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I've sunk to new lows in trying to get some pictures taken during the lock down. This is the contents of my backyard composter.
1369-1375 Crucifixion - Anovelo da Imbonate (fourteenth-fifteenth century) - Oratorio is Santo Stefano - Seveso
L'oratorio di Santo Stefano protomartire è una cappella gentilizia sita a Lentate sul Seveso che contiene il più lungo ciclo di affreschi dedicati alla vita del Santo.
L'oratorio è stato costruito nel 1369 su commissione del Conte Stefano Porro, personaggio molto potente ed importante, uomo di fiducia dei fratelli Gian Galeazzo e Bernabò Visconti, Signori di Milano, ed ambasciatore di questi presso la corte dell'Imperatore Carlo IV di Boemia.
L'edificio rispetta la tipica pianta della cappella gentilizia: navata unica con presbiterio. Solitamente queste cappelle gentilizie non sorgevano isolate ma sempre annesse al palazzo del Signore. Lentate non fa eccezione, infatti alcuni indizi fanno presumere che vicino all'oratorio ci fosse il castello o casa fortificata di Stefano Porro.
L'esterno della struttura muraria dell'oratorio è in tecnica mista detta listata composta da ciottoli di fiume e mattoni legati da malta di calce.
Il più importante affresco dell'oratorio è la Crocefissione di Anovelo da Imbonate, pittore rappresentante della scuola di Giovanni da Milano che fu discepolo di Giotto, il quale dipinge anche le vele e "l'Imago pietatis" posta sulla lunetta del portone d'entrata. Gli affreschi di Anovelo richiamano così tanto il pittore fiorentino che in passato si credeva fossero affreschi di quest'ultimo.
Gli altri affreschi sono opera di un gruppo di pittori chiamati per convenzione Maestri di Lentate. Questi sono rappresentanti di una scuola artistica tardo-gotica che prende il nome di gotico internazionale.
Oratory of Saint Stephen is a Roman Catholic chapel in the town of Lentate sul Seveso, in the Province of Monza and Brianza and the region of Lombardy, Italy.
The interior walls of the church contains frescos by Anovelo da Imbonate who also painted the image above the front portal. Imbonate is a painter of the school of Giovanni da Milano who was a direct disciple of Giotto. The three walls around the oratory is covered with the cycle of frescoes of the life of Saint Stephen.
Among other frescoes is the work by an anonymous painter called the "Maestro di Lentate". This is representative of a late-Gothic art school called the International Gothic style.
The Trevor Carpenter 2018 Photo Challenge
WEEK 15: APRIL 2008/2010 FLASHBACK – ENTROPY
We keep this little metal pail in our kitchen to throw out vegetable matter for compost.
I opened it today and thought, since the stuff hadn't decayed all that much, the variety of colors and textures were pretty cool. I thought it would make for an interesting photo for Entropy.
Not the tidiest of gardens, it takes a lot of work keeping it this scruffy LOL.
We get a lot of wildlife though and the compost gets used up every year. Squizzy loves this bit as it is close to the trees and he/she can make his/her getaway. The snow has now gone from the back garden, not so with the front.
In my garden Stafford UK 23rd January 2023
Sidewalk bin for compostibles outside a craft ice cream shop in Seattle's Wallingford neighborhood. (The ginger ice cream was very tasty.)
This area of the Maine coast is as wet as a rain forest, with rain, fog, mist and snow around most of the time. The trees don't get very big in the thin rocky soil, but they form a pretty dense canopy shutting out a lot of light. This old tree was a lot bigger than its neighbors, possibly because it stood at the edge of a trail.
The nice thing is there's no poison ivy.
Flores de kiri: bellas, suaves ,delicadas
El árbol Kiri, conocido como árbol Emperatriz o Paulownia tormentosa, es originario de China. Gracias a sus caracterÃsticas, podrÃa ser de gran ayuda contra el calentamiento global, la contaminación y la desertificación del planeta. Un árbol que puede purificar suelo infértil, también absorbe 10 veces más CO2 que cualquier otra especie.
A finales de los años 70 se iniciaron trabajos de mejora genética que permitieron diseñar un nuevo hÃbrido. Mejorando notablemente su resistencia a plagas y enfermedades, su capacidad para no modificar su entorno y no afectar a otras especies con las que convive debido a que es un clon estéril que sólo se reproduce en el laboratorio.
