View allAll Photos Tagged courageous
On Sunday 5 May, courageous students at University College of London (UCL) continued to protest against Israel's genocidal assault on Gaza and to condemn Israel's war crimes, to press UCL to divest from companies complicit with Israel's war on Gaza and to play a role in the post war reconstruction of Gaza's universities. Inside the university, students had constructed a protest encampment, which had been set up on the main quad of campus on Thursday 2 May.
www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/encampment-set-up-at-university-c...
www.thecanary.co/trending/2024/05/07/ucl-arrests-student-...
Activists from outside the university gathered outside to show their solidarity as security at the main gate had been instructed to restrict access to the grounds only to students. The protest at the gate was small but, despite the grim circumstances facing Gaza's population, occasionally positive and cheerful and even included dance lessons (as can be seen in some of the photos). Since Sunday's protest at UCL, encampments have also been set up at SOAS, Oxford, Cambridge and other British universities.
While at the protest, I noticed journalist Sabrina Miller. Miller has written frequently for the Daily Mail as well as articles in the Spectator, The Telegraph, The Times of Israel and other newspapers. She can be seen in two of the photos in this series holding a notebook, though I'm not sure if she's yet reported on the protest.
Photo licence
Although this image is being posted on an attribution noncommercial share alike basis CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 DEED, the following organisations and publications listed on the link below are also welcome to reproduce it even if it is for commercial purposes or to raise money. However please publish the image on the same attribution noncommercial share alike basis. For more info or if any other organisation or other publication wishes to publish this photo on a commercial basis please email me at alisdare@gmail.com.
Bagnall 2680/1942 'Courageous' crossing Lockside Road on the Ribble Steam Railway with the 14.00 from Riverside.
Sun 2nd July 2017.
Bagnall 0-6-0ST Courageous prepares for duties at Preston Riverside, Ribble Steam Railway, on the second day of the Steam Gala, 22nd March 2015, at The Ribble Steam Railway.
On 17 June 2023, 0-6-0ST Courageous (Bagnall) is seen awaiting departure from Preston Riverside on the Ribble Steam Railway.
W G Bagnall 16" class 0-6-0ST (2680/1942) "Courageous" (preservation name) and Andrew Barclay 0-4-0ST (1147/1908) "John Howe" being prepared for duty outside the running shed at the Ribble Steam Railway Gala, 22nd March 2015. (Eric Harrison)
A courageous but also very reckless toa of fire, Rulor was created without the ability to sense pain. In some respects this has made him stronger and tirelessly but this means he doesn't know when to stop when he has been seriously hurt.
However a recent injury to his shoulders has brought him back with his feet on the ground.
This is the first year chickadees have nested in the "bird condo" and I have never seen behavior like this before. This one chased off a bluebird, cardinal and dived at a chipmunk. They all came too close to the nesting box. He/she sits on the top and spreads the tail feathers and looks all around. When he was really upset, he also raised his wings. Such funny behavior!!
Network SouthEast liveried 50032 Courageous at Barnstaple, on the 15th of September 1990, with the 11:19 to Exeter St.Davids
'The Courageous Sabertooth' is a world-renowned equalizer ray-gun, famous for producing the most powerful Aether blasts known to man, while still looking classy and fashionable!
Included is a splendid wood stand!
For an upcoming MOC
68029 'Courageous' powering away from Malton station with the '1T35 1400 York to Scarborough' TPE service on 16th January 2021.
Captain Marvel (the Kelly Sue DeConnick version) has quickly become another staple costume.
I wonder why? What factors make a character "pop" like that?
She's been routinely held up as an example of a positive female role model. The costume was designed specifically to be practical and flattering on a realistic female form. It's certainly close-fitting, but it doesn't show off any skin at all (and thus, hopefully, it doesn't attract pervs to the degree that many other female costumes might).
Also, she's "cool" and Marvel has been using the character a lot.
All are factors, I'm sure. And then there's the "availability" issue. I bet that somewhere on the Internet, there's an active Ms. Marvel message board on a cosplay forum that can set you up with the components and information you need to assemble a good costume that you'll look great in...as this cosplayer does here.
This is a photograph of Pericles’s bust (sculpture 549): Roman, 2nd century AD copy (from Hadrian’s villa in Tivoli, Italy / Townley collection) of a lost Greek original of c.440–430 BC. The British Museum, London.
