View allAll Photos Tagged construct
#picoftheday #demopics #happy #recycling #constructionsittepix #demolish #mood #constructionsite #construction #lifestyle #vscocam #excavator #excavator #demolitionman #demolitionnews #demolition #heavyequipmentlife #dailyconstruction #mgicorp
One of the newest towers at the castle having been built in the 14th Century.
During this time the castle was under threat from the Scots who were allied with the French. At this time Sir Matthew Mattiusxavier was constable and had two new towers constructed.
An inside view from the outer ward.
Chantier du construction de la ligne 15 Sud du métro parisien au niveau du Puits Robespierre à Bagneux et construction de la gare de Bagneux dans le cadre du projet du Grand Paris Express. Réalisation du tronçon Robespierre / Fort d’Issy - Vanves - Clamart. Le tunnelier Ellen à été lancé en janvier 2019.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Île-de-France
Département : Hauts-de-Seine (92)
Ville : Bagneux (92220)
Quartier du puits : Champ des Oiseaux
Quartier de la gare : Pierre Plate - Prunier Hardy - Anatole France
Adresse du puits : rue de Verdun
Adresse de la gare : avenue Henri Barbusse / rue de Verdun / avenue Louis Pasteur
Fonction : Transport en commun
Construction : 2014 → 2025
• Architecte de la gare d'Accueil-Cachan : Marc Barani
• Gros œuvre : Vinci Construction / Spie Batignolles
Diamètre du tunnelier Ellen : 9,87 m
Fabriquant du tunnelier : Herrenknecht
Profondeur du puits : 42 m
Longueur du tunnel : 4,9 km
Déblais générés : 190 000 t
Béton : 44 800 m³
Acier : 6 500 t
Profondeur des quais : 36 m
Niveaux : 4
Longueur de la ligne 15 Sud : 33 km
Nombre de gares sur la ligne 15 Sud : 16
Fréquentations de la ligne 15 Sud : 300 000 voyageurs/par jour
Photographed inside Titanic Belfast. A museum themed on the construction and tragedy of the RMS Titanic. Situated in the old Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Here is yet another project for my photography class. The assignment was to construct an image and control what is in the frame as opposed to simply shooting was it around (landscapes, portraits, etc.) I had a really fun time coming up with an idea that would be visually interesting. My friend Kseniya is a ballroom dancer and I thought it would be a lot of fun to photograph her dancing. Let me know what you think! There are a lot of background elements that bother me but I also could be nit picking. I'll be posting more pictures of the shoot on my blog later this week. We took over 600 photos so I have a lot left to sort through :)
Raymond Terrace.
This town is located at the confluence of the Hunter and Williams Rivers as they enter the estuary region of Newcastle. Not linked to the rivers is Lake Grahamstown which is really a water storage dam taking waters from the Williams River through a canal to the dam. It provides about 40% of the Hunter region water supply and the dam and lake was created between 1956 and 1965. The town of Raymond Terrace was named after Lieutenant Raymond who was in the party led by Lieutenant Shortland who discovered the Hunter River region in 1797 when looking for escaped convicts. The terrace name was meant to describe the terraced or layered appearance of the trees along the Hunter River where they camped. On a visit to this spot in 1818 Governor Macquarie named it Raymond Terrace. Australian cedar cutters were here from the early 1800s but the first land grants only date from the early 1820s and the town itself was established in 1837. In the 19th century Raymond Terrace was a bustling river port and some river barges and ships were constructed here. The area along the Hunter River soon had warehouses, ship yards etc. The town has many sandstone and heritage buildings. These include in King Street: the Richardson and Scully warehouse/action rooms from around 1854; the old commercial building from 1847 which is now marked the Masonic Lodge as it was from 1920 to 2013; and several 1880s hotels and general stores. Look for the Marriage Trees in King Street too. In Sturgeon Street is the sandstone Anglican Church built in 1862 and across the street from it facing Jacaranda Street is the former Anglican rectory. This fine colonial house built in 1844 is now a function centre. The Norfolk Island pines in the garden were planted in 1850.
An 1850 split slab cottage known as Sketchley Cottage, built for an ex-convict William Sketchley, is now the town museum. William Sketchley was assigned as a convict to work for John Richardson in 1830 on the Hunter River. John Richardson’s son later had auction rooms in King Street in Raymond Terrace. They were then purchased by his grandson James Richardson in 1902 when his grandfather retired. The business was then known as Richardson and Scully until he sold it in 1910. The old 1854 warehouse was owned by the University of Newcastle Rowing Club from 1969 to 2004. Now privately owned since 2016. Sketchley cottage is of slab construction built before 1850 and moved to this site some decades ago. It has an extensive historical collection.
Near Raymond Terrace the National Trust has a fine historic property called Tomago House which is now permanently closed. A young barrister named Richard Windeyer had the house built. He bought around 30,000 acres of land in the Hunter Valley and 850 acres of land at this then swampy site around 1838. He had the house site drained and had the acreage planted in grape vines, sugar cane and wheat. He also had some livestock here. He was especially interested in wine and planted 12 acres of vines in 1842 and imported a German vineyard worker from South Australia in 1844 and others from Germany. They produced their first wine in 1845 making Windeyer one of the first successful wine makers in the Hunter Valley. For his wheat he imported the first wheat reaping machine into NSW from South Australia in 1846. Work began on Tomago House in 1840. Richard Windeyer died in 1847 at just 41 years of age. Their only child William Charles Windeyer was just 13 years of age at that time. Richard Windeyer’s wife Maria retained the 850 acres of Tomago estate and she eventually designed the estate chapel in 1860-61. Three generations of the Windeyer family lived on Tomago estate until 1944 when the property was sold. In the 1980s the Tomago Aluminium Smelter bought the property as a buffer around the smelter. In 1988 the smelter company donated 5 hectares (twelve acres) of land and the mansion to the National Trust. Only the chapel is visible from the road.
In the days before steam power, the mighty Ankylosaur often provided valuable motive power for major construction endeavors.
Ankylosaur Week 2023
7 February - A Doll A Day 2023
Darkday stands at the start of the older section of the underground storm drain called Aqua Cave. Its a beautifully constructed arch made of stone
A widely ranging warbler of the Old World. Named for how they construct their nest (by "sewing") not by how it looks (eg., Ovenbird). Chandlai.
Scania have recently been making various statements about a new partnership to construct coaches with Chinese firm Higer. This six axle Scania Higer Touring appeared at Euro Bus Expo 2014 was photographed on November 4th 2014.
Construction : 1538 à 1546
Style : Renaissance
Propriétaire initial : Antoine III de Clermont
Architecte : Sebastiano Serlio
Mi soledad es la voz sin rumbo que clama inconsciente desde el silencio de mi consciencia...
Espero que les guste...
Y si no es asi digan porque y asi aprenderé mas...se aceptan criticas constructivas...gracias...
Geek Workspace Gacha
15 to collect, 3 rare, 12 commons
each item only one land-impact
opens today at noon
find me here:
Murray Bridge – the government town. Formerly Edwards Crossing and then Mobilong.
The first recorded white person to visit this area was Captain Charles Sturt on his epic voyage down and up the Murray in 1830/31. He passed through this place on February 8 1831. The original inhabitants the Ngarlta people, a subgroup for the Ngarrindjeri people, used the river for fish, shellfish, game, birds and bark from the giant River Red gums along the banks. The bark was used for canoes. The reeds along the banks provided fibre for mats, baskets and even shelters. The first white settler of the area was George Edwards on a property he called Coninka. As the river was suitable for a stock crossing here his spot became known as Edwards Crossing. Once plans were approved for the railway to Melbourne the government commissioned the building of a bridge here. Work began in 1874 after a quotation for a bridge at Edwards Crossing came in at half the cost of a bridge at Wellington. The bridge took six years to construct and at least one worker died during construction. It was a major engineering feat and the first bridge to span the mighty Murray anywhere in Australia. It is nearly 2,000 feet long (600 metres) and is on the register of the National Estate.
A residence was also constructed for the overseer of this project and it is known as the Round House, built between 1874-76. It has a six sided roof and it is the most historic house in Murray Bridge but additions carried out by the railways in 1917/18 to make the house larger destroyed its “round appearance.” The Superintendents of the southern railway system lived in this house which is just across from the Bridge railway station. From the front veranda of the Round House you get wonderful views of the Murray and the two bridges.
