View allAll Photos Tagged conquer
Carte de visite by an unidentified photographer. At first glance, it is difficult to understand what's happening in this two-sided photograph. On one side, a section of a building, exposed to the elements with walls and roof of canvas roof supported by wood beams, is elevated on a stone piling. Two rooms are visible. One, in the foreground, features part of a latin phrase, "OMNIA VINCIT AMOR," a 35-star U.S. flag, and decorative evergreen bunting in shapes of wreaths and stars around the doorframe and walls. A man with graying beard sits in a chair with hands folded and legs crossed. The second room, partly visible through the spacious doorway, is similarly decorated. A row of chairs and benches line a canvas wall.
Below the image, on the card stock mount, someone drew a large question mark in dark blue ink. Judging from the style of penmanship and the color and application of the ink, it appears to have been added in the early to mid-20th century—long after this photograph was made. On the back of the mount is a portrait of a young lady with deep-set eyes and a longish nose somewhat rounded at the end. She wears a snood and stands against a painted backdrop. Below her portrait is a name written in faint pencil that someone at a later date attempted to make more readable with the same color and application of ink used for the question mark. The name appears to be Dellios G. Beard.
The question mark tells us that we're not alone in wondering about the origins of these images.
What's the story? Here's my working theory, and how I got here thanks to a few trips down research rabbit holes.
I started with the Latin phrase, "omnia vincit amor." An online search revealed it to be one of the most popular Latin expressions: “Love conquers all." It is credited to the Roman poet Virgil (70-19 BC). His best-known work is the epic poem Aeneid. Subsequent searches using this phrase in combination with specific keywords connected to this image, including "19th century" and "outdoor building," turned up nothing useful.
Next, I entered the phrase in Newspapers.com with the date range 1863-1865 (the years a 35-star flag was officially used) for U.S. newspapers. The search engine returned one result: The Jan. 24, 1865, issue of the Commercial Advertiser of Buffalo, N.Y. I read this story, reprinted from a Massachusetts newspaper, the Springfield Republican, in amazement:
The "Silver Wedding" of Mr. Robert Pomeroy, of Pittsfield.
The Rare Features of a Rare Festival.
"Pittsfield was the scene of a private festival, last Monday night, so wide in its heralding, so far-spread and public in its personal interests, so transcendent in its bounteous hospitality, so rare and remarkable in the range and character of the company brought together by it—so unique and impressive, indeed, in all its belongings, that we must beg propriety's pardon, and tell the world about it. It was the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the marriage of Mr. Robert Pomeroy, of Pittsfield—the "silver wedding." And Mr. Pomeroy—not to be more irreverent than townsmen and friends, "Bob Pomeroy"—who does not know him?
"One of the sons of a large-hearted and large-headed manufacturer of Berkshire, the old family homestead in the centre of Pittsfield Village, came to him, high and broad, sanctified with a famous hospitality, and he has preserved its parental character, and obeyed the family injunction, and dispensed a cheer and a charity, more like those of old English baronial home, than anything we are accustomed to see in these days of calculating, cut-and-dried, French and formal entertaining and benevolence. In this, as in all things, however, himself is his only parallel; and one can but say of his hospitality in general, and this festival in particular, it was Pomeroyian.
"Twenty-five years ago on Monday, on a like clear and cold and wintry day, our hero—dashing and heroic then as now—handed his chosen love from a morning street walk in a calico dressing gown, into a well-appointed sleigh, and leaving a bewildered sister to tell the tale, he drew not reign again until his fleet horse had reached the banks of the Hudson. Thence the runaway pair pushed on to Schenectady, and there in safety—those not being the days of railroads or telegraphs—were joined in holy wedlock. Meantime, deserting parents took council—confessed themselves outmanaged—and not liking to be also cheated out of a wedding-feast, sent the next fastest horses of the family stable in the track of love and heroism.
"Of course, there was no catching in such a race. The messenger came at night. His knock for admittance brought denial. "But I bear letters and messages from parents." "They will do in the morning—put them under the door." "But, "all's well that ends well." No breach of parental wisdom ever so justified itself as this. "The Homestead" is the abode of peace and plenty, beauty of person and character. "Daughters rise up to call them blessed"—to make them blessed—and to vie with maternal beauty, itself rarest of all."
"And now—twenty-five years after marriage—comes the long-postponed wedding; and the glories of all possible weddings than are twenty-five times multiplied now. Wide and more prosperous business relations—wide and more prosperous personal friendships brought from near and far such a company of ladies and gentlemen as no private bidding ever gathered before in all this region. The assembled guests were not fewer than five hundred, while twice that number were bidden. Generous, gorgeous was their reception. Helmsmuller's famous German band from New York was brought on for music. A large addition was made to the spacious house for a dancing hall and supper-room. The parlors and the ballroom were brilliantly lighted and appropriately decorated.
"At one end of the latter was the motto, "omnia vincit amor." and the other, "Our country forever." And monograms and festoons of evergreens lined the side walls. The supper tables groaned and gloried with every substantial and every delicacy that could satisfy appetite or tickle palate. They combined all English appreciation for the stomach, French ministering to delicate tastes, and large-hearted American bounty have compounded or could create. The host and hostess, surrounded by their daughters, with a significant suggestion of another wedding in the circle, made a brilliant tableau during the reception hours; and the night wore on quickly till 3 o'clock, in congratulations, conversations, dancing and feasting, before the party separated.
The story continues to list many of the distinguished guests, including a Rev. Mr. Reed, who married Robert Pomeroy and Mary Center Jennings a quarter century ago. Reed renewed their vows and read a poem he wrote for the occasion.