Pericles (c.495–429 BC, Periklēs, Περικλῆς) was probably the most respected, influential and important statesman and leader of Athens during the “Athenian Golden age” (5th century BC, between Persian and Peoloponnesian wars), aka “The Age of Pericles.” He was also an eloquent orator and a successful general of Athens. He was intimately connected with the building programme on top of the Acropolis that witnessed the construction preeminently of the Parthenon. He died in 429 BC of the infamous epidemic (caused by salmonella spp.) that broke out then and devastated Athens. His legacy still survives in the literary and artistic works of the Golden Age.
This is an idealistic image of Pericles as a model of a citizen soldier, with a military helmet on his head, presented as “καλὸς κἀγαθός” (fair of face and sound of heart).
Quotes:
—Happiness depends on being free and freedom depends on being courageous
τὸ εὔδαιμον τὸ ἐλεύθερον, τό δ' ἐλεύθερον τὸ εὔψυχον (last 3 words displayed in the emblem of Hellenic Army)
—Famous men have the whole earth as their memorial
/ alternative translation:
The whole Earth is the Sepulchre of famous men
ἀνδρῶν ἐπιφανῶν πᾶσα γῆ τάφος
(Pericles’s Funeral Oration)
—Time is the wisest counsellor of all.
I woke one morning with the inspiration to embroider one of Joseph Arthur's faces from his coloring book "Color Me Courageous"....8 months later, it was finished. I'd still like to go back and change some colors, but it was the neverending project, I had to call it done.
Dec 23 to Jan 01 - Apple Tree
Jan 01 to Jan 11 - Fir Tree
Jan 12 to Jan 24 - Elm Tree
Jan 25 to Feb 03 - Cypress Tree
Feb 04 to Feb 08 - Poplar Tree
Feb 09 to Feb 18 - Cedar Tree
Feb 19 to Feb 28 - Pine Tree
Mar 01 to Mar 10 - Weeping Willow Tree
Mar 11 to Mar 20 - Lime Tree
Mar 21 - Oak Tree
Mar 22 to Mar 31 - Hazelnut Tree
Apr 01 to Apr 10 - Rowan Tree
Apr 11 to Apr 20 - Maple Tree
Apr 21 to Apr 30 - Walnut Tree
May 01 to May 14 - Poplar Tree
May 15 to May 24 - Chestnut Tree
May 25 to Jun 03 - Ash Tree
Jun 04 to Jun 13 - Hornbeam Tree
Jun 14 to Jun 23 - Fig Tree
Jun 24 - Birch Tree
Jun 25 to Jul 04 - Apple Tree
Jul 05 to Jul 14 - Fir Tree
Jul 15 to Jul 25 - Elm Tree
Jul 26 to Aug 04 - Cypress Tree
Aug 05 to Aug 13 - Poplar Tree
Aug 14 to Aug 23 - Cedar Tree
Aug 24 to Sep 02 - Pine Tree
Sep 03 to Sep 12 - Weeping Willow Tree
Sep 13 to Sep 22 - Lime Tree
Sep 23 - Olive Tree
Sep 24 to Oct 03 - Hazelnut Tree
Oct 04 to Oct 13 - Rowan Tree
Oct 14 to Oct 23 - Maple Tree
Oct 24 to Nov 11 - Walnut Tree
Nov 12 to Nov 21 - Chestnut Tree
Nov 22 to Dec 01 - Ash Tree
Dec 02 to Dec 11 - Hornbeam Tree
Dec 12 to Dec 21 - Fig Tree
Dec 22 - Beech Tree
APPLE TREE
Lots of charm, flirtatious, adventurous, wants to love and be loved, faithful and tender partner, generous, scientific talents, a carefree philosopher.
ASH TREE
Attractive, loves freedom and power, sets lofty goals, ignores criticism, intelligent, reliable and trustworthy, brains can over-rule the heart, takes partnership seriously.
BEECH TREE
Good taste, conscious of appearances, materialistic, economical, leadership skills, cautious, reasonable, splendid lifetime companion, keen on keeping fit
BIRCH TREE
Vivacious, friendly, modest, avoids excess, abhors the vulgar, loves nature, calm, aloof, loves new beginnings and starting over, imaginative, not particularly ambitious.
CEDAR TREE
Adaptable, likes luxury, outgoing, self-confident, determined, impatient, likes to impress, many talents, waiting for the one true love, makes fast decisions.
CHESTNUT TREE
Modest, well-developed sense of justice, a born diplomat, irritates easily, can act superior, feels misunderstood, has difficulties in finding a partner.
CYPRESS TREE
Strong, muscular, adaptable, takes what life has to give, loves money and acknowledgment, passionate lover not easily satisfied, faithful.
ELM TREE
Tasteful, modest, tends not to forgive mistakes, cheerful, likes to lead but not to obey, honest and faithful partner, likes making decisions for others, generous, practical.
