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The Kikuyu are the country's largest ethnic group (22%). They live on the whole territory of Kenya. However, the highest concentration can be found in Central Province, known as the traditional Kikuyu homeland. The Kikuyu were formerly hunters, and meat was the prerogative of men. But from now on, Kenyan laws prohibit them from hunting, and meat is served only on special occasions (circumcision, new visitor etc.). The Kikuyu are also traditionally an agricultural people. Nevertheless, many are involved in all kinds of businesses and a lot have moved into cities. Since they speak a Bantu language, they are culturally related to other Bantu-speaking peoples of East Africa, in particular the Kamba, the Meru, the Embu, and the Chuka.Most of their culture has been communicated through very rich oral traditions. Their oral literature consists of original poems, stories, fables, myths, enigmas, and proverbs containing the principles of their philosophy and moral codes. The Gicandi for example is an ancient poem of enigmas, which is sung in public markets and accompanied by musical instruments made from gourds. According to tradition, the founder of the tribe is a man named Gikuyu. His nine daughters are supposed to be on the origin of the nine sub-groups. Each member of the subclan (mbari) knows from which ancestor, or which daughter of Gikuyu, he or she originates. The transition from one life stage to another in the Kikuyu society used to be marked by rites of passage, both for males and females. Were included in the main stages : the birth of a newborn, the stage of infant, the one of children before circumcision or excision, and after circumcision or excision, the period of mariage without and then with children, and old age. The concept of age-sets (mariika) is still of the utmost importance in their society. Each one of the circumcision groups (generations) is given a name. Members of the same age-set are given a rank in the groups. This rank determines the behavior of the members within a age-set and their behavior towards members of other age groups. More respect is given to the elder. Relationships are very strong between members of the same age-set and continue throughout their lives, even if it is less true today. Traditionally the Kikuyu worship their ancestors and their unique God called Ngai, name borrowed to the Maasai. In the past, they used to offer to Ngai sacrifices of animals on sacred places. Mount Kenya for instance is considered the home of God. The Kikuyu still gather sometimes on these places for religious or political meetings. Traditionaly, the medicine man is a powerful person who forecasts the future, heals, or frees people from ill omens. His main attribute is a gourd. It contains river's pebbles collected during his initiation, as well as small bones and sticks, marbles, old coins and pieces of glass, among other things. Conversion to Christianity was slow because they didn't want to give up their own culture. Even now, many have become Christian but their customs are still very strong. Many Kikuyu firmly opposed to the abolishment of excision. However, because of the influence of Christianity and Western education, they tend to be monogam. And though the main religion is now Christianity, some still have their traditional beliefs and others are muslim.
Les Kikuyu sont le groupe ethnique le plus large du pays (22%).Ils vivent sur l’ensemble du territoire du Kenya. Toutefois, la plus grande concentration se trouve dans la Province Centrale, connue comme la terre traditionnelle des Kikuyu.Les Kikuyu étaient auparavant des chasseurs, et la viande était la prérogative des hommes. Mais désormais, les lois kenyanes leur interdisent de chasser, et la viande est servie uniquement pour les occasions spéciales (circoncision, nouveau venu etc.). Les Kikuyu sont aussi traditionnellement un peuple d’agriculteurs. Néanmoins, beaucoup se sont engagés dans tout type de commerces et un grand nombre est parti dans les villes. Comme ils parlent une langue Bantu, ils sont culturellement liés aux autres peuples de langue Bantu d’Afrique de l’Est, en particulier les Kamba, Meru, Embu et Chuka.La majorité de leur culture a été communiquée par des traditions orales très riches. La littérature orale est composée de poèmes originaux, histoires, fables, mythes, énigmes, et proverbes qui contiennent les principes de leur philosophie et codes moraux. Le Gicandi par exemple est un ancien poème d’énigmes qui est chanté sur les marchés publics et accompagné par des instruments de musique faits à partir de gourdes. Selon la tradition, le fondateur de la tribu est un homme nommé Gikuyu. Ses neuf filles sont censées être à l’origine des neuf sous-groupes. Chaque membre du sous-clan (mbari) sait de quel ancêtre, ou se quelle fille de Gikuyu, il provient. La transition d’une étape de la vie à une autre dans la société Kikuyu était autrefois marquée par des rites de passage, pour les hommes comme pour les femmes. Faisaient partie des étapes principales: la naissance du nouveau-né, l’étape du petit enfant, celle des enfants avant la circoncision ou l’excision, celle après la circoncision ou l’excision, la période du mariage sans puis avec enfants, et la vieillesse. Le concept de classes d’âge (mariika) est encore de la plus grande importance dans leur société. Un nom est attribué à chacun des groupes de circoncision (c’est-à-dire chacune des générations). Un rang est donné aux membres d’une même classe d’âge. Ce rang détermine la conduite des membres au sein d’une classe d’âge et celle envers les membres des autres groupes d’âge. Les aînés ont droit à davantage de respect. Les relations sont très solides entre les membres d’une même classe d’âge et continuent tout au long de leur vie, même si cela est moins vrai aujourd’hui. Traditionnellement, les Kikuyu vouent un culte à leurs ancêtres et leur Dieu unique appelé Ngai, nom emprunté aux Maasai. Dans le passé, ils avaient l’habitude d’offrir à Ngai des sacrifices d’animaux dans des endroits sacrés. Le Mont Kenya par exemple est considéré comme la maison de Dieu. Les Kikuyu se rassemblent encore quelques fois dans ces lieux pour des réunions religieuses et politiques. Traditionnellement, l’homme sorcier est une personne puissante qui prédit le futur, soigne, et libère les gens des mauvais augures. Son principal attribut est une gourde. Celle-ci contient des galets de rivière ramassés lors de son initiation, ainsi que des petits os et bâtonnets, des billes, des vieilles pièces et morceaux de verre, parmi d’autres choses. La conversion au Christianisme a été lente car ils ne voulaient pas abandonner leur propre culture. Encore de nos jours, beaucoup sont devenus chrétiens mais leurs coutumes sont encore très présentes. De nombreux Kukuyu s’opposent fermement à l’abolition de l’excision. Toutefois, à cause de l’influence du Christiansme et de l’éducation occidentale, ils ont de plus en plus tendance à être monogames. Et malgré le fait que la principale religion soit maintenant le Christianisme, certains ont conservé leurs croyances tandis que d’autres sont musulmans.
