combinatorial photos on Flickr

The cliffs formed by erosion give views over the Thames Estuary towards the Kent coastline to the south. The coastline has been transformed into sandy beaches through the use of groynes and imported sand.

The estuary at this point has extensive mud flats. At low tide, the water typically retreats some 600 m from the beach, leaving the mud flats exposed.

The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway line arrived in the 1880's, connecting the town with London and shortening travel time.

-- Hamlet Court Road

The main shopping area in Westcliff-on-Sea is Hamlet Court Road, where the department store Havens, established in 1901, remained the anchor store until its closure in 2017.

Hamlet Court Road took its name from a manor house called Hamlet Court, which stood on land now occupied by Pavarotti's restaurant and the NatWest bank, facing towards the sea with sweeping gardens down to the rail line.

The road later developed into a strong independent retail area, and quickly became famous outside the area as the Bond Street of Essex. There were many haberdashers and specialist shops, and it was not unusual to see chauffeurs waiting for their employers to emerge from the shops.

The economic recessions of the 1980's and 90's saw the area decline. However the road underwent a £1 million regeneration in the early 2000's and a further regeneration in 2010. The street is now known for its large number of restaurants.

Henri Poincaré

So what else happened on the day that Ella posted the card to Maudie?

Well, the 17th. July 1912 was not a good day for Henri Poincaré, because he died in Paris on that day at the young age of 58.

Jules Henri Poincaré was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.

As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.

Poincaré emphasised the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form.

Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations, and recorded them in a letter to Hendrik Lorentz in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.

In 1905, Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves (ondes gravifiques) emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light as being required by the Lorentz transformations.

The Poincaré group used in physics and mathematics was named after him.

Early in the 20th. century he formulated the Poincaré conjecture that became over time one of the famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003 by Grigori Perelman.

-- Henri Poincaré - The Early Years

Poincaré was born on the 29th. April 1854 in the Cité Ducale neighborhood, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, into an influential French family. His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the University of Nancy.

His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher Émile Boutroux. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, Raymond Poincaré, a fellow member of the Académie Française, who was President of France from 1913 to 1920.

During his childhood Henri was seriously ill for a time with diphtheria, and received special instruction from his mother, Eugénie Launois (1830–1897).

In 1862, Henri entered the Lycée in Nancy. He spent eleven years at the Lycée, and during this time he proved to be one of the top students in every topic he studied. He excelled in written composition. His mathematics teacher described him as a "monster of mathematics," and he won first prizes in the Concours Général, a competition between the top pupils from all the Lycées across France.

Henri's poorest subjects were music and physical education, where he was described as "average at best". However, poor eyesight and a tendency towards absentmindedness may explain these difficulties.

He graduated from the Lycée in 1871 with a baccalauréat in both letters and sciences.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he served alongside his father in the Ambulance Corps.

Poincaré entered the École Polytechnique as the top qualifier in 1873 and graduated in 1875. There he studied mathematics as a student of Charles Hermite, continuing to excel and publishing his first paper (Démonstration nouvelle des propriétés de l'indicatrice d'une surface) in 1874.

From November 1875 to June 1878 he studied at the École des Mines, while continuing the study of mathematics in addition to the mining engineering syllabus, and received the degree of ordinary mining engineer in March 1879.

As a graduate of the École des Mines, he joined the Corps des Mines as an inspector for the Vesoul region in northeast France. He was on the scene of a mining disaster at Magny in August 1879 in which 18 miners died. He carried out the official investigation into the accident in a characteristically thorough and humane way.

At the same time, Poincaré was preparing for his doctorate in mathematics under the supervision of Charles Hermite. His doctoral thesis was in the field of differential equations. It was named Sur les propriétés des fonctions définies par les équations aux différences partielles.

Poincaré devised a new way of studying the properties of these equations. He not only faced the question of determining the integral of such equations, but also was the first person to study their general geometric properties. He realised that they could be used to model the behaviour of multiple bodies in free motion within the Solar System.

Poincaré graduated from the University of Paris in 1879.

-- Henri Poincaré's First Scientific Achievements

After receiving his doctorate, Poincaré began teaching as junior lecturer in mathematics at the University of Caen in Normandy. At the same time he published his first major article concerning the treatment of a class of automorphic functions.

In Caen he met his future wife, Louise Poulain d'Andecy (1857–1934), and on the 20th. April 1881, they married. Together they had four children: Jeanne (born 1887), Yvonne (born 1889), Henriette (born 1891), and Léon (born 1893).

Poincaré soon established himself as one of the greatest mathematicians of Europe. In 1881 he was invited to take a teaching position at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris (the Sorbonne); he accepted the invitation, and for the rest of his career, he taught there. He was initially appointed as the associate professor of analysis. Eventually, he held the chairs of Physical and Experimental Mechanics, Mathematical Physics and Theory of Probability, and Celestial Mechanics and Astronomy.

In 1881–1882, Poincaré created a new branch of mathematics: qualitative theory of differential equations. He showed how it is possible to derive the most important information about the behavior of a family of solutions without having to solve the equation (since this may not always be possible). He successfully used this approach to problems in celestial mechanics and mathematical physics.

During the years 1883 to 1897, he taught mathematical analysis in the École Polytechnique.

-- Henri Poincaré's Career

Henri never fully abandoned his career in mining administration to mathematics. He worked at the Ministry of Public Services as an engineer in charge of northern railway development from 1881 to 1885. He eventually became chief engineer of the Corps des Mines in 1893, and inspector general in 1910.

In 1887, at the young age of 32, Poincaré was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. He became its president in 1906, and was elected to the Académie Française on the 5th. March 1908.

In 1887, he won the King of Sweden's mathematical competition for a resolution of the three-body problem concerning the free motion of multiple orbiting bodies.

In 1893, Poincaré joined the French Bureau des Longitudes, which engaged him in the synchronisation of time around the world. In 1897 Poincaré backed an unsuccessful proposal for the decimalisation of circular measure, and hence time and longitude.

It was this post which led him to consider the question of establishing international time zones and the synchronisation of time between bodies in relative motion.

In 1904, he intervened in the trial of Alfred Dreyfus, attacking the spurious scientific claims regarding evidence brought against Dreyfus.

Poincaré was the President of the Société Astronomique de France from 1901 to 1903.

-- The Death of Henri Poincaré

In 1912, Poincaré underwent surgery for a prostate problem and subsequently died from an embolism on the 17th. July 1912, in Paris. He was 58 years of age. He was laid to rest in the Poincaré family vault in the Cemetery of Montparnasse, Paris.

A former French Minister of Education, Claude Allègre, proposed in 2004 that Poincaré be reburied in the Panthéon in Paris, which is reserved for French citizens of the highest honour.

-- Overview of Henri Poincaré's Life

Poincaré made many contributions to different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as: celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, optics, electricity, telegraphy, capillarity, elasticity, thermodynamics, potential theory, quantum theory, theory of relativity and physical cosmology.

He was also a populariser of mathematics and physics, and wrote several books for the lay public.

Among the specific topics to which he contributed are the following:

-- Algebraic topology (a field that Poincaré virtually invented)

-- The theory of analytic functions of several complex variables

-- The theory of abelian functions

-- Algebraic geometry

-- The Poincaré conjecture, proven in 2003 by Grigori Perelman

-- The Poincaré recurrence theorem

-- Hyperbolic geometry

-- Number theory

-- The three-body problem

-- The theory of diophantine equations

-- Electromagnetism

-- The special theory of relativity

-- The fundamental group

-- In the field of differential equations Poincaré has given many results that are critical for the qualitative theory of differential equations, for example the Poincaré sphere and the Poincaré map

-- Poincaré on "everybody's belief" in the Normal Law of Errors -- An influential paper providing a novel mathematical argument in support of quantum mechanics

-- Three-body problem. The problem of finding the general solution to the motion of more than two orbiting bodies in the Solar System had eluded mathematicians since Newton's time. This was known originally as the three-body problem, and later as the n-body problem, where n is any number of more than two orbiting bodies. The n-body solution was considered very important and challenging at the close of the 19th. century. Indeed, in 1887, in honour of his 60th. birthday, Oscar II, King of Sweden, established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:

'Given a system of mass points that attract each according to Newton's law, assuming that no two points ever collide, find a representation of the coordinates of each point as a series in a variable that is some known function of time and for all of whose values the series converges uniformly.'

In case the problem could not be solved, any other important contribution to classical mechanics would then be considered to be prize-worthy. The prize was finally awarded to Poincaré, even though he did not solve the original problem. One of the judges, the distinguished Karl Weierstrass, said:

"This work cannot indeed be considered as

furnishing the complete solution of the

question proposed, but it is nevertheless of

such importance that its publication will

inaugurate a new era in the history of celestial

mechanics."

Henri's contribution contained many important ideas which led to the theory of chaos. The problem as stated originally was finally solved by Karl F. Sundman for n = 3 in 1912, and was generalised to the case of n > 3 bodies by Qiudong Wang in the 1990's. The series solutions have very slow convergence. It would take millions of terms to determine the motion of the particles for even very short intervals of time, so they are unusable in numerical work.

-- Henri Poincaré's Work on Relativity

Poincaré's work at the Bureau des Longitudes on establishing international time zones led him to consider how clocks at rest on the Earth, which would be moving at different speeds relative to absolute space (aether), could be synchronised.

At the same time Dutch theorist Hendrik Lorentz was developing Maxwell's theory into a theory of the motion of charged particles ("electrons" or "ions"), and their interaction with radiation. In 1895 Lorentz had introduced an auxiliary quantity called "local time," and introduced the hypothesis of length contraction to explain the failure of optical and electrical experiments to detect motion relative to the aether.

Poincaré was a constant interpreter (and sometimes friendly critic) of Lorentz's theory. Poincaré as a philosopher was interested in the "deeper meaning". Thus he interpreted Lorentz's theory, and in so doing he came up with many insights that are now associated with special relativity.

In The Measure of Time (1898), Poincaré said:

"A little reflection is sufficient to understand

that all these affirmations have by themselves

no meaning. They can have one only as the

result of a convention."

He also argued that scientists have to set the constancy of the speed of light as a postulate to give physical theories the simplest form. Based on these assumptions he discussed in 1900 Lorentz's "wonderful invention" of local time, and remarked that it arose when moving clocks are synchronised by exchanging light signals assumed to travel with the same speed in both directions in a moving frame.

In 1892 Poincaré developed a mathematical theory of light including polarization. His vision of the action of polarizers and retarders, acting on a sphere representing polarized states, is called the Poincaré sphere. It was shown that the Poincaré sphere possesses an underlying Lorentzian symmetry, by which it can be used as a geometrical representation of Lorentz transformations and velocity additions.

Henri discussed the "principle of relative motion" in two papers in 1900, and named it the principle of relativity in 1904, according to which no physical experiment can discriminate between a state of uniform motion and a state of rest.

In 1905 Poincaré wrote to Lorentz about Lorentz's paper of 1904, which Poincaré described as:

"A paper of supreme importance".

In this letter he pointed out an error Lorentz had made when he had applied his transformation to one of Maxwell's equations i.e that for charge-occupied space. Henri also questioned the time dilation factor given by Lorentz.

In a second letter to Lorentz, Poincaré gave his own reason why Lorentz's time dilation factor was indeed correct after all—it was necessary to make the Lorentz transformation form a group—and he gave what is now known as the relativistic velocity-addition law.

-- The Mass–Energy Relation

Like others before, Poincaré (1900) discovered a relation between mass and electromagnetic energy. While studying the conflict between the action/reaction principle and the Lorentz ether theory, he tried to determine whether the center of gravity still moves with a uniform velocity when electromagnetic fields are included.

Henri noticed that the action/reaction principle does not hold for matter alone, but that the electromagnetic field has its own momentum. Poincaré concluded that the electromagnetic field energy of an electromagnetic wave behaves like a fictitious fluid with a mass density of E divided by c squared.

If the center of mass frame is defined by both the mass of matter and the mass of the fictitious fluid, and if the fictitious fluid is indestructible—it is neither created or destroyed—then the motion of the center of mass frame remains uniform.

However electromagnetic energy can be converted into other forms of energy, so Poincaré assumed that there exists a non-electric energy fluid at each point of space, into which electromagnetic energy can be transformed and which also carries a mass proportional to the energy.

