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Continuing my Toy-ronto Life series...
News from our Ballet School Toy-District! Folded a little origami ballerina recently, so am sending her to Toy-ronto's Ballet School now :-) It's new school year started, isn't it?! :-)
For Origami Enthusiasts:
This paper girl was designed & folded by me :-) The diagrams are published in our Origami Little People eBook. Happy folding! :-)
More of toy-some tilt-shift fun is coming on the next Miniature Sunday- stay tuned / bientot a l'ecran ;-)
Today we continue our visit of one of the most iconic monuments of my November photo trip to the southern French provinces of Languedoc and Roussillon, and one of the most famous Benedictine abbeys of all times: Saint Michael of Cuxa.
The origins of the abbey go back to 840, when the monastery was created just after the Muslims were defeated and chased away. In its original locale near Eixelada, this first settlement endured a catastrophic flooding in 878. The 35 surviving monks moved to Cuxa, and under the protection of the earls of Cerdagne-Conflent, the abbey began to be built and prospered as early as the 900s. Cuxa fought for and obtained privileges of jurisdiction, thereby escaping religious authority, except that of the Pope, and secular authority, except that of the local King of Cerdagne.
Appointed abbot by King Sunifred II around 960, Garin (also referred to as Warinus), already head of five other monasteries, introduced a Cluniac reform and cut the last ties with the secular powers. He built a first church to replace the small initial chapel first mentioned in writing in 938. On his way back from a pilgrimage in Rome and Venice, Warinus convinced Doge Pietro Orseolo to abandon power, wife and children, and the pair fled Venice in the night of September 1, 978 —not leaving behind, however, a substantial part of the Doge’s riches, as well as two hermits, Marinus and Romuald. The presence of such illustrious guests at the abbey attracted large pilgrim crowds until the death of Doge Orseolo, in odor of sainthood, in 987. His companions returned to Italy where Romuald founded the order of the Camaldolese.
Warinus died around Year 1000 and was succeeded by the famous Oliba, elected abbot in 1008. He will go down in History as the great builder of Cuxa, as well as the one who considerably expanded the real estate domain owned by the abbey, which was already very substantial.
Decline began for Cuxa, like for so many other monasteries, with the end of the Middle Ages and the weakening and corruption of the faith brought about by the Renaissance. The monks stopped living communal life, the buildings fell into disrepair as the proceeds from the abbey’s domains were diverted and appropriated by the monks, and when it was sold to private owners in 1791, in the wake of the French Revolution, the abbey was in a sorry state. In 1907, an American managed to acquire a number of the capitals of the cloister and exported them to the USA where they formed the basis for The Cloisters museum in New York City.
Monks (Cistercians, indeed) returned to Cuxa after World War I, to be replaced by Benedictines from Montserrat in 1965. Extensive restoration campaigns began in 1940 and the monastery was finally listed as a Historic Landmark in 1958. It still functions as a working Benedictine abbey today.
The northern side of the main nave also shows fine examples of the arcs outrepassés I described yesterday.
Shot with a Voigtländer Perkeo II
80mm f/3.5 Color-Skopar lens
Ilford HP5+ 400 film
Shot at EI 400
Developed in the Ego Lab using XTOL + Rodinal (apx 75ml XTOL, 17.25ml Rodinal, 507.25ml water, or 4.34:1:29.4, for 4:45 min at 79F, agitated each minute)
Scanned on a Coolscan 9000ED
So i went back to that Aandklas wall in Pretoria and added this character and shit at the end of it, felt it needed something nice to finish it off. Hope you dudes dig it
Continuing to organize my studio this weekend, I came across yet ANOTHER sketchbook I'd forgotten I had. Only a six pages have been used, of which this is one.
I distinctly remember this lovely day, lounging around and sketching in a park in Rome.
I continue to tell about people who moved to Israel this year because they do not agree with Putin's policy. #emigrationisraelproject
Zaira and Boris Voitsekhovsky moved to Haifa from Moscow in late autumn of 2022.
Zaira says: “I was born in Dagestan, lived in Makhachkala, and then in Derbent. There used to be a lot of Jews in this city, but in the early 90s, almost all of them sold their houses and left for Israel. Could I then imagine that, after many years, I myself would be here!
In Moscow, Zaira graduated from the British School of Design, as a diploma work she made a corporate identity for the celebration of the 2000th anniversary of Derbent. Then she worked as a book designer. Now she is a designer at Masha and the Bear, the same company that makes famous cartoons.
Boris is a Muscovite. He is a journalist, but also an author of children's books and an artist.
“We met Zaira about eight years ago at one of the publishing houses, got married, wandered between Moscow, Makhachkala, and the village of Kubachi, where my wife's family comes from. Moving to Israel was a frequent topic of family conversations, but a very abstract topic "But it would be nice to try." In February 2022 we realized: it's the time! And here we are. We make friends, we improve our life, we try to make plans and we miss our relatives who remained in Moscow.”
For now, Boris and Zaira are working remotely. What will they do next?
"Let's see. Boris has a dream to try himself here as an artist, and it seems that he has a chance to arrange an exhibition of his works in Haifa. Also, we would love to do drawing and other creative work with local children.”
Cropped image captured through parked car's passenger-side window with smc Pentax-F 1:4.5-5.6 on Pentax K-S2.
Continuing with my series of images made on Monday, during a visit to a farm and garden outside Owen Sound , Ontario
...a unique property....with some attractive old ruins...buildings mostly no longer in use...but still kept so that deterioration....to my eyes...is most attractive !!!
Please see the whole set, for more views, and information.
The cove remains blue until September - Cove Guardians continue to monitor captive dolphins in Taiji, Japan – March 4, 2015
Aeyeda, from the Netherlands, speaks from the heart after her experience as a Cove Guardian in Taiji.
Taiji is a very dark town. I have seen THE worst animal abuse with my own eyes. I unfortunately witnessed many red cove days, and when the cove stayed blue there was a captive transfer, and when there were no transfers the captives were still there. Still trained in the most horrific way you can ever imagine and being force fed in an inhumane way.
It may sound quiet, it may even look quiet, but here in Taiji it is never quiet.