Puede llegar hasta los 27 m de altura y un tronco entre 7 y 20 m de diámetro. Tiene unas hojas de 40 cm de ancho. Resiste al fuego al regenerar sus raÃces y vasos de crecimiento rápidamente y también tolera la contaminación. No es necesario replantar ya que rebrota de cepa después del corte. Prospera en suelos y aguas contaminadas y purifica la tierra según crece, a partir de sus hojas, ricas en nitrógeno, aportan nutrientes al caer y descomponerse en el suelo, aunque en estas condiciones su crecimiento es muy lento. Para que su crecimiento sea óptimo, se requiere suelos profundos y bien drenados, preferiblemente franco-arenosos, no soportan los suelos salinos. Tiene la capacidad de desarrollarse en suelos pobres o erosionados, siempre y cuando se le apoye con abono orgánico y con un sistema de riego.
Por sus caracterÃsticas fisiológicas, este árbol puede adaptarse a una gran variedad de climas con temperaturas extremas de -20 ºC hasta 45 ºC. Su principal caracterÃstica, que lo convierte en único, es su eficiencia a la hora de realizar la fotosÃntesis. Este árbol consume más CO2, principal gas de efecto invernadero, y produce más cantidad de oxigeno que la media de otros árboles. Un árbol adulto puede llegar a capturar 21,7 kg de CO2 cada dÃa, lo que convierte en 6 kg de oxÃgeno.
kiri
Emite grandes cantidades de oxÃgeno y absorbe hasta diez veces más dióxido de carbono que otros árboles. Se trata del árbol que más rápido crece de todo el planeta y con tan sólo ocho años alcanza el tamaño de, por ejemplo, un roble de 40 años. Tras el corte se regenera de forma vigorosa hasta 7 veces.
Sus hojas ricas en nitrógeno proveen buena abonadura y sus raÃces previenen la erosión del suelo. Soporta bien el frÃo y el calor y resiste condiciones moderadas de sequÃa una vez desarrollado, de 1-2 años. La Paulownia es un árbol muy adaptable pero que tiene sus limitaciones, su lÃmite está en 2000 m de altitud. Su franja térmica oscila entre los -20º C de mÃnima y los 40º C de máxima. La temperatura en la que se siente más cómoda esta especie y cuando se desarrolla mejor son los 20º C.
Ventajas para el medio ambiente.
Contiene muy pocos aceites y resinas.
Se puede adaptar a suelos empobrecidos o contaminados por la agricultura intensiva.
Es una solución real para suelos contaminados por desastres medio ambientales.
Absorbe diez veces más CO2 que cualquier otra planta.
Previene la erosión como el resto de especies.
Mejora la permeabilidad del suelo y la retención hÃdrica.
En un año puede alcanzar 6 metros de altura.
Tiene una alta resistencia al fuego, pudiendo sobrevivir a temperaturas de hasta 435º C.
Apto para sistemas agroforestales. No es un árbol excluyente.
Usos del Kiri.
Las hojas pueden ser útiles como forraje ya que poseen un valor nutricional muy alto, excelentes para la alimentación de ganado y también para hacer compost.
Su rápido crecimiento, lo hace muy productivo y rentable. Entre otros beneficios, destaca la excelente calidad de su madera, su idoneidad para recuperar, controlar y estabilizar la erosión de los suelos debido a su profundo sistema radicular y capacidad de fijación de CO2.
Otro de los usos de la Paulownia es la generación de biomasa para centrales térmicas o calefacción casera, mediante la transformación de los cultivos en pellets. El pellet de madera tiene forma de pequeñas pastillas cilÃndricas que se elaboran mediante la aglomeración y densificación de la madera, es un excelente biocombustible sólido como sustituto o complemento del carbón, coque y fuel-oil y además tiene emisiones neutras de CO2. 2 kg de pellets equivalen a 1 litro de gasóleo, por lo que el coste por unidad de energÃa es la mitad.
En Texas se lleva a cabo un proyecto desde 2008 en el que se plantarán un millón de Kiri para purificar el suelo y que recupere todas sus propiedades. Este proyecto será llevado a cabo por Chris Sanders y Brittany Turner y el principal objetivo es purificar el suelo de una parte de Texas y devolverle de nuevo sus propiedades.
En algunas ciudades como Tijuana, se reforesta la ciudad con este árbol para luchar contra la contaminación ambiental.
En Argentina, el gobierno de la provincia de San Luis apuesta decididamente por esta especie, de la que producirá más de 100 mil ejemplares.
Cultivo del Kiri.
Dos épocas idóneas de plantación: primavera y principios de otoño.
El riego es importante en los primeros 21 dÃas tras la plantación para favorecer el enraizamiento.
Plagas y enfermedades: los tratamientos son sólo necesarios en casos puntuales ya que presentan pocos problemas fitosanitarios.