In this way, the motion of the center of mass remains uniform. Poincaré said that one should not be too surprised by these assumptions, since they are only mathematical fictions.

However, Poincaré's resolution led to a paradox when changing frames: if a Hertzian oscillator radiates in a certain direction, it will suffer a recoil from the inertia of the fictitious fluid. Poincaré performed a Lorentz boost to the frame of the moving source.

He noted that energy conservation holds in both frames, but that the law of conservation of momentum is violated. This would allow perpetual motion, a notion which he abhorred. The laws of nature would have to be different in the frames of reference, and the relativity principle would not hold. Therefore, he argued that also in this case there has to be another compensating mechanism in the aether.

Poincaré himself came back to this topic in his St. Louis lecture (1904). He rejected the possibility that energy carries mass, and criticized his own solution to compensate the above-mentioned problems:

"The apparatus will recoil as if it were a cannon

and the projected energy a ball, and that

contradicts the principle of Newton, since our

present projectile has no mass; it is not matter,

it is energy.

Shall we say that the space which separates the

oscillator from the receiver and which the

disturbance must traverse in passing from one

to the other, is not empty, but is filled not only

with ether, but with air, or even in inter-planetary

space with some ethereal, yet ponderable fluid;

that this matter receives the shock, as does the

receiver, at the moment the energy reaches it,

and recoils, when the disturbance leaves it?

That would save Newton's principle, but it is not

true. If the energy during its propagation remained

always attached to some material substratum, this

matter would carry the light along with it, and

Fizeau has shown, at least for the air, that there is

nothing of the kind.

Michelson and Morley have since confirmed this.

We might also suppose that the motions of matter

proper were exactly compensated by those of the

aether; but that would lead us to the same

considerations as those made a moment ago.

The principle, if thus interpreted, could explain

anything, since whatever the visible motions, we

could imagine hypothetical motions to compensate

them.

But if it can explain anything, it will allow us to

foretell nothing; it will not allow us to choose

between the various possible hypotheses, since it

explains everything in advance.

It therefore becomes useless."

Henri refers to the Hertz assumption of total aether entrainment that was falsified by the Fizeau experiment, but that experiment does indeed show that that light is partially "carried along" with a substance.

Finally in 1908 Henri revisits the problem and ends with abandoning the principle of reaction altogether in favor of supporting a solution based in the inertia of aether itself.

Henri also discussed two other unexplained effects:

-- Non-conservation of mass implied by Kaufmann's experiments on the mass of fast moving electrons

-- The non-conservation of energy in the radium experiments of Marie Curie.

It was Albert Einstein's concept of mass–energy equivalence (1905) that a body losing energy as radiation or heat was losing mass of amount m = E/c2 that resolved Poincaré's paradox, without using any compensating mechanism within the ether.

The Hertzian oscillator loses mass in the emission process, and momentum is conserved in any frame. However, concerning Poincaré's solution of the Center of Gravity problem, Einstein noted that Poincaré's formulation and his own from 1906 were mathematically equivalent.

-- Gravitational Waves

In 1905 Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light. He wrote:

"It has become important to examine this hypothesis

more closely, and in particular to ask in what ways it

would require us to modify the laws of gravitation.

That is what I have tried to determine; at first I was

led to assume that the propagation of gravitation is

not instantaneous, but happens with the speed of

light."

-- Poincaré and Einstein

Einstein's first paper on relativity was published three months after Poincaré's short paper, but before Poincaré's longer version. Einstein relied on the principle of relativity to derive the Lorentz transformations, and used a similar clock synchronisation procedure (Einstein synchronisation) to the one that Poincaré (1900) had described, but Einstein's paper was remarkable in that it contained no references at all.

Poincaré never acknowledged Einstein's work on special relativity. However, Einstein expressed sympathy with Poincaré's outlook obliquely in a letter to Hans Vaihinger on the 3rd. May 1919, when Einstein considered Vaihinger's general outlook to be close to his own, and Poincaré's to be close to Vaihinger's.

In public, Einstein acknowledged Poincaré posthumously in the text of a lecture in 1921 titled "Geometry and Experience" in connection with non-Euclidean geometry, but not in connection with special relativity.

A few years before his death, Einstein commented on Poincaré as being one of the pioneers of relativity, saying:

"Lorentz had already recognized that the

transformation named after him is essential

for the analysis of Maxwell's equations, and

Poincaré deepened this insight still further."

-- Assessments of Poincaré and Relativity

Poincaré's work in the development of special relativity is well recognised, although most historians stress that despite many similarities with Einstein's work, the two had very different research agendas and interpretations of their work.

Poincaré developed a similar physical interpretation of local time and noticed the connection to signal velocity, but contrary to Einstein, he continued to use the aether concept in his papers, and argued that clocks at rest in the aether show the "true" time, and moving clocks show the local time.

So Poincaré tried to keep the relativity principle in accordance with classical concepts, while Einstein developed a mathematically equivalent kinematics based on the new physical concepts of the relativity of space and time.

While this is the view of most historians, a minority go much further, such as E. T. Whittaker, who held that Poincaré and Lorentz were the true discoverers of relativity.

-- Algebra and Number Theory

Poincaré introduced group theory to physics, and was the first to study the group of Lorentz transformations. He also made major contributions to the theory of discrete groups and their representations.

-- Topology

The subject is clearly defined by Felix Klein in his "Erlangen Program" (1872): the geometry invariants of arbitrary continuous transformation, a kind of geometry.

The term "topology" was introduced, as suggested by Johann Benedict Listing, instead of the previously used term "Analysis situs".

Some important concepts were introduced by Enrico Betti and Bernhard Riemann. But the foundation of this science, for a space of any dimension, was created by Poincaré. His first article on this topic appeared in 1894.

Henri's research in geometry led to the abstract topological definition of homotopy and homology. He also first introduced the basic concepts and invariants of combinatorial topology, such as Betti numbers and the fundamental group.

Poincaré proved a formula relating the number of edges, vertices and faces of an n-dimensional polyhedron (the Euler–Poincaré theorem), and gave the first precise formulation of the intuitive notion of dimension.

-- Astronomy and Celestial Mechanics

Poincaré published two classic monographs:

-- "New Methods of Celestial Mechanics" (1892–1899)

-- "Lectures on Celestial Mechanics" (1905–1910)

In them, he successfully applied the results of his research to the problem of the motion of three bodies, and studied in detail the behavior of solutions (frequency, stability, asymptotic, etc.). Poincaré introduced the small parameter method, fixed points, integral invariants, variational equations, the convergence of the asymptotic expansions.

Generalizing a theory of Bruns (1887), Poincaré showed that the three-body problem is not integrable. In other words, the general solution of the three-body problem can not be expressed in terms of algebraic and transcendental functions through unambiguous coordinates and velocities of the bodies. His work in this area was the first major achievement in celestial mechanics since Isaac Newton.

The two monographs include an idea of Poincaré, which later became the basis for mathematical "chaos theory" and the general theory of dynamical systems.

Poincaré authored important works on astronomy for the equilibrium figures of a gravitating rotating fluid. He introduced the important concept of bifurcation points, and proved the existence of equilibrium figures such as the non-ellipsoids, including ring-shaped and pear-shaped figures, and their stability.

For this discovery, Poincaré received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1900).

-- Differential Equations and Mathematical Physics

After defending his doctoral thesis on the study of singular points of the system of differential equations, Poincaré wrote a series of memoirs under the title "On curves defined by differential equations" (1881–1882).

In these articles, he built a new branch of mathematics, called "qualitative theory of differential equations". Poincaré showed that even if the differential equation cannot be solved in terms of known functions, the very form of the equation provides a wealth of information about the properties and behavior of the solutions.

In particular, Poincaré investigated the nature of the trajectories of the integral curves in the plane, gave a classification of singular points (saddle, focus, center, node), introduced the concept of a limit cycle and loop index, and showed that the number of limit cycles is always finite, except for some special cases.

Poincaré also developed a general theory of integral invariants and solutions of the variational equations. For the finite-difference equations, he created a new direction – the asymptotic analysis of the solutions.

He applied all of these achievements to study practical problems of mathematical physics and celestial mechanics, and the methods used were the basis of its topological works.

Poincaré's work habits have been compared to a bee flying from flower to flower. Poincaré was interested in the way his mind worked; he studied his habits, and gave a talk about his observations in 1908 at the Institute of General Psychology in Paris. He linked his way of thinking to how he made several discoveries.

The mathematician Darboux claimed that Poincaré was un intuitif (an intuitive), arguing that this is demonstrated by the fact that he worked so often by visual representation.

Jacques Hadamard wrote that Poincaré's research demonstrated marvelous clarity, and Poincaré himself wrote that he believed that logic was not a way to invent, but a way to structure ideas, and that logic limits ideas.

The fact that renowned theoretical physicists like Poincaré, Boltzmann or Gibbs were not awarded the Nobel Prize is seen as evidence that the Nobel committee had more regard for experimentation than theory. In Poincaré's case, several of those who nominated him pointed out that the greatest problem was to name a specific discovery, invention, or technique.

-- Édouard Toulouse's Characterisation

Poincaré's mental organisation was interesting not only to Poincaré himself, but also to Édouard Toulouse, a psychologist based in Paris. Toulouse wrote a book entitled Henri Poincaré (1910). In it, he discussed Poincaré's regular schedule:

"He worked during the same times each day in

short periods of time. He undertook mathematical

research for four hours a day, between 10 a.m. and

noon, then again from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.. He would

read articles in journals later in the evening.

His normal work habit was to solve a problem

completely in his head, then commit the completed

problem to paper.

He was ambidextrous and nearsighted.

His ability to visualise what he heard proved

particularly useful when he attended lectures, since

his eyesight was so poor that he could not see

properly what the lecturer wrote on the blackboard.

These abilities were offset to some extent by his shortcomings:

-- He was physically clumsy and artistically inept.

-- He was always in a rush, and disliked going back

for changes or corrections.

-- He never spent a long time on a problem since

he believed that the subconscious would continue

working on the problem while he consciously

worked on another problem.

In addition, Toulouse stated that most mathematicians worked from principles already established, while Poincaré started from basic principles each time (O'Connor et al., 2002).

His method of thinking is well summarised as:

"Accustomed to neglecting details and to looking

only at mountain tops, he went from one peak to

another with surprising rapidity, and the facts he

discovered, clustering around their center, were

instantly and automatically pigeonholed in his

memory."

— Belliver (1956).

-- Philosophy

Poincaré had philosophical views opposite to those of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege, who believed that mathematics was a branch of logic. Poincaré strongly disagreed, claiming that intuition was the life of mathematics. Poincaré gives an interesting point of view in his 1902 book Science and Hypothesis:

"For a superficial observer, scientific truth is beyond

the possibility of doubt; the logic of science is infallible,

and if the scientists are sometimes mistaken, this is

only from their mistaking its rule."

Poincaré believed that arithmetic is synthetic. He argued that Peano's axioms cannot be proven non-circularly with the principle of induction (Murzi, 1998), therefore concluding that arithmetic is a priori synthetic and not analytic.

Poincaré then went on to say that mathematics cannot be deduced from logic since it is not analytic. His views were similar to those of Immanuel Kant. He strongly opposed Cantorian set theory, objecting to its use of impredicative definitions.

However, Poincaré did not share Kantian views in all branches of philosophy and mathematics. For example, in geometry, Poincaré believed that the structure of non-Euclidean space can be known analytically.

Poincaré held that convention plays an important role in physics. His view (and some later, more extreme versions of it) came to be known as "conventionalism". Poincaré believed that Newton's first law was not empirical, but is a conventional framework assumption for mechanics.

He also believed that the geometry of physical space is conventional. He considered examples in which either the geometry of the physical fields or gradients of temperature can be changed, either describing a space as non-Euclidean measured by rigid rulers, or as a Euclidean space where the rulers are expanded or shrunk by a variable heat distribution.

However, Poincaré thought that we were so accustomed to Euclidean geometry that we would prefer to change the physical laws to save Euclidean geometry rather than shift to a non-Euclidean physical geometry.

-- Free Will

Poincaré's famous lectures before the Société de Psychologie in Paris were cited by Jacques Hadamard as the source for the idea that creativity and invention consist of two mental stages, first random combinations of possible solutions to a problem, followed by a critical evaluation.

Although he most often spoke of a deterministic universe, Poincaré said that the subconscious generation of new possibilities involves chance.