Nothing positive is happening in Taiji. There is no place for love within the trainers, killers, and for the dolphins and small whales. It is all about profit from captivity and the hunger to kill for 6 months. And even when the season is over the hunger is still there. Coastal whaling begins shortly after the drive hunt season.
I want to share a story from one bottlenose family.
In the early morning, dolphin hunters were going out to look for a pod to drive into the cove for slaughter and captivity. We saw how the hunting boats go over the horizon and we hoped with all we had inside they would come back empty handed. But when they found the pod and were beginning to drive them toward Taiji, we realized how vicious these hunter were. The dolphins are so drained by stress and so tired from fighting. When we looked into their eyes, once they were in the cove, we could only see fear. The dolphins feel what is what is going to happen to them and even though it is a lost cause, they still try, and try, and try to fight for every last breath. We witnessed the family separated. The dolphins witnessed each of their family members wrestled by the killers and dragged under the tarps so the trainers could examine the dolphins that were beautiful enough for captivity. The remaining pod that was unworthy was murdered one by one in front of the rest of the pod. After the process, the banger boats forced the rest of the family out to sea. Most didn’t want to leave their dead family members and were confused and scared. The drive out was just as brutal as the drive into the cove. What kind of life will these few dolphins have? Will they survive? They are free, but are they really free after seeing their family being ripped apart and got killed in front of them?
This is a story I wanted to share and there are so many other stories of the many dolphins that swim past Taiji. So many stories of kidnapping and murder.
There is no reason for the dolphin drive hunt to continue. There is no need to take more captives for entertainment. There are other ways to see these beautiful cetaceans, just get on a boat and go see them in the wild. Not the fake education that they give in aquariums and dolphinariums.
So if anyone were to ask me “How can I make a difference?”
I will tell them that there are small steps we can take that can make a huge difference. I believe this will come to an end if we will all bind our forces together and step forward and let them hear our voices!’
If people stop buying tickets to see captive dolphins, the slaughter will end.
We can either do nothing to stop this, or we can so something.
Sites for more information :
Sea Shepherd Cove Guardians Page (official)
www.facebook.com/SeaShepherdCoveGuardiansOfficialPage
Cove Guardians
www.seashepherd.org/cove-guardians
Photo: Sea Shepherd
Continuing the theme of Class 90's, we see DB Schenker Class 90's 90018 and 90019 as they haul the 13:45 Mossend Euroterminal to Daventry Int Rft Recep Rfd intermodal.
Denbigh Castle and town walls were built to control the lordship of Denbigh after the Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England in 1282. The lands were granted to Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, who began to build a new walled town, colonised by immigrants from England, protected by a substantial castle and surrounded by deer parks for hunting. The work had not been completed by 1294, when the Welsh temporarily seized the castle during the Madog ap Llywelyn revolt. The defences continued to be improved, although the castle was not completely finished by the time of Henry's death in 1311.
The castle passed between various owners in the first half of the 14th century, before coming under the control of the Mortimer family. Meanwhile, the walled town had proved impractical to live in, and a newer, much larger, settlement developed outside the defences. In 1400, the walled town was raided during the Glyndŵr Rising, although the castle itself remained secure throughout the rebellion. During the Wars of the Roses, Denbigh was attacked by Lancastrian forces; the walled town was attacked and burnt. In the aftermath, the old town was largely abandoned by its inhabitants, the walled area becoming an extension of the castle's defences.
During the First English Civil War, Denbigh was held by the Royalists until it was captured by Parliamentarian forces in October 1646. The castle was seized by pro-Royalist soldiers in 1659, after which General George Monk ordered it to be slighted, with various parts of the walls and towers being demolished. The site deteriorated further over the years and the old walled town remained almost deserted. In the middle of the 19th century, the town created a committee to manage the ruins and carried out restoration work. The Office of Works assumed responsibility for the fortifications in 1914, with the site ultimately passing into the control of the Welsh Cadw heritage agency.
Denbigh Castle is dominated by a triangle of three octagonal towers that forms its main entrance, considered by the historian John Goodall to be "the most architecturally sophisticated gatehouse of the thirteenth century". Eight mural towers protect the rest of its curtain wall, further protected by barbicans and a mantlet of defensive terraces and walls. The castle connects to the town walls, which remain largely intact and stretch for around 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) around the old town. The town walls were once protected by four towers and two gatehouses, although only one of the gatehouses still survives. The castle and town's gatehouse were constructed of decorative stonework, intended to symbolise royal authority and civic pride.
Denbigh Castle was constructed within what was originally the Welsh patrimony of Perfeddwlad. The patrimony controlled the pastoral farming lands on the Denbigh Moors and formed a royal residence, llys, for the Welsh princes. Perfeddwlad was strategically located along the Welsh border but its ownership was disputed and the territory was fought over by the Normans and Welsh many times during the 11th and 12th centuries.
In 1277, the Welsh prince Dafydd ap Gruffudd was granted Perfeddwlad by the English king, Edward I, who at the time was allied with Dafydd in his struggle against his brother Prince Llywelyn. Dafydd rebuilt the existing residence, creating a substantial castle. It is uncertain what form it took or exactly where on the current castle site it was located, but it included a bakehouse, buttery, chapel and a hall, and it became Dafydd's main stronghold. The Welsh called the settlement Dinbych, an abbreviation of Dinas Fechan, meaning "little fortress".
In 1282, Dafydd and Llywelyn rebelled against the King. Edward invaded North Wales with a huge army; after a month long siege, Dinbych fell to his forces in October 1282. The King created a new lordship to govern the district around Dinbych, which he renamed Denbigh and granted these lands to Henry de Lacy, the Earl of Lincoln.[3] With the help of James of St George, the King's master mason, Edward and Henry made plans for the construction of a new castle to govern the area, symbolically placed on top of the former llys.
Edward continued into Snowdonia, leaving Henry to continue the work at Denbigh, using local labourers and possibly men brought from Henry's estates in England. The western and southern sides of the castle and the new town walls were built first, in order to protect the construction teams and by 1285, Henry gave the new town its first charter. Work on the rest of the defences continued for several years. The castle and town formed part of a wider landscape controlled by de Lacey, including a nearby manor, a dovecote, barn and fishponds, which were all important symbols of lordship during the period. He similarly established three parks around the castle, stocked with deer from England.