FIG TREE
Self-willed, independent, avoids arguments, loves life, family, children and animals, a bit of a social butterfly, good sense of humor, seeks out down time
FIR TREE
Good taste, sophisticated, loves beauty, moody, stubborn, may be egotistic, cares for friends and family, ambitious, talented, industrious, many friends and many foes.
HAZELNUT TREE
Charming, undemanding, understanding, knows how to make an impression, fights for social causes, popular, moody, honest, tolerant partner, good sense of judgment.
HORNBEAM TREE
Conscious of looks, good taste, comfortable style, disciplined, desires kindness and acknowledgment, suspicious of intentions, unsure of decisions, conscientious.
LIME TREE
Handles life well, hates fighting, dislikes laziness and idleness, makes sacrifices for friends, many talents but not driven to make them happen, tends to complain, jealous but loyal.
MAPLE TREE
Unique personality, full of imagination and originality, proud, self-confident, hungers for new experiences, good memory, learns easily, complicated love life, wants to impress.
OAK TREE
Robust nature, courageous, strong, unrelenting, independent, sensible, does not like change, keeps its feet on the ground, person of action, loves symmetry.
OLIVE TREE
Kind, reasonable, balanced, avoids aggression and violence, tolerant, well-developed sense of justice, sensitive, empathetic, loves the company of sophisticated people.
PINE TREE
Knows how to make life comfortable, active, natural, good companion, falls easily in love but passion can burn out quickly, gives up easily, trustworthy, practical.
POPLAR TREE
Courageous under pressure, desires pleasant surroundings, choosy, lonely, artistic nature, good organizer, philosophical, reliable, takes partnerships seriously.
ROWAN TREE
Charming, cheerful, gifted without excess pride, motion-sensitive, good taste, artistic, passionate, emotional, good company, does not forgive.
WALNUT TREE
Steadfast, strange and full of contrasts, often egotistic, unexpected reactions, ambitious, no flexibility, uncommon partner, not always liked but admired, strategist, jealous
WEEPING WILLOW
Beautiful, melancholic, empathetic, loves anything beautiful and tasteful, loves to travel, dreamer, restless, can be easily influenced but is not easy to live with, attracts partners who are lost.
British Real Photograph postcard, London, no. FS 153. Photo: Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM). Victor Fleming and Freddie Bartholomew in Captains Courageous (Victor Fleming, 1937).
American actor Spencer Tracy (1900-1967) was one of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age. He was the first actor to win back-to-back Oscars for Captains Courageous (1937) with Freddie Bartholomew, and for playing Father Edward Flanagan in Boys Town (1938) with Mickey Rooney. Considered by his peers as one of the best Hollywood actors, Tracy was noted for his natural performing style and versatility.
English-American Freddie Bartholomew (1924-1992), was one of the most famous child actors in film history. Born in London, he emigrated for the title role of MGM's David Copperfield (1935) to the United States He became very popular in 1930s Hollywood films such as Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936) and Captains Courageous (1937).
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
A courageous cliff exploration in the night, with only a single light, without fear, and the comfort of a beer.
50032 passing Aller Junction, with a 1430 Tavistock Jnc - Exeter mixed freight working. 30th April 1986
Visit our Vietnam travel log, Vietnam travel diary, Vietnam vlog:
www.flickr.com/photos/natureboheme/collections/7215762238...
Cống hiến, ngưỡng mộ và tôn trọng phụ nữ can đảm của Việt Nam.
Tribute, Admiration and Respect for the Courageous Women of Vietnam.
Hommage, Admiration et Respect pour les Courageuses Femmes du Vietnam.
Mots clefs:
Vietnam vietnamese women woman lady ladies "vietnamese woman" "vietnamese women" vietnamienne femme fille vietnamesische vietnamita bьетнамская "phụ nữ" "Đàn bà" "giống cái" "con gái" Việt "vietnamese ladies" amazing attractive awesome beautifull charming cute delicious delightful extraordinary fantastic gorgeous graceful honney happiness incredible kindness lovely nice oustanding pleasant pretty priceless smile smiling stunning super sweethearth sweetmeat unbelievable unforgettable wonderfull agréable extraordinaire gentille gracieuse heureuse magnifique mignonne ravissante souriante sourire splendide superbe
Autres mots clefs:
ánh sáng, màu sắc, đáng yêu, tuyệt vời, tuyệt vời, đẹp, quyến rũ, dễ thương, ngon, thú vị, phi thường, tuyệt vời, tuyệt vời, tuyệt đẹp, duyên dáng, đáng kinh ngạc ngọt ngào, không thể tin được, khó quên, tuyệt vời,
светлый, цветной, восхитительный, удивительный, удивительный, красивый, очаровательный, милый, восхитительный, восхитительный, необыкновенный, невероятный, фантастический, великолепный, грациозный, невероятный, прекрасный, великолепный, красивый, выдающийся, приятный, симпатичный, бесценный, потрясающий, супер, сладкий, невероятный, незабываемый, чудесный,
Another view of Bagnall No. 2680 "Courageous" receiving attention at the townward end of the Ribble Steam Railways line around the former docks at Preston.
