kush plant-took 5 months to complete-i tppped the hell out of it-increasing the yield-but increasing the time to finish the growing cycle-i think its wprth it if you only have 2 or 3 plants-im betting i get 4 ounces off that plant

s588 4567 Buch S. 594?. Flucht der Einwohner von Kalafat (Calafat - Romania) in Folge von dessen Beschietzung. The Book for Everyone. Illustrated family newspaper. Chronical of the Present. Holzstich. © Heft 25. (→ 1896)

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wiki

 

Calafat is a city in Dolj County, Romania, on the river Danube, opposite the Bulgarian city of Vidin, to which it is linked by the Calafat-Vidin Bridge, opened in 2013. After the destruction of the bridges of late antiquity, for centuries Calafat was connected with the southern bank of the Danube by boat and later on by ferryboat.

 

It was founded in the 14th century by Genoese colonists, who employed large numbers of workmen (Calafatis) in repairing ships. This industry gave the town its name.

 

In January 1854, during the Crimean War, when Russian forces were headed up the Danube, Ahmed Pasha, commanding the Turkish forces at Calafat, made a surprise attack on the temporary Russian garrison nearby Cetate, which was under the command of Colonel Alexander Baumgarten. This diverted the initial Russian attack and allowed Ahmed Pasha to consolidate his forces in Calafat. On 28 January the Russians under the command of General Iosif Romanovich Anrep reached Calafat and began the siege which lasted until May. Riddled by disease and unable to take the town, Anrep withdrew.

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smokers leaving signs of their irresponsibility and chronic laziness.

 

a specially provided bin for cigarette butts. the idea is to stub out your cigarette butt and then place it in the bin. instead what happens smokers leave their buts on top of the container.

Playing the first mini game in Sonic Dreams Collection. This one has you building Sonic OCs.

Preggo Blueberry Kaiser Sugarheart The Immortal Supreme King Hedgehog is intellectual property of Talking Real INC, do not steal!

{Please view on black by hitting "L"!}

 

People with EDS and other chronic illnesses seem to have a bad relationship with sleep: some sleep far too much, and some can barely sleep at all. I seem to personally be a combination of the two. Even when my body is totally exhausted, I usually lay in bed for hours before falling asleep. In my case, this is probably a combination of my ADHD, most likely OCD, and possible adrenaline disorder (making too much of it) - and maybe even POTS - but it's hard to say for sure. But one of the biggest that I'm sure many others with EDS and other chronic illnesses can relate to is anxiety - laying there, thinking about the future... upcoming appointments... surgeries...

And then, by the time I finally sleep, it's not unusual for it to be 3 or 4am (or later). So, then I can't wake up until late morning or afternoon. I know I really need to break this cycle somehow, but I might just have to face the fact that messed-up sleep cycles just come with EDS.

And yes... I took and edited this photo at 3am. Irony ;)