The town walls enclosed an area approximately 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) in size and held 63 burgesses in 1285, each of which promised to provide an armed man to help protect the settlement. The townsfolk were English, many from Henry's estates in northern England and were reinforced by further English colonists who acquired large areas of rural land around the region. From the earliest days of the new settlement; the inhabitants began to spread out beyond the walls onto the flatter ground further down the hill, spurred on by the limited space and poor water supply in the inner town. This was unusual compared to the experience of other walled towns established in Wales at the time and within fifty years the external villa mercatoria had come to cover around 57 acres (23 ha).
The building work on Denbigh Castle had not been completed by September 1294, when a Welsh revolt broke out, led by Madog ap Llywelyn. The castle was taken by Welsh forces, despite efforts by Henry to relieve it and the fortification was not recaptured until December. The castle's defences continued to be improved, although it was not completely finished, possibly because the project was disrupted by the death of Henry's eldest son in an accident at the castle.
Henry de Lacy's daughter, Alice, inherited Denbigh Castle on his death in 1311. Alice was the wife of Thomas, the Earl of Lancaster, and the castle continued to be developed until Thomas was executed for treason in 1322. The following years were politically unstable and the castle was passed between several, short-lived, owners - Hugh Despenser, the Earl of Winchester and then Roger Mortimer, the Earl of March - before being held for a period by William Montagu. Work on the castle and the town walls continued throughout this period.
The Mortimer family reacquired the lordship in 1355 and carried out repairs over the next fifty years to the castle's stonework and timber. In 1400, Owain Glyndŵr led a revolt against the Crown and raided the town of Denbigh. Since Edmund Mortimer was only eight years old, King Henry IV placed Henry Percy in charge of Denbigh, until Percy defected to the rebels in 1403. Despite being isolated, Denbigh remained in royal hands through to the end of the rebellion in 1407. Edmund continued to hold the castle until he died, childless, in 1425, when ownership passed to Richard, the Duke of York.
During the Wars of the Roses, Denbigh was fought over by the rival Lancastrian and Yorkist factions. Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke and a Lancastrian supporter, was declared the constable of the castle by Henry VI in 1457 but the fortification remained in the hands of the Yorkists. After the Lancastrian victory at the Battle of Ludford Bridge, Jasper was able to force the garrison to surrender and finally took possession of the castle in 1460. The war then turned in favour of the Yorkists and despite the castle's new garrison holding out for several months under Roger Puleston, it was recaptured by Sir Richard Herbert in late 1461. The new Yorkist regime made William Herbert, Jasper's rival to the title of Earl of Pembroke, the constable and steward of Denbigh in 1467.
Jasper returned to Denbigh in 1468 and although he could not take the castle, he burnt the interior of the walled town. The attack spurred an exodus from the walled town to the newer suburbs. By the end of 16th century the inner area had been largely abandoned, coming to form part of the external defences of the castle and the Burgess Gate on the town walls became the town gaol. In 1586, the antiquarian William Camden could observe that the "old town is now deserted".
Much of the castle had fallen into decline by 1530 but six years later the castle became the centre for administrating the new county of Denbighshire, with the great gatehouse and nearby towers being used as a courthouse, prison and associated buildings by the county authorities. The remainder of the castle had fallen into ruin by 1561. Robert Dudley, later made the Earl of Leicester, was granted a lease of the castle in 1563, partially because the Crown was trying to reduce the costs of maintaining the dilapidated property.
During Dudley's tenure, Denbigh Castle was used as a place of imprisonment for those considered traitors by the officials of the Crown, including many dissidents towards the Elizabethan religious settlement. The most famous such prisoner was the Welsh poet and underground Catholic schoolmaster Richard Gwyn, who was imprisoned at Denbigh Castle from September 1581 to the Spring of 1582.
After Gwyn's execution on 15 October 1584, his head and one of his quarters were spiked upon Denbigh Castle. The other three quarters were similarly displayed at Wrexham, Ruthin Castle, and Holt Castle.
On 25 October 1970 Pope Paul VI presided over the canonization ceremony in Rome for St. Richard Gwyn, as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.
The Catholic Church in England commemorates Gwyn with a feast day together with all the 284 canonized and beatified martyrs of the English Reformation on 4 May. The Catholic Church in Wales commemorates him on the feast day of the Six Welsh Martyrs: priests Philip Evans and John Lloyd, John Jones, David Lewis, John Roberts, the layman Richard Gwyn, and their companions, every year on 25 October.
During his rule, Dudley also built a large Anglican parish church in the walled town, possibly intending it to become a cathedral and carried out some minor repairs to the castle but little other work was completed before his death in 1588.
When the First English Civil War broke out in August 1642, North Wales was solidly Royalist, and Denbigh Castle was held by a garrison of 500 under Colonel William Salesbury, who made repairs to the defences. By late 1645, the war had turned against the Royalists, and Charles I spent three days at the castle after his defeat at Rowton Heath in September.
The following month, a Royalist army under the command of Sir William Vaughan gathered at Denbigh Green, close to the ruins of Denbigh Friary, intending to march to Chester to relieve the forces under siege there. Before this, Vaughan was attacked and defeated by a force commanded by Sir Thomas Mytton, and some of the Royalist soldiers retreated into the castle in the aftermath. Mytton took the outer parts of Denbigh but could not break into the walled town or the castle.
Mytton returned the next year with additional equipment and placed the castle and the walled town under a close siege in April 1646, erecting earthwork bastions for his guns along the eastern site of Denbigh. The Goblin Tower along the town walls, which contained the garrison's main well, was bombarded with artillery and Mytton placed more guns on nearby Galch Hill to attack the south-western side of the walls. With only one artillery piece of his own and no Royalist reinforcements likely, Salesbury's position appeared hopeless but he held on, arguing that he had given assurances to the King that he would not surrender the castle. Finally, Charles I sent Salebsury a message, personally ordering him to give up Denbigh; after negotiations, Salesbury agreed to surrender on good terms on 26 October.
After Salesbury departed, Parliament installed a small garrison in the castle, under the command of Colonel George Twistleton, the new governor. It was used as a prison for political prisoners, including David Pennant, the High Sheriff of Flintshire and there was an abortive Royalist attempt in 1648 to break into the castle to rescue the inmates.