"It is certain that the combinations which present

themselves to the mind in a kind of sudden

illumination after a somewhat prolonged period of unconscious work are generally useful and fruitful combinations... all the combinations are formed as

a result of the automatic action of the subliminal

ego, but those only which are interesting find their

way into the field of consciousness.

A few only are harmonious, and consequently at

once useful and beautiful, and they will be capable

of affecting the geometrician's special sensibility

I have been speaking of; which, once aroused, will

direct our attention upon them, and will thus give

them the opportunity of becoming conscious.

In the subliminal ego, on the contrary, there reigns

what I would call liberty, if one could give this name

to the mere absence of discipline and to disorder

born of chance."

Poincaré's two stages—random combinations followed by selection—became the basis for Daniel Dennett's two-stage model of free will.

Purposeful Design by Steve Jurvetson

3 7

The video of Craig Venter’s talk on creating synthetic life just went online along with this fireside chat with TED curator Chris Anderson.

"We've been digitizing biology, and now we're trying to go from that code to designing biology. Can we regenerate life or create new life out of this digital universe?

In a biological system, the software builds its own hardware. We can do a transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it. We may be about to create a new version of the Cambrian explosion, with massive new speciation (the formation of new and distinct species) based on this digital design. We have a database with about 20 million genes, and we like to think of them as the design components of the future.

We now have techniques to do combinatorial genomics, to build a robot that can make a million chromosomes a day.

We're now focusing on fourth-generation designer fuels. Current biofuels aren't the solution. To have an impact on fuel without increasing the price of food, we start with CO2 as the feedstock – to create new fuels out of CO2.”

(full disclosure: I am on the Board of his company Synthetic Genomics)

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

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Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

Do you believe in evolution? Do you believe in magic? by Truth in science

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IMPOSSIBLE ACCORDING TO INFORMATION THEORY

Three fundamentals are essential for the material universe to exist: matter - energy - information.

Obviously, all theories about how the universe operates, and its origins, must take account of all three. However, every evolutionary, origin of life hypothesis yet devised (primordial soup, hydrothermal vent, etc. etc.) concentrates on the chemistry/physics of life, i.e. the interaction of matter and energy.

Evolutionists have virtually ignored the essential role and origin of information. We should demand to know why? Especially as we are told (through the popular media and education system) that an evolutionary, origin of life scenario, should be regarded as irrefutable, scientific fact.

Evolutionists are well aware that the information required for life cannot just arise of its own accord in a primordial soup. So why do they usually omit this crucial fact from their origin of life story?

In order to store information, a storage code is required. Just as the alphabet and language is the code used to store information in the written word, life requires both the information itself, which controls the construction and operation of all living things, and the means of storing that information. DNA is the storage code for living things.

No evolutionary, origin of life hypothesis has ever explained either how the DNA storage system was formed, or how the information encoded within that DNA storage system originated. In fact, even to attempt to look for the origin of information in physical matter is to ignore the natural laws about information.

Information theory completely rules out the spontaneous generation of life from non-life.

Information theory tells us: ANY MODEL FOR THE ORIGIN OF LIFE BASED SOLELY ON PHYSICAL AND/OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES, IS INHERENTLY FALSE. And: THERE IS NO KNOWN LAW OF NATURE, NO KNOWN PROCESS AND NO KNOWN SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, WHICH CAN CAUSE INFORMATION TO ORIGINATE BY ITSELF IN MATTER… So information theory not only rules out all evolutionary hypotheses which cannot explain the origin of information in original life, it also rules out all evolutionary hypotheses which cannot explain the origin of the completely new, increasingly complex information which would be required to be added to a gene pool for progressive evolution to take place in existing life.

Because of their zealous and unshakable faith in Darwinian evolution, most evolutionists choose to ignore this. They simply refuse to face this most important question of all, where does the complex information essential for all life come from? The reason seems obvious, it is because there are only two answers which could be compatible with the evolution fable, both are unscientific nonsense which violate information theory. They are: 1. That information can just arise magically out of nowhere. OR 2. That the material universe is an intelligent entity, which can actually create information.

Evolution - - Science? Or magic?

IMPOSSIBLE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF BIOGENESIS

The Law of Biogenesis rules out the spontaneous generation of life from non-living matter under all known circumstances. All modern scientists now accept this well tested law as valid. In fact, the whole concept of medical sterilisation, hygiene & food preservation is totally dependent on this law.

No sensible scientist would dare to claim that spontaneous generation of life ever happens in the world today, and there is no reason whatsoever to believe that this Law (like every natural law) is not always valid, in all places and at all times, within the material universe.

Yet, amazingly, in order to support biological evolution, evolutionists are quite prepared to flout this well, established Law and to resurrect the ancient belief in abiogenesis (life arising from non-life). Like latter-day advocates of the ancient Greek belief (that the goddess Gea could make life arise spontaneously from stones), evolutionists routinely present to the public, the preposterous notion that, original life on earth (and even elsewhere in the universe) just spontaneously generated itself from inert matter. Apparently, all that was required to bypass this well established Law was a chance accumulation of chemicals in some alchemist’s type brew of ‘primordial soup’ combined with raw energy from the sun, lightning or geothermal forces. (Such is their faith in the creative powers of matter). They call this science? Incredible!

Evolution - - Science? Or magic?

IMPOSSIBLE ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF CAUSE AND EFFECT.

A fundamental principle of science is the law of cause and effect. It is a primary law of science, and the very basis of the scientific method.

The law of cause and effect tells us that an effect cannot be greater than its cause/s.

Life is not an intrinsic property of matter/energy - so it is beyond the capabilities of matter/energy to produce a property (life) it doesn't possess.

The interaction of matter and energy cannot produce an effect with properties extra and superior to its own properties, that would violate the law of cause and effect.

Can chemistry create biology - which has entirely different properties to its own?

Of course it can't.

Biology includes such properties as genetic information, the DNA code, consciousness and intelligence. To believe that chemistry can create biology - means believing that something inanimate can create additional, new properties that it doesn't possess. To exceed the limitations of its own properties would violate the law of cause and effect.

For matter/energy to be able to produce life whenever environmental conditions permit, it would have to be inherently predisposed to produce life.

It would have to embody an inherent plan/blueprint/instructions for life, as one of its properties. The inevitable question then has to be - where does an inherent predisposition for life come from? It can only signify the existence of purpose in the universe and that is something atheists could never accept.

A purpose, order or plan can only come from a planner or intelligent entity. So it is a catch 22 situation for atheists ... the atheist/ evolutionist belief in abiogenesis either violates the law of cause and effect, OR is an admission of purpose in the universe. It can only be one or the other. Atheists cannot possibly accept the existence of purpose in the universe, because that would be the end of atheism. So the atheist belief in abiogenesis violates the law of cause and effect.

Evolution - - Science? Or magic?

IMPOSSIBLE ACCORDING TO THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The second Law of Thermodynamics rules out the spontaneous generation of life from non-life as a chance event. Even if we ignore the above reasons why spontaneous generation of life is impossible, the formation and arrangement by chance of all the components required for living cells is also impossible. The arrangement of all the components within the simplest of living cells is extremely precise; these components cannot just arrange themselves by chance.

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, when left to themselves, things naturally become more disordered, rather than more ordered. Or in other words, things will naturally go to more probable arrangements and disorder is overwhelmingly more probable than order. Disorder actually increases with the passage of time and also with the application of raw (undirected) energy (for example, heat).

Yet we are repeatedly told the evolution fable, that the numerous components required to form a first, self-replicating, living cell just assembled themselves in precise order, by pure chance, over a vast period of time, aided by the random application of raw, undirected energy.

Evolution - - Science? Or magic?

IMPOSSIBLE ACCORDING TO MATHEMATICS

Even if we ignore the Law of Biogenesis, Information Theory and the Second Law of Thermodynamics (which all completely rule out the spontaneous generation of a living cell from non-living matter). Mathematical probability also rules out the spontaneous generation of life from non-living matter.

The laws of probability are summed up in the Law of Chance. According to this Law, when odds against a chance event are 10 to the power of 15, the chance of that event happening are negligible on a terrestrial scale. At odds of 10 to the power of 50, there is virtually no chance, even on a cosmic scale. The most generous and favourable, mathematical odds against a single living cell appearing in this way by chance are a staggering 10 to the power of 40,000. A more likely calculation would put the odds at an even more awesome 10 to the power of 119,850. Remember odds of 10 to the power of 50 is sufficient to make an event virtually impossible (except, perhaps, by magic!!).

Fred Hoyle, The Big Bang in Astronomy, New Scientist 19 Nov 1981. p.526. On the origin of life in primeval soup.

“I don’t know how long it is going to be before astronomers generally recognise that the combinatorial arrangement of not even one among the many thousands of biopolymers on which life depends could have been arrived at by natural processes here on the Earth. Astronomers will have a little difficulty at understanding this because they will be assured by biologists that it is not so. The biologists having been assured in their turn by others that it is not so. The “others” are a group of persons who believe, quite openly, in mathematical miracles. They advocate the belief that tucked away in nature, outside of normal physics, there is a law which performs miracles.”

Evolution - - Science? Or magic?

“Since science does not have the faintest idea how life on earth originated, it would only be honest to confess this to other scientists, to grantors, and to the public at large. Prominent scientists speaking ex cathedra, should refrain from polarising the minds of students and young productive scientists with statements that are based solely on beliefs.” Bio-informaticist, Hubert P. Yockey. Journal of Theoretical Biology [Vol 91, 1981, p 13].

Evolutionists and atheists are quite entitled to abandon the scientific method and all common sense by choosing to believe that all the necessary information for life can just appear in matter, as if by magic. They can also choose to believe that: the Laws of; Biogenesis, Mathematical Probability, Cause and Effect and Second Law of Thermodynamics, were all somehow magically suspended to enable their purported evolution of life from sterile matter to take place. They can believe whatever they like. But they have no right to present such unscientific, flights of fancy through the media and our education system, as though they are supported by science.

Conclusion ....

If you believe in evolution - you have to believe in magic.

FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE

The Law of Cause and Effect. Dominant Principle of Classical Physics. David L. Bergman and Glen C. Collins

www.thewarfareismental.net/b/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/b...

"The Big Bang's Failed Predictions and Failures to Predict: (Updated Aug 3, 2017.) As documented below, trust in the big bang's predictive ability has been misplaced when compared to the actual astronomical observations that were made, in large part, in hopes of affirming the theory."

kgov.com/big-bang-predictions

Amy Cohn_27 by Michigan Engineering

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Photos of CHEPS students and workers at Amy Cohn’s office at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) space on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

[Recurrent Feedback Neuronal Networks] Avoids Combinatorial Complexity via Simple Connectivity by brewbooks

Tsvi Achler presents Recurrent Feedback Neuronal Networks: Classification and Inference Based on Network Structure by Tsvi Achler and Eyal Amir from Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign

In Technical Session # 7: Neural Network and Brain Modeling

Session Chair: Randal Koene , Laboratory of Computational Neurophysiology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University at the The First Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-08)

This room is The Zone, at the FedEx Institute of Technology, University of Memphis. It was a very good venue for this conference.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research focuses on the original and ultimate goal of AI -- to create intelligence as a whole, by exploring all available paths, including theoretical and experimental computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, and innovative interdisciplinary methodologies. AGI is also called Strong AI in the AI community.

Another good reference is Artificial General Intelligence : A Gentle Introduction Pei Wang

I030308 016

AI -> AGI by brewbooks

Tsvi Achler presents Recurrent Feedback Neuronal Networks: Classification and Inference Based on Network Structure by Tsvi Achler and Eyal Amir from Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign

The main points in this introductory slide were that Artificial General Intelligence has an ability to generalize and that it is necessary to avoid combinatorial explosion.

In Technical Session # 7: Neural Network and Brain Modeling

Session Chair: Randal Koene , Laboratory of Computational Neurophysiology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University at the The First Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-08)

This room is The Zone, at the FedEx Institute of Technology, University of Memphis. It was a very good venue for this conference.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research focuses on the original and ultimate goal of AI -- to create intelligence as a whole, by exploring all available paths, including theoretical and experimental computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, and innovative interdisciplinary methodologies. AGI is also called Strong AI in the AI community.

