden im letzten Jahr statt, dies wurde in diesem Jahr noch verstärkt wiederholt: militante Aktionen gehören zum Alltag vieler Menschen in dieser Stadt, nicht nur während der Actionweeks, und sind zum Glück und zu unserer Freude zur Alltäglichkeit geworden. Luxuskarren brennen, Steine fliegen gegen kapitalistische Symbole, Farbbeutel markieren Gerichte und auch die Bullen bekommen ab und an ihren Anteil. Es folgt keine Woche, in der nicht über stattgefundene, direkte Aktionen berichtet wird, oftmals passieren diese auch täglich. Neben den Berichten darüber, werden auch öfters die Themen und Motivationen erwähnt, die zu solchen Aktionen führen, wenn nicht gar Teile der Erklärungen zitiert werden: die Medien können darüber nicht mehr schweigen, wie sie es sonst in der Vergangenheit oft gemacht haben. Wahrscheinlich passierte dies unter dem Druck des Repressionsapparates, wo die Angst vorherrscht mit Berichten Werbung für direkte Aktionen zu machen, was wiederum zu einem Nachahmungseffekt führen würde. Insofern war es für uns keine Überraschung zu sehen, wie die vielen militanten Zellen oder Individuen dieser Stadt die Actionweeks wieder zum Anlass genommen haben, um ihre aktive Ablehnung gegen die herrschenden Zustände zum Ausdruck zu bringen.
Trotz der massiven Präsenz der Bullen in den Kiezen, wo üblicherweise direkte Aktionen stattfinden, hat es jede Nacht gekracht und gescheppert. Egal, ob in Tempelhof bei der DHL, im Prenzlauer Berg bei Luxuswohnquartieren und Lofts oder bei in der ganzen Stadt verteilten Naziläden. Die Fläche und Größe der Stadt wurde dieses Mal besser genutzt und sich nicht auf wenige Bezirke beschränkt: viele haben die Notwendigkeit erkannt, die Bullen überraschen zu müssen. Dadurch wurde sich der Repression entzogen und eine Unberechenbarkeit und Unkontrollierbarkeit für die Bullen, welche uns größere Handlungsspielräume gibt, erreicht. Wenn es nur in den üblichen Kiezen geknallt hätte, wären mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit mehr Personen verhaftet worden. In Anbetracht der Anzahl der Aktionen, die stattgefunden haben, bleiben die Verhaftungen einzelne Fälle. Den schikanierten Personen gilt übrigens unsere Solidarität, genauso wie allen anderen, die Probleme mit dem Repressionsapparat haben.
Im generellen hat sich innerhalb der letzten Jahren gezeigt, dass die Bullen mit dezentralen Konzepten nicht klarkommen. Ein Konzept, das ihren stumpfen Apparat überfordert. Dort müssen wir weiter ansetzen, um für uns die bestehenden Handlungsfelder zu erweitern und neue zu eröffnen.
Sehr begrüßenswert ist auch der qualitative Anstieg der Auswahl der Ziele: während im letzten Jahr eher viele Nobelkarossen gebrannt haben (was auch gut ist und uns weiterhin als notwendig erscheint), wurden dieses Jahr eher gezieltere, besser vorbereitete Aktionen durchgeführt, die auch andere Themen in die Actionweeks miteinbezogen und damit verknüpft und dadurch für eine Erweiterung gesorgt haben, die aufzeigt, dass wir nicht nur einen Teil des Kuchen, sondern die ganze Bäckerei wollen. Die Auswahl der Themenfelder reichte von Antimilitarismus, Anti-Sicherheit und -Überwachung und aktiver (anstelle von karitativem) Antirassismus, um nur einige zu benennen.
Die Möglichkeiten der Kommunikation durch Erklärungen wurde in vielen Fällen genutzt, leider lässt dies ansonsten eher zu wünschen übrig.
Wir haben uns vor allem über einen kleinen Erfolg gefreut, welcher nicht unbedingt auf die Actionweeks zurückzuführen ist, sondern auf einen lang anhaltenden Atem im Bezug auf direkten Aktionen, die sich auf ein spezielles Bauprojekt beziehen. Und zwar, dass die kontinuierlichen Angriffe auf das Luxusprojekt Carloft zu seinem andauernden Leerstand führen. Dies offenbart die Notwendigkeit weiter auf dieser Schiene zu fahren: ein klares, abschreckendes Beispiel für zukünftige Investoren. Dadurch werden sich andere überlegen, ob Berlin wirklich ein gemütlicher Spielplatz für Investoren ist. Auch geht es darum zu zeigen, dass direkte Aktionen nicht nur symbolische Wirkung haben, sondern sich damit auch konkrete „Erfolge“ erzielen lassen.