In 1659, Sir George Booth led an uprising of Royalist and Presbyterian leaders against the Commonwealth government. A group of Royalist soldiers seized Denbigh Castle in August and took the garrison prisoner. After Booth's defeat at the Battle of Winnington Bridge a few weeks later, the rebels surrendered and the government retook the castle. General George Monck then ordered it to be slighted, put beyond military use. The republican politician John Carter demolished parts of the curtain walls and two towers over the course of six weeks. The site fell further into ruin over the remainder of the century, with its stone being reused to build houses in the town. When granted briefly in 1696 to William Bentinck, the Earl of Portland, complaints were made in Parliament and it reverted to the Crown.
Denbigh Castle remained ruined, although a new grammar school was built in the walled town in 1726 and a bowling green was established around 1769. Castle House, a large private dwelling, was also constructed there in either the second quarter or the middle of the century, using stone taken from the castle ruins and Leicester's church. In the middle of the 19th century, the historian John Williams observed that the walled town remained otherwise deserted, with only three irregular rows of cottages, holding a total of 163 inhabitants; these dwellings attracted complaint from the writer Samuel Lewis, who argued that they "materially diminished the interest excited by the ruins". The western tower of the Burgess Gate was then being used as a private house, as had the eastern tower until a few years before.
In the middle of the 19th century, the town created a "Castle Committee" to maintain the ruins; the Crown leased the committee control of the castle and in 1879 lent them £300 to fund repairs to the ruins. The Crown reclaimed control of the Burgess Gate from its occupants and carried out conservation work, before then leasing the gatehouse to the committee in 1908. In 1914, the central government's Office of Works took over responsibility for the site and during the late 1950s, its successor organisation, the Ministry of Works, first bought and then demolished various later buildings along the walls to clear the area for research and visitors.
In the 21st century, Denbigh Castle and the town walls are maintained by the Welsh heritage agency Cadw. The castle is open to visitors, receiving 10,154 in 2015 and parts of the extant walls are also open to visitors. £600,000 was invested by Cadw in the castle and walls during the mid-2010s, financing the construction of a new visitors' centre. The site is protected under UK law as a scheduled ancient monument and the castle as a grade I listed building.
Denbigh Castle is located on a naturally defensible, rocky outcrop above the Clywd valley, with the walled town just beneath it to the north. The castle comprises a large gatehouse, with a curtain wall and mural towers encircling an inner area approximately 350 by 260 feet (107 by 79 m) across. The historian John Goodall considers the fortification to be "one of the outstanding architectural creations of the Welsh conquest".
The Great Gatehouse is formed by a triangle of octagonal towers around a central octagonal hall, protected by a barbican. The gatehouse was built using decorative bands of masonry in different colours, intended to symbolise Edward I's royal authority and displayed a statue, probably of Edward II, over the main entrance. The complex was defended with a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide ditch, a drawbridge, murder holes and a portcullis. The three towers making up the gatehouse have individual names: the Porter's Lodge and Prison towers face outwards and the Badnes Tower, possibly named after an early constable of the castle, lies to the rear. Goodall considers the building to be "the most architecturally sophisticated gatehouse of the thirteenth century" and notes that the architectural ideas were later "reworked to brilliant effect" at Knaresborough.
To the east of the gatehouse is the site of the Queen's Chapel, since destroyed and the castle well, which is over 50 feet (15 m) deep. The hexagonal, three-storey Great Kitchen Tower and the White Chamber Tower, which was slighted after the English Civil War, flank the foundations of the Great Hall. Further south is the Pitcher House Tower, probably used for storing water during the summer months and the Green Chambers, so called because of the colour of their Gwespyr stonework. The chambers have basements specially designed for the storage of meat and wine and the upper storeys originally contained exceptionally fine accommodation.
At the southern end of the castle, the Postern Tower, originally three storeys high, links the castle to one end of the town walls. The adjacent Upper Gate and the Postern Gate formed a rear entrance to the castle, protected by another barbican, drawbridges and a steep passageway.
A mantlet of defensive terraces and cross-walls stretches around the south and eastern sides of the castle and originally prevented the undermining of the mural towers and thinnest stretches of the curtain wall. This side of the castle was protected by the Treasure House Tower, which held the Treasure House; the Tower-next-Treasure House; the Bishop's Tower, containing a sally port and the octagonal Red Tower, named after the red sandstone used in its construction, which linked to the other end of the town wall circuit. Stables, a blacksmith's workshop and storehouses once ran along the inside of the south-western corner of the castle.
The town walls stretch for around 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) from the north edge of the castle to its southeastern tip and mostly remain intact. The walls were built in the 13th century and originally protected by four mural towers, positioned in a disorderly pattern; the two gatehouses and the defences along the eastern salient were added in the 14th century.
Only the foundations of the Exchequer Gate on the western side of the walls remain but the gatehouse would originally have been protected by two circular towers, with a rectangular glacis base to prevent undermining. The walls between the Exchequer and Burgess Gate at the north-west corner of the circuit are intact. The Burgess Gate has two circular towers protecting a vaulted passage way, again with a distinctive glacis base. The gatehouse is built from white limestone and yellow sandstone, with the stonework forming a chequered design; this was a common decorative approach at the time and would have symbolised local civic pride. Although the top courses have been lost, the gatehouse might originally have stood up to 60 feet (18 m) tall. The section of the walls to the east of the Burgess Gate has been lost.
The walled circuit recommences in the north-east corner of the town, where the walls survive up to 15 feet (4.6 m) high, further protected by the two-storey tall North-Eastern Tower. On the eastern side of the walls, the original defences had been set back from the edge of a rocky salient, protected by the Countess Tower, an angular, two-storey building with two towers. The defences were adapted to follow the outer edge of the salient, with the Goblin Tower built on the outermost point, overlooking the edge of the cliffs. The Goblin Tower is a hexagonal, two-storey tower, protecting a deep well that formed the only reliable source of water for the defences during the summer.
The walled circuit continues south, meeting the Bastion Tower in the south-east corner.[88] The Bastion Tower was originally three storeys tall and was decorated with chequered sandstone and limestone in a similar fashion to the Burgess Gate.
Denbigh is a market town and a community in Denbighshire, Wales. Formerly the county town of the historic county of Denbighshire until 1888, Denbigh's Welsh name (Dinbych) translates to "Little Fortress"; a reference to its historic castle. Denbigh lies near the Clwydian Hills.