Another good reference is Artificial General Intelligence : A Gentle Introduction Pei Wang

I030308 015

Collage by Veronika Irvine

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This is a collage of various lace grounds - the patterns were discovered using my combinatorial enumeration computer program. I then worked the patterns in a variety of cross and twist combinations to see how they would turn out.

Wrakvondsten Voorpostenboot Vp-807 'Auguste Kämpf' by Islander

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Flessen champagne uit het wrak van de Voorpostenboot 807, noord van Vlieland ten onder gegaan op 28 april 1943, opgedoken in 2001.

Sommigen nog met kurk en inhoud.

Naar aanleiding van het bericht van de vondst van 200 jaar oude champagne in een wrak in de Oostzee, hier een paar plaatjes van flessen Champagne die meer als 60 jaar in een wrak in de Noordzee lagen.

Op de foto de buit uit het wrak van de Voorpostenboot Vp-807, daarvoor de Hochseefischdampfer Auguste Kämpf.

In het jaar 2001 werd door duikteam Noordkaap het wrak van deze Voorpostenboot ontdekt. Het ligt zo'n 30 mijl ten Noorden van Vlieland op de bodem van de Noordzee.

Bij een van de duiken op dit wrak ben ik via een luik in de kombuisvloer een dek lager in de messroom gekropen.

Achter in deze messroom lagen in de resten van een kast, aangegeven met pijl en cirkel op deze tekening,in een dikke laag modder, tientallen wijn- en champagneflessen.

Na nog wat spannende momenten, de ruimte vulde zich namelijk met opgewoelde modder, wist ik de vondst bij het afdaaleind te brengen.

De opstijging leverde nog een schrikmoment op, want door de vermindering van de druk schoten met een luide knal enkele champagnekurken uit de fles.

Aan dek hebben we een paar flessen ontkurkt, maar het werd na opening meteen duidelijk dat de champagne niet goed meer was, de geur die er af kwam was niet die van champagne.

Kennelijk was er toch zeewater via de kurk in de flessen gekomen en had dit de inhoud bedorven.

Door deze ervaring vraag ik mij af hoe de kwaliteit van de champagne die in het wrak in de Oostzee werd gevonden is.

Update 21 april 2015;

Inmiddels is bekend hoe de kwaliteit van de champagne was.

De Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant bericht er het volgende over;

Champagne smaakte 170 jaar geleden kruidig, rokerig en vooral zoet

Ook na 170 jaar op de bodem van de Oostzee smaakt de champagne van Veuve Clicquot nog prima. Fijnproevers omschrijven de smaak als “kruidig”, “rokerig” en “lederachtig”. De champagne is zoeter en bevat minder alcohol dan moderne champagnes. Ook bruist de drank niet meer zoals vroeger.

Dat schrijven Franse wijnonderzoekers vandaag in het wetenschappelijke tijdschrift PNAS. Zij mochten drie champagneflessen ontkurken die in juli 2010 door Zweedse duikers zijn opgedoken uit een scheepswrak voor de Finse Ålandeilanden. Bij elkaar vonden de duikers 168 flessen, een daarvan werd in 2011 voor 30.000 euro geveild.

HOOG SUIKERGEHALTE

De etiketten zijn in het zeewater vergaan, maar uit het opschrift op de kurken bleek dat de champagne gebotteld werd door champagnehuizen Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin, Heidsieck en Juglar. De flessen komen uit de periode 1831-1841. De vindplek doet vermoeden dat ze op weg waren naar het Russische Rijk. Maar het suikergehalte van de champagne kan er op wijzen dat ze bestemd waren voor de Duitse markt. Het suikergehalte in de Oostzee-flessen is 150 gram per liter, veel hoger dan in moderne champagnes. Zulke zoete champagnes waren in de 19de eeuw populair in Frankrijk en Duitsland. Amerikanen en Engelsen dronken liever champagne met minder suiker, Russen hielden juist van mierzoet.

DRUIVENSUIKERS

De ‘Baltische’ champagne is waarschijnlijk gezoet met druivensiroop. De Fransen vonden hoge concentraties druivensuikers die niet in moderne champagnes voorkomen. Het alcoholpercentage van de drie flessen lag tussen de 9,3 en 9,8 procent. Het meeste koolzuurgas, de bubbels in de champagne, was door de poreuze kurk de zee in gelekt. De champagne gaf volgens de proevers nog wel een licht tintelend mondgevoel.

Het onderzoeksrapport meldt het volgende;

Chemical messages in 170-year-old champagne bottles from the Baltic Sea: Revealing tastes from the past

Significance

The composition of 170-y-old champagne samples found in a shipwreck in the Baltic Sea constitutes a remarkable and unprecedented example of long-term combinatorial chemistry, which can occur in such sealed 750-mL microlaboratories. Multiple analytical tools, including metabolomics, metallomics, and sensory analysis, were combined to characterize the molecular diversity of these champagnes having aged in close-to-perfect conditions at the bottom of the sea. The analyzed champagnes retained intrinsic features allowing us to shed light on the winemaking practices in use in the middle of the 19th century. Therefore, this archeochemistry approach enabled us to rewrite a piece of our cultural heritage.

Abstract

Archaeochemistry as the application of the most recent analytical techniques to ancient samples now provides an unprecedented understanding of human culture throughout history. In this paper, we report on a multiplatform analytical investigation of 170-y-old champagne bottles found in a shipwreck at the bottom of the Baltic Sea, which provides insight into winemaking practices used at the time. Organic spectroscopy-based nontargeted metabolomics and metallomics give access to the detailed composition of these wines, revealing, for instance, unexpected chemical characteristics in terms of small ion, sugar, and acid contents as well as markers of barrel aging and Maillard reaction products. The distinct aroma composition of these ancient champagne samples, first revealed during tasting sessions, was later confirmed using state-of-the-art aroma analysis techniques. After 170 y of deep sea aging in close-to-perfect conditions, these sleeping champagne bottles awoke to tell us a chapter of the story of winemaking and to reveal their extraordinary archaeometabolome and elemental diversity in the form of chemical signatures related to each individual step of champagne production.

Ik geloof er niets als er wordt gezegd dat deze champagne nog drinkbaar en zelfs smakelijk is.

Tijdens mijn wrakduiken heb ik vier verschillende alcoholhoudende dranken in wrakken gevonden in een fles afgesloten met een kurk.

Een fles bier in het wrak van ss Aline Woermann, vergaan in 1884, afgedicht met een kurk met daarover een loden zegel.

Deze hebben we ontkurkt en uitgeschonken.

Het bier was troebel, maar tot onze verbazing kwam er een schuimkraag op het glas.

Er kwam echter de geur van rotte eieren af, dus dat is niet geproefd.

Uit het wrak van de Aline Woerman kwamen ook kelderflessen waar vermoedelijk jenever in zat.

Ook afgesloten met een kurk, en bij het leeggieten van deze kwam daar ook een enorme stank af.

Ook in de flessen wijn uit voorpostenboten zat een stinkende vloeistof.

Geen van deze zijn daadwerkelijk geproefd, maar de stank zei genoeg.

Misschien dat het brakke water van de Oostzee de inhoud wel goed heeft gehouden, zeker is dat vondsten gedaan in de Noordzee ondrinkbaar waren.

---------------------------------------------

Champagne and wine bottles found in the wreck of Vp-807.

In respond to the news that wreck divers found bottles of champagne of more than 200 years old in a wreck in the Baltic sea, here some photos of bottles of champagne which are more than 60 years old. These bottles of champagne were found inside the wreck of the Vorpostenboot Vp-807. The Kriegsmarine Flak trawler 807, the former Auguste Kämpf, a High sea fishing vessel, was build for the Carl Kämpf fishing company from Hamburg, an turned over to the Kriegsmarine. Vp-807 was sunk during an attack by coastal command aircraft.

In 2001 the wreck was found by diving team Noordkaap from Vlieland. The wreck lies about 30 nautical miles North of Vlieland. During one of the dives on this wreck I entered the wreck through an hatch in the galley floor, to the mess room one deck below. In the rear section of the mess room were the remains of a cupboard, the location noted with an arrow in this plan, where several bottles of wine and champagne were lying in the mud. After some exciting moments of no visibility because of the water getting muddy by stirring the mud layer, I succeeded in getting them all at the anchor line. During surfacing there was a frightening moments because of the lowering of the pressure a few champagne corks popped out of the bottles with a bang.

On the deck we opened several champagne bottles but the odor coming from the contents did not smell like champagne. Apparently the seawater had entered the bottles through the cork and had fouled the champagne. Through this experience I was wondering would the quality would be of the 200 year old champagne in the Baltic.

Three Cylinders Modular Kirigami Globe by Philip Chapman-Bell

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From the map, Novus planiglobii terrestris per utrumque polum conspectus by Gerard Valck, 1695.

The three cylinder solid is combinatorially equivalent to the rhombic dodecahedron, but is rather more Romanesque in its expression. (Why is a raven combinatorially equivalent to a writing desk?)

I like the way the old cartographers left undefined the lands that had not yet been seen: just coastlines with nothing solid behind them. Modern scientists would do well to approach the universe with similar humility.

Evans' Gambit by John Matturri

3

Evans' Gambit. Rome/NYC, 1997.

Note on title: Gareth Evans (1946 - 1980) was an Oxford philosopher of mind and language concerned with the ways in which thoughts and language are able to refer, to hook into the inner and exterior world that provides them with content. Evans argued that central to the referential capacity was an ability to distinguish objects in space and time; where this capacity was lost, our thoughts become ungrounded, cut loose from the world to which they are intended to refer. In Evans’ Gambit, among the most romantic of chess openings, white’s offer of a sacrifice of a pawn destabilizes the center of the board, opening up dramatic combinatorial possibilities. Mary Ann Evans, it must also be noted, was the given name of George Eliot; in Eliot’s Middlemarch, Dorethea, on her honeymoon in Rome, was deeply uprooted by her experience of a statue in a passage that perhaps implicitly alludes to Bernini's depiction of Saint Theresa in a state of erotic ecstasy that stands in S. Maria della Vittoria, in the chapel directly across the one containing “Evans' Gambit”’s central figure.

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

Design Inspiration: Transparent Blue Vase That Can Be Composed Like A Bouquet by Design Inspiration Gallery

2

Transparent Blue Vase That Can Be Composed Like A Bouquet... All daily inspiration

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

Liquid-Handling Robot by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory - PNNL

1

A scientist at the Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL), a joint Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Washington State University research facility in Richland, Wash., uses a liquid-handling robot to prepare metal solutions for later impregnation onto catalyst supports. The instrument is one example of the BSEL Combinatorial Laboratory's high-throughput testing capabilities that allow rapid screening of catalyst compositions, a first step in determining which catalysts have the potential to be developed for purposes such as bioproduct or biofuel production.

In this photo: PNNL Research Scientist Heather Brown

For more information, visit www.pnl.gov/news

Terms of Use: Our images are freely and publicly available for use with the credit line, "Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." Please use provided caption information for use in appropriate context.

ABCD-EFGH-IJKL by John C. Ralston

9 10

All of them together. Based on this photo.

Will trade set for this banjo, or $268. Each drawing is about three inches square.

More like this to come!

Intersection of Four Cylinders by Philip Chapman-Bell

2

So, it turns out you can draw such things in Google Sketchup and it's a little less difficult than drawing it on your plate with béchamel. I have discovered there are six faces for each cylinder, twenty-four in all, and it is not combinatorially equivalent to a triakis octahedron. (It is, however, combinatorially equivalent to fugu, a sort of fish -- more or less edible, depending on how seriously you've annoyed the chef's daughter.)

7.Can integrative design allow multiple AI Algorithms to quell each others’ combinatorial explosions by brewbooks

Big Questions for Artificial General Intelligence

7.Can integrative design allow multiple AI Algorithms to quell each others’ combinatorial explosions?

From the opening session: Review of AI and AGI Past Present and Future by Ben Goertzel of Novamente at the The First Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-08) Ben Goertzel was one of the conference organizers and is a driving force in the AGI community.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research focuses on the original and ultimate goal of AI -- to create intelligence as a whole, by exploring all available paths, including theoretical and experimental computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, and innovative interdisciplinary methodologies. AGI is also called Strong AI in the AI community.

Another good reference is Artificial General Intelligence : A Gentle Introduction by Pei Wang

I030108 559

Four Cylinders Section by Philip Chapman-Bell

I believe that twelve of this shape will make an intersection of four cylinders, which I further believe to be combinatorially equivalent to a triakis octahedron. Rum creature, belief.