Wenn wir sagen, dass uns die Nächte gehört haben, müssen wir auch zugeben, dass wir tagsüber unser Potenzial nicht wirklich genutzt haben. Wie meistens üblich in dieser Stadt (und anderswo in Deutschland), rächt sich der Repressionsapparat bei jeder angemeldeten Demonstration und Kundgebung. Gewalttätige Räumungen wie etwa die am Michaelkirchplatz oder die Aggrobullen bei der Tempelhofbesetzung zeigen auf der einen Seite ihr hohes Organisationsniveau und ihre Brutalität, auf der anderen Seite aber auch ihr Bewusstsein ohnmächtig gegen militante Anschläge (in den meisten Fällen jedenfalls) zu sein und ihre Frustration deswegen. Fakt ist, dass sobald wir auf die Straße gegangen sind, und uns innerhalb eines berechenbaren und vorhersehbaren Rahmens bewegten, wir uns in die Hände einer darauf vorbereiteten Polizei begeben haben. Es ist kein Zufall, dass bei diesen Gelegenheiten die höchsten Quoten an Festnahmen zu verzeichnen waren. Deshalb bleibt hier die altbekannte Frage, wie wir besser gegen diese Angriffe vorgehen können: die Entschlossenheit der Demo am 1. Mai war ein guter Ansatz, der sich aber nicht ohne eine große Masse reproduzieren lässt. Wir würden an dieser Stelle von uns (wir inbegriffen) mehr Unberechenbarkeit und Bewegungsfähigkeit erwarten, um die Bullen zu überraschen und ihr ausgemachtes Spiel zu verderben. Dass heißt z.B. auf neu auftretende Situationen schneller zu reagieren und kreativ zu sein. Im schlimmsten Fall, bleibt uns die ganze Nacht, um unsere Antworten zu formulieren.
Das organisatorische Drumherum
Die Orga-Struktur, die von den WBA-AktivistInnen zur Verfügung gestellt wurde, war zum Großteil die selbe wie im letzten Jahr : PiratInnenradio, Infoticker, Infopoint, Stadtpläne der Kieze, in diesem Jahr war auf jeden Fall die Schaffung einer Antirepressionsgruppe zu begrüßen. Wie WBA selber auch gesagt hat, sie stellen die Struktur, andere machen Aktionen. Die Struktur hat auch dieses Jahr im großen und ganzen wieder gut funktioniert (vor allem haben wir uns über die öffentliche Empörung über den angekündigten PiratInnensender amüsiert…), dass gleiche kann leider nicht zu den halböffentlich angekündigten Aktionen gesagt werden. Im allgemeinen sind nicht wahnsinnig viele Leute z.B. bei den Besetzungen (am Michaelkirchplatz und in Friedrichshain) erschienen, was auch sicherlich mit der Tatsache zu tun hat, dass die Mobilisierungen nicht komplett öffentlich waren (dafür gibt es auch gute Gründe). Die Fahrraddemo war auch nicht so gut besucht, an diesem Tag war es sicherlich eine unglückliche Wahl die Termine zeitnah zu legen, zusätzlich gab es noch die Kundgebung vor dem Knast für die 1. Mai-Gefangenen – auch diese war unglaublich schlecht besucht.
Allgemein haben Möglichkeiten gefehlt, an denen Leute, die nicht unbedingt in Strukturen (halböffentliche oder klandestine) organisiert sind, aus welchen Gründen auch immer, teilhaben konnten. Dadurch blieb die Wahrnehmung der Actionweeks fast nur auf die nächtlichen Aktivitäten beschränkt, was natürlich auch nicht schlecht ist, aber dennoch einen sehr einseitigen Eindruck über diese Kämpfe hinterlässt. Eine bunte Mischung aus vielfältigen, breiten Aktionen kann der Vermittlung und Wahrnehmung also nur förderlich sein und eher einen Mitmach-Effekt erreichen.