Church Of Saint Bernadine: is a Catholic church located at Plac Bernardyński 4 in Kraków, Poland. The church is dedicated to St. Bernardine of Siena, and is the seat of the parish of the same name. The church was originally built in 1722-1742 in the Baroque style, and was consecrated in 1744. In 1869-1870 it was renovated in the Gothic Revival style. The main attraction of this church is the high altar, built between 1722-1742 in the Baroque style. It is dedicated to St. Bernardine of Siena, and is decorated with paintings and statues. The church also features several other altars, stained glass windows, and a beautifully decorated organ. It is one of the best churches in Poland which you must visit.
1. The Church of St. Bernardine of Siena is located in Krakow, Poland. 2. The church was built by order of King Władysław Jagiełło in the late 14th century as a part of a small monastery. 3. It is one of the oldest Gothic churches in Poland and has been part of the Krakow UNESCO world heritage site since 1978. 4. The church was heavily damaged in World War II, but was subsequently restored. 5. It now houses a museum devoted to religious history, as well as a number of other cultural attractions. 6. St. Bernardine of Siena was an Italian Franciscan friar who was canonized in 1450. Here are some facts about the Poland Church.These facts will help you understand why it is on the list of the best churches in Poland
Services:
1. Mass: The Church of St. Bernardine of Siena in Krakow offers Mass services for members of the Catholic faith. Masses are held daily. 2. Confession: The church also offers confession, or the opportunity to confess one’s sins to a priest and receive absolution. This service is available during set times on Sundays and weekdays. 3. Baptism: The Church of St. Bernardine offers baptism services for those individuals wishing to take part in the Catholic faith. 4. Weddings: Couples can also celebrate their wedding ceremony at the church. 5. Funerals: Funeral services are also available for those wishing to honor their loved one’s life. 6. Catechism: Those wishing to learn more about the Catholic faith can take part in catechism classes offered at the church. 7. Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament: During certain times throughout the week, The Church of St. Bernardine of Siena presents the Blessed Sacrament to the public for worship. 8. Concerts: Concerts may also be held at the church on occasion. This beautiful church in Poland has made a lot of significance in the past.
In 1655, at the height of the Swedish Deluge, the Bernardine Church was ordered to be burnt to the ground. The Swedish forces were upon the city, and Polish Commander Stefan Czarniecki decided that the church would be too handy a base for the invading army. Only a statue of the Virgin was salvaged. Four years later, building began again on the site. The baroque edifice that was raised then has survived until this day, standing a stone's throw to the south of the Royal Castle complex. The church's acoustics are superb, and the interior provides a popular venue for concerts by the local St. Maurice's Orchestra and other ensembles.
Kraków, also seen spelled Cracow or absent Polish diacritics as Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Old Town with Wawel Royal Castle was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second-most-important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was reported by Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, a 10th-century merchant from Córdoba, as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. As of 2023, the city has a population of 804,237, with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km (62 mi) radius of its main square.
After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II, the newly defined Distrikt Krakau (Kraków District) became the capital of Germany's General Government. The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto, from where they were sent to Nazi extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz, and Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów. However, the city was spared from destruction and major bombing.
In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, archbishop of Kraków, was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II—the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. Also that year, UNESCO approved Kraków's entire Old Town and historic centre and the nearby Wieliczka Salt Mine as Poland's first World Heritage Sites. Kraków is classified as a global city with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture includes Wawel Cathedral and Wawel Royal Castle on the banks of the Vistula, St. Mary's Basilica, Saints Peter and Paul Church and the largest medieval market square in Europe, Rynek Główny. Kraków is home to Jagiellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world and traditionally Poland's most reputable institution of higher learning. The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance such as the National Museum, Kraków Opera, Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, National Stary Theatre and the Jagiellonian Library. The city is served by John Paul II International Airport, the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland.
In 2000, Kraków was named European Capital of Culture. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a UNESCO City of Literature. The city hosted World Youth Day in 2016 and the European Games in 2023.