(Or maybe sixteen or even twenty-four. It is a still fluid creed.)

f(x)=sin(x)√2 and f(x)=sin(x)√2/2. Yeah, who woulda thunk it?

DSC_3654 by Guy M Wong

www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciimmunol.abq2427

Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection drives cross-variant neutralization and memory B cell formation against conserved epitopes

Abstract

Omicron is the evolutionarily most distinct SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) to date. We report that Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals resulted in strong neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, but not against the Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5. BA.1 breakthrough infection induced a robust recall response, primarily expanding BMEM cells against epitopes shared broadly amongst variants, rather than inducing BA.1-specific B cells. The vaccination-imprinted BMEM cell pool had sufficient plasticity to be remodeled by heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein exposure. While selective amplification of BMEM cells recognizing shared epitopes allows for effective neutralization of most variants that evade previously established immunity, susceptibility to escape by variants that acquire alterations at hitherto conserved sites may be heightened.

INTRODUCTION

Containment of the COVID-19 pandemic requires the generation of durable and sufficiently broad immunity to provide protection against current and future variants of SARS-CoV-2. The titer of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, and the binding of antibodies to the spike (S) glycoprotein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) are considered correlates of protection against infection (1, 2). Currently available vaccines are based on the S glycoprotein of the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 strain and induce antibodies with a neutralizing capacity that exceeds the breadth elicited by infection with the Wuhan strain, or with variants of concern (VOCs) (3). However, protective titers wane over time (4–7) and routine booster vaccinations are thought to be needed to trigger recall immunity and maintain efficacy against new VOCs (8–11).

Long-lived memory B (BMEM) cells are the basis for the recall response upon antigen re-encounter either by infection or booster vaccination. They play an important role in the maintenance and evolution of the antiviral antibody response against variants, since low-affinity selection mechanisms during the germinal center reaction and continued hypermutation of BMEM cells over several months following antigen exposure expand the breadth of viral variant recognition (12, 13).

To date, over 1 billion people worldwide have been vaccinated with the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 and have received the primary 2-dose series or further boosters (14). Thus, BNT162b2 vaccination is contributing substantially to the pattern of population immunity in many regions of the world.

How vaccine-mediated protective immunity will evolve over time and will be modified by iterations of exposure to COVID-19 vaccines and to infections with increasingly divergent viral variants remains poorly understood, and is of particular relevance with the emergence of antigenically distinct VOCs. Omicron is the evolutionary most distant reported VOC to date, with a hitherto unprecedented number of amino acid alterations in its S glycoprotein, including at least 15 amino acid changes in the RBD and extensive changes in the N-terminal domain (NTD) (15). These alterations are predicted to affect most neutralizing antibody epitopes (16–20). In addition, Omicron is highly transmissible, has outcompeted Delta within weeks to become the dominant circulating VOC, and has given rise to multiple sublineages, starting with BA.1 and BA.2, that are spreading rapidly across the globe (21, 22). New Omicron sublineages that harbor further alterations in the S glycoprotein continue to arise, with BA.4 and BA.5 deemed VOCs by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) on the 12th May 2022 (23).

To characterize the effect of Omicron breakthrough infection on the magnitude and breadth of serum neutralizing activity and BMEM cells, we studied blood samples from individuals that were double- or triple-vaccinated with BNT162b2, including cohorts that experienced breakthrough infection between November 2021 and mid-January 2022, a period when the BA.1 lineage was dominant in Germany (24). As an understanding of the antigen-specific B cell memory pool is a critical determinant of an individual’s ability to respond to newly emerging variants, our data will help to guide further vaccine development.

RESULTS

Cohorts and sampling

Blood samples were sourced from the biosample collection of BNT162b2 vaccine trials, and a biobank of prospectively collected samples from vaccinated individuals with subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infection experienced in a period of Omicron sublineage BA.1 dominance, and we therefore refer to “BA.1 breakthrough infection” herein. Samples were selected to investigate biomarkers in four independent groups, namely individuals who were (i) double- or (ii) triple-vaccinated with BNT162b2 without a prior or breakthrough infection at the time of sample collection (BNT162b22, BNT162b23) and individuals who were (iii) double- or (iv) triple-vaccinated with BNT162b2 and who experienced breakthrough infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after a median of approximately 5 months or 4 weeks, respectively (BNT162b22 + Omi, BNT162b23 + Omi). Median ages of the cohorts were similar (32-39 years), except for the BNT162b22 cohort, which had a mildly increased median age of 52, albeit with only two individuals >65 yrs of age. Immune sera were used to characterize Omicron infection-associated changes to the magnitude and the breadth of serum neutralizing activity. PBMCs were used to characterize the VOC-specificity of peripheral BMEM cells recognizing the respective full-length SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein or its RBD.

Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection after BNT162b2 vaccination induces broad neutralization against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and other VOCs, but not against BA.4 and BA.5

To evaluate the neutralizing activity of immune sera, we used two orthogonal test systems: a well-characterized pseudovirus neutralization test (pVNT) (25, 26) to investigate the breadth of inhibition of virus entry in a propagation-deficient set-up, as well as a live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization test (VNT) designed to evaluate neutralization during multicycle replication of authentic virus with the antibodies maintained throughout the entire test period. For the former, we applied pseudoviruses bearing the S glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and of the recently emerged Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5 to assess neutralization breadth. As BA.4 and BA.5 share an identical S glycoprotein sequence, including key alterations L452R and F486V, we herein refer to them as BA.4/5. In addition, we assayed SARS-CoV (herein referred to as SARS-CoV-1) to detect potential pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing activity (27).

As reported previously (25, 28, 29), in Omicron-naïve double-vaccinated individuals 50% pseudovirus neutralization (pVN50) geometric mean titers (GMTs) of Beta and Delta VOCs were reduced, and neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 was virtually undetectable. In Omicron-naïve triple-vaccinated individuals, pVN50 GMTs against all tested VOCs were substantially higher with robust neutralization of Alpha, Beta and Delta. While GMTs against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 were already considerably lower as compared with Wuhan (GMT 160 and 211 vs 398), neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.4/5 was even further reduced (GMT 74), corresponding to a 5-fold lower titer as compared to the Wuhan strain.

Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection had a marked effect on magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response of both double- and triple-vaccinated individuals, with slightly higher pVN50 GMTs observed in the triple-vaccinated individuals (Fig. 2a, fig. S1b, Table S6). The pVN50 GMT of double-vaccinated individuals with breakthrough infection against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 was more than 100-fold, 35-fold and 15-fold above the GMTs of Omicron-naïve double-vaccinated individuals. Immune sera from double-vaccinated individuals with BA.1 breakthrough infection had broad neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, with higher pVN50 GMTs against Beta and Delta than observed in Omicron-naïve triple-vaccinated individuals (GMT 740 vs. 222 and 571 vs. 370). In contrast, Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection had only a minor boost effect on neutralization of BA.4/5 with pVN50 GMTs against Omicron BA.4/5 being significantly below those against Wuhan (GMT 135 vs. 740).

We observed a similar pattern when studying the neutralization of these variants with BA.1 convalescent and control sera from triple-vaccinated individuals. BA.1 convalescent sera exhibited high pVN50 GMTs against the previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, including Beta (1182), Omicron BA.1 (1029), and BA.2 (836) that were close to the Wuhan reference (1182). Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection only moderately increased neutralization of BA.4/5 in triple-vaccinated individuals with pVN50 GMTs of 197, remaining 6-fold lower than against the Wuhan strain.

Of note, in all cohorts, neutralizing titers against BA.4/5 were closer to the low level observed against the phylogenetically more distant SARS-CoV-1 than that seen against Wuhan (Fig. 2a, Table S4 to S6). Looking at the ratios of SARS-CoV-2 VOC and SARS-CoV-1 pVN50 GMTs normalized against Wuhan, it is remarkable that breakthrough infection with Omicron BA.1 does not lead to more efficient cross-neutralization of Omicron BA.4/5 in double- and triple-vaccinated individuals as compared with triple-vaccinated Omicron-naïve individuals.

Authentic live SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization assays conducted with Wuhan, Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.1 confirmed the observation that BA.1 breakthrough infection boosted broad immunity against BA.1 and previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs (Fig. 2c, fig. S1c, d, Tables S7 to S9). In BNT162b2 double- and triple-vaccinated individuals, Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection was associated with a strongly increased neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, with 50% virus neutralization (VN50) GMTs in the same range as against the Wuhan strain (Fig. 2c; GMT 493 vs. 381 and GMT 538 vs. 613). Similarly, BA.1 convalescent double- and triple-vaccinated individuals showed comparable levels of neutralization against other variants as well (e.g., GMT 493 and 729 against Beta), indicating a wide breadth of neutralizing activity, a finding further supported by the calculated ratios of SARS-CoV-2 VOC VN50 GMTs normalized against the Wuhan strain (Fig. 2d). While double- and to a lesser extent also triple-BNT162b2 vaccinated Omicron-naïve individuals displayed reduced neutralization proficiency against VOCs, neutralization activity of Omicron BA.1 convalescent subjects reached almost the same range of high performance against all live SARS-CoV-2 variant strains tested. Likewise, Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection similarly augmented broad neutralization in individuals vaccinated with other approved COVID-19 vaccines or heterologous regimens, but with significantly reduced potency against Omicron BA.4/5 (fig. S2, Table S11). In aggregate, these data demonstrate that Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection of vaccine-experienced individuals mediates broadly neutralizing activity against BA.1, BA.2 and several previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, but not for BA.4/5.

BMEM cells of BNT162b2 double- and triple-vaccinated individuals broadly recognize VOCs and are further boosted by Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection.

Next, we investigated the phenotype and quantity of SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein-specific B cells in these individuals. To this aim, we employed flow cytometry-based B cell phenotyping assays for differential detection of variant-specific S glycoprotein-binding B cells in bulk PBMCs. We found that all S glycoprotein- and RBD-specific B cells in the peripheral blood were of a BMEM phenotype (BMEM; CD20highCD38int/neg, fig. S3a). Antigen-specific plasmablasts or naïve B cells were not detected. The assays allowed us to identify BMEM cells recognizing the S glycoprotein (fig S3b) or RBD (fig S3c) of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Alpha, Delta and Omicron BA.1 variants.

As expected, the overall frequency of antigen-specific BMEM cells varied across the different groups. Consistent with prior reports (30), the frequency of BMEM cells in Omicron-naïve double-vaccinated individuals was low at an early time point after vaccination and increased over time: At 5 months as compared to 3 weeks after the second BNT162b2 dose, S glycoprotein-specific BMEM cells almost quadrupled, and RBD-specific ones tripled across all VOCs thereby reaching quantities similar to those observed in Omicron-naïve triple-vaccinated individuals.

Double or triple BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals with a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection exhibited a strongly increased frequency of S glycoprotein-specific BMEM cells, which was higher than those of Omicron-naïve triple-vaccinated individuals.

In all groups, including Omicron-naïve and Omicron BA.1 infected individuals, BMEM cells against Omicron BA.1 S glycoprotein were detectable at frequencies comparable to those against Wuhan and other tested VOCs (Fig. 3b, d), whereas the frequency of BMEM cells against Omicron BA.1 RBD was slightly lower compared to the other variants (Fig. 3c, e, fig. S4f-j, m, n). We then compared the ratios of RBD- to S glycoprotein-binding BMEM cells within the different groups and found that they are biased toward S glycoprotein recognition for the Omicron BA.1 VOC, particularly in the Omicron-naïve groups (Fig. 3f). In the Omicron BA.1 convalescent groups this ratio was higher, indicating that an Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection improved Omicron BA.1 RBD recognition.

Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection after BNT162b2 vaccination boosts BMEM cells against epitopes broadly conserved across S glycoproteins of Wuhan and other VOCs.

Our findings imply that Omicron BA.1 infection in vaccinated individuals boosts not only neutralizing activity and BMEM cells against Omicron BA.1, but broadly augments immunity against various VOCs. To investigate the specificity of antibody responses at a cellular level, we performed multi-parameter analyses of BMEM cells stained with fluorescently labeled variant-specific S or RBD proteins. By applying a combinatorial gating strategy, we sought to distinguish between BMEM cell subsets that could identify epitopes specific to a single variant only (either Wuhan, Alpha, Delta or Omicron BA.1) versus those that could identify epitopes shared by any given combination of these variants.