Eine weitere Tatsache, die wieder einmal sehr auffällig war, ist das obwohl zu dezentralen, selbstorganisierten Aktionen aufgerufen wird, sich immer noch viele aufgrund verschiedenster Gründe nicht wirklich einbringen. Dies müssen wir weiter ausbauen und aber auch uns immer wieder bewusst machen, dass es z.B. für viele jüngere GenossInnen nicht immer einfach ist selbstständig etwas auf die Beine zu stellen. Die Möglichkeiten zur Beteiligung und unsere Konzepte sollten verbessert und überdacht werden. Es muss nicht immer gleich der große Brandanschlag sein, sondern es ist auch wichtig eine Vielzahl von Low-Level-Aktionen durchzuführen, wie etwa das Werfen von Farbbeutel, wo sich viele Leute beteiligen können, auch ist das Risiko nicht so groß und die Leute werden angestachelt militant aktiv zu werden.
In diesem Kontext sollte vielleicht auch wieder überlegt werden, ob es überhaupt Sinn macht, für die Actionweeks auf internationaler Ebene aufzurufen, sowie ob die Verlängerung von fünf auf 14 Tage tatsächlich für unsere Ziele förderlich war: Personen, die sich hier nicht wirklich gut auskennen, sind wie die bayerischen Bullen am 1. Mai in Kreuzberg: sie kennen die Stadt und ihre Gegebenheiten nicht und wie es am besten ist sich hier zu bewegen. Es ist deshalb schwierig sie in bestimmte Konzepte einzubinden, wo für sie dann nur die offiziellen, angekündigten Aktionen blieben, von denen es aber viel zu wenig gab.
Die Tempelhof-Besetzung
Ein paar Gedanken zum spektakulären Versuch der Besetzung des ehemaligen Flughafen Tempelhof: die Aktion war eine der wenigen, die vorher breit angekündigt wurde und viele Möglichkeiten für unorganisierte Menschen bot.
Mit einer erfolgreichen Besetzung haben wir eigentlich zu keinem Zeitpunkt gerechnet, was spätesten klar wurde als sich abzeichnete das Politik und Bullen keinen Aufwand scheuen werden, um die Besetzung zu verhindern, um nicht noch eine weitere Schlappe einzufahren. Aber wahrscheinlich liegt genau darin der politische Erfolg dieser Aktion; denn wie konnte deutlicher gezeigt werden welche Interessen die Herrschenden verfolgen, als durch eine militärische Verteidigung einer Wiese, welche Anwohner_innen nutzen wollen.
Es war viel los an dem Tag, allerdings hat es unserer Meinung nach an Dynamik und Entschlossenheit gefehlt, weil es hätte doch einige Stellen und Möglichkeiten gegeben zur Zaunüberwindung, oder um zumindest den anwesenden Bullen einen Denkzettel zu verpassen. Die Stimmung war zum Teil sehr schleppend, was wir bei denjenigen, die keine feste Bezüge zu unserer Bewegung haben, verstehen können, jedoch in unseren Zusammenhängen eher kritisieren wollen und uns fragen, wieso wir nicht intensiver versucht haben die Situation zu unseren Gunsten zu nutzen…
Immerhin hat sich durch diesen Anlass gezeigt, wieso Berlin so viele Schulden hat: wenn 2,5 Millionen Euro bezahlt werden, um eine Wiese zu schützen, dann kann es bald nur zum Bankrott kommen, weil wir glauben, dass wir und viele andere weiter in der Angriffsposition bleiben werden, was hoffentlich sehr teuer werden wird.
Zu guter Letzt….
Wir hoffen, dass die Fehler, welche wiederholt gemacht wurden, reflektiert und Möglichkeiten diese zu verhindern diskutiert und entwickelt werden.