Kraków is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with the urban population of 804,237 (June, 2023). Situated on the Vistula river (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918, and the capital of Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
Timeline of Kraków
Historical affiliations
Vistulans, pre X century
Duchy of Bohemia, X century–ca. 960
Duchy of Poland, ca. 960–1025
Kingdom of Poland, 1025–1031
Duchy of Poland, 1031–1320
∟ Seniorate Province, 1138–1227
Duchy of Kraków, 1227–1320
Kingdom of Poland, 1320–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795
Austrian Empire, 1795–1809
∟ Galicia
Duchy of Warsaw, 1809–1815
Free City of Cracow, 1815–1846
Austrian Empire, 1846–1867
Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918
∟ Grand Duchy of Kraków (subdivision of Galicia)
Republic of Poland, 1918–1939
General Government, 1939–1945 (part of German-occupied Europe)
Provisional Government of National Unity, 1945–1947
Polish People's Republic, 1947–1989
Poland, 1989–present
Early history
The earliest known settlement on the present site of Kraków was established on Wawel Hill, and dates back to the 4th century. Legend attributes the town's establishment to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a ravenous dragon, Smok Wawelski. Many knights unsuccessfully attempted to oust the dragon by force, but instead, Krakus fed it a poisoned lamb, which killed the dragon. The city was free to flourish. Dragon bones, most likely that of mammoth, are displayed at the entrance of the Wawel Cathedral. Before the Polish state had been formed, Kraków was the capital of the tribe of Vistulans, subjugated for a short period by Great Moravia. After Great Moravia was destroyed by the Hungarians, Kraków became part of the kingdom of Bohemia. The first appearance of the city's name in historical records dates back to 966, when a Sephardi Jewish traveller, Abraham ben Jacob, described Kraków as a notable commercial centre under the rule of the then duke of Bohemia (Boleslaus I the Cruel). He also mentioned the baptism of Prince Mieszko I and his status as the first historical ruler of Poland. Towards the end of his reign, Mieszko took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty.
By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading center of trade. Brick buildings were being constructed, including the Royal Wawel Castle with the Rotunda of Sts. Felix and Adauctus, Romanesque churches, a cathedral, and a basilica. Sometime after 1042, Casimir I the Restorer made Kraków the seat of the Polish government. In 1079 on a hillock in nearby Skałka, the Bishop of Kraków, Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów, was slain by the order of the Polish king Bolesław II the Generous. In 1138, the Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth came into effect upon his death. It divided Poland into five provinces, with Kraków named as the Seniorate Province, meant to be ruled by the eldest male member of the royal family as the High Duke. Infighting among brothers, however, caused the seniorate system to soon collapse, and a century-long struggle between Bolesław's descendants followed. The fragmentation of Poland lasted until 1320.
Kraków was almost entirely destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1241, after the Polish attempt to repulse the invaders had been crushed in the Battle of Chmielnik. Kraków was rebuilt in 1257, in a form which was practically unaltered, and received self-government city rights from the king based on the Magdeburg Law, attracting mostly German-speaking burgers. In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols, 18 years after the first raid. A third attack, though unsuccessful, followed in 1287. The year 1311 saw the Rebellion of wójt Albert against Polish High Duke Władysław I. It involved the mostly German-speaking burghers of Kraków who, as a result, were massacred. In the aftermath, Kraków was gradually re-Polonized, and Polish burghers rose from a minority to a majority.
Further information: History of Poland in the Middle Ages
Medieval Kraków was surrounded by a 1.9 mile (3 km) defensive wall complete with 46 towers and seven main entrances leading through them (see St. Florian's Gate and Kraków Barbican). The fortifications were erected over the course of two centuries. The town defensive system appeared in Kraków after the city's location, i.e. in the second half of the 13th century (1257). This was when the construction of a uniform fortification line was commenced, but it seems the project could not be completed. Afterwards the walls, however, were extended and reinforced (a permit from Leszek Biały to encircle the city with high defensive walls was granted in 1285). Kraków rose to new prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the Cracow Academy, the second university in central Europe after the University of Prague. There had already been a cathedral school since 1150 functioning under the auspices of the city's bishop. The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty (1386–1572). As the capital of a powerful state, it became a flourishing center of science and the arts.
Kraków was a member of the Hanseatic League and many craftsmen settled there, established businesses and formed craftsmen's guilds. City Law, including guilds' depictions and descriptions, were recorded in the German language Balthasar Behem Codex. This codex is now featured at the Jagiellonian Library. By the end of the thirteenth century, Kraków had become a predominantly German city. In 1475 delegates of the elector George the Rich of Bavaria came to Kraków to negotiate the marriage of Princess Jadwiga of Poland (Hedwig in German), the daughter of King Casimir IV Jagiellon to George the Rich. Jadwiga traveled for two months to Landshut in Bavaria, where an elaborate marriage celebration, the Landshut Wedding took place. Around 1502 Kraków was already featured in the works of Albrecht Dürer as well as in those of Hartmann Schedel (Nuremberg Chronicle) and Georg Braun (Civitates orbis terrarum).