The river became the life blood of the town. After Captain Randall of Goolwa won the government sponsored race along the Murray in 1854 the riverboat trade began. Paddle steamers shipped supplies up the Murray and the Darling deep into New South Wales taking everything from pianos and jam to fencing supplies and flour. On the return trips the steamers bought the wool clip down from the western NSW stations and QLD. Customs duties were payable at the SA border or in Murray Bridge and this was a lucrative trade for SA. The heyday of the river trade for Murray Bridge was the 1890s to 1910. Although Murray Bridge was a major SA river port, the closest river port to Adelaide was Milang and much of the Lower Murray trade passed through that town. Despite the government building the railway to Morgan on the upper Murray in 1878 to tap the river trade from there, Murray Bridge still had an important river boat trade from the opening of its wharf in 1886 until 1930. It continued after that date but mainly for the carrying of milk to the cheese factory in Murray Bridge. Some goods were also offloaded from the trains after they reached the town in 1886. The Intercolonial Express started running between Adelaide and Melbourne in 1887 being the first rail link between any two Australian capitals. In 1925 a separate rail bridge was opened across the Murray so that the trains and vehicles would not have to share the 1880 bridge. The 1925 bridge has two curved spans and one flat topped span. The story goes that the spans were mixed up with those for another bridge across the Murray at Echuca but that is not so as the 1925 bridge was manufactured in SA. The eastern span has a different design because it is so long and that design was needed to maintain the strength of the span.
The township was laid out in 1883 and named Mobilong although formerly that area was known as Edwards Crossing. Not long after the name Mobilong was changed back to Edwards Crossing and finally it was changed to Murray Bridge in 1925. The township prospered because of its agricultural hinterland, the river boat trade along the Murray and the transport facilities and rail operations. The town soon had large flour mills, a butter factory and numerous stores including an early Eudunda Farmers Store (store number six) which opened in this very German town in 1904. Before 1900 a horse racing club was also formed in the town which still holds regular race meetings. The first race meeting was held in 1890 in the paddocks below Mr Jaensch’ dairy but the Murray Bridge Club was not officially registered until 1899. Most people travelled from Adelaide by train for the race meetings. The early meetings were held near the railway station but the track was moved to its current site in 1913. Its next move to a new location is now imminent. The Rural City of Murray Bridge signed an agreement in 2010 to move the race track south of the current freeway in a $35 million development with a new housing estate of 3,500 new blocks of land for 10,000 new residents in Murray Bridge. The current race track will be then be redeveloped for parks, and possibly a little housing too. Former Crows players Mark Ricciuto and Simon Goodwin are among the investors in this scheme.
Today Murray Bridge has a population of around 19,000 people and it is the third largest rural city in SA after Mt Gambier and Whyalla. Demographic projections identify it as becoming the largest rural city within a few years and that it will achieve a population of more than 30,000 by 2025. Its recent growth has been boosted by settlers from the Sudan, and employment at the Mobilong prison and Woolworth’s major SA warehouse near Monarto. Turkish, Dinka (the Sudan) and Tagalog (the Philippines) are now major languages spoken at home by new arrivals to the city. Major employers are T & R Abattoirs (800 people); Big W Warehouse (400); Big River Pork Abattoir (150); Mobilong Jail (120); United Dairy Powder Cheese Factory (80); and Bridge Press (50). The Rural City of Murray Bridge employs a further 260 people.
The Great Eastern Road was extended to Edwards Crossing on the Murray by the early 1870s when work began on the bridge across the Murray. Once the Highways Department was formed in 1926 with the advent of motorised transport a move was made to bituminise the road to Murray Bridge. This began in 1930. Then in 1952 a far sighted state government began work on a dual highway between Glen Osmond and Crafers. This was not completed until 1961 but prior to this the government had passed a bill in 1960 to build a freeway through the Adelaide Hills all the way to Murray Bridge. The first section between Crafers and Verdun opened in 1969 with it finally reaching Murray Bridge in 1979 after completion of the new Swanport Bridge across the Murray. The dual carriageway was continued to Tailem Bend.
Construction: vers 1885.
Site du Square Saint-Louis / Carré Saint-Louis.
Propriété en 1848 de l'homme d'affaire Alexandre-Maurice Delisle, l'emplacement du futur "Square" est vendu à la Ville pour l'aménagement du réservoir de l'aqueduc, à certaines conditions: le réservoir devra être entouré d'arbres. Le Square Saint-Louis est aménagé en 1876. La bourgeoisie francophone y fait construire les résidences cossues qu'on y voit encore aujourd'hui.
Les rues qui s'étendent de part et d'autres du Square Saint-Louis ont pendant quelques décennies constitué le noyau du quartier résidentiel de la bourgeoisie canadienne-française de Montréal. Il n'est donc pas surprenant d'y retrouver bon nombre de demeures de style Second Empire. Leurs façades sont généralement de pierre grise extraite des carrières du Plateau Mont-Royal. Les maisons sont coiffées d'un toit en fausse mansarde revêtu d'ardoise, dominé par une crête de fer forgé ou de fonte.
Chantier de déconstruction de l'immeuble Blanc Sycomore dans le cadre du programme de rénovation urbaine.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Nancy (54000)
Quartier : Nancy Nord
Adresse : place Jules Verne
Fonction : Logements
Construction : 1963 → 1965
• Architecte : Bernard Zehrfuss
Déconstruction : 2012
• Entreprise : Melchiorre Démolition
Niveaux : R+17
Hauteur : 49.00 m
Lundi 31 août 2015. Au bord de la Delaware river, au pied du pont Ben Franklin, nous nous apprêtons à plonger (North Christopher Columbus boulevard)
Philadelphie (en anglais Philadelphia, prononcé [ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə], du grec philèin, aimer, adelphos, frère et adelphè, sœur, Φιλαδελφία peut être traduit par « amour fraternel et sororal », « amitié pour un frère ou une sœur »), surnommée Philly, est une ville du Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie, située dans le Nord-Est des États-Unis, entre New York et Washington DC. Cinquième ville du pays selon le recensement fédéral de 2010, Philadelphie compte 1 526 006 habitants dans la municipalité (Philadelphia City) et 5 965 343 habitants dans son aire métropolitaine (PMSA de Philadelphie–Camden–Wilmington). C'est la cinquième municipalité la plus peuplée des États-Unis (après New York, Los Angeles, Chicago et Houston) et la sixième agglomération du pays.
Centre historique, culturel et artistique majeur aux États-Unis, Philadelphie est également un grand port industriel sur le fleuve Delaware qui se jette dans l’océan Atlantique. Fondée en 1682, elle fut au XVIIIe siècle la ville la plus peuplée des treize colonies avant de devenir pour un temps la capitale des États-Unis et d'alimenter pendant quelques décennies la rivalité financière et politique entre New York et Philadelphie, avant d'être éclipsée par sa rivale puis de perdre son statut de capitale au profit de Washington.
À présent, Philadelphie est la principale métropole de l'État de Pennsylvanie, dont la capitale est Harrisburg, mais aussi le siège du comté de Philadelphie. Enfin, le nom de la ville, choisi par William Penn, signifie « amitié fraternelle », car elle devait être un îlot de tolérance religieuse.
Avant l'arrivée des Européens, environ 20 000 Amérindiens Lenapes, appartenant à la nation algonquine habitaient dans la vallée du Delaware et le village de Shackamaxon était situé à l'emplacement actuel du quartier de Kensington, au nord du centre-ville.
L’exploration de la vallée du Delaware commença au début du XVIIe siècle. Les premiers colons suédois, néerlandais et anglais revendiquèrent tour à tour les rives du fleuve : la Nouvelle-Suède, fondée en 1638, fut annexée à la Nouvelle-Hollande en 1655. Puis la région passa définitivement dans le giron britannique en 1674.
En 1681, le roi d’Angleterre Charles II octroya une charte à William Penn en échange de l’annulation d’une dette que le gouvernement devait à son père. Par ce document, la colonie de Pennsylvanie était officiellement fondée. William Penn (1644–1718) était un quaker anglais : il appartenait à ce groupe religieux dissident, persécuté en Angleterre, qui rejetait la hiérarchie ecclésiastique et prônait l’égalité, la tolérance, la non-violence. La Pennsylvanie devint rapidement un refuge pour tous ceux qui étaient opprimés pour leur foi. William Penn partit ainsi en Amérique en 1682 et fonda la ville de Philadelphie. Il souhaitait que cette cité servît de port et de centre politique. Même si Charles II lui en avait donné la propriété, William Penn acheta la terre aux Amérindiens afin d’établir avec eux des relations pacifiques. Il aurait signé un traité d’amitié avec le chef lenape Tamanend à Shackamaxon en 1682.