Another notable Pittsfield guest, Brig. Gen. William Francis Bartlett, was engaged to the Pomeroy's oldest daughter, Mary Agnes. Wounded multiple time during the war, including one that cost him his left leg, he fell into enemy hands at the Battle of the Crater and spent time in Libby Prison. The newspaper story hailed "that noble young hero of the war, General W.F. Bartlett, formerly of the Forty-ninth Regiment, as the affianced and accepted lover of the oldest daughter of the homestead, and carried all hearts along in his expressions of interest and sympathy for them and their future. The presence gf Gen. Bartlett on the occasion in his new relationship to the family was a matter of much interest and wide felicitation. The soul of the highest manhood burns still in his shattered body, sand shines in his calm, spiritualized face; and it is enough to say of her that she is worthy him, and to have won her were cheap at his perils and sacrifices."
Bartlett married Mary Agnes on Oct. 14, 1865, at the Pomeroy's Pittsfield residence, "The Homestead." They had six children together before his death in 1876. She lived until 1909.
Robert Pomeroy died in 1889, just months after wife Mary passed. It was said he died of a broken heart at her passing.
Feeling confident this story described the structure in the photograph, I set about trying to find an image of Pomeroy to compare to the man in the chair. I was unable to find a portrait of him. I was able to locate a portrait of Mary Agnes taken late in life. She bears a striking resemblance to the young woman on the back of the photo.
Here is her portrait: emergingcivilwar.com/2022/03/22/agnes-pomeroy-bartlett-th...
Thanks to the Berkshire Historical Society and Civil War Photo Sleuth, I can say with a high degree of certainty that the man is Robert Pomeroy but the woman is not Mary Agnes.
I encourage you to use this image for educational purposes only. However, please ask for permission.
CHIRK CASTLE WAS COMPLETED IN 1310 DURING THE REIGN OF THE CONQUERING EDWARD I TO SUBDUE THE LAST PRINCES OF WALES. BUILT ON AN OUTCROP ABOVE THE MEETING POINT OF THE RIVERS DEE AND CEIRIOG, THE IMPOSING CASTLE WAS A BROODING STATEMENT OF ENGLISH INTENT IN THESE DISPUTED WELSH LANDS.
WITH OVER 700 YEARS OF HISTORY, AND AS THE LAST CASTLE FROM THIS PERIOD STILL LIVED IN TODAY, CHIRK CASTLE'S MANY OCCUPANTS HAVE LEFT BEHIND LAVISH INTERIORS AND A BEAUTIFUL AND ECLECTIC COLLECTION. THE STATE ROOMS INCLUDE A 17TH-CENTURY LONG GALLERY, GRAND 18TH-CENTURY SALOON WITH RICH TAPESTRIES, SERVANTS' HALL, AND THE RESTORED EAST RANGE, CONTAINING THE LIBRARY AND 1920S STYLE BOW ROOM SHOWING OFF CHIRK CASTLE’S CONNECTIONS TO HIGH SOCIETY.
THE AWARD-WINNING GARDENS COVER 5.5 ACRES OF MANICURED LAWNS, CLIPPED YEWS, HERBACEOUS BORDERS, BEAUTIFUL ROSE, SHRUB AND ROCK GARDENS, AND THE WOODED PLEASURE GROUND – PERFECT FOR A STROLL. DON'T MISS THE TERRACE OVERLOOKING THE 18TH CENTURY HA-HA AT THE BOTTOM OF THE GARDEN, WITH STUNNING VIEWS OVER THE CHESHIRE AND SALOP PLAINS.
CHIRK CASTLE HAS OVER 480 ACRES OF ESTATE PARKLAND FOR YOU TO EXPLORE, WITH WILD PONIES, SHEEP, VETERAN TREES, AND A BEAUTIFULLY PRESERVED SECTION OF OFFA’S DYKE. THE ESTATE IS LOCATED WITHIN AN AREA OF OUTSTANDING NATURAL BEAUTY AND HAS ALSO BEEN DESIGNATED A SITE OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST AS AN IMPORTANT HABITAT FOR RARE INVERTEBRATES, BATS, FUNGI, AND WILD FLOWERS.
A return to Tudeley after four years.
We had seen some Chagall glass in Chicago Institute of Art, and I promised I would bring Jools to see the glass here.
We also met up with my Flickr friend, Tim, and his wife, who as they are both local, gave us the background of the church and the family who paid for the windows and the sad story behind the east window.
This time I took details of the windows, see the album for shots of the complete windows.
Tudeley is the only complete English church with glass by by Marc Chagall.
-------------------------------------------------
Set in a farmyard, this church draws thousands of visitors to see the only complete set of stained glass by Marc Chagall in England. The earliest glass is that in the east window which was installed as a memorial to Sarah d'Avigdor Goldsmid in 1967. She died in a sailing accident and is shown floating in the waves. After its erection a complete set of glass was designed and made for the church, although it was not fully installed in the church until after Chagall's death. The Victorian glass which had to be removed to accommodate it has been placed in light boxes below the tower, which is entered below the impressive organ built in 1994. The whole church is light and open, with high quality workmanship in ceiling, pews and floor. It is an example to all that twentieth-century workmanship - providing it is of good quality - has often improved a medieval building.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Tudeley
--------------------------------------
TUDELEY
LIES the adjoining parish eastward from Tunbridge. It is called in Domesday, TIVELELE, and in the Textus Rossensis, THUDELEI.
It is a very obscure and unfrequented place, lying between the parishes of Tunbridge and Capel. The situation and soil is much the same as the latter, lying low, the soil a moist stiff clay, with abundance of large spreading oaks throughout it in the hedge rows, which are broad and thick, the village with the church is near the western boundary of it; at some distance southward is the hamlet of Crookhurst, be yond which this parish stretches along the southern boundary of Capel, where it is crossed by two small rivulets which flow from hence into the Medway, to the edge of this hundred, where the manor and house of Badsell is situated in a very wet and unpleasant country.
THIS PLACE was part of those vast possessions, with which William the Conqueror enriched his halfbrother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux, and earl of Kent, under the general title of whose lands it is thus entered in the survey of Domesday:
In Wachelestan hundred Richard de Tonebridge holds of the bishop (of Baieux) Tivedele. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is one carucate, and there is . . . . in demesne, and a church, and wood for the pannage of two hogs. It is and was worth fifteen shillings. Eddeva held it of the king.