Como conseguir semillas de Kiri.
Hoy en dÃa no es complicado conseguir semillas de Kiri o Pawlownia Tormentosa. Puedes conseguirlas por internet en cualquier tienda de confianza o en alguna tienda especializada de tu zona.
Es el único género con especies arbóreas de la familia Scrophulariaceae. Las 9 especies de este género son originarias de China, excepto P. fortunei y P. tomentosa que proceden de Vietnam y Japón.
En nuestra opinión no es un árbol para sustituir las especies locales, es una especie para usar en suelos contaminados, degradados, donde el Kiri puede hacer una gran labor.
We had the most random rainstorm this afternoon and there was even a rainbow in my backyard but by the time I created a plastic-bag cover for my camera it was gone! The rainbow looked like it ended in the compost pile and we were saying that a pot of gold might be in the pile. ;)
I'm excited for my end of project photo, I've sketched out ideas so I hope it works out!
Last night we finally had freezing temperatures. 26 degrees. Enough to kill off the tomatoes, peppers, Mexican petunias and elephant ears. So, after work today I proceeded to cut them all down and turn them into the compost piles.
Truck Thursday
Stu ordered a large load of compost. We use it all over the garden. It is very rich in nutrients.
Chevrolet 2500HD with a Tommy Gate (I think)
Local organics waste recycler in Winnipeg.
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Please do not use this photo or any part of this photo without first asking for permission, thank you.
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A local field to me has had this compost spread by this incredible machine, produced locally by a farmer from green waste.
Stew and dumplings for lunch today. So much rain that going out to get a photo wasn't an option.
11/365/2023
Portal da Amazônia - Belém/PA
O Portal da Amazônia é composto por dois grandes projetos: a macrodrenagem da Estrada Nova e a Orla de Belém. Com a execução completa do projeto, Belém ganhará uma orla com mais de 6 quilômetros de extensão que será fundamental para o desenvolvimento do turismo na cidade, gerando emprego e renda.
O projeto prevê a abertura da orla até a Universidade Federal do Pará, com seis pistas, de 70 metros de largura, com área de passeio, estacionamento e ciclovia. Parte do espaço deverá ser reservado para área de lazer, incluindo quadras de esporte, áreas com equipamentos de ginástica, restaurantes e quiosques, nos moldes das orlas construÃdas nos grandes centros, como Recife e Rio de Janeiro.
Well, I was surprised to note these mushrooms perched atop my neighbor's new compost pile! What a great find! Of course, it is screened from the street. However, my boy MacDuff sought it out on our morning walk, and I followed to see what moved him onward. I'm assuming the population of raccoons previously resident in our night time gardens, has been decimated by the owl population, also night hunters. So I may attempt another compost pile myself. It has been almost a year since my sleep was interrupted by the dogs barking at a night foray of coons.....I had to stop feeding birds, stop composting too. Perhaps the time is right to resume both????
Oh wow, these look so good and then I blow up the image, but there is a lack of focus in the detail of the surface. I am disappointed by this, for I saw it with my eye.....and it is not here THAT WAY......yeah, the iPhone 11 ProMax is about to retire, methinks. The texture of mushrooms is a matter of some importance in this world, right?
Questa è l'unica ancora esistente di un insieme di sepolture scavate su un bancone granitico presso la Spiaggia del Riso, distrutte senza ritegno per far posto ad una serie di villette. L'ipogeo è di tipo bicellulare, ossia è composto di due vani comunicanti, ed è preceduto da un dromos, di cui restano tracce nei lastroni addossati lateralmente al portello d'ingresso. Oggi questo sepolcro di cinquemila anni si trova nel bel mezzo delle residenze balneari, praticamente senza alcun tipo di protezione.
a charming little wood mouse on our compost heap - note I'm using the 100mm macro lens - I was about 2-3 feet away, and it wasn't concerned at all.
Our garden, Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset, UK
Compost here. Get your hot compost while it is fresh!
Oh!, me, me, me. I want some.
Handheld - Voigtlander 12mm f5.6 ASPH VM @f11
Kew Gardens is the world's largest collection of living plants. Founded in 1840 from the exotic garden at Kew Park in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, UK, its living collections include more than 30,000 different kinds of plants, while the herbarium, which is one of the largest in the world, has over seven million preserved plant specimens. The library contains more than 750,000 volumes, and the illustrations collection contains more than 175,000 prints and drawings of plants. It is one of London's top tourist attractions. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
Kew Gardens, together with the botanic gardens at Wakehurst Place in Sussex, are managed by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (brand name Kew), an internationally important botanical research and education institution that employs 750 staff, and is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
The Kew site, which has been dated as formally starting in 1759, though can be traced back to the exotic garden at Kew Park, formed by Lord Capel John of Tewkesbury, consists of 121 hectares (300 acres) of gardens and botanical glasshouses, four Grade I listed buildings and 36 Grade II listed structures, all set in an internationally significant landscape.