Denbigh Castle, together with its town walls, was built in 1282 (742 years ago) by order of King Edward I. The Burgess Gate, whose twin towers adorn the symbol on Denbigh's civic seal, was once the main entrance into the town. The first borough charter was granted to Denbigh in 1290, when the town was still contained within the old town walls. It was the centre of the Marcher Lordship of Denbigh. The town was involved in the revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn in 1294–1295; the castle was captured in the autumn and, on 11 November 1294, a relieving force was defeated by the Welsh rebels. The town was recaptured by Edward I in December. Denbigh was also burnt in 1400 during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr.
During the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), the town was largely destroyed, subsequently moving from the hilltop to the area of the present town market.
Leicester's Church is an unfinished church. In 1579, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, who was also Baron of Denbigh, planned for there to be a cathedral. His intention was to move the status of city from neighbouring St Asaph. The project ran out of money and, when Robert Dudley died, it was left as ruins; it is now in the care of Cadw.
In 1643, during the English Civil War, Denbigh became a refuge for a Royalist garrison. Surrendering in 1646, the castle and town walls eventually fell into ruin.
The town grew around the textile industry in the 1600s, hosting specialist glovers, weavers, smiths, shoemakers, saddlers, furriers and tanners. Denbigh has been an important location for the agricultural industry throughout its history.
Denbigh railway station once served the town on the former London and North Western Railway, later part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.
It was a junction for the Vale of Clwyd Railway line, which lead north to St Asaph and Rhyl, and the Mold and Denbigh Junction Railway. The former was closed in 1955, leaving Denbigh on a lengthy branch running from Chester to Ruthin, via Mold, which subsequently closed in 1962. A southern continuation beyond Ruthin, linking up with the Great Western Railway at Corwen, had closed in 1952.
The station site has been redeveloped since into a small retail park; however, remains of a platform can still be seen beside the road leading to the Home Bargains store, Aldi Supermarket and two charity shops.
At one time, the majority of the population sought employment at the North Wales Hospital, which, dating back to the 1840s, cared for people with psychiatric illnesses. The hospital closed in 1995 and has since fallen into disrepair. In October 2008, a special series of episodes of Most Haunted, titled Village of the Damned, was broadcast from the North Wales Hospital over 7 days. As of October 2018, the derelict building has passed into the ownership of Denbighshire County Council.
Denbigh had a town cinema on Love Lane. It opened as the Scala in 1928, before being re-branded as the Wedgwood Cinema in the late 1970s. It closed in October 1980, then reopened by Lewis Colwell in 1982 and renamed the Futura Cinema. The cinema closed again in the 1990s, but the building remained open as a video rental store. In 1995, Peter Moore reopened the cinema for a short period before being arrested and convicted of the murder of four men. The video rental store closed and the building is now in ruin awaiting redevelopment. Denbigh has no permanent cinema, though Denbigh Film Club regularly operates in Theatr Twm o'r Nant.
The population at the 2001 Census was 8,783,[10] increasing to 8,986 in the 2011 census., reducing in the 2021 census to 8,669.
Attractions in the town include Denbigh Library, Denbigh Castle and the castle walls, Cae Dai 1950s museum, Theatr Twm o'r Nant, medieval parish church St Marcella's, and a small shopping complex. Denbigh Boxing Club is located on Middle Lane. Denbigh Community Hospital was established in 1807. Denbigh Town Hall is a Grade II* listed building.
Denbigh Cricket Club is one of the oldest cricket clubs in Wales having been established in 1844. The club plays at the Ystrad Road ground and plays in the North Wales Cricket League. The 1st XI play in the Premier Division having won the Division 1 championship in 2010 with the 2nd XI in Division 3.
For over 50 years, a barrel rolling competition has been held on Boxing Day in the town square.
There are a number of places to stay in Denbigh, including Tyn Yr Eithin, a caravan, camping, and glamping site based on the edge of the town which has been hosting tourists since 1986.
There are three secondary schools located in Denbigh. Denbigh High School is the larger of the two, consisting of nearly 600 pupils and approximately 60 staff. The current headmaster is Glen Williams.
St Brigid's is a Catholic voluntary aided school on Mold Road on the outskirts of the town which caters for pupils between the ages of 3 – 19. There is a strict admissions policy and until 2009 the school only accepted girls. The schools current headteacher is Leah Crimes.
Myddleton College is the former Howell's Preparatory School and is an independent co-educational day and boarding school.
All 3 of these High Schools in Denbigh, along with Ysgol Brynhyfryd (Ruthin), Ysgol Glan Clwyd (St Asaph), Denbigh College, and Llysfasi College (Deeside) have joined to offer a combined 6th form under the title 'The Dyffryn Clwyd Consortium'.
Crest Mawr Wood (alt. - Crêst) is a Site of Special Scientific Interest to the north west, adjoining Denbigh Golf Club and the Tarmac Quarry, an historic and ancient deciduous woodland. This woodland is endangered due to environmental pressure and competing land use in the area.
Denbigh hosted the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1882, 1939, 2001 and 2013.
Notable people
Rhoda Broughton (1840–1920), novelist
Elizabeth Casson (1881–1954) doctor and occupational therapy pioneer.
Shefali Chowdhury (born 1988), actor, notably in the Harry Potter films
CDawgVA (born 1996), YouTuber and podcaster, presenter of Trash Taste
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (1532–1588), also known as Baron of Denbigh
Thomas Gee (1815–1898), a Welsh Nonconformist preacher, journalist and publisher.
David Griffith (1800–1894), known as "Clwydfardd" a Welsh poet and Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.
Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–1784), visited friends and relation in Denbigh many times and has an urn memorial in his honour in the woods nearby.
Professor Edward Taylor Jones FRSE (1872–1961), physicist
Eirian Llwyd (1951–2014), printmaker and wife of former Plaid Cymru leader Ieuan Wyn Jones
Humphrey Llwyd (1527–1568), a Welsh cartographer, author, antiquary and MP.
Sir Hugh Myddleton (1560–1631), royal jeweller, goldsmith and entrepreneur.