The survey of Domesday was taken about the year 1080; four years after which, the bishop of Baieux's possessions were, on his disgrace, seized on by the king.
BADSELL is the principal manor in this parish, lying at the south-east end of it, which formerly gave both residence and surname to a family, who were some time possessors of it. At length, by a daughter and coheir, Marian Badsell, it was carried in marriage to Thomas Stidulf, from whom the family of that name in Surry were descended; he resided at Badsell, and was only son and heir of Robert, and heir likewise of his uncle Henry Stidulf. He died anno 36 Henry VI. and lies buried with his wife in this church. They left an only daughter and heir Agnes, who carried this manor in marriage to Richard Fane, esq. of Tudeley, who died possessed of it in the 32d year of king Henry VIII. and was buried in the chapel of this church, which he himself had caused to be made. His son, George Fane, esq. resided at Badsell, as did his son, Sir Thomas Fane, which last having married lady Mary, daughter and sole heir of Henry Nevill, lord Abergavenny, became possessed of the castle and manor of Mereworth, where afterwards he resided much, as his son, Sir Francis Fane, earl of Westmoreland, did entirely; since which this mansion has been made use of only as a farm house, and in his descendants, earls of Westmoreland, this manor continued to John Fane, earl of Westmoreland, who dying s.p. in 1762, it has now at length by the limitations of his will come, with the rest of his Kentish estates, into the possession of the right hon. Thomas, lord le Despencer, the present owner of it.
There are no parochial charities. The poor relieved yearly are about twenty.
TUDELEY is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Rochester and deanry of Malling.
The church, which is a small building, has been lately rebuilt of brick, having a square tower at the west end, with a small pointed spire on it. It is dedicated to All Saints.
The patronage of this church was, about the year 1239, given by Richard de Theudele, Richard de Sardenne, and Alicia, Agnes, and Cecilia, daughters of John Teudeley, patrons of it, to the prior and canons of Tunbridge; which gift was confirmed by the bishop, who soon afterwards granted licence to them, to appropriate it to their own use, on the death or refignation of John, then rector of it, and in the mean time, that they should receive yearly half a marc from it; but the vicarage was not endowed till the year 1398.
The appropriation of it, together with the advowson of the vicarage, remained with the priory of Tunbridge, till its final dissolution, which happened in the 17th year of king Henry VIII. when being one of those smaller monasteries, which cardinal Wolsey had obtained of the king by his letters patent, dated February 8, that year, for the endowment of his colleges, it was surrendered, with all the possessions belonging to it, into the cardinal's hands, and afterwards by the king's letters patent granted to him for the better endowment of his college, called Cardinal's college, in Oxford. (fn. 1)
But this church staid with the college only four years; when the cardinal being cast in a præmunire in 1529, all the estates of it were sorfeited to the king, and became part of the revenue of the crown.
King Edward VI. in his 1st year, granted this parsonage and advowson to Sir Walter Hendley, at the yearly rent of 6s. 3½d. to hold in capite by knights service. He died without male issue, leaving three daughters his coheirs.
¶On the division of their inheritance, this parsonage and advowson were allotted to the second daughter Helen, who entitled her third husband, Sir Thomas Fane, of Burston, in Hunton, to the possession of them. After which they passed in like manner as Burston to Vere, Thomas and John Fane, three brothers, successively earls of Westmoreland, the last of whom dying s.p. in 1762, they are at length come by the limitations of his will, among the rest of his estates in this county, to the right hon. Thomas, lord le Despencer, the present owner of them.
The parsonage of Tudeley pays a see-farm rent to the crown of 6s. 3½d. yearly.
The vicarage is valued in the king's books at 4l. 16s. 0½d. and the yearly tenths at 9s. 7¼d.
The vicar of Tudeley is instituted to this vicarage, with the chapel of Capel annexed.
Durham Castle is a Norman castle in the city of Durham, England, which has been occupied since 1837 by University College, Durham after its previous role as the residence of the Bishops of Durham. Designated since 1986 as a cultural World Heritage Site in England, along with Durham Cathedral, the facility is open to the general public to visit, but only through guided tours, since it is in use as a working building and is home to over 100 students. The castle stands on top of a hill above the River Wear on Durham's peninsula, opposite Durham Cathedral (grid reference NZ274423).
Construction of the Castle, which follows the usual motte and bailey design favoured by the Normans, began in 1072 under the orders of William the Conqueror, six years after the Norman conquest of England, and soon after the Normans first came to the North. The construction took place under the supervision of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, until he rebelled against William and was executed in 1076. Stone for the new buildings was cut from the cliffs below the walls and moved up using winches.
The holder of the office of the Bishop of Durham, Bishop Walcher at the time, was appointed by the king to exercise royal authority on his behalf, with the castle being his seat. According to UNESCO,
Walcher "purchased the earldom [of Northumbria] and thus became the first of the Prince-Bishops of Durham, a title that was to remain until the 19th century, and was to give Durham a unique status in England. It was under Walcher that many of the Castle’s first buildings were constructed. As was typical of Norman castles, it consisted of a motte (mound) and an inner and outer bailey (fenced or walled area). Whether the motte and inner bailey were built first is unknown. There is also debate about whether or not Durham Castle was originally a stone or a wooden structure. Historic sources mention that its keep (fortified tower) was built of wood, but there is enough archaeological evidence to indicate that even in the late 11th century when it was first built, it had numerous stone buildings.
A UNESCO site describes the role of the Prince-Bishops in the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
The Bishops of Durham would not be stripped of their temporal powers until the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 returned them to the Crown.