Philadelphie fut aménagée selon un plan en damier, le plus ancien des États-Unis, avec des rues larges et cinq parcs. Mais surtout, William Penn voulait rendre cette ville et la Pennsylvanie plus humaines, en supprimant la peine de mort pour les vols et en garantissant la liberté de culte. Le nom de la ville, emprunté au grec Φιλαδέλφια (« amour fraternel »), reflétait cette ambition. Lorsque William Penn revint d’Angleterre en 1699 après une absence de quinze ans, il trouva une ville agrandie et qui se plaçait juste derrière Boston par sa population. De nombreux immigrants européens, anglais, néerlandais, huguenots, étaient en effet arrivés, attirés par la prospérité de la ville et sa tolérance religieuse. Un premier groupe d’Allemands s’installa en 1683 dans le quartier actuel de Germantown. William Penn donna une charte à la cité le 25 octobre 1701 afin de créer des institutions municipales : un maire, des conseillers et une assemblée.
Dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle, Philadelphie était devenue la cité la plus peuplée des Treize colonies (45 000 habitants en 1780), dépassant Boston. Elle disputait même à Dublin la place de deuxième ville de l’empire britannique, en dehors de l'Angleterre.
À la fin du XVIIIe siècle, Philadelphie était le « véritable centre des Lumières révolutionnaires », notamment sous l’impulsion de Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). Ce savant, né à Boston, vécut à Philadelphie à partir de 1723 et fut l’un des fondateurs de la Library Company of Philadelphia (1731), de l’Université de Pennsylvanie (1740) et de la société américaine de philosophie (1743). En 1752, il inventa le paratonnerre. En 1728, John Bartram créa un jardin botanique, le premier de ce genre en Amérique du Nord. C’est également au XVIIIe siècle que Philadelphie devint le principal centre d’édition des Treize colonies : le premier journal, The American Weekly Mercury, parut en 1719. La Pennsylvania Gazette (1723) joua un grand rôle pendant la Révolution américaine. En 1739 fut publié le premier traité contre l’esclavage et la ville devint, avec Boston, l’un des centres anti-esclavagistes du pays.
Le savoir et la culture connurent un développement important au XVIIIe siècle, ce qui vaut à la ville d'être parfois appelée « l'Athènes de l'Amérique ». Dans les années 1760 s’ouvrirent une école d’anatomie, une école de médecine en 1765 et, l'année suivante, un théâtre permanent. C’est en 1790 que fut inaugurée la Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, la plus ancienne école de droit des États-Unis. Plusieurs artistes de la ville fondèrent en 1794 le Columbianum, qui constituait alors la première société pour la promotion des beaux-arts.
Enfin, Philadelphie se dota d’équipements, de bâtiments publics et d’infrastructures urbaines avant les autres cités américaines et sous l'impulsion de Benjamin Franklin : un hôpital et une compagnie de pompiers dès les années 1730 ; plusieurs banques furent fondées dans les années 1780. La Pennsylvania State House (actuel Independence Hall), où siégeait l’assemblée coloniale, fut achevée en 1753. Les rues furent progressivement pavées et éclairées au gaz.
Dans les années 1770, Philadelphie devint l'un des principaux foyers de la Révolution américaine. Les Fils de la Liberté, une organisation de patriotes américains, étaient très actifs dans la ville : ils résistaient aux mesures fiscales imposées par la métropole et incitaient les colons à boycotter les marchandises anglaises.
Philadelphie fut choisie à cause de sa position centrale au sein des Treize colonies pour accueillir le Premier Congrès continental qui se réunit du 5 septembre au 26 octobre 1774 au Carpenters' Hall. Le Second Congrès continental se tint entre 1775 et 1781, date de la ratification des Articles de la Confédération. Pendant la guerre d’indépendance, cette assemblée organisa l'armée continentale, émet du papier monnaie et s'occupe des relations internationales du pays. Les délégués signèrent la Déclaration d'indépendance le 4 juillet 1776. Cependant, à la suite de la défaite américaine de Brandywine en 1777, le Congrès dut quitter la ville, ainsi que les 2/3 de la population. Les habitants durent cacher la « cloche de la liberté ».
Plusieurs batailles opposèrent les Américains commandés par George Washington aux troupes britanniques en Pennsylvanie. Après avoir investi Philadelphie en septembre 1777, les Britanniques concentrèrent 9 000 hommes à Germantown, que Washington ne réussit pas à vaincre. En juin 1778, les Anglais abandonnèrent Philadelphie pour protéger New York, exposée à la menace française. Dès juillet, le Congrès revenait à Philadelphie. Une Convention constitutionnelle se réunit à Philadelphie en 1781 afin de rédiger une constitution. Ce texte organisant les institutions du nouveau pays, fut signée à l’Independence Hall en septembre 1787. C’est dans le Congress Hall que fut élaborée la Déclaration des droits en 1790, les dix premiers amendements à la Constitution américaine.
Le Congrès continental s'installa à New York en 1785 mais, sous la pression de Thomas Jefferson, il déménagea à Philadelphie en 1790, qui fit office pendant dix ans de capitale provisoire des États-Unis, pendant que Washington D.C. était en chantier.
En 1793, une terrible épidémie de fièvre jaune ravagea la ville. On compta plus de 5 000 victimes, soit près de 10 % de la population.
En 1799, Washington devint capitale fédérale. Philadelphie perdit aussi, la même année, son statut de capitale d’État, au profit de Lancaster.
La ville fut aussi la capitale de la finance américaine. Pendant quatre décennies, la Bourse de Philadelphie, ouverte sur Chestnut Street en 1790, fut en effet le premier centre boursier de la fédération. C'est l'année de l'émission d'un grand emprunt obligataire public de 8 millions de dollars pour restructurer la dette des nouveaux États-Unis28. En 1791, la First Bank of the United States, au capital de 10 millions de dollars dont 20 % détenus par l'État, est la première action cotée. Le premier banquier de la ville, le Français Stephen Girard, la rachète en 1811 pour financer la guerre de 1812.
Le commerce maritime de Philadelphie fut perturbé par l’Embargo Act de 1807 puis par la guerre de 1812 contre l'Angleterre. Après cette date, New York dépassa la cité et le port de Pennsylvanie29.
Au début du XIXe siècle, Philadelphie connut un important essor économique grâce aux richesses agricoles et minières (charbon) présentes dans son arrière-pays ; la construction de routes, de canaux et de voies ferrées permit à la ville de maintenir son rang dans la Révolution industrielle. Le textile, la confection, la métallurgie, la fabrication du papier et du matériel ferroviaire, la construction navale, l’agro-alimentaire étaient les principales industries du XIXe siècle. Philadelphie était également un centre financier de première importance. Pendant la guerre de Sécession (1861-1865), les usines de la ville fournirent les armées de l’Union en matériel militaire et en ressources diverses. Les hôpitaux jouèrent également un rôle en accueillant de nombreux blessés lors du conflit.
En raison de la mécanisation de l’agriculture dans le sud des États-Unis, des milliers d’Afro-Américains commencèrent à migrer vers le nord et Philadelphie devint l’une des destinations privilégiées de cet afflux. Comme dans d’autres cités américaines, les années qui précédèrent la guerre de Sécession furent marquées par des violences contre les nouveaux migrants, comme lors des émeutes anti-catholiques de mai-juin 1844. Avec l’Acte de Consolidation (Act of Consolidation) de 1854, la municipalité de Philadelphie annexa plusieurs districts, townships et quartiers périphériques. Cette décision permit de faire correspondre les limites de la ville avec celle du comté et d’améliorer la gestion des problèmes urbains. Cependant, la municipalité républicaine continuait à être corrompue et les fraudes et les intimidations lors des élections étaient fréquentes.