In a first analysis, we evaluated BMEM cell recognition of Wuhan and Omicron BA.1 S and RBD proteins (Fig. 4b-d). Staining with full length S glycoproteins showed that the largest proportion of BMEM cells from Omicron-naïve double-vaccinated individuals, and even more predominantly from triple-vaccinated individuals were directed against epitopes shared by both Wuhan and Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 variants. Consistent with the fact that vaccination with BNT162b2 can elicit immune responses against Wuhan epitopes that do not recognize the corresponding altered epitopes in the Omicron BA.1 S glycoprotein (Fig. 4b, c, fig. S5a), we found in most individuals a smaller but clearly detectable proportion of BMEM cells that recognized only Wuhan S glycoprotein or RBD. Consistent with the lack of exposure, almost no BMEM cells binding exclusively to Omicron BA.1 S or RBD protein were detected in these Omicron-naïve individuals.

In Omicron BA.1 convalescent individuals, frequencies of BMEM cells recognizing S glycoprotein epitopes shared between Wuhan and Omicron BA.1 were considerably higher than in the Omicron-naïve ones (Fig. 4b, c). This was particularly pronounced for double-vaccinated individuals. In most of these subjects, we also found a small proportion of exclusively Wuhan S glycoprotein-specific BMEM cells, as well as a moderately lower frequency of exclusively Omicron BA.1 variant S glycoprotein-specific BMEM cells.

A slightly different pattern was observed by B cell staining with labeled RBD proteins (Fig. 4b, d, Fig. S5b). Again, Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection of double-/triple-vaccinated individuals was found to primarily boost BMEM cells reactive against conserved epitopes. A moderate boost of Wuhan-specific reactivities was observed; however, we detected only small populations of BMEM cells specific to the Omicron BA.1-RBD in the tested individuals.

Next, we employed the combinatorial gating approach to identify the subsets of S glycoprotein or RBD binding BMEM cells that either bind exclusively to Wuhan or Omicron BA.1, or to common epitopes conserved broadly throughout all four variants, Wuhan, Alpha, Delta and Omicron BA.1 (Fig. 4e). Across all four cohorts, we found that the frequency of BMEM cells recognizing S glycoprotein-conserved epitopes accounted for the largest fraction of the pool of S glycoprotein-binding BMEM cells (Fig. 4f, all 4+ve). The S glycoprotein of the Wuhan strain does not have an exclusive amino acid change that distinguishes it from the S glycoproteins of the Alpha, Delta, or Omicron BA.1 VOCs. Accordingly, we hardly detected BMEM cells exclusively recognizing the Wuhan S glycoprotein in any individual (Fig. 4f). In several individuals with Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection, we detected a small proportion of BMEM cells that bound exclusively to Omicron BA.1 S glycoprotein (Fig. 4f), whereas almost none of the individuals displayed a strictly Omicron BA.1 RBD-specific response (Fig. 4 g). Our findings indicate that Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals primarily expands a broad BMEM cell repertoire against conserved S glycoprotein and RBD epitopes rather than inducing large numbers of Omicron BA.1-specific BMEM cells.

To further dissect the nuances of this response, we characterized the BMEM subsets directed against the RBD in both double- and triple-vaccinated Omicron BA.1 convalescent individuals. We used the combinatorial Boolean gating approach to discern BMEM cells with distinct binding patterns in the spectrum of strictly variant-specific and common epitopes shared by several variants. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that the Omicron BA.1 RBD diverges from the RBD sequence regions conserved in Wuhan, Alpha, and Delta by 13 single amino acid alterations (fig. S6). The most prominent BMEM cell population that we detected in BA.1 convalescent individuals recognized Wuhan, Alpha as well as the Delta RBDs, but not Omicron BA.1 RBD (Fig. 4h). Contrary to expectations, the population of BMEM cells exclusively reactive with Omicron BA.1 RBD was small in most of those individuals. We did not detect BMEM cells that exclusively recognized epitopes shared by both the Omicron BA.1 and Alpha RBDs, or by the Omicron BA.1 and Delta RBDs.

Furthermore, in all individuals we identified two additional subsets of RBD-specific BMEM cells, (in bold in Fig. 4h). One subset was characterized by binding to the RBDs of Wuhan, Alpha as well as Omicron BA.1, but not the Delta RBD. The other population exhibited binding to Wuhan and Alpha but not Omicron BA.1 or Delta RBD. Sequence alignment identified L452R as the only RBD alteration unique for Delta that is not shared by the other 3 variant RBDs (Fig. 4i top). Similarly, the only RBD site conserved in Wuhan and Alpha but altered in Delta and Omicron BA.1 was found to be T478K (Fig. 4i bottom). Both L452R and T478K alterations are known to be associated with the evasion of vaccine induced neutralizing antibody responses (31, 32). Position L452 is in fact mutated in the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5 (33). Of note, only minor BMEM cell frequencies were detected in those combinatorial subgroups in which multiple sequence alignment failed to identify unique epitopes in the RBD sequence (e.g., Wuhan only or Wuhan and Omicron BA.1, but not Alpha, Delta). These observations indicate that the BMEM cell response against RBD is driven by specificities induced through prior vaccination with BNT162b2 and not substantially redirected against new RBD epitopes displayed by the infecting Omicron BA.1 variant.

DISCUSSION

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 is a partial immune escape variant with an unprecedented number of amino acid alterations in the S glycoprotein at sites of neutralizing antibody binding (15). Neutralizing antibody mapping and molecular modeling studies strongly support the functional relevance of these alterations (20, 34), that is confirmed by the fact that double-vaccinated individuals have no detectable neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 (25, 35).

In line with concurrently published reports (36, 37), we show that Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection of BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals augments broadly neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and previous VOCs to similar levels observed against the Wuhan strain. However, neutralization of the latest Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5 was not enhanced, with titers rather comparable to those against the phylogenetically more distant SARS-CoV-1. While our study focused on individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, in individuals vaccinated with CoronaVac similar observations suggest that Omicron BA.4/5 can bypass BA.1 infection-mediated boosting of humoral immunity (33).

Our study provides insights into how immunity against multiple variants is achieved and why Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 sublineages can partially escape neutralization. It suggests that initial exposure to the Wuhan strain S glycoprotein may have shaped the formation of BMEM cells and imprinted against novel BMEM cell responses recognizing epitopes distinctive for the Omicron BA.1 variant. Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals primarily expands a broad BMEM cell repertoire against conserved S glycoprotein and RBD epitopes, rather than inducing strictly Omicron BA.1-specific BMEM cells. Similar observations have been reported from vaccinated individuals who experienced breakthrough infections with the Delta variant and with the Omicron BA.1 sublineage (3, 33).

As compared to the immune response induced by a homologous vaccine booster, an Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection leads to a more substantial increase in antibody neutralization titers against Omicron and a robust cross-neutralization of many SARS CoV-2 variants. These effects are particularly striking in double-vaccinated individuals.

Three findings may point to potentially complementary and synergistic underlying mechanisms. The first is induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies. We found that the majority of sera from Omicron BA.1-convalescent but not from Omicron-naïve vaccinated individuals robustly neutralize previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs including BA.1 and BA.2, and to a far lesser extent also SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 and SARS-CoV-1. This indicates that Omicron BA.1 infection in vaccinated individuals stimulates BMEM cells that produce neutralizing antibodies against S glycoprotein epitopes conserved in the SARS-CoV-2 variants up to and including Omicron BA.2, but that have mostly been lost in BA.4/5 and are for the most part not shared by SARS-CoV-1. Over the last two years, broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies have been isolated from both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 convalescent and/or vaccinated individuals (20, 27, 38) and are known to target highly conserved S glycoprotein domains (39, 40). The greater antigenic distance of the Omicron BA.1 S glycoprotein from earlier SARS-CoV-2 strains may promote targeting of conserved subdominant neutralizing epitopes as recently described to be located, e.g., in cryptic sites within the RBD distinct from the receptor-binding motif (41, 42) or in the membrane proximal S glycoprotein subunit designated S2 (43–45).

The second finding is a bias toward RBD-specific BMEM cell responses. Omicron BA.1-infected individuals appear to have a significantly higher RBD/S glycoprotein-specific BMEM cell ratio as compared to vaccinated Omicron-naïve individuals. Omicron BA.1 carries multiple S glycoprotein alterations such as del69/70 and del143-145 in key neutralizing antibody binding sites of the NTD that dramatically reduce the targeting surface for memory B cell responses in this region. Although the Omicron BA.1 RBD harbors multiple alterations, there are some unaffected neutralizing antibody binding sites left (20). An expansion of BMEM cells that produce neutralizing antibodies against RBD epitopes that are not altered in Omicron BA.1, such as those at position L452 as indicated in our study, could help to rapidly restore neutralization of the BA.1 and BA.2 variants. Importantly, the strong neutralization of Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 should not mask the fact that the neutralizing BMEM immune response in Omicron BA.1 convalescent vaccinated individuals is driven by a smaller number of epitopes. The significantly reduced neutralizing activity against the Omicron BA.4/5 pseudovirus, which harbors the additional alterations L452R and F486V in the RBD, demonstrates the mechanism of immune evasion by loss of the few remaining conserved epitopes. Meanwhile, further sublineages with L452 alterations (e.g., BA.2.12.1) are being reported to evade humoral immunity elicited by BA.1 breakthrough infection (33).

The third finding is an overall increase of S glycoprotein-specific BMEM cells. Omicron BA.1-convalescent double-vaccinated individuals appear to have a higher frequency of BMEM cells and higher neutralizing antibody titers against previous VOCs as compared to triple-vaccinated individuals. Studies on other VOCs have not shown breakthrough infections in double-vaccinated individuals to be superior to a third vaccine dose in eliciting neutralizing activity (4, 36). This may be explained by poor neutralization of the partial escape Omicron BA.1 variant in the initial phase of infection, which may result in greater or prolonged antigen exposure of the immune system to the altered S glycoprotein.

In aggregate, our results suggest that despite potential imprinting of the immune response by previous vaccination, the preformed B cell memory pool can be refocused and quantitatively remodeled by exposure to heterologous S glycoproteins to allow neutralization of variants that evade a previously established neutralizing antibody response. However, our data also suggest that the immunity in the early stage of Omicron BA.1 infection in vaccinated individuals is based on recognition of conserved epitopes and is narrowly focused on a small number of neutralizing sites that are not altered in Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. Such a narrow immune response bears a high risk that those few epitopes may be lost by acquisition of further alterations in the course of the ongoing evolution of Omicron and may result in immune escape, as being experienced with sublineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 (33, 46). Importantly, Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection does not appear to reduce the overall spectrum of (Wuhan) S glycoprotein-specific memory B cells, as memory B cells that do not recognize Omicron BA.1 S remain detectable in blood at similar frequencies. We consistently detected Wuhan-specific (non-Omicron BA.1 reactive) BMEM cells in Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infected individuals at levels similar to those in Omicron-naïve double-/triple-vaccinated individuals. Our data therefore suggest an increase of the total BMEM cell repertoire by selective amplification of BMEM cells that recognize shared epitopes.

Our findings raise a number of questions, e.g., to what extent induced BMEM responses are functional and directed against neutralizing domains. A recent study examined more than 600 neutralizing antibodies isolated from triple-CoronaVac vaccinated individuals who subsequently experienced BA.1 breakthrough infection. Consistent with our findings, the study showed that BA.1 infection in vaccinated individuals primarily retrieves Wuhan S glycoprotein-induced B cell memory and elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against RBD epitopes that neutralize both the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan as well as the Omicron BA.1 variant (33). Also, it is not yet clear whether the BMEM cells against conserved epitopes that we observed after Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection are newly recruited cross-reactive naïve B cells, or rather expanded from the pre-existent memory B cell pool. A recent study investigating a third vaccine booster suggests that both mechanisms are relevant (47). Further, we cannot exclude that strictly Omicron-BA.1 specific BMEM cells are in fact being efficiently generated but had just not been exported from the germinal center at the time point of our analysis. These questions can be addressed by comprehensive studies of the B cell repertoire at later time points (> 3months) after breakthrough infection, including BCR repertoire analysis by single cell Ig gene sequencing of antigen-specific BMEM cells, extended to the cloning, expression and characterization of monoclonal antibodies with regard to specificity, functional properties, and affinity.