Wir denken, dass Qualität immer vor Quantität kommen sollte und dass wir aufpassen müssen, dass wir nicht aus einer gefühlten Stärke unsererseits, welche auf der gesteigerten Anzahl militanter Angriffe beruht, zu Übermut tendieren. Dementsprechend sollte die Steigerung von Actiondays 08 und Actionweeks 09 nicht unbedingt der Actionmonat 2010 sein, sondern es sollte vielmehr eine Strategie her, welche uns befähigt solche Aktionstage mit Taten und Worten zu füllen, welche dazu beitragen die Kämpfe gegen Stadtumstrukturierung und Kapitalismus noch mehr aus der Isolation zu holen. Dies können wir nur erreichen wenn es mehr Kommunikation miteinander gibt, wenn verschiedene Gruppen gemeinsam planen und sich die Aktionen trotz aller Vielfalt besser aufeinander beziehen. Wenn beispielsweise eine militante Aktion einen gemeinsamen Schwerpunkt mit einer öffentlichen Aktion teilt, können unsere Inhalte dadurch viel mehr Menschen erreichen. Dabei denken wir auch an die Einbindung der
selbstorganisierten Initiativen, welche in letzter Zeit reihenweise entstanden sind, in die Vorbereitung. Allgemein denken wir, dass die Möglichkeiten unsere Inhalte zu verbreiten und öffentlich zu machen noch lange nicht ausgeschöpft sind. Macht euch Gedanken, wir sind uns sicher es gibt viele gute Ideen….
An dieser Stelle wollen wir auch mal die Ausdauer der Menschen, die sich Monat für Monat auf die WBA-VV setzen und die ganzen AG`s reißen, würdigen. Unserer Meinung nach hat die Kampagne trotz einiger Kritik die wir haben (die natürlich uns alle betrifft) viel dazu beigetragen, die Themen Freiräume/Gentrifizierung in die Öffentlichkeit zu tragen. Deshalb appellieren wir auch an alle sich in der Kampagne einzubringen, sich in Aktionsgruppen zusammenzuschließen und sich an Konzepten, welche auf der Idee der Selbstorganisierung und der Verantwortung aller beruht zu beteiligten.
Wir blicken gespannt auf das neue Jahr und werden uns mit viel Wut im Bauch und mindestens genauso viel Energie in die anstehenden Auseinandersetzungen stürzen und hoffen, dass es viele andere ebenfalls tun werden.
Eine Autonome Gruppe
actiondays.blogsport.de/2010/02/07/auswertung-der-action-...
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A vehicle negotiating the rugged terrain of Nepal's Himalayan mountains.
Project Result:
Nepal: Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project (DRILP) - Loan 2092 (2010)
Helping Women and Building Infrastructure in Nepal
Read more on:
Santorini is one of the Cyclades islands in the Aegean Sea. It was devastated by a volcanic eruption in the 16th century BC, forever shaping its rugged landscape. The whitewashed, cubiform houses of its 2 principal towns, Fira and Oia, cling to cliffs above an underwater caldera (crater). They overlook the sea, small islands to the west and beaches made up of black, red and white lava pebbles.
Akrotiri, a Bronze Age settlement preserved under ash from the eruption, provides a frozen-in-time glimpse into Minoan life. The ruins of Ancient Thera lie on a dramatic bluff that drops to the sea on 3 sides. Fira, the island's commercial heart, has the Archaeological Museum of Thera and boutique shops. It also has a lively bar scene and tavernas serving local grilled seafood and dry white wine, made from the Assyrtiko grape. Oia is famous for sunsets over its old fortress [Santorini Google Travel]
Brazil nut fruits ready to be hacked open to extract the nuts.
Photo by Marco Simola/CIFOR
For more information about CIFOR's work on Brazil nuts in Peru, see Harvesting brazil nuts in Peru www.blog.cifor.org/16623/harvesting-both-timber-and-brazi...
For more information on CIFOR's research on Brazil nuts in Peru, please contact Manuel Guariguata (mailto:m.guariguata@cgiar.org)
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
No Rights Reserved - CC0 - This work is dedicated to the public domain. creativecommons.org/about/cc0
Brazil nut fruits ready to be hacked open to extract the nuts.
Photo by Marco Simola/CIFOR
For more information about CIFOR's work on Brazil nuts in Peru, see Harvesting brazil nuts in Peru www.blog.cifor.org/16623/harvesting-both-timber-and-brazi...
For more information on CIFOR's research on Brazil nuts in Peru, please contact Manuel Guariguata (mailto:m.guariguata@cgiar.org)
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
ABOUT A FREE REPUBLIC OF MUNICIPALITIES OF MEXICO
Not prepared to live without political campaigns proposed real significance, therefore, important and urgent to address what is federalism and municipal autonomy. If federalism is to centralize powers soon dispersed, as happened in the United States, can also be used to decentralize power unit originally as Mexico, then why not go throw the stale chimera. I refer to this goal is not reached in the town where they develop on their own concept of autonomy, freed from the shackles that Constitutional Article 115 states.