En 1876, Philadelphie accueillit la première exposition universelle organisée sur le sol américain (la Centennial International Exhibition en anglais). Elle commémorait le centenaire de la Déclaration d'indépendance et se tint dans le Fairmount Park, près de la Schuylkill River. Elle attira quelque 9 789 392 visiteurs. La plupart des bâtiments de l'exposition furent conservés par la Smithsonian Institution à Washington DC. Parmi les innovations qui furent montrées au public, on peut citer le téléphone d'Alexander Graham Bell, la machine à écrire de Remington, le ketchup Heinz, la Root beer, ou encore l'automate à fabriquer des vis d'horlogerie et la chaîne de montage horlogère (Waltham Watch Company).
Des milliers d’immigrants venus d’Allemagne, d’Italie, d’Irlande et d’Europe de l'Est vinrent travailler dans les industries de la ville au tournant du XXe siècle et se regroupèrent dans des quartiers distincts. Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, l’arrivée des Afro-Américains fuyant la ségrégation raciale du Sud modifia la structure de la population. Avec le développement du transport ferroviaire puis du métro en 1907, et de l’automobile, les classes moyennes commencèrent à quitter le centre-ville pour résider en banlieue. Les premiers gratte-ciels firent leur apparition et le pont Benjamin Franklin fut construit. Après la Grande Dépression, Philadelphie était connue pour la vigueur de son syndicalisme et pour ses multiples grèves. Le chômage augmenta fortement et se maintint à un haut niveau dans les années 1930, malgré les emplois créés par la Work Projects Administration. Il fallut attendre la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour que la ville sortît de la crise, grâce aux industries de l'armement.
En 1950, Philadelphie atteignit son apogée démographique, avec un peu plus de deux millions d’habitants ; les logements étaient alors souvent insuffisants et insalubres. Dans les années 1960, des émeutes raciales éclatèrent, au moment du mouvement pour les droits civiques (Civil Rights Movement en anglais). Les problèmes sociaux s’aggravèrent avec la montée du chômage, la drogue et la violence des gangs. Les classes moyennes blanches fuirent le centre vers les comtés environnants : ainsi la ville perdit plus de 13 % de sa population dans les années 1970.
La municipalité adopta une nouvelle charte en 1951 donnant plus de pouvoirs au maire. Le maire Joseph S. Clark, Jr. inaugura une politique de renouvellement urbain : amélioration des routes et du système des transports (SEPTA, 1965), réhabilitation urbaine, création de centres commerciaux et de parcs. Mais la ville était alors à la limite de la banqueroute au début des années 1990, à l'instar d'autres grandes villes de la côte est comme New York, qui connut une crise et une situation de faillite similaire. Depuis, la situation du logement et de l'emploi s'est améliorée dans plusieurs quartiers, mais la violence reste toujours à un niveau élevé.
Philadelphie se trouve dans le Nord-Est des États-Unis, dans la région industrielle de la Manufacturing Belt, à la même latitude que les Baléares ou que la Calabre, en Italie du Sud. Elle appartient à un espace urbanisé en continu, le BosWash, qui va de Boston au nord à Washington, D.C. au sud. La ville se targue de se trouver à moins de 100 miles de New York, 99 exactement (environ 160 km). La ville se trouve entre les montagnes Appalaches au nord et l'ouest, et l'océan Atlantique au sud et à l'est.
Philadelphie est construite dans le Sud-Est de la Pennsylvanie et la banlieue s'est développée en partie sur le New Jersey vers l'est, grâce aux ponts Benjamin Franklin et Walt Whitman. Le centre-ville s'étend principalement sur la rive droite du fleuve Delaware, dont elle commande l'estuaire situé au sud. La rivière Schuylkill se jette dans le Delaware au sud de la ville : c'est sur ce site de confluence que se sont développés les chantiers navals. D'autres cours d'eau moins importants traversent la ville : Cobbs Creek, Wissahickon Creek et Pennypack Creek.
Selon le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis, la ville a une superficie totale de 369,4 km2, dont 349,9 km2 de terre et 19,6 km2 de plans d'eau, soit 5,29 % du total. Le territoire de la municipalité (Philadelphia City) est 3,5 fois plus étendu que celui de Paris. L'agglomération occupe un site de plaine fluviale plat et peu élevé. L'altitude moyenne est de 13 mètres au-dessus du niveau de la mer. La zone métropolitaine de Philadelphie, qui occupe la vallée du Delaware, compte près de six millions d'habitants.
L'urbanisme de Philadelphie est caractéristique d'une grande ville américaine, à ceci près qu'elle possède un quartier historique comme Boston ou La Nouvelle-Orléans.
Le centre-ville (Center City) suit un plan orthogonal depuis sa fondation ; il forme un quadrilatère délimité à l'est par le Delaware au nord par Vine Street, à l'ouest par la Schuylkill et au sud par South Street. Le centre de ce quadrilatère est occupé par l'Hôtel de ville. Ce bâtiment se trouve dans l'axe de deux rues, Broad Street et Market Street, qui se coupent à angle droit à la manière d'un cardo et d'un decumanus romains. Les rues orientées est-ouest, portent des noms d'arbres. La Benjamin Franklin Parkway, sorte de Champs-Élysées de Philadelphie, est une avenue radiale qui relie l'Hôtel de ville au Fairmount Park et au Philadelphia Museum of Art. Le centre historique se trouve à l'est, le centre des affaires à l'ouest. Le quartier de Center City compte de nombreuses institutions culturelles, des galeries et des centres commerciaux.
Le plan d'urbanisme de la fin du XVIIe siècle a disposé quatre places aux coins du Center City : Washington Square West, Rittenhouse Square, Logan Square et Franklin Square. La Fairmount Park Commission regroupe un ensemble de jardins publics dispersés dans l'agglomération, pour une superficie totale de 3 723 hectares – soit 37,23 km². Le principal, Fairmount Park, se trouve le long de la Schuylkill River et du Wissahickon Creek, au nord-ouest de Center City, et s'étend sur 17 km2, soit cinq fois la superficie du Central Park de New York et deux fois le Bois de Boulogne à Paris.
Autour du centre-ville se trouvent des ghettos (West Philadelphia, Camden) ainsi que le quartier universitaire (University City, à l'ouest de la Schuylkill). Cette première auréole est également constituée de quartiers intermédiaires et mixtes, qui ont chacun leur identité. La plupart correspondent aux anciens villages ou villes du comté de Philadelphie avant leur annexion par la ville. Les quartiers de classes moyennes et aisées s'étendent assez loin du centre-ville et sont reliées à lui par un système de voies rapides et de trains de banlieue.
para un juego de no-representaciones... no-representativo... im-presentable!
# # #
for a game of non-representations ... non-representative ... un-presentable!
Construction de la future gare de La Défense pour la ligne E du RER dans le cadre du projet Eole.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Île-de-France
Département : Hauts-de-Seine (92)
Ville : Courbevoie (92400)
Quartier : La Défense
Fonction : Transport en commun
Construction : 2016 → 2022
► Gros œuvre : Groupement e-déf - Eole - La Défense
Longueur de la gare : 108,00 m
Largeur de la gare : 33,00 m
Profondeur de la gare : 20 m
Hauteur sous plafond : 15,00 m
Volume terrassé : 140 000 m³
Montant des travaux : 354,4 millions d’euros
Gunditjmara Aboriginal people.
When Robertson the Protector of Aborigines visit Edward Henty at Portland in 1841 he also visited the people around Lake Condah and made notes in his journal of their ingenious eel fishing traps. Like other areas of the Western Districts the Gunditjmara people were sophisticated engineers making woven eel traps from water reeds, building permanent stone shelters and digging canals, stone channels and stone traps to catch the annual spring eel migration downstream to the ocean for breeding. This distinguished them from most other Aboriginal groups in Australia. The richness of wildlife meant they could live semi permanently in one spot. The Gunditjmara lived in a relatively small area between Lake Condah, Mount Eccles and Mount Napier on a volcanic plain riddled with lava flows and lava stones comprising about 100 square kms. The landscape itself was formed about 27,000 years ago after volcanic eruptions by Eccles and Napier. The fish and short finned eel traps here on Darlot Creek are dated to around 8,000 years ago and along with their dams, weirs and channels their engineering works stretched 40 kms. The eels travel to New Caledonia for breeding and return to live in the lakes of Mt Eccles after that. They grow to a metre long and as thick as a man’s arm. Some stonewalls constructed by the Gunditjmara were about 50 metres long. They were built to block particular water channels. Channels were also built at different heights to capture the eels no matter how much water was coming down Darlots Creek. The Gunditjmara supplemented their diet of eels with water birds, ducks, plains turkeys, kangaroos and vegetable foods such as daisy yam and rhizomes of bracken fern. They had not great need to be nomadic here. This was Australia Felix for them too.