© Eric Lafforgue
“Art will remain the most astonishing activity of mankind born out of struggle between wisdom and madness, between dream and reality in our mind.” Magdalena Abakanowicz
Arnolfini - Centre for Contemporary Arts, Bristol
The memorial at Window Rock, Arizona commemorates the role of Navajo Code Talkers in the South Pacific during World War II. A deeply moving place.
Model: MAN TGX 26.480 XXL Euro6 6X2-2 LLS
VIN: WMA21XZZ0GP068349
1. Registration: 2015-09-24
Company: Andersen Transport (Andersen Handel), Mønsted, Viborg for Freja Transport & Logistics, Skive (DK)
Fleet No.: -
Nickname: -
License plates: AX85762 (sep. 2015-mar. 2021)
Previous reg.: n/a
Later reg.: n/a
Retirement age: 5 y 5 mo
Photo location: Motorway 501 (Aarhus Syd Motorvejen), Viby J, Aarhus, DK
The main company name is Andersen Handel (Andersen Trading) - established in 2011 as a machinery trading company, but nowadays the main activity is road transport, so "Andersen Transport" has been added as a sub-name, and this is also the only name used on the trucks.
Tip: to locate trucks of particular interest to you, check my collections page, "truck collection" (www.flickr.com/photos/lavulv/collections/72157684190396672/ ) - here you will find all trucks organized in more than 1800 albums, by haulier (with zip-codes), year, brand and country.
Retirement age for trucks: many used trucks are offered for sale on international markets. If sold to a foreign buyer, this will not be listed in the danish motor registry, so a "retired" truck may or may not have been exported. In other words, the "retirement age" only shows the age, at which the truck stopped running on danish license plates.
G-BWOU (J-4105) Hawker Hunter F.58A [HABL003064] (Ex Swiss Air Force / The Old Flying Machine Co) Cranfield~G 16/08/1998. From a slide.
My weak attempt at doing all the different components of facial expression as dissected by Paul Ekman here.
It made my face hurt.
Well, I'm proud to announce that the code is about 1000 lines of PHP, CSS and HTML today and it still needs to grow more and more.
I'm glad of my progress with the website and you should see the progress with the core--we have so many amazing things in the works.
PS: I still need to put the AJAX stuff.
the shot at hand: inspired by Ryan the one, the only....always pimp!
this is a regular family outing for the O'Connor family on any given saturday night...it started with "i've got a shot stuck in my head, who wants to help?"
my boy...first hand up!! and can i bring a friend....well only if said friend asks a parent because first, it's illegal and second, there is a small element of danger and third, it's illegal!!
so we're off....to a trespass into Holmes Foundry....hubby is never keen to trespass...what if we get caught, then what...and as always, i assure him that the cops have better things to do than to chase a family around in an abandoned place when all they're doing is taking pictures!!
the image above, truly a joint venture...included the following technicalities:
*the pose - strategically placed by me
*the subjects - 2 boys told to stay very still for 25 secs. (no easy task)
*handheld flashlight - me again to light the graffiti
*red gel flash - courtesy of hubby moving around the scene flashing on command
my son's friend, who had never done anything like this thought this was the best ever outing so the boys were paid with a late dinner out....we got home by midnight!!
isn't this a normal outing?
so now.....tell me what the rest of you do on any regular night out????
I've adopted varying workouts that get your heartrate up and down, up and down… but I have to write them out in short-hand or I will forget what goes in what order!
With code blue skies, Big Blue, 5418 sits on the old Saginaw main next to the coal tower awaiting it's day's work out on the Bald Eagle Job.
Grand Theft Auto V
- WBG Hotsampling (~40 MP)
- R* Editor (Freecam, FOV, Tilt)
- VisualV
- NaturalVision
- Various Texture Overhauls
- other Mods
Used the Trainer to spawn some snow.
This is a little sneak peak as to how the comic starts off. Final photo shoot today and then begins the process of editing and formating the PDF comic, should be ready in two weeks if all things go according to plan. Question the store, website, I will be using allows pre-orders would you be interested or rather wait for the release?