During the 15th century extremist clergymen advocated violence towards the Jews, who in a gradual process lost their positions. In 1469 Jews were expelled from their old settlement to Spiglarska Street. In 1485 Jewish elders were forced into a renunciation of trade in Kraków, which led many Jews to leave for Kazimierz that did not fall under the restrictions due to its status as a royal town. Following the 1494 fire in Kraków, a wave of anti-Jewish attacks took place. In 1495, King John I Albert expelled the Jews from the city walls of Kraków; they moved to Kazimierz (now a district of Kraków).
Renaissance
The Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, arrived in Kraków in the late 15th century, along with numerous Italian artists including Francesco Fiorentino, Bartolommeo Berrecci, Santi Gucci, Mateo Gucci, Bernardo Morando, and Giovanni Baptista di Quadro. The period, which elevated the intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus who studied at the local Academy. In 1468 the Italian humanist Filip Callimachus came to Kraków, where he worked as the teacher of the children of Casimir IV Jagiellon. In 1488 the imperial Poet Laureate and humanist Conrad Celtes founded the Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana ("Literary Society on the Vistula"), a learned society based on the Roman Academies. In 1489, sculptor Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz) of Nuremberg finished his work on the high altar of St. Mary's Church. He later made a marble sarcophagus for his benefactor Casimir IV Jagiellon. By 1500, Johann Haller had established a printing press in the city. Many works of the Renaissance movement were printed there during that time.
Art and architecture flourished under the watchful eye of King Sigismund I the Old, who ascended to the throne in 1507. He married Bona Sforza of a leading Milan family and using his new Italian connections began the major project (under Florentine architect Berrecci) of remaking the ancient residence of the Polish kings, the Wawel Castle, into a modern Renaissance palace. In 1520, Hans Behem made the largest church bell, named the Sigismund Bell after King Sigismund I. At the same time Hans Dürer, younger brother of Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter. Around 1511 Hans von Kulmbach painted a series of panels for the Church of the Pauline Fathers at Skałka and the Church of St. Mary. Sigismund I also brought in Italian chefs who introduced Italian cuisine.
In 1558, a permanent postal connection between Kraków and Venice, the capitals of the Kingdom of Poland and the Republic of Venice respectively, was established and Poczta Polska was founded. In 1572, King Sigismund II died childless, and the throne passed briefly to Henry of Valois, then to Sigismund II's sister Anna Jagiellon and her husband Stephen Báthory, and then to Sigismund III of the Swedish House of Vasa. His reign changed Kraków dramatically, as he moved the government to Warsaw in 1596. A series of wars ensued between Sweden and Poland.
After the partitions of Poland
In the late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was partitioned three times by its expansionist neighbors: Imperial Russia, the Austrian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia. After the first two partitions (1772 and 1793), Kraków was still part of the substantially reduced Polish nation. In 1794 Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated a revolt against the partitioning powers, the Kościuszko Uprising, in Kraków's market square. The Polish army, including many peasants, fought against the Russian and Prussian armies, but the larger forces ultimately put down the revolt. The Prussian army specifically took Kraków on 15 June 1794, and looted the Polish royal treasure kept at Wawel Castle. The stolen regalia, valued at 525,259 thalers, was secretly melted down in March 1809, while precious stones and pearls were appropriated in Berlin. Poland was partitioned for the third time in 1795, and Kraków became part of the Austrian province of Galicia.
When Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Empire captured part of what had once been Poland, he established the Duchy of Warsaw (1807) as an independent but subordinate state. West Galicia, including Kraków, was taken from the Austrian Empire and added to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809 by the Treaty of Schönbrunn, which ended the War of the Fifth Coalition. The Congress of Vienna (1815) restored the partition of Poland, but gave Kraków partial independence as the Free City of Cracow.
The city again became the focus of a struggle for national sovereignty in 1846, during the Kraków Uprising. The uprising failed to spread outside the city to other Polish lands, and was put down. This resulted in the annexation of the city state to the Austrian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Cracow, once again part of the Galician lands of the empire.
In 1850 10% of the city was destroyed in the large fire.