Kew Gardens has its own police force, Kew Constabulary, which has been in operation since 1847.
History
Kew, the area in which Kew Gardens are situated, consists mainly of the gardens themselves and a small surrounding community. Royal residences in the area which would later influence the layout and construction of the gardens began in 1299 when Edward I moved his court to a manor house in neighbouring Richmond (then called Sheen). That manor house was later abandoned; however, Henry V built Sheen Palace in 1501, which, under the name Richmond Palace, became a permanent royal residence for Henry VII. Around the start of the 16th century courtiers attending Richmond Palace settled in Kew and built large houses. Early royal residences at Kew included Mary Tudor's house, which was in existence by 1522 when a driveway was built to connect it to the palace at Richmond. Around 1600, the land that would become the gardens was known as Kew Field, a large field strip farmed by one of the new private estates.
The exotic garden at Kew Park, formed by Lord Capel John of Tewkesbury, was enlarged and extended by Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales, the widow of Frederick, Prince of Wales. The origins of Kew Gardens can be traced to the merging of the royal estates of Richmond and Kew in 1772. William Chambers built several garden structures, including the lofty Chinese pagoda built in 1761 which still remains. George III enriched the gardens, aided by William Aiton and Sir Joseph Banks. The old Kew Park (by then renamed the White House), was demolished in 1802. The "Dutch House" adjoining was purchased by George III in 1781 as a nursery for the royal children. It is a plain brick structure now known as Kew Palace.
Some early plants came from the walled garden established by William Coys at Stubbers in North Ockendon. The collections grew somewhat haphazardly until the appointment of the first collector, Francis Masson, in 1771. Capability Brown, who became England's most renowned landscape architect, applied for the position of master gardener at Kew, and was rejected.
In 1840 the gardens were adopted as a national botanical garden, in large part due to the efforts of the Royal Horticultural Society and its president William Cavendish. Under Kew's director, William Hooker, the gardens were increased to 30 hectares (75 acres) and the pleasure grounds, or arboretum, extended to 109 hectares (270 acres), and later to its present size of 121 hectares (300 acres). The first curator was John Smith.
The Palm House was built by architect Decimus Burton and iron-maker Richard Turner between 1844 and 1848, and was the first large-scale structural use of wrought iron. It is considered " the world's most important surviving Victorian glass and iron structure." The structure's panes of glass are all hand-blown. The Temperate House, which is twice as large as the Palm House, followed later in the 19th century. It is now the largest Victorian glasshouse in existence. Kew was the location of the successful effort in the 19th century to propagate rubber trees for cultivation outside South America.
In February 1913, the Tea House was burned down by suffragettes Olive Wharry and Lilian Lenton during a series of arson attacks in London.[19] Kew Gardens lost hundreds of trees in the Great Storm of 1987. From 1959 to 2007 Kew Gardens had the tallest flagpole in Britain. Made from a single Douglas-fir from Canada, it was given to mark both the centenary of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the bicentenary of Kew Gardens. The flagpole was removed after damage by weather and woodpeckers.
In July 2003, the gardens were put on the list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Features
Treetop walkway
A new treetop walkway opened in 2008. This walkway is 18 metres (59 ft) high and 200 metres (660 ft) long and takes visitors into the tree canopy of a woodland glade. Visitors can ascend and descend by stairs or by a lift. The floor of the walkway is made from perforated metal and flexes as it is walked upon. The entire structure sways in the wind.
Sackler Crossing
The Sackler Crossing bridge, made of granite and bronze, opened in May 2006. Designed by Buro Happold and John Pawson, it crosses the lake and is named in honour of philanthropists Dr Mortimer and Theresa Sackler.
The minimalist-styled bridge is designed as a sweeping double curve of black granite. The sides of the bridge are formed of bronze posts that give the impression, from certain angles, of forming a solid wall whereas from others, and to those on the bridge, they are clearly individual entities that allow a view of the water beyond.
The bridge forms part of a path designed to encourage visitors to visit more of the gardens than had hitherto been popular and connects the two art galleries, via the Temperate and Evolution Houses and the woodland glade, to the Minka House and the Bamboo Garden.
The crossing won a special award from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2008.