Another UNESCO report more specifically explains the need for a castle at this location:
"In defensive terms, Durham Castle was of strategic importance both to defend the troublesome border with Scotland and to control local English rebellions, which were common in the years immediately following the Norman Conquest, and led to the so-called Harrying of the North by William the Conqueror in 1069. ... the Castle was constructed 'to keep the bishop and his household safe from the attacks of assailants'. This makes sense – Robert de Comines (or Cumin), the first earl of Northumberland appointed by William the Conqueror, was brutally murdered along with his entourage in 1069".
In May 1080, the castle was attacked and besieged for four days by rebels from Northumbria; Bishop Walcher was killed. In 1177, King Henry II of England seized the castle after a disagreement with the then-bishop, Hugh de Puiset (sometimes known as Pudsey).
In the 12th Century, Bishop Pudsey (Hugh de Puiset) built the Norman archway and the Galilee of the cathedral. Other major alterations were made by Bishop Thomas Hatfield in the 1300s, including a rebuilding of the keep and enlargement of the keep mount.
The castle has a large Great Hall, originally called a Dining Hall, created by Bishop Antony Bek in the early 14th century; Bishop Hatfield added a wooden minstrels' gallery. The Hall was modified and enlarged, then reduced, in size by subsequent bishops. Today, the Hall is 14 metres (46 ft) high and over 30 metres (98 ft) long.
The Castle remained the bishop's palace for the Bishop of Durham until Auckland Castle was made the bishops' residence in 1832; the current bishop still maintains offices at that castle, roughly ten miles to the south. Subsequently, Durham castle was donated to the University of Durham by Bishop William Van Mildert and would later become the college. The college did not occupy the castle until 1837, after the next Bishop, Edward Maltby, had completed renovations of the building.
The Norman Chapel is the oldest accessible part of the castle built about 1078. Its architecture is Anglian in nature, possibly due to forced Anglian labour being used to build it. In the 15th century, its three windows were all but blocked up because of the expanded keep. It thus fell into disuse until 1841 when it was used as a corridor through which to access the keep. During the Second World War, it was used as a command and observation post for the Royal Air Force when its original use was recognised. (The cathedral was targeted for a Baedeker Blitz or bombing raid by Germany but escaped because fog rolled in and blocked the pilots' view.)
The chapel was re-consecrated shortly after the war and is still used for weekly services by the college.
Tunstall's Chapel, named after Cuthbert Tunstall, was built in the 16th century and is used for worship within the college. It was modified in the 17th Century by Bishop Cosin.
Durham Castle is jointly designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site with Durham Cathedral, a short distance across Palace Green.
The UNESCO report provides specifics about the Castle's important aspects:
Within the Castle precinct are later buildings of the Durham Palatinate, reflecting the Prince-Bishops’ civic responsibilities and privileges. These include the Bishop’s Court (now a library), almshouses, and schools. Palace Green, a large open space connecting the various buildings of the site once provided the Prince Bishops with a venue for processions and gatherings befitting their status, and is now still a forum for public events.
Durham is a cathedral city and civil parish in the county of Durham, England. It is the county town and contains the headquarters of Durham County Council, the unitary authority which governs the district of County Durham. It had a population of 48,069 at the 2011 Census.
The city was built on a meander of the River Wear, which surrounds the centre on three sides and creates a narrow neck on the fourth. The surrounding land is hilly, except along the Wear's floodplain to the north and southeast.
Durham was founded in 995 by Anglo-Saxon monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. The church the monks built lasted only a century, as it was replaced by the present Durham Cathedral after the Norman Conquest; together with Durham Castle it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the 1070s until 1836 the city was part of the County Palatine of Durham, a semi-independent jurisdiction ruled by the prince bishops of Durham which acted as a geopolitical buffer between the kingdoms of England and Scotland. In 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought half a mile west of the city, resulting in an English victory. In 1650, the cathedral was used to house Scottish prisoners after their defeat at the Battle of Dunbar. During the Industrial Revolution, the Durham coalfield was heavily exploited, with dozens of collieries operating around the city and in nearby villages. Although these coal pits have now closed, the annual Durham Miners' Gala continues and is a major event for the city and region. Historically, Durham was also known for the manufacture of hosiery, carpets, and mustard.
The city is the home of Durham University, which was founded in 1832 and therefore has a claim to be the third-oldest university in England. The university is a significant employer in the region, alongside the local council and national government at the land registry and passport office. The University Hospital of North Durham and HM Prison Durham are also located close to the city centre. The city also has significant tourism and hospitality sectors.
Toponymy
The name "Durham" comes from the Brythonic element dun, signifying a hill fort and related to -ton, and the Old Norse holme, which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm". Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north-eastern historian Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.
Durham is likely to be Gaer Weir in Armes Prydein, derived from Brittonic cajr meaning "an enclosed, defensible site" (cf. Carlisle; Welsh caer) and the river-name Wear.
History
Early history
Archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC. The present city can clearly be traced back to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose the strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of Saint Cuthbert, that had previously lain in Chester-le-Street, founding a church there.
City origins, the Dun Cow story
Local legend states that the city was founded in A.D. 995 by divine intervention. The 12th-century chronicler Symeon of Durham recounts that after wandering in the north, Saint Cuthbert's bier miraculously came to a halt at the hill of Warden Law and, despite the effort of the congregation, would not move. Aldhun, Bishop of Chester-le-Street and leader of the order, decreed a holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the saint. During the fast, Saint Cuthbert appeared to a certain monk named Eadmer, with instructions that the coffin should be taken to Dun Holm. After Eadmer's revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move the bier, but did not know where Dun Holm was.
The legend of the Dun Cow, which is first documented in The Rites of Durham, an anonymous account about Durham Cathedral, published in 1593, builds on Symeon's account. According to this legend, by chance later that day, the monks came across a milkmaid at Mount Joy (southeast of present-day Durham). She stated that she was seeking her lost dun cow, which she had last seen at Dun Holm. The monks, realising that this was a sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a wooded "hill-island" – a high wooded rock surrounded on three sides by the River Wear. There they erected a shelter for the relics, on the spot where Durham Cathedral would later stand. Symeon states that a modest wooden building erected there shortly thereafter was the first building in the city. Bishop Aldhun subsequently had a stone church built, which was dedicated in September 998. This no longer remains, having been supplanted by the Norman structure.