This ability to harvest eels and other fish annually meant that they modified the landscape, built engineering works, lived here throughout the year and altered their social systems. Although disputed by some, others claim that Gunditjmara people even “owned” particular spots along the creeks and channels giving them a totally different land system to any other Aboriginal groups in Australia. They had hereditary chiefs and a fairly stratified society. And they had permanent stone shelters covered with reeds like thatch and sods of earth to make them rainproof. The shelter walls were only about one metre high and the houses were semi-circular. The dome roof had a wooden structure beneath it to support the weight of sods. The remains of more than 175 houses have been recorded by archaeologists including 145 in one paddock indicating that the Gunditjmara lived in a village like community. But once white pastoralists came in 1840 the end was nigh for the Gunditjmara. They were driven off the land and eventually into Lake Condah Mission. More archaeological surveys now are being conducted on their lands.
But before the Gunditjmara went on to Lake Condah Mission they resisted the white pastoralists. The so-called Eumeralla Wars erupted and lasted for around twenty years. Eumeralla was a location just south of Macarthur. Thomas Browne squatted on 50,000 acres here in 1844 on a property which he called Squattelsea Mere but the leasehold was held by Benjamin Boyd. At 17 years of age Browne was just one of the workers or managers on site. Browne began by admiring the Aboriginals but once the sheep flocks were raided he retaliated. With other squatters a number of raids were made and many of the family of Jupiter and Cocknose the local warriors were slaughtered in 1845. But the warriors attacked again and this time it was the homestead where Thomas Browne and others lived and this time the Aboriginals stole flour, tea and even silver spoons. Concerned about his safety Browne then asked for police assistance and they in turn mounted another attack on the followers of Jupiter and Cocknose. The warriors were never seen again and more Aboriginal people were killed. This ended the Eumeralla Wars but surprisingly, especially given that police became involved, there is no official record of this event occurring. Contemporary newspaper reports mention the theft of cattle in 1845 but there was no reference to reprisals or murders. In fact the newspaper went on to lament the lack of police assistance for settlers under threat of Aboriginal attack. Was the story just part of Browne’s vivid literary imagination? Browne left this run in 1856. Thomas Browne went on to write about these times (but not these events) under the pseudonym of Rolf Boldrewood. His most famous book was Robbery Under Arms but he also wrote The Squatter’s Dream and The Home Run. Regardless of the veracity of this particular incident there were plenty of other incidents of resistance and massacre in the Western Districts.
Lake Condah Station and Mission 1869-1918.
Lake Condah was discovered in 1841 by Edgar and Thompson two settlers from Hamilton. They called it Lake Condon or Condom which was gradually changed to Condah to avoid confusion. The land here was part of a 35,000-acre pastoral lease taken out by George Coghill in 1843 and sold on to Pybus Cooke in 1849. Nearby his brother-in-law Samuel Winter had Murndal station which he had taken up around 1845. Cooke kept Lake Condah run for most of his life and was known for his excellent treatment and relations with the Gunditjmara people. Partly because of these good relations between black and white the Anglican Mission board selected Lake Condah for an Aboriginal mission. Pybus Cooke donated the land and £2,000 for the erection of an Anglican Church at the Mission but the rest of the land (3,000 acres later reduced to 2,000 acres) came from the government which resumed part of his Lake Condah station in 1867. Cooke died in 1895 and his property was inherited by a son who also inherited Murndal from his uncle. Murndal is one of the great historic homesteads of Australia.
The proud and remarkably different Gunditjmara Aboriginal people for good or bad were forced into a strict and severe Anglican mission in 1869. NSW Aboriginal protection officers disappeared in 1850 when Victoria became a separate self-governing state. The Victorian government from 1851 encouraged church mission stations and from 1858 they had a policy of segregating Aboriginal people onto reserves or missions. Victoria only established a Board for the Protection of Aborigines in 1869 when the government starting setting aside land for Aboriginal reserves. By 1874 the Board had control of 50,000 acres. Back in the 1850s the Moravian Mission board in London decided to operate Aboriginal mission to Christianise Aboriginal people in Victoria and the first was at Ebenezer which we visit another day. The Anglican Church joined in too and established Yelta Mission near Mildura in 1855 and Lake Condah in 1869. The Mission was 3 kms from Lake Condah (which is 4kms long and one kms wide) on high ground near Darlots Creek. As it was close to Lake Condah some Gunditjmara people continued trapping eels and using the natural food resources of the lake and Darlots Creek. But generally they were very closely supervised and outside work for other farmers was forbidden. To the north of the Mission was Condah Swamp which is 18 kms long and 2 kms wide. As the winter rains came down Darlots Creek they partially flooded the swamp and filled Lake Condah but importantly they allowed eels to travel downstream in the spring towards the coast. This was when they were trapped by the Gunditjmara people. The eels travelled upstream in late autumn to reproduce.
Although it was an Anglican Mission its first serving and very strict supervisor was a Moravian clergyman Rev. Job Francis. Within a few years houses and mission buildings were erected in a quadrangle around the village green. The Mission had a schoolroom, orchard, dairy etc. The church was not built until 1883 and completed in 1885. Its tower stood 75 feet high. Prior to the church opening the schoolroom was used for Sunday services. By 1871 around 80 people lived on the Mission and by the late 1880s around 120 resided here. In 1875 Rev Stahle another disciplinarian of Moravian faith came from Ebenezer Mission near Dimboola to take charge. He stayed on until 1913 just before the Mission closed. He whipped two boys once and he banished seven families from the Mission and refused to give them rations because he disapproved of their behaviour. But he was a stayer and the Aboriginal people eventually respected this and he was mourned greatly by all involved with the mission when he died in Portland. The Gothic St. Marys Church was a Stahle dream although he could not conduct services there because he was not an Anglican! After the government passed the 1886 Act to ban part Aboriginal people from government reserves and Missions the numbers of residents on the Mission declined quickly to around 34 by 1905. Many Gunditjmara moved to nearby towns and returned to attend church weekly. In 1902 the Mission acreage was reduced from 2,000 acres to a mere 850 acres. Stahle retired in 1913 and the last superintendent arrived. Men from the Mission enlisted and fought during World War One. Both Aboriginals and whites resisted the closing of the Mission but it was inevitable. It closed 1918 and the government confirmed this in 1919. Local whites argued for an Aboriginal reserve but most of the land was subdivided for white farmers except for 46 acres which covered the church and village. The church was dynamited in 1957 but the cemetery remains. A project began in 1984 to restore some of the 23 former mission buildings. Around 2,100 acres were returned to local Aboriginal control in 1987. Today they control about 4,000 acres freehold.
Malmö Opera in Kronoborg, a district of Malmö the capital of Scania, Øresund, Sweden.
Built 1933-1944 by architect Sigurd Lewerentz and, until 1992, known as the Malmö City Theatre accommodating several different organizations, the Opera House is one of the largest auditoriums in Scandinavia with 1508 seats, created in the form of an enclosed amphitheatre to allow for the greatest viewing possibility. It is used for opera, operetta, and musical performances. Influenced by German director Max Reinhardt, a large revolving stage was constructed.
The foyer is considered to be beautiful, with its open surfaces and marble staircases, and it is adorned with several works of art by artists such as Carl Milles and Isaac Grünewald.
An offshoot of the opera company, whose musical director was Gintaras Rinkevicius and Joseph Swensen 2006-2011, is the program of opera designed for children ages 3 to 19. This is known as Operaverkstan; it also plans to introduce classic operas for its audience, and sometimes children participate in the productions.
Information Source:
The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece of the 1889 World's Fair and was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a monument historique in 1964, and was named part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.
The tower is 330 metres (1,083 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410 ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft) above the ground – the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second, making the entire ascent a 600 step climb. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift.
The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centerpiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853. In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals". Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.
The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise
[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.
Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars. (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort). On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.
After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.