Vehicular tour
Kew Explorer is a service that takes a circular route around the gardens, provided by two 72-seater road trains that are fuelled by Calor Gas to minimise pollution. A commentary is provided by the driver and there are several stops.
Compost heap
Kew has one of the largest compost heaps in Europe, made from green and woody waste from the gardens and the manure from the stables of the Household Cavalry. The compost is mainly used in the gardens, but on occasion has been auctioned as part of a fundraising event for the gardens.
The compost heap is in an area of the gardens not accessible to the public, but a viewing platform, made of wood which had been illegally traded but seized by Customs officers in HMRC, has been erected to allow visitors to observe the heap as it goes through its cycle.
Guided walks
Free tours of the gardens are conducted daily by trained volunteers.
Plant houses
Alpine House
A narrow semicircular building of glass and steel latticework stands at the right, set amid an area of worked rock with a line of deciduous trees in the rear left, under a blue sky filled with large puffy white clouds. In front of it, curving slightly away to the left, is a wooden platform with benches on it and a thin metal guardrail in front of a low wet area with bright red flowers
In March 2006, the Davies Alpine House opened, the third version of an alpine house since 1887. Although only 16 metres (52 ft) long the apex of the roof arch extends to a height of 10 metres (33 ft) in order to allow the natural airflow of a building of this shape to aid in the all-important ventilation required for the type of plants to be housed.
The new house features a set of automatically operated blinds that prevent it overheating when the sun is too hot for the plants together with a system that blows a continuous stream of cool air over the plants. The main design aim of the house is to allow maximum light transmission. To this end the glass is of a special low iron type that allows 90 per cent of the ultraviolet light in sunlight to pass. It is attached by high tension steel cables so that no light is obstructed by traditional glazing bars.
To conserve energy the cooling air is not refrigerated but is cooled by being passed through a labyrinth of pipes buried under the house at a depth where the temperature remains suitable all year round. The house is designed so that the maximum temperature should not exceed 20 °C (68 °F).
Kew's collection of Alpine plants (defined as those that grow above the tree-line in their locale – ground level at the poles rising to over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet)), extends to over 7000. As the Alpine House can only house around 200 at a time the ones on show are regularly rotated.
The Nash Conservatory
Originally designed for Buckingham Palace, this was moved to Kew in 1836 by King William IV. With an abundance of natural light, the building is used various exhibitions, weddings, and private events. It is also now used to exhibit the winners of the photography competition.
Kew Orangery
The Orangery was designed by Sir William Chambers, and was completed in 1761. It measures 28 by 10 metres (92 by 33 ft). It was found to be too dark for its intended purpose of growing citrus plants and they were moved out in 1841. After many changes of use, it is currently used as a restaurant.
The Palm House and Parterre
The Palm House (1844–1848) was the result of cooperation between architect Decimus Burton and iron founder Richard Turner,[28] and continues upon the glass house design principles developed by John Claudius Loudon[29][30] and Joseph Paxton. A space frame of wrought iron arches, held together by horizontal tubular structures containing long prestressed cables,[30][31] supports glass panes which were originally[28] tinted green with copper oxide to reduce the significant heating effect. The 19m high central nave is surrounded by a walkway at 9m height, allowing visitors a closer look upon the palm tree crowns. In front of the Palm House on the east side are the Queen's Beasts, ten statues of animals bearing shields. They are Portland stone replicas of originals done by James Woodford and were placed here in 1958.[32]
Princess of Wales Conservatory
Kew's third major conservatory, the Princess of Wales Conservatory, designed by architect Gordon Wilson, was opened in 1987 by Diana, Princess of Wales in commemoration of her predecessor Augusta's associations with Kew. In 1989 the conservatory received the Europa Nostra award for conservation.[34] The conservatory houses ten computer-controlled micro-climatic zones, with the bulk of the greenhouse volume composed of Dry Tropics and Wet Tropics plants. Significant numbers of orchids, water lilies, cacti, lithops, carnivorous plants and bromeliads are housed in the various zones. The cactus collection also extends outside the conservatory where some hardier species can be found.
The conservatory has an area of 4499 square metres. As it is designed to minimise the amount of energy taken to run it, the cooler zones are grouped around the outside and the more tropical zones are in the central area where heat is conserved. The glass roof extends down to the ground, giving the conservatory a distinctive appearance and helping to maximise the use of the sun's energy.
During the construction of the conservatory a time capsule was buried. It contains the seeds of basic crops and endangered plant species and key publications on conservation.
Rhizotron
The Rhizotron
A rhizotron opened at the same time as the "treetop walkway", giving visitors the opportunity to investigate what happens beneath the ground where trees grow. The rhizotron is essentially a single gallery containing a set of large bronze abstract castings which contain LCD screens that carry repeating loops of information about the life of trees.