The legend is interpreted by a Victorian relief stone carving on the north face of the cathedral and, more recently, by the bronze sculpture 'Durham Cow' (1997, Andrew Burton), which reclines by the River Wear in view of the cathedral.
Medieval era
During the medieval period the city gained spiritual prominence as the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint Bede the Venerable. The shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury in 1170.
Saint Cuthbert became famous for two reasons. Firstly, the miraculous healing powers he had displayed in life continued after his death, with many stories of those visiting the saint's shrine being cured of all manner of diseases. This led to him being known as the "wonder worker of England". Secondly, after the first translation of his relics in 698 AD, his body was found to be incorruptible. Apart from a brief translation back to Holy Island during the Norman Invasion the saint's relics have remained enshrined to the present day. Saint Bede's bones are also entombed in the cathedral, and these also drew medieval pilgrims to the city.
Durham's geographical position has always given it an important place in the defence of England against the Scots. The city played an important part in the defence of the north, and Durham Castle is the only Norman castle keep never to have suffered a breach. In 1314, the Bishopric of Durham paid the Scots a 'large sum of money' not to burn Durham. The Battle of Neville's Cross took place around half a mile west of the city on 17 October 1346 between the English and Scots and was a disastrous loss for the Scots.
The city suffered from plague outbreaks in 1544, 1589 and 1598.
Bishops of Durham
Owing to the divine providence evidenced in the city's legendary founding, the Bishop of Durham has always enjoyed the formal title "Bishop by Divine Providence" as opposed to other bishops, who are "Bishop by Divine Permission". However, as the north-east of England lay so far from Westminster, the bishops of Durham enjoyed extraordinary powers such as the ability to hold their own parliament, raise their own armies, appoint their own sheriffs and Justices, administer their own laws, levy taxes and customs duties, create fairs and markets, issue charters, salvage shipwrecks, collect revenue from mines, administer the forests and mint their own coins. So far-reaching were the bishop's powers that the steward of Bishop Antony Bek commented in 1299 AD: "There are two kings in England, namely the Lord King of England, wearing a crown in sign of his regality and the Lord Bishop of Durham wearing a mitre in place of a crown, in sign of his regality in the diocese of Durham". All this activity was administered from the castle and buildings surrounding the Palace Green. Many of the original buildings associated with these functions of the county palatine survive on the peninsula that constitutes the ancient city.
From 1071 to 1836 the bishops of Durham ruled the county palatine of Durham. Although the term "prince bishop" has been used as a helpful tool in the understanding the functions of the bishops of Durham in this era, it is not a title they would have recognised. The last bishop to rule the palatinate, Bishop William Van Mildert, is credited with the foundation of Durham University in 1832. Henry VIII curtailed some of the bishop's powers and, in 1538, ordered the destruction of the shrine of Saint Cuthbert.
A UNESCO site describes the role of the bishops in the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
Legal system
The bishops had their own court system, including most notably the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge. The county also had its own attorney general, whose authority to bring an indictment for criminal matters was tested by central government in the case of R v Mary Ann Cotton (1873). Certain courts and judicial posts for the county were abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873. Section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and section 41 of the Courts Act 1971 abolished others.
Civil War and Cromwell (1640 to 1660)
The city remained loyal to King Charles I in the English Civil War – from 1642 to the execution of the king in 1649. Charles I came to Durham three times during his reign of 1625–1649. Firstly, he came in 1633 to the cathedral for a majestic service in which he was entertained by the Chapter and Bishop at great expense. He returned during preparations for the First Bishops' War (1639). His final visit to the city came towards the end of the civil war; he escaped from the city as Oliver Cromwell's forces got closer. Local legend stated that he escaped down the Bailey and through Old Elvet. Another local legend has it that Cromwell stayed in a room in the present Royal County Hotel on Old Elvet during the civil war. The room is reputed to be haunted by his ghost. Durham suffered greatly during the civil war (1642–1651) and Commonwealth (1649–1660). This was not due to direct assault by Cromwell or his allies, but to the abolition of the Church of England and the closure of religious institutions pertaining to it. The city has always relied upon the Dean and Chapter and cathedral as an economic force.
The castle suffered considerable damage and dilapidation during the Commonwealth due to the abolition of the office of bishop (whose residence it was). Cromwell confiscated the castle and sold it to the Lord Mayor of London shortly after taking it from the bishop. A similar fate befell the cathedral, it being closed in 1650 and used to incarcerate 3,000 Scottish prisoners, who were marched south after the Battle of Dunbar. Graffiti left by them can still be seen today etched into the interior stone.
At the Restoration in 1660, John Cosin (a former canon) was appointed bishop (in office: 1660–1672) and set about a major restoration project. This included the commissioning of the famous elaborate woodwork in the cathedral choir, the font cover and the Black Staircase in the castle. Bishop Cosin's successor Bishop Lord Nathaniel Crewe (in office: 1674–1721) carried out other renovations both to the city and to the cathedral.
18th century
In the 18th century a plan to turn Durham into a seaport through the digging of a canal north to join the River Team, a tributary of the River Tyne near Gateshead, was proposed by John Smeaton. Nothing came of the plan, but the statue of Neptune in the Market Place was a constant reminder of Durham's maritime possibilities.
The thought of ships docking at the Sands or Millburngate remained fresh in the minds of Durham merchants. In 1758, a new proposal hoped to make the Wear navigable from Durham to Sunderland by altering the river's course, but the increasing size of ships made this impractical. Moreover, Sunderland had grown as the north east's main port and centre for shipping.
In 1787 Durham infirmary was founded.
The 18th century also saw the rise of the trade-union movement in the city.
19th century
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 gave governing power of the town to an elected body. All other aspects of the Bishop's temporal powers were abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and returned to the Crown.