After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Austria granted partial autonomy to Galicia, making Polish a language of government and establishing a provincial Diet. As this form of Austrian rule was more benevolent than that exercised by Russia and Prussia, Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a center of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny) or "Polish Mecca" to which Poles would flock to revere the symbols and monuments of Kraków's (and Poland's) great past. Several important commemorations took place in Kraków during the period from 1866–1914, including the 500th Anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald in 1910, in which world-renowned pianist Ignacy Paderewski unveiled a monument. Famous painters, poets and writers of this period, living and working in the city include Jan Matejko, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Jan Kasprowicz, Juliusz Kossak, Wojciech Kossak, Stanisław Wyspiański and Stanisław Przybyszewski. The latter two were leaders of Polish modernism.
The Fin de siècle Kraków, even under the partitions, was famously the center of Polish national revival and culture, but the city was also becoming a modern metropolis during this period. In 1901 the city installed running water and witnessed the introduction of its first electric streetcars. (Warsaw's first electric streetcars came in 1907.) The most significant political and economic development of the first decade of the 20th century in Kraków was the creation of Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków), the incorporation of the surrounding suburban communities into a single administrative unit. The incorporation was overseen by Juliusz Leo, the city's energetic mayor from 1904 to his death in 1918 (see also: the Mayors of Kraków).
Thanks to migration from the countryside and the fruits of incorporation from 1910 to 1915, Kraków's population doubled in just fifteen years, from approx. 91,000 to 183,000 in 1915. Russian troops besieged Kraków during the first winter of the First World War, and thousands of residents left the city for Moravia and other safer locales, generally returning in the spring and summer of 1915. During the war Polish Legions led by Józef Piłsudski set out to fight for the liberation of Poland, in alliance with Austrian and German troops. With the fall of Austro-Hungarian Empire, Poles liberated the city and it was included with the newly reborn Polish state (1918). Between the two World Wars Kraków was also a major Jewish cultural and religious center (see: Synagogues of Kraków), with the Zionist movement relatively strong among the city's Jewish population.
World War II
Poland was partitioned again at the onset of the Second World War. The Nazi German forces entered Kraków on September 6, 1939. The residents of the city were saved from German attack by the courageous Mayor Stanisław Klimecki who went to meet the invading Wehrmacht troops. He approached them with the call to stop shooting because the city was defenseless: "Feuer einstellen!" and offered himself as a hostage. He was killed by the Gestapo three years later in the Niepołomice Forest. The German Einsatzgruppen I and zbV entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles. On September 12, the Germans carried out a massacre of 10 Jews. On November 4, Kraków became the capital of the General Government, a colonial authority under the leadership of Hans Frank. The occupation took a heavy toll, particularly on the city's cultural heritage. On November 6, during the infamous Sonderaktion Krakau 184 professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University (including Rector Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński among others) were arrested at the Collegium Novum during a meeting ordered by the Gestapo chief SS-Obersturmbannführer Bruno Müller. President of Kraków, Klimecki was apprehended at his home the same evening. After two weeks, they were sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and in March 1940 further to Dachau. Those who survived were released only after international protest involving the Vatican. On November 9–10, during the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of 120 Poles, including teachers, students and judges. The Sicherheitspolizei took over the Montelupich Prison, which became one of the most infamous in German-occupied Poland. Many Poles arrested in Kraków, and various other places in the region, and even more distant cities such as Rzeszów and Przemyśl, were imprisoned there. Over 1,700 Polish prisoners were eventually massacred at Fort 49 of the Kraków Fortress and its adjacent forest, and deportations of Polish prisoners to concentration camps, incl. Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, were also carried out. The prison also contained a cell for kidnapped Polish children under the age of 10, with an average capacity of about 70 children, who were then sent to concentration camps and executed. From September to December 1939, the occupiers also operated a Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war.
Many relics and monuments of national culture were looted and destroyed (yet again), including the bronze statue of Adam Mickiewicz stolen for scrap. The Jewish population was first ghettoized, and later murdered. Two major concentration camps near Kraków included Płaszów and the extermination camp of Auschwitz, to which many local Poles and Polish Jews were sent. Specific events surrounding the Jewish ghetto in Kraków and the nearby concentration camps were famously portrayed in the film Schindler's List, itself based on a book by Thomas Keneally entitled Schindler's Ark. The Polish Red Cross was also aware of over 2,000 Polish Jews from Kraków, who escaped from the Germans to Soviet-occupied eastern Poland, and then were deported by the Soviets to the USSR.
The Polish resistance movement was active in the city. Already in September 1939, the Organizacja Orła Białego resistance organization was founded. Kraków became the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland (alongside Warsaw, Poznań, Toruń, Białystok and Lwów). A local branch of the Żegota underground Polish resistance organization was established to rescue Jews from the Holocaust.