Temperate House
Inside the Temperate House
The Temperate House, currently closed for restoration, is a greenhouse that has twice the floor area of the Palm House and is the world's largest surviving Victorian glass structure. When in use it contained plants and trees from all the temperate regions of the world. It was commissioned in 1859 and designed by architect Decimus Burton and ironfounder Richard Turner. Covering 4880 square metres, it rises to a height of 19 metres. Intended to accommodate Kew's expanding collection of hardy and temperate plants, it took 40 years to construct, during which time costs soared. The building was restored during 2014 - 15 by Donald Insall Associates, based on their conservation management plan.
There is a viewing gallery in the central section from which visitors were able to look down on that part of the collection.
Waterlily House
The Waterlily House is the hottest and most humid of the houses at Kew and contains a large pond with varieties of water lily, surrounded by a display of economically important heat-loving plants. It closes during the winter months.
It was built to house the Victoria amazonica, the largest of the Nymphaeaceae family of water lilies. This plant was originally transported to Kew in phials of clean water and arrived in February 1849, after several prior attempts to transport seeds and roots had failed. Although various other members of the Nymphaeaceae family grew well, the house did not suit the Victoria, purportedly because of a poor ventilation system, and this specimen was moved to another, smaller, house.
The ironwork for this project was provided by Richard Turner and the initial construction was completed in 1852. The heat for the house was initially obtained by running a flue from the nearby Palm House but it was later equipped with its own boiler.
Ornamental buildings
The Pagoda
In the south-east corner of Kew Gardens stands the Great Pagoda (by Sir William Chambers), erected in 1762, from a design in imitation of the Chinese Ta. The lowest of the ten octagonal storeys is 15 m (49 ft) in diameter. From the base to the highest point is 50 m (164 ft).
Each storey finishes with a projecting roof, after the Chinese manner, originally covered with ceramic tiles and adorned with large dragons; a story is still propagated that they were made of gold and were reputedly sold by George IV to settle his debts. In fact the dragons were made of wood painted gold, and simply rotted away with the ravages of time. The walls of the building are composed of brick. The staircase, 253 steps, is in the centre of the building. The Pagoda was closed to the public for many years, but was reopened for the summer months of 2006 and is now open permanently. During the Second World War holes were cut in each floor to allow for drop-testing of model bombs.
The Japanese Gateway (Chokushi-Mon)
Built for the Japan-British Exhibition (1910) and moved to Kew in 1911, the Chokushi-Mon ("Imperial Envoy's Gateway") is a four-fifths scale replica of the karamon (gateway) of the Nishi Hongan-ji temple in Kyoto. It lies about 140 m west of the Pagoda and is surrounded by a reconstruction of a traditional Japanese garden.
The Minka House
Following the Japan 2001 festival, Kew acquired a Japanese wooden house called a minka. It was originally erected in around 1900 in a suburb of Okazaki. Japanese craftsmen reassembled the framework and British builders who had worked on the Globe Theatre added the mud wall panels.
Work on the house started on 7 May 2001 and, when the framework was completed on 21 May, a Japanese ceremony was held to mark what was considered an auspicious occasion. Work on the building of the house was completed in November 2001 but the internal artefacts were not all in place until 2006.
The Minka house is located within the bamboo collection in the west central part of the gardens.
Queen Charlotte's Cottage
Within the conservation area is a cottage that was given to Queen Charlotte as a wedding present on her marriage to George III. It has been restored by Historic Royal Palaces and is separately administered by them.
It is open to the public on weekends and bank holidays during the summer.
Kew Palace
Kew Palace is the smallest of the British royal palaces. It was built by Samuel Fortrey, a Dutch merchant in around 1631. It was later purchased by George III. The construction method is known as Flemish bond and involves laying the bricks with long and short sides alternating. This and the gabled front give the construction a Dutch appearance.
To the rear of the building is the "Queen's Garden" which includes a collection of plants believed to have medicinal qualities. Only plants that were extant in England by the 17th century are grown in the garden.
The building underwent significant restoration, with leading conservation architects Donald Insall Associates, before being reopened to the public in 2006.
It is administered separately from Kew Gardens, by Historic Royal Palaces.
In front of the palace is a sundial, which was given to Kew Gardens in 1959 to commemorate a royal visit. It was sculpted by Martin Holden and is based on an earlier sculpture by Thomas Tompion, a celebrated 17th century clockmaker.