The Representation of the People Act 2000 and is regarded as the second most senior bishop and fourth most senior clergyman in the Church of England. The Court of Claims of 1953 granted the traditional right of the bishop to accompany the sovereign at the coronation, reflecting his seniority.
The first census, conducted in 1801, states that Durham City had a population of 7,100. The Industrial Revolution mostly passed the city by. However, the city was well known for carpet making and weaving. Although most of the mediaeval weavers who thrived in the city had left by the 19th century, the city was the home of Hugh MacKay Carpets’ factory, which produced the famous brands of axminster and tufted carpets until the factory went into administration in April 2005. Other important industries were the manufacture of mustard and coal extraction.
The Industrial Revolution also placed the city at the heart of the coalfields, the county's main industry until the 1970s. Practically every village around the city had a coal mine and, although these have since disappeared as part of the regional decline in heavy industry, the traditions, heritage and community spirit are still evident.
The 19th century also saw the founding of Durham University thanks to the benevolence of Bishop William Van Mildert and the Chapter in 1832. Durham Castle became the first college (University College, Durham) and the bishop moved to Auckland Castle as his only residence in the county. Bishop Hatfield's Hall (later Hatfield College, Durham) was added in 1846 specifically for the sons of poorer families, the Principal inaugurating a system new to English university life of advance fees to cover accommodation and communal dining.
The first Durham Miners' Gala was attended by 5,000 miners in 1871 in Wharton Park, and remains the largest socialist trade union event in the world.
20th century
Early in the 20th century coal became depleted, with a particularly important seam worked out in 1927, and in the following Great Depression Durham was among those towns that suffered exceptionally severe hardship. However, the university expanded greatly. St John's College and St Cuthbert's Society were founded on the Bailey, completing the series of colleges in that area of the city. From the early 1950s to early 1970s the university expanded to the south of the city centre. Trevelyan, Van Mildert, Collingwood, and Grey colleges were established, and new buildings for St Aidan's and St Mary's colleges for women, formerly housed on the Bailey, were created. The final 20th century collegiate addition came from the merger of the independent nineteenth-century colleges of the Venerable Bede and St Hild, which joined the university in 1979 as the College of St Hild and St Bede. The 1960s and 70s also saw building on New Elvet. Dunelm House for the use of the students' union was built first, followed by Elvet Riverside, containing lecture theatres and staff offices. To the southeast of the city centre sports facilities were built at Maiden Castle, adjacent to the Iron Age fort of the same name, and the Mountjoy site was developed, starting in 1924, eventually containing the university library, administrative buildings, and facilities for the Faculty of Science.
Durham was not bombed during World War II, though one raid on the night of 30 May 1942 did give rise to the local legend of 'St Cuthbert's Mist'. This states that the Luftwaffe attempted to target Durham, but was thwarted when Cuthbert created a mist that covered both the castle and cathedral, sparing them from bombing. The exact events of the night are disputed by contemporary eyewitnesses. The event continues to be referenced within the city, including inspiring the artwork 'Fogscape #03238' at Durham Lumiere 2015.
'Durham Castle and Cathedral' was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. Among the reasons given for the decision were 'Durham Cathedral [being] the largest and most perfect monument of "Norman" style architecture in England', and the cathedral's vaulting being an early and experimental model of the gothic style. Other important UNESCO sites near Durham include Auckland Castle, North of England Lead Mining Museum and Beamish Museum.
Historical
The historic city centre of Durham has changed little over 200 years. It is made up of the peninsula containing the cathedral, palace green, former administrative buildings for the palatine and Durham Castle. This was a strategic defensive decision by the city's founders and gives the cathedral a striking position. So much so that Symeon of Durham stated:
To see Durham is to see the English Sion and by doing so one may save oneself a trip to Jerusalem.
Sir Walter Scott was so inspired by the view of the cathedral from South Street that he wrote "Harold the Dauntless", a poem about Saxons and Vikings set in County Durham and published on 30 January 1817. The following lines from the poem are carved into a stone tablet on Prebends Bridge:
Grey towers of Durham
Yet well I love thy mixed and massive piles
Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot
And long to roam those venerable aisles
With records stored of deeds long since forgot.
The old commercial section of the city encompasses the peninsula on three sides, following the River Wear. The peninsula was historically surrounded by the castle wall extending from the castle keep and broken by two gatehouses to the north and west of the enclosure. After extensive remodelling and "much beautification" by the Victorians the walls were removed with the exception of the gatehouse which is still standing on the Bailey.
The medieval city was made up of the cathedral, castle and administrative buildings on the peninsula. The outlying areas were known as the townships and owned by the bishop, the most famous of these being Gilesgate (which still contains the mediaeval St Giles Church), Claypath and Elvet.
The outlying commercial section of the city, especially around the North Road area, saw much change in the 1960s during a redevelopment spearheaded by Durham City Council; however, much of the original mediaeval street plan remains intact in the area close to the cathedral and market place. Most of the mediaeval buildings in the commercial area of the city have disappeared apart from the House of Correction and the Chapel of Saint Andrew, both under Elvet Bridge. Georgian buildings can still be found on the Bailey and Old Elvet most of which make up the colleges of Durham University.
Shaving the way to conquer kids' cancer. My daughter, Brittany did it. And raised the most money too!
“Struggle is proof that you haven't been conquered, that you refuse to surrender, that victory is still possible, and that you're growing.”
― Jon Walden
Just behind Shoreditch church, there's still a lot to see on this closed pub.
Address: 2 Austin Street.
Owner: Charrington (former); West's Brewery (former).
Links:
Belgrade (Serbian: Београд) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city lies on two international waterways, at the confluence of the Sava and Danube in north central Serbia, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkan Peninsula. With a population of 1.689.000 (official estimate 2006), Belgrade is the largest city in the territory of the former Yugoslavia and the fourth largest in Southeastern Europe, after Istanbul, Athens, and Bucharest.