Our findings are based on retrospective analyses of samples derived from different studies. Therefore, the sample sizes were relatively small and cohorts were not fully adjusted with regard to immunization intervals, sampling time points and demographic characteristics such as age and sex of individuals. Another limitation is that the analysis was restricted to BMEM cells; long-lived bone marrow-derived plasma cells (BMPCs), which are known to be BNT162b2 vaccination induced (48), were not investigated as they cannot be cryopreserved.

A key motivation for our study was to inform our vaccine adaptation program. We expect that the currently ongoing vaccine adaptations to the Omicron BA.1 S glycoprotein, similar to the Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection that we studied, may reshape the B cell memory repertoire and provide broad protection against previous VOCs. However, given the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2, other sublineages of Omicron that antigenically deviate from BA.1 even more than the immune escape variants BA.4/5, may have emerged by the time of potential authorization of those vaccines later this year. In a pandemic in which a highly transmissible VOC feeds dynamic and rapid evolution of altered variants, an effective strategy may be to leverage the full potential of mRNA vaccine technology, which allows production and release of new vaccines in less than three months. To enable adapted vaccines that truly reflect relevant VOCs at licensure, it would be prudent to build on decades of experience with seasonal influenza vaccines and implement timely, rapid licensure procedures that use the latest epidemiologic data to

select COVID-19 vaccine strains.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection on the cross-variant neutralization capacity of human sera, and how repeat SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure modulates BMEM cell specificity in individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2. We compared immune responses in Omicron-naïve individuals double- or triple-vaccinated with BNT162b2, to that of individuals double- or triple-vaccinated with BNT162b2 with a confirmed subsequent breakthrough infection with Omicron during a period of Omicron sublineage BA.1 dominance. Serum neutralizing capability was characterized using live and pseudovirus neutralization assays, and flow cytometry was used to detect and characterize SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells in bulk PBMCs. Cross neutralization of variants was further characterized in a cohort vaccinated with other approved COVID-19 vaccines or mixed regimens, that experienced subsequent Omicron breakthrough infection. All participants had no documented history of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination.

Recruitment of participants and sample collection

Individuals from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-naïve BNT162b2 double-vaccinated (BNT162b22) and triple-vaccinated (BNT162b23) cohorts provided informed consent as part of their participation in a clinical trial (the Phase 1/2 trial BNT162-01 [NCT04380701] (29), the Phase 2 rollover trial BNT162-14 [NCT04949490], or as part of the BNT162-17 [NCT05004181] trial).

Participants from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron convalescent double- and triple-vaccinated cohorts (BNT162b22 + Omi and BNT162b23 + Omi cohorts, respectively) and individuals vaccinated with other approved COVID-19 vaccines or mixed regimens with subsequent Omicron breakthrough infection were recruited from University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt as part of a research program that recruited patients who had experienced Omicron breakthrough infection following vaccination for COVID-19, to provide blood samples and clinical data for research. Omicron infections were confirmed with variant-specific PCR between November 2021 and mid-January 2022, at a time when sublineage BA.1 was dominant (24). The infections of 7 participants in this study were further characterized by genome sequencing, 5 of whom were in the BNT162b2-vaccinated cohorts, and 2 in the cohort with participants vaccinated with other approved COVID-19 vaccines or mixed regimens. In all 7 cases, genome sequencing confirmed Omicron BA.1 infection.

Participants were free of symptoms at the time of blood collection. The study protocol for this research program was approved by the Ethics Board of the University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt (No. 2021-560). Demographic and clinical information for all participants as well as sampling timepoints are provided in Tables S1-S3 and S10, and Fig. 1. Serum was isolated by centrifugation 2000 × g for 10 min and cryopreserved until use. Li-Heparin blood samples were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque PLUS (Cytiva) and were subsequently cryopreserved until use.

Statistical analysis

The statistical method of aggregation used for the analysis of antibody titers is the geometric mean and for the ratio of SARS-CoV-2 VOC titer and Wuhan titer the geometric mean and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. The use of the geometric mean accounts for the non-normal distribution of antibody titers, which span several orders of magnitude. The Friedman test with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons was used to conduct pairwise signed-rank tests of group geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers with a common control group. Flow cytometric frequencies were analyzed with and tables were exported from FlowJo software (Version 10.7.1.). Statistical analysis of cumulative memory B cell frequencies was the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance was tested for using the nonparametric Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons correction. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software version 9.

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3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

029 Pos. Sitz 4 / Exkurs Kerze by Andreas Peschka

geop_0028170

Die Kerze über der Aufmerksamkeitsschwelle.

Ihre Anwesenheit verdankt diese Kerze meiner Lektüre von Gaston Bachelards Buch "Die Flamme einer Kerze"; … "aufzeigen, welche Verstärkung die Träumerei eines Träumers aus der Betrachtung einer einsamen Flamme erhält. Unter den Gegenständen, die die Träumerei hervorrufen, ist die Flamme einer der größten Erzeuger von Bildern. Die Flamme zwingt uns zur Imagination. Sobald man vor einer Flamme träumt, ist das, was man um sich herum wahrnimmt, nichts im Vergleich zu dem, was man imaginiert." …

Die Flamme, ein senkrecht sich verzehrendes Leben, ein Aufwärts-Zeigen und -Streben, sinkt beständig mit Docht und Wachsspiegel ab, bis der Docht mit dem Kerzenkörper endet, und die Flamme erlischt.

Eine verlöschte Flamme ist traditionell ein Symbol: Memento Mori.

Die Kerze mit dem schwarzen Docht zeigt die abwesende Flamme vor.

Hier steht die Kerze auf einer hölzernen Sprosse.

Sogar, wenn die Flamme der Kerze leuchtet, hat sie im Zusammenhang der weißen Gesamtinstallation eine seltsam verschwindende Präsenz. Sie ist sozusagen entmagnetisiert und hält, still vor sich hin brennend, keine Aufmerksamkeit. Sie ist ein Antipol des Heischens, welches ansonsten unsere Angebotsgesellschaft durchherrscht. Man übersieht sie nicht, aber die Beachtung die man ihr entgegenbringt, implodiert gleichsam und strömt sozusagen um ihren weißen, nackt auf die Leitersprosse gesetzten Stil herum-vorbei. Im Auge fixieren hilft nicht. Ohnehin, greifen die kapillaren Fasern der übrigen Installation zügig zu und ziehen die Blicke weiter in den ein oder anderen Sog. Weil das alles so ist, ist die Kerze DER Schlüssel für die Ausstellung, ihr Nullpunkt.

Die Ohnmacht des Zeigens.

Die Ohnmacht des Behaltens auch. Sie entgleitet dem Bewußtsein, es ist, als sei das Vergessenwerden eine ihrer dinglichen Eigenschaften. Und damit wird sie zur Gefahr. Eine Kerze brennend in einem hölzernen Gebäude zu vergessen, könnte zu ein rotes Wuchern entfachen – aber bringt tatsächlich das Verbot, die Kerze über das Eröffnungsereignis hinaus noch einmal anzuzünden.

Ein Verbot, fast hysterisch verteidigt.

Derart wirksam ist die Macht dieser brennenden, stillen Kerze, daß die Möglichkeit, sie könnte der Aufmerksamkeit entglitten zornig aufblühen und Haus, Kunst, Zukunft und Glück niederbrennen, zur fast gänzlichen Wahrscheinlichkeit emporwächst und aus den Köpfen lodert. Niemand ist fähig, sie rechtzeitig zu löschen, keine Wacht reicht aus, um zu verhindern, daß der Wächter geht, abschließt, sich dem Feierabend ergibt, und erst wenn es zu spät ist, merkt, daß er die Flamme vergessen und das Kleinod, die Galerie, niedergebrannt hat, zusammen mit der Zukunft seiner unglücklichen Familie und dem stolzen Kunsttempel der Gemeinde.

In der Tat, niemand kann die 100% Sicherheit garantieren, die diese Flamme bändigen könnte.

Wenn ein Kunstwerk Gefahren nicht nur abbildet und darstellt, sondern beinhaltet und also an sich gefährlich ist, dann fällt es unter dieselbe Vorstellung von Schadfreiheit und Risikoausschluß, wie jedes andere technische Werk, mit dem wir tagtäglich leben. Aber nicht ganz, denn das Kunstwerk entflammt zugleich die Imagination und treibt auch das normalste Risiko in seine Extreme. Der Glanz des Horrors strahlt von ihm aus, wie unter anderer Deutung der des Glücks. Das muß man ihm lassen.

Nicht kämpfen, sondern betrachten. Was denn sind die Wirkungen? Aha, unter anderem erzeugt es Hysterie, so, so. Nicht kämpfen, sondern erscheinen lassen. Es ist viel spannender, wenn ich mich dem Verbot füge und mir meine Gedanken mache. Es ist viel schlauer zu warten, bis die Kunst aus dem Schatten treten wird. Solange darf die Flamme schlafen, und die gelöschte Flamme zeigen, was sie eben zu zeigen in der Lage ist.

Ein Photo übrigens, kann das nicht zeigen.

Zu meinen Flammenkritzeln (Guckloch mit Flamme Fensterbilder) hier in der Ausstellung bekam ich als Kommentar, sie würden das Unbewußte herausfordern.

Die Flamme der desinteressierten Kerze, versinkt dorthinein. Dort latent kitzelt sie die seelischen Kräfte, die Erotik sicherlich, die Aggression bestimmt; der gesamte feurige Symbolhaushalt. geht in stille Erregung, die einsame Flamme weckt mehr als nur Träume, der funkelnde Schaum knistert wie brennendes Holz: das man selbst ist. . Vor dem Ausbruch … — Abwehr, Projektion, Ein Tabu wird errichtet. Die Kerze darf nicht brennen, nicht die kleinste Flamme wird erlaubt. Inwändig wird das Feuer beherrscht umhergetragen und genutzt. Das ist Menschheitserfahrung und -geschichte.

Bird's Nest Olympic Stadium, Beijing by combinatorial

6 4

I only had a few hours free for taking photo's on this trip to Beijing. So I headed down to the Olympic park. There was an event on at the stadium that day, so although you can't tell it from the photo, I was surrounded by 100s of people having their photo taken in front of the stadium. This shot is merged from multiple exposures, which has the advantage that lots of people who would have been in the image on the far side of the lake, disappear with the blending.

View on Black

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

Synthetic Biology - combinatorial approach by Equinox Graphics

Illustration showing an analogy of "survival of the fittest" with respect to genetic engineering. Multiple genes can be tweaked with each bacterium taking different combination - the most successful at each stage are selected and the process repeated. This guided randomness tests many mutations at once, and allows selection of desired traits e.g. increased production of a desired product within the bacterium.

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

5 Group photos from workshop on Computation in geometric and combinatorial group theory by ICMS News Photos

Computation in geometric and combinatorial group theory

Jul 11 - Jul 15, 2016 www.icms.org.uk/workshops/computationgeo

Light Yellow Complete by John Tudor

The solid yellow took a bit longer than expected. It helped when I discovered the piece orientation, especially with the 2-peg, 2-hole pieces. This will help quite a bit with the solid white. There were cases where the pieces didn't fit as cleanly as I would have liked. This was due to the repeated cut pattern, and solid pieces coming from different panel cuts. You can see it if you look closely, but to try to get all of the solid pieces from the same panel would be a combinatorial nightmare.

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

World leader Fang Ruida talks about the new industrial revolution wisdom revolution and planetary revolution bick. S 2021v.2.4 revision by mids les

Fangruida -- Modern Science and Technology Engineering and Comprehensive High-end Technology R&D, Design and Manufacturing (Introduction to Modern Science and Engineering Technology Research)

2013v2.3 2021v.2.5 Online global version, mobile version (Bick compiled in November 2021. Colombia)

♣♣♣♣Moon Comprehensive Deep Development♥♥♣Ocean City, Marine Architecture, ♣♣Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City, ♦♦♦Life Genetic Engineering, ♦♦♦♦Green Plant Nutrition Engineering●●●●●●● Smart Engineering; ♦♦♦♦♦♦ Nuclear Engineering - Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy

●●●●●●Advanced Manufacturing●●●●●●●

--New World Intelligence Revolution, New Industrial Revolution, New Planetary Revolution, New Moon Revolution, New Cosmic Revolution

**************************************************** ****************************************

Architecture Bridge design, large-scale circuit design (chip development, etc.), mechanical and electrical product design and manufacturing, pharmaceutical product development and design, genetic engineering, aerospace technology design and manufacturing, atomic energy development and utilization, agricultural engineering, computer-aided design and manufacturing,

New material research and development design, military

Engineering design and manufacturing, industrial robots, aircraft and ships, missiles, spacecraft, spaceships, rockets, submarines, super-speed missiles, etc. are very important, and the foresight is highly integrated. the key. These science and technology are the powerful driving force of historical development, and also the key to whether each country can reach the peak of the world.