Thomas Myddelton (1550–1631) a Welsh merchant, Lord Mayor of London & MP
Twm o'r Nant (1739–1810), playwright, real name Thomas Edwards
Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), spent summers with her aunt and uncle at Gwaenynog Hall between 1895 and 1913 and used their large garden as inspiration for The Tale of Peter Rabbit
Susan Reynolds (1929–2021) a medieval historian
Kate Roberts (1891–1985), Welsh language writer.
Several members of the Salusbury Family, who represented Denbigh over the years.
Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), a journalist and explorer
Mark Webster (born 1983) Welsh darts international, winner of the BDO World Darts Championship 2008
Bryn Williams (born 1977), TV chef who won the Great British Menu BBC TV programme.
Denbighshire is a county in the north-east of Wales. It borders the Irish Sea to the north, Flintshire to the east, Wrexham to the southeast, Powys to the south, and Gwynedd and Conwy to the west. Rhyl is the largest town, and Ruthin is the administrative centre. Its borders differ from the historic county of the same name.
Denbighshire has an area of 326 square miles (840 km2) and a population of 95,800, making it sparsely populated. The most populous area is the coast, where Rhyl (25,149) and Prestatyn (19,085) form a single built-up area with a population of 46,267. The next-largest towns are Denbigh (8,986), Ruthin (5,461), and Rhuddlan (3,709). St Asaph (3,355) is a city. All of these settlements are in the northern half of the county; the south is even less densely populated, and the only towns are Corwen (2,325) and Llangollen (3,658).
The geography of Denbighshire is defined by the broad valley of the River Clwyd, which is surrounded by rolling hills on all sides except the north, where it reaches the coast. The Vale of Clwyd, the lower valley, is given over to crops, while cattle and sheep graze the uplands. The Clwydian Range in the east is part of the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
This part of Wales contains the country's oldest known evidence of habitation – Pontnewydd (Bontnewydd-Llanelwy) Palaeolithic site has Neanderthal remains of some 225,000 years ago. The county is also home to several medieval castles, including Castell Dinas Brân, Denbigh, and Rhuddlan, as well as St Asaph Cathedral. Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod takes place in the town each July.
The main area was formed on 1 April 1996 under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, from various parts of the county of Clwyd. It includes the district of Rhuddlan (formed in 1974 entirely from Flintshire), the communities of Trefnant and Cefn Meiriadog from the district of Colwyn (entirely Denbighshire) and most of the Glyndŵr district. The last includes the former Edeyrnion Rural District, part of the administrative county of Merionethshire before 1974, covering the parishes of Betws Gwerfil Goch, Corwen, Gwyddelwern, Llangar, Llandrillo yn Edeirnion and Llansanffraid.
Other principal areas including part of historical Denbighshire are Conwy, which picked up the remainder of 1974–1996 Colwyn, the Denbighshire parts of 1974–1996 Aberconwy, and Wrexham, which corresponds to the pre-1974 borough of Wrexham along with most of Wrexham Rural District and several parishes of Glyndŵr. Post-1996 Powys includes the historically Denbighshire parishes of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Llansilin and Llangedwyn, which formed part of Glyndŵr district.
Researchers have found signs that Denbighshire was inhabited at least 225,000 years ago. Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site is one of the most significant in Britain. Hominid remains of probable Neanderthals have been found, along with stone tools from the later Middle Pleistocene.
In 2021 February, archaeologists from Aeon Archaeology announced a discovery of over 300 Stone Age tools and artifacts in Rhuddlan. They revealed scrapers, microliths, flakes of chert (a hard, fine-grained, sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz), flints and other rudimentary tools. An expert, Richard Cooke, believes the lithic remains belonged to ancient peoples, who while passing through the area, made camp by the river more than 9,000 years ago.
The eastern edge of Denbighshire follows the ridge of the Clwydian Range, with a steep escarpment to the west and a high point at Moel Famau (1,820 ft (555 m)), which with the upper Dee Valley forms an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley – one of just five in the Wales. The Denbigh Moors (Mynydd Hiraethog) are in the west of the county and the Berwyn Range adjacent to the southern edge. The River Clwyd has a broad fertile Vale running from south–north in the centre of the county. There is a narrow coastal plain in the north which much residential and holiday-trade development. The highest point in the historic county was Cadair Berwyn at 832 m or 2,730 ft), but the boundary changes since 1974 make Cadair Berwyn North Top the highest point. Denbighshire borders the present-day principal areas of Gwynedd, Conwy County Borough, Flintshire, Wrexham County Borough, and Powys.
Rhyl and Prestatyn form a single built-up area in the north of the county, with a population of 46,267. They are immediately adjacent to the Kinmel Bay and Abergele built-up area in neighbouring Conwy, and at the eastern end of series of coastal resorts which that also includes Colwyn Bay and Llandudno further west.
According to the 2021 United Kingdom census, Denbighshire's population was approximately 95,800. According to previous censuses, the population of Denbighshire was 93,734 in 2011 and 93,065 in 2001. The largest towns on the coast are Rhyl (2001 population c. 25,000) and Prestatyn (2001 population c. 18,000). According to the 2011 Census returns, 24.6 per cent stated they could speak Welsh.
Since the 20th-century demise of the coal and steel industries in the Wrexham area, there is no heavy industry in the county. Although most towns have small industrial parks or estates for light industry, the economy is based on agriculture and tourism. Much of the working population is employed in the service sector. The uplands support sheep and beef cattle rearing, while in the Vale of Clwyd dairy farming and wheat and barley crops predominate. Many towns have livestock markets and farming supports farm machinery merchants, vets, feed merchants, contractors and other ancillaries. With their incomes on the decline, farmers have found opportunities in tourism, rural crafts, specialist food shops, farmers' markets and value-added food products.
The upland areas with their sheep farms and small, stone-walled fields are attractive to visitors. Redundant farm buildings are often converted into self-catering accommodation, while many farmhouses supply bed and breakfast. The travel trade began with the arrival of the coast railway in the mid-19th century, opening up the area to Merseyside. This led to a boom in seaside guest houses. More recently, caravan sites and holiday villages have thrived and ownership of holiday homes increased. Initiatives to boost the economy of North Wales continue, including redevelopment of the Rhyl seafront and funfair.