One of the oldest cities of Europe, with a continuous documented history of 7,000 years, Belgrade's wider city area was the birthplace of the largest prehistoric culture of Europe, the Vinča culture. Discovered by the Greeks, the foundation of the city itself dates back to Celtic and later, Roman periods, followed by the settlement of White Serbs around the 7th century. In medieval times, it was in the possession of Byzantine, Frankish, Bulgarian, Hungarian and Serbian rulers, until it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1521 and became the seat of the Pashaluk of Belgrade. It became the capital of an independent Serbian state for the first time in 1284 (lost to Hungary in 1427), the status that it would regain only in 1841, after the liberation from the Ottomans. Northern Belgrade, though, remained an Austrian outpost until the breakup of Austria-Hungary in 1918. The united city then became the capital of several incarnations of Yugoslavia, up to 2006, when Serbia became an independent state again.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade
Kalemegdan is the core and the oldest section of the urban area of Belgrade and for centuries the city population was concentrated only within the walls of the fortress, thus the history of the fortress, until most recent history, equals the history of Belgrade itself . First settlement was founded in the 3rd century BC by the Celtic tribe of Scordisci. The city-fortress was later conquered by the Romans, became known as Singidunum and became a part of "the military frontier", where the Roman Empire bordered "barbaric Central Europe". Singidunum was defended by the Roman legion IV Flaviae which built a fortified camp on a hill at the confluence of the rivers the Danube and the Sava.
City’s history is long and complicated, more about Kalemegdan and Singidunum can be read on wikipedia.
After almost two millennia of continuous sieges, battles and conquests the fortress is today known as the Kalemegdan fortress.
The name Kalemegdan derives from two Turkish words, kale (fortress) and megdan (battleground) (literally, "battlefield fortress").
Conquering The Elements
Grey Squirrel
Michigan
Hoping for a little snack for his efforts.
View it extra large here
"These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; it is dearness only that gives everything its value. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress and grow brave by reflection. 'Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death."
~~ Thomas Paine, The Crisis
Submitted to the Literary Reference in Pictures pool.
A very very similar pic can be found on Aarron's photostream. Even the title is the same.
Another example of the same shot is on Mac ind Óg's photostream.
♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
Interested in purchasing this photograph? Check it out at Fine Art America.
♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
So after a lot of unrelated pictures, I finally decided to upload this one (eventhough I'm not entirely happy with it): those who wanted to understand what they were looking at on The Conqueror will enjoy the immersive experience.
This equirectangular panorama is made out of 50 pictures stitched together with Autopano-sift, Hugin and Enblend, and is part of my equirectangular set.
Just about the hardest tank in the museum to photograph. 2nd attempt at a HDR here but not really successful. I know what to do next time! Image4
Sun falls behind the Gore Range and the last ounces of sunlight are squeezed onto the Gore Valley below on the evening of a cool autumn's day - Summit County, CO
What, then, shall we say in response to these things? If God is for us, who can be against us? He who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all—how will he not also, along with him, graciously give us all things? ... No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us.
(Read Romans 8:31-39 NIV)
Kirtipur (Nepali: कीर्तिपुर, Nepal Bhasa: किपू Kipu) is an ancient city in Nepal. It is located in the Kathmandu Valley 5 km south-west of the city of Kathmandu. It is one of the five municipalities in the valley, the others being Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Madhyapur Thimi.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Kirtipur comes from Kirti (glory) and pur (city).
DEMOGRAPHICS
Originally a Newar foundation, Kirtipur is still a center of Newar culture. It has been merged with surrounding villages to form the municipality of Kirtipur with a population of 67,171.
It consists of many temples, gumbas (Buddhist monastery) and churches too. Due to the presence of Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur is also a popular area for out-of-town students and professors to rent houses and they are major contributors to the local economy.
HISTORY
Kirtipur's history dates from 1099 AD. It was part of the territory of Lalitpur at the time of the invasion of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkhali king Prithvi Narayan Shah in the 18th century.
In 1767, Kirtipur was annexed to the Gorkhali kingdom by Prithvi Narayan following the Battle of Kirtipur. He took the town on his twenty third attempt, after entering it by trickery. After this, he cut off the noses and lips of everybody in the city.
This was the site of an inspirational peaceful demonstration of the people in the 2006 mass uprising that overthrew the powers of the king. It is considered to be an anti-monarchy city due to its bitter history against the Shah dynasty whose modern founder conquered the city insultingly, which was followed by negligence of the administration and development by subsequent rulers.
PLACES OF INTEREST
BAGH BHAIRAB
Bagh Bhairab temple is one of the most popular temples dedicated to the God Bhairab in the form of a tiger. This god is regarded as the guardian of Kirtipur and the locals call it Ajudeu, a grandfather god. Bhairab, the most terrifying and awful form of Shiva is the destroyer on one hand and the guardian on the other. Ceremonial rituals in relation to the important events of life such as rice-feeding, puberty, marriage and even the construction of houses cannot be done without propitiating this deity in most of the towns and cities of Nepal.
The present three storeyed temple of Bagh Bhairab probably built in 16th century stands in the brick-paved rectangular courtyard with the rest houses around it. There are some small shrines and stone images spread over the courtyard. The main gate is at the southern side. There are two other gates in the eastern and western sides. The two roofs of the temple are of tiles while the third one is covered with gilt-copper. There are wooden pillars carved with Hindu gods and goddesses. They have been erected in between windows of the second storey and the names of the carved deities have been finely cut out below them on the pedestals.
There are eighteen pinnacles-one in the first roof, six in the middle and eleven in the top roof. Beneath the eaves of the first roof there are very old but faded murals depicting the stories of Ramayan. Maha Bharat and the various manifestations of Durga, the mighty mother goddess. These paintings are frescoes in red with white plaster background. At the right side of the main gate of the temple there is Hifa Dyo, the god of blood sacrifice is allowed directly to Bagh Bhairab, all animal offerings to the deity are made here on behalf of this deity just as the animal sacrifices are made to Kumari, a stone idol, placed at the second gate in the left side of Chandeswori at Banepa and to the Chhetrapal which is at the very beginning of the final series of the steps to the temple of Khadga Jogini at Sankhu.