The Crédit Industriel et Commercial (C.I.C.) helped finance the construction of the Eiffel Tower. According to a New York Times investigation into France's colonial legacy in Haiti, at the time of the tower's construction, the bank was acquiring funds from predatory loans related to the Haiti indemnity controversy – a debt forced upon Haiti by France to pay for slaves lost following the Haitian Revolution – and transferring Haiti's wealth into France. The Times reported that the C.I.C. benefited from a loan that required the Haitian Government to pay the bank and its partner nearly half of all taxes the Haitian government collected on exports, writing that by "effectively choking off the nation’s primary source of income", the C.I.C. "left a crippling legacy of financial extraction and dashed hopes — even by the standards of a nation with a long history of both."
Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887. Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft) to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.
Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed. The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc. The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets.
At first, the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level construction was paused to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad: He Has Been Confined in an Asylum" appeared in the tabloid press. At this stage, a small "creeper" crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888. Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments to precisely align the legs; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold. Although construction involved 300 on-site employees, due to Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens, only one person died.
The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower. Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including the structural engineer, Émile Nouguier, the head of construction, Jean Compagnon, the President of the City Council, and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré, completed the ascent. At 2:35 pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired at the first level.
There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710-step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May. Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays, and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors.
After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top.
On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was made. There was also a pâtisserie.
At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. Graffitists were also catered for: sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ("truly curious").
Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales, Sarah Bernhardt, "Buffalo Bill" Cody (his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition) and Thomas Edison. Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition. Edison signed the guestbook with this message:
To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for radio telegraphy, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.
Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations, and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies.
Subsequent events
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for many innovations in the early 20th century, particularly radio telegraphy, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.
For the 1900 Exposition Universelle, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism as the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism. At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.
On 19 October 1901, Alberto Santos-Dumont, flying his No.6 airship, won a 100,000-franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.
In 1910, Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays. Two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his parachute design. In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne. From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time. In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.
On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal. A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station. A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929. In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed. In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed.
Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French. The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946. In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centered Reichskriegsflagge, but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. On 25 August, before the Germans had been driven out of Paris, the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum, who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans.
A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top. In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux. A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar.
According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.
In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant.[citation needed] The Fives-Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system. A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later.
Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984. In 1987, A. J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police. On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.
For its "Countdown to the Year 2000" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered searchlights were installed on the tower. During the last three minutes of the year, the lights were turned on starting from the base of the tower and continuing to the top to welcome 2000 with a huge fireworks show. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour.
The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium on 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.
The tower received its 200,000,000th guest on 28 November 2002.The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors per year since 2003. In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level. A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment.
Design
The puddle iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes, and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tonnes. As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre. Additionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower (324 m × 125 m × 125 m) would contain 6,200 tonnes of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.
Wind and weather considerations
When it was built, many were shocked by the tower's daring form. Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team – experienced bridge builders – understood the importance of wind forces, and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world, they had to be sure it could withstand them. In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887, Eiffel said:
Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.
He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula. Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape.[69] All parts of the tower were overdesigned to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework. In the years since it was completed, engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design. The most recent, devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English, is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.
The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in the wind.
Ground floor
The four columns of the tower each house access stairs and elevators to the first two floors, while at the south column only the elevator to the second floor restaurant is publicly accessible.
1st floor
The first floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs. When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants – one French, one Russian and one Flemish — and an "Anglo-American Bar". After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre. Today there is the Le 58 Tour Eiffel restaurant and other facilities.
2nd floor
The second floor is publicly accessible by elevator or stairs and has a restaurant called Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift going up from the south column to the second level. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017. As of May 2019, it is managed by three-star chef Frédéric Anton. It owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne.
3rd floor
Originally there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests.
From 1937 until 1981, there was a restaurant near the top of the tower. It was removed due to structural considerations; engineers had determined it was too heavy and was causing the tower to sag. This restaurant was sold to an American restaurateur and transported to New York and then New Orleans. It was rebuilt on the edge of New Orleans' Garden District as a restaurant and later event hall. Today there is a champagne bar.
Lifts
The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.
Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.
Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs. Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car's weight. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter sprockets. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains.
The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs
Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected: the fair's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887. Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs.
The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level. Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m (41 ft 7 in) long and 96.5 cm (38.0 in) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m (35 ft 6 in): this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level.
The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m (266 ft) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car travelled only half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers.
Engraved names
Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower. Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the artists' protest. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engravings were painted over, but they were restored in 1986–87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company operating the tower.
Aesthetics
The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky. It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown". In what is expected to be a temporary change, the tower is being painted gold in commemoration of the upcoming 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.
The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.
A pop-culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower.
Maintenance
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built. Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment.
Communications
The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington County, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C. Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower.
Digital television
A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m (61 ft). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m (17 ft), giving the current height of 324 m (1,063 ft).[59] Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011.
Taller structures
The Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out. The tower also lost its standing as the world's tallest tower to the Tokyo Tower in 1958 but retains its status as the tallest freestanding (non-guyed) structure in France.
Transport
The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir-Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars-Tour Eiffel. The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna.
Popularity
Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004
More than 300 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889. In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors. The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world. An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day (which can result in long queues).
Illumination copyright
The tower and its image have been in the public domain since 1993, 70 years after Eiffel's death. In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower's 100th anniversary was an "original visual creation" protected by copyright. The Court of Cassation, France's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992. The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright. As a result, the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use. For this reason, it is often rare to find images or videos of the lit tower at night on stock image sites, and media outlets rarely broadcast images or videos of it.
The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SNTE), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005: "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways [of which] we don't approve". SNTE made over €1 million from copyright fees in 2002. However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower.
The copyright claim itself has never been tested in courts to date, according to a 2014 article in the Art Law Journal, and there has never been an attempt to track down millions of people who have posted and shared their images of the illuminated tower on the Internet worldwide. It added, however, that permissive situation may arise on commercial use of such images, like in a magazine, on a film poster, or on product packaging.
French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented, a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower.
Replicas
As one of the most famous landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is Blackpool Tower in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 m (519 ft) tall. Tokyo Tower in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.[111]
There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the Paris Las Vegas, Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at Kings Island, located in Mason, Ohio, and Kings Dominion, Virginia, amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in Durango, Mexico that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.
In 2011, the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full-size replica of the tower would cost approximately US$480 million to build. This would be more than ten times the cost of the original (nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs; ~US$40 million in 2018 dollars).
between Cannsregio (left) and Castello (right)
zwischen Cannaregio (links) und Castello (rechts)
Cannaregio (Italian pronunciation: [kannaˈredʒo]) is the northernmost of the six historic sestieri (districts) of Venice. It is the second largest sestiere by land area and the largest by population, with 13,169 people as of 2007.
Isola di San Michele, the historic cemetery island, is associated with the district.
History
The Cannaregio Canal, which was the main route into the city until the construction of a railway link to the mainland, gave the district its name (Canal Regio is Italian for Royal Canal). Development began in the eleventh century as the area was drained and parallel canals were dredged. Although elegant palazzos were built facing the Grand Canal, the area grew primarily with working class housing and manufacturing. Beginning in 1516, Jews were restricted to living in the Venetian Ghetto. It was enclosed by guarded gates and no one was allowed to leave from sunset to dawn. However, Jews held successful positions in the city such as merchants, physicians, money lenders, and other trades. Restrictions on daily Jewish life continued for more than 270 years, until Napoleon Bonaparte conquered the Venetian Republic in 1797. He removed the gates and gave all residents the freedom to live where they chose.
In the 19th century, civil engineers built a street named Strada Nuova through Cannaregio, and a railway bridge and road bridge were constructed to connect Venice directly to Mestre. Today, the areas of the district along the Grand Canal from the train station to the Rialto Bridge are packed with tourists, but the rest of Cannaregio is residential and relatively peaceful, with morning markets, neighborhood shops, and small cafés.
(Wikipedia)
Castello is the largest of the six sestieri of Venice, Italy.
History
There had been, since at least the 8th-century, small settlements of the islands of San Pietro di Castello (for which the sestiere is named). This island was also called Isola d'Olivolo.
From the thirteenth century onward, the district grew around a naval dockyard on what was originally the Isole Gemini. The land in the district was dominated by the Arsenale of the Republic of Venice, then the largest naval complex in Europe. A Greek mercantile community numbering around 5,000 in the Renaissance and late Middle Ages was based in this district, with the Flanginian School and the Greek Orthodox Church of San Giorgio dei Greci being located here, of which the former comprises the Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies in Venice[1] and the latter is now the seat of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy.