Or break the straitjacket that the legislatures that have local councils have the power to suspend, revoke the mandate of some of its members, and even reported missing, is the clearest language of castration, and co antithesis of the so-called municipal autonomy hanging like a sword of Damocles over the head of the local authorities.
The City first appeared in the public law of Rome. With the passage of time and taking advantage of the weakness of the monarchy during the Middle Ages, the ancient city, now with Germanic influence strengthened its independence especially in Spain. Since then it has become a natural bearer of freedom.
Would not understand the idea of free city in Mexico without first knowing the modern idea of the federal system. This form of government has been determined by the United States of America.
American federalism was born and before and after the War of Independence (1775 to 1783). He met a congress of representatives of the assemblies of the seven colonies, adopted the "Plan of Union of Albany, whose architect was Benjamin Franklin. That first original program and the federal government in the year 1754 is considered the starting point of all subsequent developments. But this conference was not accepted by the colonial assemblies, as they should not cede any power to tax and rates.
On the initiative of the chamber of Massachusetts in October 1765 met in New York the First Congress intercolonial revolutionary tendencies of the law that censored tone. That was the first concept of Americanism, as the representative of South Carolina said: "We must stand firm in the vast field of natural rights. Here there must be citizens of either New York or New England, but we are all Americans.
When England tried to punish Massachusetts, the other colonies made common cause with it, which set the tone for the first continental congress and mature constitutionalism in America. Unlike the spontaneous naturalness that gave life to the federal pact in U.S., Mexico and existed as a unitary state when they are copied and adopted the American form of government in 1824.
At the consummation of Mexico's independence in 1821, several states were emerging in the independent living, but a unitary state that corresponded to the former viceroyalty. Members of the first constituent assembly meeting in 1822, sent its representatives to the new united previously declared unitary state, including the institutions of Central America (which had not belonged to New Spain) and then send its representatives to that meeting.
Iturbide dissolved the Constituent first rebellion erupted in the House led by Santa Ana Mata Waking the ambition of the provincial councils of the Constitution of Cadiz. But it's the fall of the empire of Agustín de Iturbide and reinstalled the component, where some provinces demanded the introduction of the new federal system.
The Second Constitutional Congress issued its Constitutive Act on January 31, 1824. Where he recorded the first genuine constitutional decision of the Mexican people and it first appeared, in fact and in law the states. Prior law did not exist. Nor in fact existed, because the threats of secession by some provinces such as Oaxaca, Jalisco and Zacatecas immediately preceding the adoption of the system can not be interpreted as de facto integration of independent states that were never established, but as a means of pressure and form of rebellion, and later in our history has always repeated that the authorities of a state declared that it "reaffirms its sovereignty." In sum, rather than the states that have given life to the "ACT" as in United States of America, here the "ACT" begat states.
As explained above if federalism is to centralize powers soon spread, should be used to decentralize powers previously consolidated, following the most pure root of our history. For what really bring the federal states and municipalities?
Dissect federalism is a form of decentralization. There are three degrees: the commune or municipality, which has some administrative autonomy within the framework and under the supervision of the central state, the autonomous province which is given political autonomy, but the constitution of which it is imposed by the dominant state, the state member Land or enjoys constitutional autonomy.
The municipality is also a free phenomenon of decentralization. But until now has failed to govern themselves Why? The law establishing the local bodies and the competition brings is issued by the legislatures of the states. Then the town is devoid of self-legislation.
This is a real insult to municipal autonomy, because he was discriminated against and excluded the possibility of granting its own law. Even the so-called autonomous status as the side of Police and Good Government can not be regarded as legislation in spite of its generality, but as a development of the laws issued by the central legislative body, making it clear that the issuance of the municipal organic law in no case the responsibility of the municipal body is in itself a contradiction to the nature of the town free from the time that the Constitution placed the town in the free base of the territorial division and political and administrative organization of the states.
Contrapunto and constitutional chaos that inevitably naked in paragraph III of Article 115 provides constitutional when "that municipalities are vested with legal personality for all legal purposes." That juncture, however, should serve as first steps towards municipal decentralization, to the disappearance of the federal state.