There are two torans over Hifa Dyo. They bear very fine cuttings of Asta-Matriks, Asta-Bhairabs and other gods and goddesses. In the western wall of the temple there is a hollow space regarded by the local people as Nasa Dyo, the god of music and dance. Bagh Bhairab made of clay has been enshrined in the left side corner in the temple. The three glass-eyed tiger-god is tongue-less and tooth-less but covered with silver and copper plates and heavily ornamented. This deity as mentioned in the stone inscriptions has been called Bagheswor (the tiger god), Bhimsen Bhattarak (Bhimsen, the governing deity), Gudei Sthanadhipati (the lord in the form of tiger) and Ajudyo(the ancestral god).
The local peoples hail this deity as the embodiment of prudence, knowledge, productivity and strength to resist all evils. Hence, the auspicious ceremonies such as weddings, hair-cuttings, rice-feedings and other ritual performances in Kirtipur are done only after a puza to this deity.
CHILANCHO STUPA
A Buddhist shrine, is situated on the southern hill. It is located in Kirtipur, Nepal. It was made in medieval period. An inscription of Nepal Samvat 635 is found in this Chaitya. Therefore, it is one of the most important historical stupa of this region.
UMA MAHESHWAR
Uma Maheshwar temple (locally, Kwacho Dega) is one of the important heritage sites of Kirtipur. This pagoda-style three-storied temple is situated at the highest point (1414 m) of Kirtipur. Since this temple is at the top of the hill, one can enjoy picturesque view of the Kathmandu valley and mountains like Langtang, Dorge Lakkpa, Chobhu Bhamure, and Gaurishankar.
The temple was constructed in 1655 AD by Rautra Vishwanath Babu, a son of king Sidhhi Narsinga Malla. It was destructed in an earthquake in 1832 AD. After remained dilapidated for about a century, it was restored in 1933 AD after it was again destroyed by an earthquake. Local people and government made a herculean effort to renovate it into the current state. The restoration process was completed only in 1982 AD. Recently, in 2008 some work was done to preserve the arts of temple.
There is an artistic stone gate at the entrance. On each side of the stone staircase leading to the temple, there is a stone elephant, with sculptures of Bhimsen and Kuber as protectors of the temple. The main deities in this temple are standing Lord Shiva and Parvati. There are other images of deities like Sarasvati and Mahismardini on false doors around temple.
The wooden doors, pillars, and beams are crafted with artistic figures of different gods and goddess such as Astamatrika and Asta Bhairav. Similarly, erotic figures are also carved in wooden beams. According to archeologists, these figures on beams have tantric values.
The bell on the northern side of temple was cast in 1895 by Gillett & Johnston Founders, Corydon. It was one of the four quarter bells of Ghantaghar of the central Kathmandu and was reallocated to this temple after the Ghantaghar was destroyed by the earthquake in 1933.
SHRI KIRTI BIHAR
A Theravada Buddhist monastery built in traditional Thai architectural style, is situated near the entrance to the city.
MEDIA
To Promote local culture Kirtipur has one FM radio station Radio Newa F.M. - 106.6 MHz Which is a Community radio Station.There are several weekly newspaper published from Kirtipur. They are Shahid Weekly, Kirtipur Darpan, Kirtipur Sandesh. Also there is a local television station, Kirtipur Channel and some more local channel.
WIKIPEDIA
"I am Daenerys Stormborn and I will take what is mine with fire and blood."
A fashion editorial inspired by Daenerys Targaryen, a character from the TV series, Game of Thrones.
Photography and Styling by Lost In Nature Photography
Model: Kai Waitress/Model
Hair and Make-up by Taylor Gavanas Makeup Artist
Assistant: Christopher La
View the full editorial on facebook: tiny.cc/8bzefx
Cette Renault Frégate fut modifiée en limousine rallongée pour le Général De Gaulle. Si cette voiture unique ne fera jamais partie de la flotte présidentielle, elle aura tout de même l'occasion de transporter quelques personnalités comme le Général Eisenhower lors d'une visite à Paris.
Dès le début du siècle, Renault prend place dans le parc automobile des grands de ce monde. Rois et présidents roulent en Renault en Grande-Bretagne, en Egypte, en Russie, en Argentine... et bien sûr en France. La marque a certes du répondant dans ce domaine : les extraordinaires 40 CV, les Reinastella puis la Suprastella offrent l'étoffe et la puissance qui répondent au prestige du poste. Après la seconde guerre mondiale toutefois, la donne change. Les défilés de présidents ne connaissent plus la même pompe, Renault peine à retrouver un vrai haut de gamme et l'Elysée se tourne vers la concurrence. Renault fait alors modifier une Frégate en limousine rallongée. La transformation ne suffit toutefois pas à conquérir le Général De Gaulle, dont la taille importante impose une garde au toit supérieure à celle de la Frégate. Sa carrière en sera écourtée, mais elle aura tout de même l'occasion de transporter quelques personnalités dont le général Eisenhower lors d'une visite à Paris.
Moteur : 4 cylindres en ligne, 2141 cm3, 80 ch
Transmission : aux roues arrière, boîte 3 rapports + MA, convertisseur de couple (système "Transfluide")
Freins : tambours sur les quatre roues
Dimensions (L x l) : 5.30 x 1.72 m, poids 1850 Kg
Vitesse maxi : 130 km/h
Exemplaires produits : exemplaire unique
There are many like it, but this one is mine. And this one even let me stand on it (not like that other one)…! (Thanks Hrant for the photo.)
"Monument to the Armenian Alphabet", erected in 2005 just outside of the village of Artashavan Արտաշավան, Aragatsotn Marz.