Other significant structures were by the monasteries in the north of the quarter.
Napoleon closed the Arsenal and planned what are now the Bienniale Gardens. More recently the island of Sant'Elena has been created, and more land drained at other extremities of Castello.
(Wikipedia)
Cannaregio ist der am dichtesten besiedelte Stadtteil (Sestiere von Venedig) Venedigs. Die 13.169 Einwohner (Stand 12. Dezember 2007) des Sestiere verteilen sich auf die Pfarren San Giobbe e Bernardino (mit Opera Pia Contarini), San Marcuola (mit Santa Fosca), Madonna dell’Orto (mit San Marziale, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli und Casa Card. Piazza), Sant’Alvise (mit San Bonaventura (Carmelitane) und Canossiane), San Girolamo (mit Santa Maria Madre del Redentore und Ist. Suore Dorotee), San Felice (mit Santa Sofia), Santi Apostoli (mit Gesuiti) und San Canciano (mit San Giovanni Crisostomo und Santa Maria dei Miracoli). Die Flächenausdehnung beträgt 150 Hektar.
Cannaregio liegt im Nordwesten von Venedig und wird von der flächenmäßigen Ausdehnung nur noch von Castello übertroffen. Der Name leitet sich angeblich vom Zustand des Sestiere ab, den es vor der Besiedlung hatte, als es sich noch um ein versumpftes Gebiet handelte, in dem Schilfrohr (italienisch canna: Schilf) wuchs.
Gliederung
In Cannaregio beginnt der Canal Grande, von den Venezianern „Canalazzo“ genannt, der sich in Form eines umgekehrten „S“ nach San Marco windet. Ursprünglich war die dem Festland zugewandte Öffnung des Canal Grande nicht der Haupteinfahrtsweg. Diese Funktion erfüllte der Cannaregiokanal, der nach der Ponte delle Guglie beim Palazzo Labia in den Canal Grande mündet.
In Cannaregio wohnen überwiegend Arbeiter und Angestellte, viele kleine Gewerbebetriebe sind dort angesiedelt. Schlagader des Bezirks ist die Trasse der Strada Nova, die sich von der Ponte delle Guglie, zu Beginn noch Rio terrà San Leonardo, danach Rio terrà della Maddalena und kurz noch Via V. Emanuele benannt, bis zum Campo SS. Apostoli hinzieht. Von der Strada Nova Richtung Bahnhof, nur vom Campo San Geremia unterbrochen, kommt man in die Rio terrà Lista di Spagna. In dieser Straße finden sich entlang der Hausfassaden in den Straßenbelag eingelassene weiße Marmorstreifen. Hinter diesen Streifen war exterritoriales Gebiet, waren hier doch viele ausländische Botschaften untergebracht. Der Begriff „Rio terrà“ leitet sich vom Umstand ab, dass diese Straßen ursprünglich Kanäle waren, die man zugeschüttet (interrare: zuschütten) und dadurch begehbare Wege geschaffen hat.
(Wikipedia)
Castello ist der größte der sechs Stadtteile (Sestiere) der italienischen Lagunenstadt Venedig. Er liegt im nordöstlichen Teil der Stadt und reicht fast bis zum Markusplatz. Auch die Friedhofsinsel San Michele knapp 420 Meter nördlich sowie die auch mit Brücken verbundenen Inseln San Pietro di Castello und Sant’Elena unmittelbar (40 bzw. 12 Meter) östlich gehören zum Stadtteil. Der Name Castello leitet sich ab von der antiken, befestigten Residenz des Bischofs von Olivolo, die sich auf der gleichnamigen Insel befand. Heute erinnert auf der Insel, die jetzt San Pietro di Castello heißt, nur mehr das Fondamenta di Castel Olivolo an den alten Sitz der venezianischen Bischöfe.
Geprägt wird der Stadtteil durch das 32 Hektar große Arsenal (Werft und Waffenlager) und die ehemaligen Wohnanlagen für die Arsenalarbeiter.
Das Sestiere hat eine Fläche von 186 Hektar[1] und hatte 2006 ungefähr 18.000 Einwohner, die sich auf die Pfarreien San Zaccaria (mit der Kirche Basilica di San Giorgio Maggiore), Santa Maria Formosa (mit den Kirchen San Lio und La Fava), San Zanipolo (mit San Lazzaro dei mendicanti im Ospedale civile), Santa Elena (auf der gleichnamigen Insel), San Piero Apostolo, San Giuseppe di Castello, San Francesco di Paola, San Martino Vescovo (mit Ca’ di Dio und San Biagio, Ordinariato militare), San Francesco della Vigna (mit Suore Francescane di Cristo Re und San Giovanni Battista di Malta), San Giovanni in Bragora (mit Pietà und Casa di riposo San Lorenzo), verteilen.[2]
In Castello befand sich seit 1091 der Sitz des römisch-katholischen Patriarchen von Venedig. Bischofskirche war San Pietro di Castello. Erst nach dem Ende der Republik wurde die Basilika San Marco, die ehemalige Palastkapelle der Dogen, Sitz des Bischofs von Venedig. Aus dem alten Patriarchenpalast in Castello wurde eine Kaserne, heute ist er wie auch andere Paläste Venedigs, in einem pflegebedürftigen Zustand. Das Sestiere hatte im Jahr 1171 zwölf Contraden (Kirchengemeinden). 1586 war die Zahl auf 13 gestiegen.
Die im Osten von Castello liegenden Parkanlagen wurden 1810 während der französischen Herrschaft über Venedig angelegt, nachdem mehrere Kirchen und profane Bauten abgerissen worden waren. In der Parkanlage befinden sich Pavillons verschiedener Nationen, in denen während der Biennale Ausstellungen ausgerichtet werden. Entworfen wurden die Pavillons von Architekten, wie Scarpa, Stirling, Aalto. Sie bilden daher selbst ein kleines Museum zeitgenössischer Architektur.
Zu den bedeutenden Sehenswürdigkeiten Castellos zählen neben dem Arsenal, die Kirchen San Piero, San Francesco della Vigna, San Giovanni in Bragora, San Zaccaria, ehemals eines der reichsten und bedeutendsten Nonnenklöster der Stadt, sowie die bevorzugte Grablege der Dogen, die Dominikanerkirche Santi Giovanni e Paolo mit der benachbarten Scuola Grande di San Marco und dem Reiterdenkmal des Condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. Eine weitere, wegen ihrer Bilder berühmte Scuola in Castello ist die Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni mit den Fresken Vittore Carpaccios.
(Wikipedia)
Die Brücke Ponte del Cavallo (deutsch: Pferdebrücke) ist eine der über 400 Brücken von Venedig. Sie liegt im Sestiere Cannaregio, überspannt den Rio di San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti und verbindet neben dem Campo SS. Giovanni e Paolo mit der Calle Larga Giacinto Gallina auch die beiden Sestieri Cannaregio und Castello. Ihren Namen verdankt sie dem in unmittelbarer Nähe befindlichen Reiterstandbild des Bartolomeo Colleoni.
Die Brücke diente unter anderem dem britischen Maler Charles John Watson als Motiv.
(Wikipedia)
The country road continues to the next layout section and had to be constructed in a way that would allow me to dismantle the layout sections for moving without destroying the finished scenery. First I build the country road using two sets of 4% Inclines stacked so my 8% grade could climb 2 inches in 2 feet. In scale terms, my road climbs a scale 26 1/2 feet in 320 scale feet in order to climb over my Westbound staging yard throat and obscure the unrealistic (but necessary for operation) staging loops hidden under the Eastbound staging yard. In real life extensive underground trackage is not built out in the middle of the Great Plains of New Mexico. The Highway Overpass Trick is often used my modelers to hide such installations.
After the road was built and partly paved, I added Styrofoam boards to form a left, right, and rear perimeter to contain the paper wads that will support the plaster cloth that forms the hilltop. As you can see, the original Asphalt color of pavement is way too black as applied and had to be modified.
1850's "mirror mansion" built by identical twins Argalus Isaac and Augustus Ira Foote.