The North Wales Coast Line running from Crewe to Holyhead is served by Transport for Wales and Avanti West Coast services. Trains leaving Crewe to pass through Chester, cross the River Dee into Wales, and continue through Flint, Shotton, Holywell Junction (closed in 1966), Prestatyn, Rhyl, and stations to Bangor and Holyhead, which has a ferry service to Ireland.
There are no motorways in Denbighshire. The A55 dual carriageway runs from Chester through St Asaph to the North Wales coast at Abergele, then parallel to the railway through Conwy and Bangor to Holyhead. The A548 run from Chester to Abergele through Deeside and along the coast, before leaving the coast and terminating at Llanrwst. The main road from London, the A5, passes north-westwards through Llangollen, Corwen and Betws-y-Coed to join the A55 and terminate at Bangor. The A543 crosses the Denbigh Moors from south-east to north-west, and the A525 links Ruthin with St Asaph.
There are local bus services between the main towns. Several services by Arriva Buses Wales run along the main coast road between Chester and Holyhead, linking the coastal resorts. Another route links Rhyl to Denbigh.
Denbighshire is represented in the House of Commons by three MPs. The Welsh Labour Party lost to the Welsh Conservatives in the 2019 general election for the first time.
The following MPs were elected from Denbighshire in 2019:
Simon Baynes (Welsh Conservatives) in Clwyd South, first elected in 2019.
David Jones (Welsh Conservatives) in Clwyd West, first elected in 2005.
James Davies (Welsh Conservatives) in Vale of Clwyd, first elected in 2019.
Denbighshire is also represented in the Senedd by three members elected in 2021:
Ken Skates (Welsh Labour) in Clwyd South, first elected in 2011
Darren Millar (Welsh Conservatives) in Clwyd West, first elected in 2007
Gareth Davies (Welsh Conservatives) in Vale of Clwyd, first elected in 2021.
In 2019, research by UnHerd in association with the pollster FocalData showed that most people across the county support the British monarchy.
As the Royal Victorian Police Services continue their investigation based on the credible threat from the FBI, the National Security Operations Centre convened another emergency meeting.
The team identified a likely opportunity for an attack would be the eye-dotting ceremony at an upcoming Chinese New Year event. The publicly announced event would be attended by the Prime Minister.
After the meeting, Commander Andrew Scott, Officer Commanding of the Special Mission Unit caught up with Chief Superintendent Mackay.
"I have a feeling that this is it," said Commander Scott. "This is the event they are going to hit."
"I agree." Superintendent Mackay replied. "I want your Tier 1 unit on the ground. Get your team deployed."
To be continued...
Continued practice from Kim Klassen's Beyond Layers. Start to finish.
Morning without you is a dwindled dawn.
--Emily Dickinson
Mogadore, Summit County, Ohio
Work continues apace at Washwood Heath Up Sidings with the construction of a new tarmacadam plant for Tarmac. 66749 Christopher Hopcroft MBE 60 Years Railway Service completes the scene running along the Washwood Heath East Sidings line and thence onto the Cemex Siding with 6M78 from Pengam Reception Sidings.
Continuing the "blue" theme. LSL's short Blue Pullman set hammers past Longniddry whilst working 1Z43 (Potters Bar - Fort William) charter. There were still autumn colours about but light levels were very low.
Continuing through the archive, from 2021, another new face the very lovely Morgan. Sadly this was the only shoot Morgan and I were able to coordinate as she's since moved but she did amazing! We did a few different looks in my 'standard' studio setup and we got some really great results - not too much else to say really. Please enjoy!
Strobist: SB910 into 5' shoot-thru umbrella (camera left) plus a yn560 into a 26" Rapidbox (camera right), both behind the lens, large silver reflector below. fired by cactus v5s
Continuing Toy-ronto Life series...
More miniature fun from Toy-ronto! Why not have a toy-ballet!
Built in 1911 in Classical Revival style, Quaker Meeting House (or Society of Friends Meeting House) at Maitland Street is the home of Canada's National Ballet School from 1950s, where the School was opened actually. Left to it, there is another heritage building, Alexander Crombie House, built in 1871, which also is an affiliation to National Ballet School.
Stay tuned for more Toy-ronto fun, coming very soon, today :-)
Continuing the series of street photography where I attempt to document the days leading to the closing down of the Sungei Road Flea market (Singapore) which made way for future urban redevelopment on 10 July 2017.
The market which started in the 1930s serves as the go-to place for the underprivileged or those seeking unique items at a bargain. This is far flung from the upmarket shopping belts in Orchard Road or Marina Bay Sands.
It started in the 1930s during the Japanese occupation along Rochor River, where people would seek household items which were in short supply. It was later coined "Thieves" market as stolen goods were hawked there.
Before closing down, second hand clothes, watches and electrical items were popular with foreign construction workers and normally hawked by the elderly or those who are independent and refuse financial assistance from the state.
I tried to capture the lively battering atmosphere, which were sometimes quirky as well as the melancholy etched in the faces of those who were saddened by the impending loss of a livelihood and historical site.
While the hawkers not always friendly, with personalities sculpted through the "hard knocks of life"..... especially towards photographers who sometimes intrude into their businesses, I tried to be as inconspicuous as possible by carrying a small handheld camera instead of a DSLR, often getting close to the interactions between buyers and sellers.
Forest fires continue to rage across Washington, Oregon, and California. Smoke from these fires has blown north into British Columbia. Today, the air had a metallic taste and Environment Canada has posted an air quality warning of "Very High Risk 10+".
People complained in June and July this year of the supposedly wetter summer weather. I was quite happy with what felt like a summer from my childhood. The rains didn't last and here we are again with Mordor-like skies. I grew up in Abbotsford and never really saw skies like this until I was in my 30s.
I really miss living further north. This kind of summer smoke is only going to get worse in future years.
I was hoping for an epic sunset, but there was so much smoke that once the sun was low enough, it was entirely obscured and just became a faded red blob that turned to grey. Night fell blandly 20 minutes later.
Continuing bird, found by Howard King on 29 May 2017. Coachella Preserve/Thousand Palms Oasis. 3 June 2017
First South Yorkshire have long had vehicles in heritage liveries and B9 37524 YN58ETR has been treated to a repaint, retaining its SYPTE colours albeit amended.