The rapid development of modern science, all kinds of soft design emerge in an endless stream. Mathematical software, civil software, mechanical software, electrical and electronic software, chemical software, aircraft software, ship software, missile software, spacecraft software, rocket software, material software, bionic simulation software, medical software, chemical software, etc. Their appearance and wide application are of great significance to industrial modernization and intelligence, which greatly improves artificial intelligence and greatly promotes the rapid development of human society. Marine engineering, overall lunar development engineering, intelligent highly integrated engineering, high-speed heavy-duty fire

Arrow transportation engineering, submarine tunnel engineering, reservoir dam engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering and so on. Lunar overall engineering development planning, Mars engineering development and design, desert engineering (desert city), alpine city, marine engineering (ocean city) life genetic engineering, green plant nutrition engineering, VLSI design and manufacturing, Daxing civil engineering hydraulic engineering, road and bridge , tunnels, super tall buildings, all of them.

The modern scientific revolution is guided by the revolution in physics, with the emergence of modern cosmology, molecular biology, systems science, and soft science as its important content, and is characterized by the interpenetration of natural science, social science and thinking science to form interdisciplinary subjects. scientific revolution.

In the past 30 years, emerging technologies such as computers, energy, new materials, space, and biology have emerged successively, causing the third scientific and technological revolution. The third technological revolution far exceeds the previous two in terms of scale, depth and impact.

Basic Features:

1. Greatly promoted the development of social productive forces—changes in the means to improve labor productivity;

2. Promoting changes in the social and economic structure and social life structure - the proportion of the tertiary industry has increased. Changes in people's daily life such as food, clothing, housing and transportation;

3. It has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure - localities are more closely connected.

4. Planetary revolution, lunar revolution. Lunar engineering Lunar industrial intelligent city Lunar-Earth round-trip communication system

We should develop the moon fast, it's a real cornering overtake. The physical presence of the moon will be of great strategic importance for thousands of years to come. There are many resources on a first-come, first-served basis, orbits, best lunar locations, electromagnetic wave bands, etc.

Make full use of the local resources and environment of the moon to quickly build a city. Minimize the amount of supplies and equipment that needs to be launched to the Moon.

5. Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering

The rapid development of modern science and technology, with each passing day, all kinds of inventions and creations, all kinds of technological innovations are numerous. However, the most important and most relevant technical fields mainly include lunar engineering, lunar industrial intelligent city, lunar-earth round-trip communication system,

Radius: 1737 km; Ocean City, Ocean Building, ♣♣ Desert City, ♥♥♥ Mountain City

6. Life genetic engineering, drug research and development

7 Green Plant Nutrition Engineering

8 Smart Engineering

9 Nuclear Engineering

10 Advanced Manufacturing Engineering and others. It is in these fields and categories that the development competition among countries is nothing more than. Of course, military, aerospace, etc. are also among them.

Scientific discoveries can last for thousands of years, and technological inventions can be kept fresh for only a few decades, and they will be obsolete in a few hundred years. Such as electronic product updates, quite quickly. Life cycles are short, as are smart cars, smartphones, etc. Of course, the technological limit may also reach hundreds of years. Even scientific discoveries are not permanent. Tens of thousands of years later, people will have a new leap in understanding the universe and natural laws of natural phenomena. For example, people are on the moon and on Mars, and the human wisdom finds that the invention of wisdom is unbelievable. For us people on earth, we have become uncivilized ancient human beings. The intelligence quotient of lunar humans is dozens and hundreds of times that of our current Earth humans. The scientific discovery of that time was unimaginable. Mathematical, physical and chemical, natural, agricultural, medical, industrial, legal and commercial, literature, history, philosophy, classics, education, etc., everything will be renovated and mutated.

math

The science of studying quantitative relationships and spatial forms in the real world. It is produced and developed in the long-term practical activities of human beings. Originated from counting and measurement, with the development of productive forces, more and more quantitative research on natural phenomena is required; at the same time, due to the development of mathematics itself, it has a high degree of abstraction, rigorous logic and wide applicability. It is roughly divided into two categories: basic mathematics (also known as pure mathematics) and applied mathematics. The former includes branches such as mathematical logic, number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, function theory, functional analysis and differential equations; the latter includes branches such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research and combinatorial mathematics

■■■Basic technical sciences, mainly including civil engineering, electromechanical engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, aerospace engineering, ocean engineering, mining engineering, medical engineering, materials engineering, computational engineering, agricultural engineering, energy engineering, lunar engineering, Mars engineering , life engineering and so on.

. Computational mathematics and its application software This major trains students to master the basic theories, basic knowledge and basic methods of mathematical science, to have the ability to apply mathematical knowledge and use computers to solve practical problems, and to be able to engage in research, teaching or production in the departments of science and technology, education and economics Senior talents engaged in practical application and management in operation and management departments. This major in computer software is to cultivate all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, labor, etc., master certain professional theoretical knowledge, basic knowledge and basic skills of computer programming and application, and be proficient in using the latest international popular software development environment and tools. , Familiar with international software development norms, have strong software development practice ability and good software engineering literacy.

Modern mathematics is a edifice built from a series of abstract structures. It is based on the innate belief of human beings in the inevitability and accuracy of mathematical reasoning, and it is the concentrated expression of confidence in the capacity, origin and power of human reason. Deductive reasoning based on self-evident axioms is absolutely reliable, that is, if an axiom is true, then the conclusions deduced from it must also be true. By applying these seemingly clear, correct, and perfect logics, mathematicians The conclusions reached are clearly unquestionable and irrefutable. Naturally, mathematics is constantly developing and alienating, and eternal mathematics is also unrealistic, mainly due to the changes in the logical thinking structure of the human brain, and mathematics will continue to mutate or alienate. Mathematical logic, natural logic, image logic, hybrid compound logic.

In fact, the above-mentioned understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics is carried out from the aspects of the source, the way of existence, and the level of abstraction of mathematics, and the essential characteristics of mathematics are mainly seen from the results of mathematical research. Common general-purpose mathematical software packages include: Matlab, Mathematica and Maple, where Matlab is good at numerical calculation, while Mathematica and Maple are good at symbolic operation and formula derivation

(2) Dedicated math packages include:

Drawing software: MathCAD, Tecplot, IDL, Surfer, Origin, SmartDraw, DSP2000

Numerical computing class: Matcom, DataFit, S-Spline, Lindo, Lingo, O-Matrix, Scilab, Octave

Numerical calculation library: linpack/lapack/BLAS/GERMS/IMSL/CXML

Finite element calculation classes: ANSYS, MARC, PARSTRAN, FLUENT, FEMLAB, FlexPDE, Algor, COSMOS, ABAQUS, ADINA

Mathematical statistics: GAUSS, SPSS, SAS, Splus

Obviously, the result (as a deductive system of the theory) does not reflect the whole picture of mathematics, another very important aspect that constitutes the whole of mathematics is the process of mathematical research, and in general, mathematics is a dynamic process, a " The experimental process of thinking" is the abstract generalization process of mathematical truth. The logical deductive system is a natural result of this process. In the process of mathematical research, the richness of mathematical objects, the invention of mathematics by human beings, "Mathematics is a language", mathematical activities are social, it is in the historical process of the development of human civilization, human beings understand nature, adapt to It is the crystallization of a high degree of wisdom that transforms nature and improves self and society. Mathematics has a key influence on the way of thinking of human beings. It is of great significance. Mathematics, physics and chemistry, mathematics is the first priority, and it is not an exaggeration.

Based on the above understanding of the essential characteristics of mathematics, people also discussed the specific characteristics of mathematics from different aspects. The more general view is that mathematics has the characteristics of abstraction, precision and extensive application, among which the most essential characteristic is abstraction. In addition, from the perspective of the process of mathematical research and the relationship between mathematics and other disciplines, mathematics also has imagery, plausibility, and quasi-experience. The "falsifiability" feature of Matlab is suitable for the engineering world, especially toolboxes, fast code, and many integrations with third-party software, such as optimization toolboxes

The most obvious third party is comsol

Mathematica syntax is excellent, so good that it comes with almost all programming paradigms

. The understanding of the characteristics of mathematics is also characteristic of the times. For example, regarding the rigor of mathematics, there are different standards in each period of mathematics historical development, from Euclidean geometry to Lobachevsky geometry to the Hilbert axiom system. , the evaluation criteria for rigor vary widely, especially when Gödel proposed and proved the "incompleteness theorem... Later, it was found that even axiomatic, a rigorous scientific method that was once highly regarded, was flawed. Therefore, the rigor of mathematics is shown in the history of mathematics development and has a relativity. Regarding the plausibility of mathematics,

◆◆◆ Mathematics is the tool and means of physical research. Some research methods of physics have strong mathematical ideas, so the process of learning physics can also improve mathematical cognition. Mathematical logic is the study of symbolic and mathematical logic in formal logic.

Amy Cohn_31 by Michigan Engineering

Hooman Niktafar, CHEPS Software Manager discusses his work agenda with Amy Cohn in her office at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) space on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

Amy Cohn_40 by Michigan Engineering

Leena Ghrayeb, Industrial and Operations Engineering Ph.D. student (right) discusses probability of failure issues with Amy Cohn at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) office on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

Amy Cohn_26 by Michigan Engineering

Photos of family members fill Amy Cohn’s office at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) office on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

Amy Cohn_42 by Michigan Engineering

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

Amy Cohn_23 by Michigan Engineering

Hooman Niktafar, CHEPS Software Manager discusses his work agenda with Amy Cohn in her office at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) space on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

sudoku or not to doku (?) by .pst

3

photochallenge.org 2015 - week 2 [NUMBERS - 10 and Under]

Ten is the base of the decimal numeral system, by far the most common system of denoting numbers in both spoken and written language. The reason for the choice of ten is assumed to be that humans have ten fingers (digits).

Sudoku (数独 sūdoku, Digit-single) /suːˈdoʊkuː/, /-ˈdɒ-/, /sə-/; originally called Number Place, is a logic-based, combinatorial number-placement puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid with digits so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3×3 sub-grids that compose the grid (also called "boxes", "blocks", "regions", or "sub-squares") contains all of the digits from 1 to 9. The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid, which for a well-posed puzzle has a unique solution. (wikipedia)

Amy Cohn_45 by Michigan Engineering

Leena Ghrayeb, Industrial and Operations Engineering Ph.D. student (left) discusses probability of failure issues with Amy Cohn at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) office on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

Amy Cohn_17 by Michigan Engineering

Amy Cohn discusses a healthcare delivery system with with student workers at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) office on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

Amy Cohn_21 by Michigan Engineering

Amy Cohn discusses a healthcare delivery system with with student workers at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) office on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

Amy Cohn_38 by Michigan Engineering

Gene Kim sits at their desk at the Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) office on UM’s North Campus.

Amy Ellen Mainville Cohn is an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering at the University of Michigan, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health.

Dr. Cohn is the Faculty Director of the Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS). She holds an A.B. in applied mathematics, magna cum laude, from Harvard University and a PhD in operations research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Her primary research interests are in applications of combinatorial optimization, particularly to healthcare and aviation, and to the challenges of optimization problems with multiple objective criteria. She values teaching, mentoring, having a positive impact on society through her work, and helping to foster a vibrant, diverse, nurturing community.

Center for Healthcare Engineering and Patient Safety (CHEPS) at Michigan Engineering envisions a healthcare system which delivers the highest-quality care in a patient-centric way; supports the mental and physical well-being of its providers; and ensures economic viability for individuals and institutions.

June 14, 2022

Photo by Marcin Szczepanski/Lead Multimedia Storyteller, University of Michigan College of Engineering

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