Speculated underground railroad site, Al Capone moonshine still
For years, this old place lie rotting away just a short trip through the woods from my home. I was in it when I was young and later in my teens. I knew it was there but didn't think much of it. Sure I loved old houses - the workmanship and the history - but it wasn't until crazy stories told to me captured my imagination. Stories of secret stairways, underground tunnels, and stories of moonshine and gangsters - then I was curious of the old, boarded up building. Were there tunnels? Was there, truly, rings in the basement walls and blood spattered upon them from some unfortunate incident? Were there bars on the basement windows? There was some truth to some of it, but how much? I headed to the library to seek information.... and the courthouse, many, many times
It was there I learned the story of twin brothers, born in 1817, who shared a deep brotherly love through out their life. It's been said they had a double wedding, Argalus married Adelia, and Augustus married Anna, making a complete foresome of "AF" initials. So close they were, after moving from Massachusetts in the early 1850's, they had constructed a home for two families. One side of the house was the mirror image of the other side just like the brothers themselves. It is said that they furnished their sides the same and that the interior decorating was of the highest quality. Things were good. The brothers farmed their 300 acres (and more) of virgin land and Argalus and Adelia started building their family with sons Andrew, William, and Frank. The place was the pride of the countryside... but fate intervened. Anna Foote died during childbirth just before Christmas, 1855. The little daughter, Mary, followed her mother a few months later. As you can imagine, Augustus was devestated. Suddenly things became unequal between the two. Contrary to what is written out there, the Foote brothers carried on with life despite what was planned to be. Augustus lived with his sister, Sara, and mother, Rebecca, until they both past away as well. Come 1870 census, Augustus no longer lived there. Too much personal tragedy probably drove him away. In his place lived farmhands and a domestic servant or two. Once Argalus' wife past away in 1876, the decision was made to move away. Argalus' three sons had grown and left as well. Everyone moved to Oshkosh and established the Foote Brothers Milling Co. Their home sat empty and became known as "Foote's Folly."
The mansion was bought by a family who raised horses and soon there were stables of fine horses and a racetrack was set up behind the house. Some eleven years later, they moved on, and the place sat empty. The place changed hands numerous times until the present owner bought it in 1934. But just prior to that, the place was one of speculation and concern.
Stories of covered trucks coming and going through the night and gangsters living there had the town of Eureka concerned. Once a place of admiration, now it was a place to avoid. Rumors soon circulated of a machine gun, on a turret, being mounted in the cupola. There were ideas of who they were, and to this day, Al Capone's name comes up. Their time passed there as well.
In 1935, a local women's group held a Halloween tour at the huge place. People came from everywhere for their chance to see the house, something of a legend already. To this day, their names are written on the walls of that time as well as others. So much admiration....
A lot of damage and deterioration came into play after that. Numerous articles in papers were written about it, a few photos taken, but nothing to save it from ruin. The coils and boilers from the moonshine days were lying out by a shed back in the 60's as evidence of it's moonshine days.
Armed with my new found knowledge of the house, I had a entirely new sense of admiration for the place. It was the twins dream house. It was an enormous place and being there, I felt like I was in another era - another time. The structure is - was - quite a place to walk up to. Very massive and overwhelming, yet somewhat personally romantic with it's remaining Italianate gingerbread. It was hauntingly beautiful and I was completely drawn to it.... To imagine what it looked like - to "see" it with all the shutters, windows, and massive front porch. Fantastic...
Investigating it further, I noticed the remains of a carriage loop in the front yard from all those years ago. Inside the 7000 sq ft house were sagging floors covered with falling plaster and busted lathe. Remains of peeling wall and ceiling papers clung to twelve foot ceilings, hand-grained woodwork, ceiling medallions with remains of chandeliers in each of the four parlors, etc. There were two kitchens linked to twin dining rooms graced by huge bay windows. Upstairs there were 9 bedrooms, each with built in show closets, located off a 80ft hallway. The three staircases were open but the spindles were long gone. A hidden flight of steps led to the cupola which was once encased in 16 double hung windows.
The fabled tunnel was no longer open, but found to be mortared shut in the basement and sealed off on the other end. I spoke to a man who tried to dig it out when he was a kid in the 40's. What could be in there? I wonder to this day.... Did the Foote's set a lantern out on the porch years ago for those runaway slaves to spot? Was it another spot along the way towards freedom in Canada? It may forever remain a mystery.
It was a place of broken dreams from another place in time. It became a place riddled with rumors and speculation - a legend in itself. Those who desired to save it, couldn't find a way. A place admired by many but now it faces a fate of it's own. Even the fact of being potentially eligible for National Registry status wasn't enough.
The brothers lived out their lives together in New London, Wi, with Argalus' son, Andrew. It is written in one of their obituaries that, I quote, "they were impossible to tell apart and shared everything through out life. Their minds were but one thought it seems and their pleasures and sorrows were shared together. Their pocketbooks were combined, and neither knew what a quarrel was.That they trusted each other in ways that few brothers ever could. Living into their early '80s, before the time of Augustus' passing it was said they were the oldest surviving twins in the United States." Augustus past away in 1901 and was laid to rest beside his wife and daughter who lives were tragically cut short so many years before, and Argalus, the following year. A short mile away, the family is buried together in a family plot marked by a tall, white spire. The brothers still together just like they had been all their lives.
Leyland constructer Q131 SES tow truck build date unknown in the livery of Dundee corporation seen at the Horsham bus rally Hop oast park and ride
Alexander Harmer
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá
Did the Native Americans have the opton not to participate in this labor?
Background:
Mission Era Drawings of A.B Dodge and Alexander Harmer
This gallery presents fifteen original drawings commemorating seminal mission events. These were rendered in the early 1900s.
In the years before photographic images became widely available, books and magazines (like Gleason's Pictorials) relied on drawings and paintings to capture the likeness of important people and to depict events. Lithographs, images made on a form of printing press, were common. Even with the advent of photography in the 19th century, artistic renderings remained the primary means of communicating the look and feel of places that had long disappeared or events that could only be recorded or recreated by a drawing or painting.
When Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt, the Franciscan scholar and historian, published his seminal work The Missions and Missionaries of California, he included drawings done by A.B. Dodge and Alexander Harmer, two accomplished California artists known for their realistic rendering. Their sketches cover a broad range of mission era events, from the founding of the first mission in San Diego in 1769 to the raising of the United States Flag in Monterey in 1846. There are scenes of everyday life; settlers returning from church, for example, and an Indian on a caretta.
Both artists researched and drew Mission churches that had disappeared in the last half of the 19th century. While the artists' styles were noticeably different (Harmer's drawing are darker and have more detail) both men had a keen eye and exceptional talent. Harmer sometimes put his name on a drawing, at other times he put a logo at the bottom.
The California Missions Resource Center maintains a collection of the colorized versions of these 42 historic drawings.
www.missionscalifornia.com/content/mission-era-drawings-a...
#construction #heavyduty #business #mgiconstruction #build #heavyequipment #constructinghistory #mgicorp
Surélévation du bâtiment Montet de la clinique Louis Pasteur.
Pays : France 🇫🇷
Région : Grand Est (Lorraine)
Département : Meurthe-et-Moselle (54)
Ville : Essey-lès-Nancy (54270)
Adresse : 7, rue Parmentier
Fonction : Hôpital
Construction : 2014 → 2015
• Architecte : Atelier CAILLEAUD-JOLIOT
PC n° 054 184 13
Niveaux : R+1
Hauteur : 14.50 m
SHON : 1363 m²
Terrain : 14 873 m²
port autonome de Rouen .
Multi Purpose Offshore Vessel Navire de soutien offshore
pavillon : Norvège
IMO : 9664902
MMSI : 258789000
Indicatif d'appel C6BR9
longueur : 145,60 m
largeur : 31,00 m
tirant d'eau : 9,00 m
jauge brute : 19 760
port en lourd : 15 000 t
huit moteurs 4 temps - 6 cylindres Wartsila 6L32
quatre moteurs électriques de propulsion entraînant deux hélices à pas variable) -
Vitesse : 17,5 nds
Sept propulseurs transversaux (quatre propulseurs d'étrave dont deux en tunnel de 2 500 kW chacun et deux directionnels rétractables de 2 000 kW / trois propulseurs arrière de 2 500 kW) -
Grues 1 x 400 t / 1 x 100 t -
Construction : 2015
chantier : Kleven Verft , Ulsteinvik , Norvège
Propr./Gérant/Opérat. Eidesvik Offshore Norvège