It is seen outside the former SYPTE East Bank depot, now known as Olive Grove
Continuing my Southern Arizona Adventure 2024 with a visit to Bisbee Arizona. This is stage 6 of 9.
This is the oldest, continuously operating hotel in Arizona. Bisbee is a very walkable town. But hilly and with lots of steps
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Queen_Hotel
The Copper Queen Hotel is a historic hotel located in Bisbee, Arizona. I think that if I visit Bisbee again, I will stay here.
Holding the distinction of being Arizona's longest continuously operated hotel, the Copper Queen was constructed from 1898 to 1902 by the Phelps Dodge Corporation to serve as lodging for investors and dignitaries visiting its nearby copper mine.[1][2]
www.atlasobscura.com/places/copper-queen-hotel-arizona
Historic Bisbee, Arizona is bustling, with a renewed emphasis on art, wellness, and tourism, but in many ways, it remains a living ghost town of its heyday. At the turn of the century, Bisbee was organized around the copper industry, with stories of massive wealth and exploitation. If you are looking for a place to stay and reckon with the ghosts of the past, there’s no better option than the putatively haunted Copper Queen Hotel.
This Victorian-era hotel is the oldest continuously run hotel in Arizona (in fact, the hotel predates its statehood). Completed in 1902, it was built by the Phelps Dodge Mining Company, owners of the eponymous Copper Queen mine, to be the height of modern luxury, as the company entertained visiting VIPs and dignitaries. The opulent hotel featured an Italianate tile floor, a Tiffany glass ceiling, and a front desk made from Tiger Oak. All the while, Phelps Dodge was systematically underpaying (or not paying) their workers, demanding more hours in dangerous conditions, resulting in a 1917 miners’ strike that led to the arrest and deportation of more than 1300 workers.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee,_Arizona
Bisbee is a city[5] in and the county seat of Cochise County[6] in southeastern Arizona, United States. It is 92 miles (148 km) southeast of Tucson and 11 miles (18 km) north of the Mexican border.
Bisbee was founded as a copper, gold, and silver mining town in 1880, and named in honor of Judge DeWitt Bisbee, one of the financial backers of the adjacent Copper Queen Mine.
Today, the historic city of Bisbee is known as "Old Bisbee" and is home to a thriving downtown cultural scene. This area is noted for its architecture, including Victorian-style houses and an elegant Art Deco county courthouse. Because its plan was laid out to a pedestrian scale before the automobile, Old Bisbee is compact and walkable. The town's hilly terrain is exemplified by the old four-story high school; each floor has a ground-level entrance.
Natural vegetation around Bisbee has a semi-desert appearance with shrubby acacia, oak and the like, along with cacti, grass, ocotillo and yucca. The town itself is much more luxuriant with large trees such as native cypress, sycamore and cottonwood plus the introduced ailanthus and Old World cypresses, cedars and pines. Palms are capable of growing tall, but are not reliably hardy. At least one mature blue spruce may be seen.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee_Historic_District
The Bisbee Historic District is a historic district located in Bisbee, Arizona, and has all the essential features of a prosperous, early twentieth century mining town.[2] It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[2] The district has 80 contributing buildings, with various architectural styles including Colonial Revival, Mission Revival/Spanish Revival, and Italianate architecture.[2]
Haiku thoughts:
Dusty streets wind tight,
Colors spill from old brick walls,
Echoes of the past.
Southern Arizona Adventure 2024
Continuing to practice framing elegance and color grace with Shelly. I like to go too far with make up. This time I tried to tame that chaos, make the creative minimal as an accent to Shelly's natural beauty.
Featureing Shelly Shock
I had posted a wee bit about Jason earlier, but since he's an 'Original' He must be given his time in the spotlight!
Next to Lauren, I think Jason is my favorite character. When I created him, I knew his personality perfectly! He's so delightful, funny, quirky, a bit lazy, LOVES to EAT, and have a lot of fun at every thing and every occasion!
Jason is a Volks head & body that I bought as a blank face & waist length hair. I knew him before I painted him, but I knew what I wanted him to look like!
He's had several girlfriends since 2009, but but none have been serious till last summer when he met Emma, who is seen here with him.
The lower photo is from Jason's graduation in 2011 with his mother Mary and sister Melody Marks. Jason's father took off when Mary was pregnant with Melody.
As I said earlier Jason, Lauren, & Kiera grew up together since they were all babys. The 3 Moms took a day each week to keep the kids and give the other moms a break. The three are like brother and sisters.
Jason & Keith started the band 'Time Out' after graduation.
I LOVE them all !
Continuing my dragon remaxing spree :D Chillrax the frost dragon haha...remax with set 41539,41540 & 41541!
You can check out the accompanying details on my youtube channel ^^ youtu.be/kE9lXwOtUUU
Continuing on from yesterdays post of seeking out treasures across the grid.
Today it's all about the great side table, vases and incents which are placed in the study area.
Read more about them and where they are from here:
F75T400CN
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Am schwarzen Strand von Ajuy hat's wieder mal gekracht. / Big waves break on the black beach of Ajuy.
I continue my personal work on the produce farm just down the road. I continues to be a great experience.
This is what the last eight months has been all about. Getting crops ready for market. When I made this image, six flatbed trucks were being loaded like this one getting ready for the Saturday farm markets. It is a frenzy!
The work starts just about daybreak with the picking. Then in the fields the crops are loaded in pickup trucks and hauled to this area. These people in the image are the sellers and they will be driving the trucks to the markets and selling the produce. When they run out of produce they will call back to the farm and the workers will drive pickup truck loads to refill their needs.
One of the busiest stands is the one right at the farm. There are always six or more cars stopping to pick up fresh produce. The farm workers and especially the owners are nearing exhaustion from the seven day a week schedule. The owner works the longest hours of anyone on the farm. His wife works just as hard. Many of the workers are sent home at noon on extremely hot days.
I made this image with my Pentax K5 and Pentax 18-135mm lens. Aperture 3 and NIK Viveza 2 were used in post. I find I am using Viveza more and more for local enhancements. I found a nice step ladder in the barn so I could get up higher to get a better perspective for this shot. I might start hauling one around in my truck.
Camera settings: ISO 800, aperture f/3.2, shutter 1/500, focal length 21mm
load of produce
a summer's worth of hard work
going to market
Image and haiku by John Henry Gremmer
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