Galleries and Museums
The Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanic Art
The Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanic Art opened in April 2008, and holds paintings from Kew's and Dr Shirley Sherwood's collections, many of which had never been displayed to the public before. It features paintings by artists such as Georg D. Ehret, the Bauer brothers, Pierre-Joseph Redouté and Walter Hood Fitch. The paintings and drawings are cycled on a six-monthly basis. The gallery is linked to the Marianne North Gallery (see above).
Near the Palm House is a building known as "Museum No. 1" (even though it is the only museum on the site), which was designed by Decimus Burton and opened in 1857. Housing Kew's economic botany collections including tools, ornaments, clothing, food and medicines, its aim was to illustrate human dependence on plants. The building was refurbished in 1998. The upper two floors are now an education centre and the ground floor houses the "Plants+People" exhibition which highlights the variety of plants and the ways that people use them.
Admission to the galleries and museum is free after paying admission to the gardens. The International Garden Photographer of the Year Exhibition is an annual event with an indoor display of entries during the summer months.
The Marianne North Gallery of Botanic Art
The Marianne North Gallery was built in the 1880s to house the paintings of Marianne North, an MP's daughter who travelled alone to North and South America, South Africa and many parts of Asia, at a time when women rarely did so, to paint plants. The gallery has 832 of her paintings. The paintings were left to Kew by the artist and a condition of the bequest is that the layout of the paintings in the gallery may not be altered.
The gallery had suffered considerable structural degradation since its creation and during a period from 2008 to 2009 major restoration and refurbishment took place, with works lead by with leading conservation architects Donald Insall Associates. During the time the gallery was closed the opportunity was also taken to restore the paintings to their original condition. The gallery reopened in October 2009.
The gallery originally opened in 1882 and is the only permanent exhibition in Great Britain dedicated to the work of one woman.
Plant collections
The plant collections include the Aquatic Garden, which is near the Jodrell laboratory. The Aquatic Garden, which celebrated its centenary in 2009, provides conditions for aquatic and marginal plants. The large central pool holds a selection of summer-flowering water lilies and the corner pools contain plants such as reed mace, bulrushes, phragmites and smaller floating aquatic species.
The Arboretum, which covers over half of the total area of the site, contains over 14,000 trees of many thousands of varieties. The Bonsai Collection is housed in a dedicated greenhouse near the Jodrell laboratory. The Cacti Collection is housed in and around the Princess of Wales Conservatory. The Carnivorous Plant collection is housed in the Princess of Wales Conservatory. The Grass Garden was created on its current site in the early 1980s to display ornamental and economic grasses; it was redesigned and replanted between 1994 and 1997. It is currently undergoing a further redesign and planting. Over 580 species of grasses are displayed.
The Herbaceous Grounds (Order Beds) were devised in the late 1860s by Sir Joseph Hooker, then director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, so that botany students could learn to recognise plants and experience at first hand the diversity of the plant kingdom. The collection is organised into family groups. Its name arose because plant families were known as natural orders in the 19th century. Over the main path is a rose pergola built in 1959 to mark the bicentennial of the Gardens. It supports climber and rambling roses selected for the length and profusion of flowering.
The Orchid Collection is housed in two climate zones within the Princess of Wales Conservatory. To maintain an interesting display the plants are changed regularly so that those on view are generally flowering. The Rock Garden, originally built of limestone in 1882, is now constructed of Sussex sandstone from West Hoathly, Sussex. The rock garden is divided into six geographic regions: Europe, Mediterranean and Africa, Australia and New Zealand, Asia, North America, and South America. There are currently 2,480 different "accessions" growing in the garden.
The Rose Garden, based upon original designs by William Nesfield, is behind the Palm House, and was replanted between 2009 and 2010 using the original design from 1848. It is intended as an ornamental display rather than a collection of a particularly large number of varieties. Other collections and specialist areas include the rhododendron dell, the azalea garden, the bamboo garden, the juniper collection, the berberis dell, the lilac garden, the magnolia collection, and the fern collection.
The Palm House and lake to Victoria Gate
The world's smallest water-lily, Nymphaea thermarum, was saved from extinction when it was grown from seed at Kew, in 2009.
Herbarium
The Kew herbarium is one of the largest in the world with approximately 7 million specimens used primarily for taxonomic study. The herbarium is rich in types for all regions of the world, especially the tropics.
Library and archives
The library and archives at Kew are one of the world's largest botanical collections, with over half a million items, including books, botanical illustrations, photographs, letters and manuscripts, periodicals, and maps. The Jodrell Library has been merged with the Economic Botany and Mycology Libraries and all are now housed in the Jodrell Laboratory.