What is madness? What then was the first act of government of Hernán Cortés when he stepped on land that would be Mexican. The foundation of Veracruz, an unbounded territory where there was not anything other than glowing dunes and people who govern, then established the first free town of Mexico in what would be the American continent with its own town, who give the conqueror, in the absence of the king, the titles of captain and justice more generally, it gave the authority to undertake that no conquest.
The town's name was only a territorial and administrative division, was never a political entity like that of Spain, and as such did not exist in colonial times and has not been possible to create it later. In sum, the town was born from a legal fiction and fulfilled its original purpose was diluted in the mists of the history of Mexico.
The federal constitutions forgot the existence of the municipalities and the constitutions were centralists who cares for and organize them to life. The constitutive act, the constitution of 1824, the Reform Act of 1846, and the constitution of 1857 did not devote a single article or to the municipalities. Those from Independence until the triumph of the republic, denied that the disorder suffer.
The constituent of Querétaro for the first time, been concerned to bring the Constitution the principle of freedom municipal nevertheless suffered from an element that was essential: financial autonomy. This situation caused discrepancies, disoriented and divided constituents to 17. The haste with which they were held to constituent assemblies of the Queretaro left substantial gaps: defending the town against the state through a system of guarantees and financial autonomy for the town reach its constitutional freedom.
This situation has been exploited by the constitutions of the states to undermine the town and has a Valladar to access democracy. Since then there have been various reforms to Article 115 which only have the text-up, without releasing the actual chains that prevent the town reach a real autonomy. The minimum requirements (water and sewerage, public lighting, clean public markets and slaughter plants, pantheons, track, streets, parks and gardens, public safety and transit) are a straightjacket, precluding Torales problems such as economics, exploitation and preservation of natural resources, operation of ports and marine platform, target cultural resources, environmental programs integrated territorial restructuring designed to extend the legal estate of the municipalities, preservation, dissemination and promotion of cultural heritage, issuing franchises municipal expansion and recruitment of resources to their wealth and power to legislate and codify a right to gather in an urban Corpus Juris the current dispersed and inadequate on these issues that are beyond the minimum obligations and therefore do not reach category of constitutional values. Anyway, nothing to do with the gifts that you receive today.
The flight from the country of 15 million impoverished farmers is proof that the federal state and its status quo, there are no closed roads, the states have historically been a simple and terrible pepenador tax administrator, who has shelved his political role to become a state of repression Contumazá to the masses of impoverished peasants and workers by recurrent crises, ruled by interim executives. (Chiapas and Guerrero, Oaxaca, B. California, Tabasco, Veracruz, Quintana Roo are incontrovertible examples of this). A generator, expensive, heavy and inefficient bureaucracy, becoming an enemy of smooth municipal autonomy.
The broad spectrum of federalism would try an exercise that is designed not so far, then it is plausible to propose THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE FEDERATED STATES AND IN ITS PLACE, THE BUILDER "FREE REPUBLIC OF MUNICIPALITIES OF MEXICO", to give its real dimension to decentralization pursued both entities and there is no intermediate authority between them, after constitutional reforms required.
This would have an initial impact: to strengthen the cultural, political, social and economic status of regions and localities, beyond mere territorial divisions, administrative and political letterhead. Fortunately, the village has retained its roots, the customs of their region to be truly universal, persisted over time, as in the Huasteca, but have never picked precisely for these reasons.
A useful tool would be to take the best of globalization as it is cutting-edge technology in communications, for two purposes: To strengthen our identity, enter the virtual world trade and galvanize our conception of homeland, to prevent crises or runaway organized live and which threaten to pulverize the country, as the Plan Puebla _Panamá, which aims to harness the immense riches of the underground city, so please go step by the folly and greed.
Do not let pass this lesson you have given us the U.S. economy, which might well avoided attempting to other regulatory options taken from our own historical and political prosapia.
fabricantedespejos.blogspot.com/2008/10/eliminacin-del-fa...
A worker shells Brazil nuts, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.
For more on the lives of Brazil nut harvesters, watch this video: www.blog.cifor.org/16627/snakes-thieves-and-falling-nuts-...
Photo by Marco Simola/CIFOR
For more information on CIFOR's research on Brazil nuts in Peru, please contact Manuel Guariguata (mailto:m.guariguata@cgiar.org)
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