The Germans operated several forced labour camps in the city, and in 1942–1944, they also operated the Stalag 369 prisoner-of-war camp for Dutch, Belgian and French POWs. In 1944, during and following the Warsaw Uprising, the Germans deported many captured Poles frow Warsaw to Kraków.
A common account popularized in the Soviet-controlled communist People's Republic of Poland, held that due to a rapid advance of the Soviet armies, Kraków allegedly escaped planned destruction during the German withdrawal. There are several different versions of that account. According to a version based on self-written Soviet statements, Marshal Ivan Konev claimed to have been informed by the Polish patriots of the German plan, and took an effort to preserve Kraków from destruction by ordering a lightning attack on the city while deliberately not cutting the Germans from the only withdrawal path, and by not aiding the attack with aviation and artillery. The credibility of those accounts has been questioned by Polish historian Andrzej Chwalba who finds no physical evidence of the German master plan for demolition and no written proof showing that Konev ordered the attack with the intention of preserving the city. He portrays Konev's strategy as ordinary – only accidentally resulting in little damage to Kraków – exaggerated later into a myth of "Konev, savior of Kraków" by Soviet propaganda. The Red Army entry into the city was accompanied by a wave of rapes of women and girls resulting in official protests.
Post-war period
After the war, the government of the People's Republic of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest steel mill in the suburb of Nowa Huta. This was regarded by some as an attempt to diminish the influence of Kraków's intellectual and artistic heritage by industrialization of the city and by attracting to it the new working class. In the 1950s some Greeks, refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in Nowa Huta.
The city is regarded by many to be the cultural capital of Poland. In 1978, UNESCO placed Kraków on the list of World Heritage Sites. In the same year, on October 16, 1978, Kraków's archbishop, Karol Wojtyła, was elevated to the papacy as John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.
Kraków's population has quadrupled since the end of World War II. After the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the subsequent joining of the European Union, Offshoring of IT work from other nations has become important to the economy of Kraków and Poland in general in recent years. The city is the key center for this kind of business activity. There are about 20 large multinational companies in Kraków, including centers serving IBM, General Electric, Motorola, and Sabre Holdings, along with British and German-based firms.
In recent history, Kraków has co-hosted various international sports competitions, including the 2016 European Men's Handball Championship, 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship and 2023 World Men's Handball Championship.
Blessed are the peacemakers,
for they will be called children of God.
Nature colors colorful autumn fall beauty leaves leaf plant tree contrast close-up macro blur light sunlight sun sunny warm weather trees park bright vibrant golden
A courageous group of locals have restored this 200-plus-year cemetery along the banks of the Techfuncte River in Madisonville. There are many stories of hauntings including a mother looking for her children after the entire family drown when their car plunged into the river. Her tombstone is in the front left corner closest to the street.
"Coz" was my best buddy ever 1991-2003. Photo taken at Kasota House as night falls on the High Desert (named for the residents or the elevation?) and a snowstorm envelopes Angeles Crest in the backround.
Courageous cube print composed of hand drawn elements and digitally manipulated photos.
edition of 10
8.5 × 11 Archival inkjet print
available on Supermarket
“Captains Courageous” is a coming-of-age tale of fishing off the New England coast. It is the story of Harvey Cheyne, a spoiled rich kid, who stumbles overboard an ocean liner and is rescued by fisherman Manuel Fidello off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and brought aboard a small fishing boat. There he meets Disko Troop, captain of the fishing boat, who refuses to take the young man back to port but agrees to take him on as part of the crew against Harvey’s wishes. Over the course of the novel, Harvey befriends the captain’s son Dan and has some sense knocked into him. Dan helps the arrogant, overly pampered Harvey become a hard-working, self-reliant man at sea.
“Captains Courageous” is also an excellent portrayal of life in the Gloucester fishing fleet of Massachusetts, written while the newlywed Kipling lived in Vermont. Although Kipling lived in Vermont several years and was married to an American this is his only novel with entirely American settings, themes and major characters. The American edition of the book is dedicated to James Conland, M.D., of Brattleboro, Vermont. Dr. Conland had brought the Kiplings elder daughter into the world and had been a member of the Massachusetts fishing fleet. It is he who took Kipling to explore the wharves and quays of Boston and Gloucester.
Considered one of the great sea novels of the 19th century, “Captains Courageous” was made into an excellent Victor Fleming film in 1937 starring Freddie Bartholomew (Harvey Cheyne), Spencer Tracy (his rescuer Manuel Fidello),
Lionel Barrymore (Captain Disko Troop) and Mickey Rooney (Dan Troop).