Forensic horticulture
Kew provides advice and guidance to police forces around the world where plant material may provide important clues or evidence in cases. In one famous case the forensic science department at Kew were able to ascertain that the contents of the stomach of a headless corpse found in the river Thames contained a highly toxic African bean.
Economic Botany
The Sustainable Uses of Plants group (formerly the Centre for Economic Botany), focus on the uses of plants in the United Kingdom and the world's arid and semi-arid zones. The Centre is also responsible for curation of the Economic Botany Collection, which contains more than 90,000 botanical raw materials and ethnographic artefacts, some of which are on display in the Plants + People exhibit in Museum No. 1. The Centre is now located in the Jodrell Laboratory.
Jodrell Laboratory
The original Jodrell laboratory, named after Mr T. J. Phillips Jodrell who funded it, was established in 1877 and consisted of four research rooms and an office. Originally research was conducted into plant physiology but this was gradually superseded by botanical research. In 1934 an artists' studio and photographic darkroom were added, highlighting the importance of botanical illustration. In 1965, following increasing overcrowding, a new building was constructed and research expanded into seed collection for plant conservation. The biochemistry section also expanded to facilitate research into secondary compounds that could be derived from plants for medicinal purposes. In 1994 the centre was expanded again, tripling in size, and a decade later it was further expanded by the addition of the Wolfson Wing.
Kew Constabulary
Main article: Kew Constabulary
The gardens have their own police force, Kew Constabulary, which has been in operation since 1847. Formerly known as the Royal Botanic Gardens Constabulary, it is a small, specialised constabulary of two sergeants and 12 officers, who patrol the grounds in a green painted electric buggy. The Kew Constables are attested under section 3 of the Parks Regulation Act 1872, which gives them the same powers as the Metropolitan Police within the land belonging to the gardens.
Media
A number of films, documentaries and short videos have been made about Kew Gardens.
They include:
a short colour film World Garden by cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth in 1942
three series of A Year at Kew (2007), filmed for BBC television and released on DVD
Cruickshank on Kew: The Garden That Changed the World, a 2009 BBC documentary, presented by Dan Cruickshank, exploring the history of the relationship between Kew Gardens and the British Empire
David Attenborough's 2012 Kingdom of Plants 3D
a 2003 episode of the Channel 4 TV series Time Team, presented by Tony Robinson, that searched for the remains of George III's palace
a 2004 episode of the BBC Four series Art of the Garden which looked at the building of the Great Palm House in the 1840s.
"Kew on a Plate", a TV programme showing the kinds of produce grown at Kew Gardens and how they can be prepared in a kitchen.
In 1921 Virginia Woolf published her short story "Kew Gardens", which gives brief descriptions of four groups of people as they pass by a flowerbed.
Access and transport
Elizabeth Gate
Kew Gardens is accessible by a number of gates. Currently, there are four gates into Kew Gardens that are open to the public: the Elizabeth Gate, which is situated at the west end of Kew Green, and was originally called the Main Gate before being renamed in 2012 to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II; the Brentford Gate, which faces the River Thames; the Victoria Gate (named after Queen Victoria), situated in Kew Road, which is also the location of the Visitors' Centre; and the Lion Gate, also situated in Kew Road.
Other gates that are not open to the public include Unicorn Gate, Cumberland Gate and Jodrell Gate (all in Kew Road) and Isleworth Gate (facing the Thames).
Victoria Gate
Kew Gardens station, a London Underground and National Rail station opened in 1869 and served by both the District line and the London Overground services on the North London Line, is the nearest train station to the gardens – only 400 metres (1,300 ft) along Lichfield Road from the Victoria Gate entrance. Built by the London and South Western Railway, the Historic England listed building is one of the few remaining original 19th-century stations on the North London Line, and the only station on the London Underground with a pub on the platform (though the platform entrance is now closed off). Kew Bridge station, on the other side of the Thames, 800 metres from the Elizabeth Gate entrance via Kew Bridge, is served by South West Trains from Clapham Junction and Waterloo.
London Buses route 65, between Ealing Broadway and Kingston, stops near the Lion Gate and Victoria Gate entrances; route 391, between Fulham and Richmond, stops near Kew Gardens station; while routes 237 and 267 stop at Kew Bridge station.
London River Services operate from Westminster during the summer, stopping at Kew Pier, 500 metres (1,600 ft) from Elizabeth Gate. Cycle racks are located just inside the Victoria Gate, Elizabeth Gate and Brentford Gate entrances. There is a 300-space car park outside Brentford Gate, reached via Ferry Lane, as well as some free, though restricted, on-street parking on Kew Road.