 

~~~~

 

It's the month of May!! Do you know what that means?? It means that it's EDS awareness month!! And to celebrate/do my part, I'm going to *attempt* to take/publish a new picture every day for the next 31 days as a type of photojournalism project to illustrate concepts related to living with chronic illnesses. This is the 10th picture!

 

**What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)? EDS is a rare genetic disorder that causes a person's collagen to be defective; collagen is the main component of connective tissue (the "glue" that holds our bodies together) that is the support for ligaments, muscles, skin, organs, joints, and blood vessels. In other words, people with EDS are living in a body that is literally falling apart. We suffer from numerous dislocations/subluxations every single day, skin that rips very easily, bleeding problems, extreme bruising... and SO much more. To learn more about it, please visit www.EDNF.org, or even just Google it!**

 

My Indiegogo campaign to raise money to help my family pay for my super expensive spine surgery caused by a complication of EDS: www.indiegogo.com/projects/sarah-s-race-to-lose-the-neck-...

 

My Facebook page about my surgery: www.facebook.com/SarahsRaceToLoseTheNeckBrace

 

My EDS video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=-N7xUC2dClo&list=UUzOzZfYyk4B...

 

My Facebook photography page: www.facebook.com/sarahjillphotography

one half of BBC right here

A round about look at Middletown Psychiatric Center's former "Chronical" wards. Later it was used as a sub campus for Letchworth Village and employee services. Rumor has it that this long abandoned building may be purchased anbd reused.

Bangkok (English pronunciation: /ˈbæŋkɒk/) is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp mahǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] or simply Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in terms of importance.

 

Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam - later renamed Thailand - during the late 19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of Thailand's political struggles throughout the 20th century, as the country abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media and modern society.

 

The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a major regional force in finance and business. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts, fashion and entertainment. The city is well known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its notorious red-light districts. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCard's Global Destination Cities Index, and was named "World's Best City" for four consecutive years by Travel + Leisure magazine.

 

Bangkok's rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems. Limited roads, despite an extensive expressway network, together with substantial private car usage, have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestion, which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem. Five rapid transit lines are now in operation, with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.

 

HISTORY

The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, when it was a village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, under the rule of Ayutthaya. Because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and became the site of a siege in 1688 in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese Empire in 1767, the newly declared King Taksin established his capital at the town, which became the base of the Thonburi Kingdom. In 1782, King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern bank's Rattanakosin Island, thus founding the Rattanakosin Kingdom. The City Pillar was erected on 21 April, which is regarded as the date of foundation of the present city.

 

Bangkok's economy gradually expanded through busy international trade, first with China, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siam's modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late 19th century. The reigns of Kings Mongkut (Rama IV, 1851–68) and Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868–1910) saw the introduction of the steam engine, printing press, rail transport and utilities infrastructure in the city, as well as formal education and healthcare. Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932. It was subject to Japanese occupation and Allied bombing during World War II, but rapidly grew in the post-war period as a result of United States developmental aid and government-sponsored investment. Bangkok's role as an American military R&R destination boosted its tourism industry as well as firmly establishing it as a sex tourism destination. Disproportionate urban development led to increasing income inequalities and unprecedented migration from rural areas into Bangkok; its population surged from 1.8 to 3 million in the 1960s. Following the United States' withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973, Japanese businesses took over as leaders in investment, and the expansion of export-oriented manufacturing led to growth of the financial market in Bangkok. Rapid growth of the city continued through the 1980s and early 1990s, until it was stalled by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. By then, many public and social issues had emerged, among them the strain on infrastructure reflected in the city's notorious traffic jams. Bangkok's role as the nation's political stage continues to be seen in strings of popular protests, from the student uprisings in 1973 and 1976, anti-military demonstrations in 1992, and successive anti-government demonstrations by the "Yellow Shirt", "Red Shirt" and "Light blue Shirt" movements from 2008 onwards.

 

Administration of the city was first formalized by King Chulalongkorn in 1906, with the establishment of Monthon Krung Thep Phra Maha Nakhon (มณฑลกรุงเทพพระมหานคร) as a national subdivision. In 1915 the monthon was split into several provinces, the administrative boundaries of which have since further changed. The city in its current form was created in 1972 with the formation of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), following the merger of Phra Nakhon Province on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya and Thonburi Province on the west during the previous year.

 

NAME

The etymology of the name Bangkok (บางกอก, pronounced in Thai as [bāːŋ kɔ̀ːk] is not absolutely clear. Bang is a Thai word meaning "a village situated on a stream", and the name might have been derived from Bang Ko (บางเกาะ), ko meaning "island", a reference to the area's landscape which was carved by rivers and canals. Another theory suggests that it is shortened from Bang Makok (บางมะกอก), makok being the name of Elaeocarpus hygrophilus, a plant bearing olive-like fruit.[a] This is supported by the fact that Wat Arun, a historic temple in the area, used to be named Wat Makok. Officially, however, the town was known as Thonburi Si Mahasamut (ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร, from Pali and Sanskrit, literally "city of treasures gracing the ocean") or Thonburi, according to Ayutthaya chronicles. Bangkok was likely a colloquial name, albeit one widely adopted by foreign visitors, whose continued use of the name finally resulted in it being officially adopted with the creation of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.

 

When King Rama I established his new capital on the river's eastern bank, the city inherited Ayutthaya's ceremonial name, of which there were many variants, including Krung Thep Thawarawadi Si Ayutthaya (กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา) and Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (กรุงเทพมหานครศรีอยุธยา). Edmund Roberts, visiting the city as envoy of the United States in 1833, noted that the city, since becoming capital, was known as Sia-Yut'hia, and this is the name used in international treaties of the period. Today, the city is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร) or simply as Krung Thep (กรุงเทพฯ). Its full ceremonial name, which came into use during the reign of King Mongkut, reads as follows:

 

Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit

กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์

 

The name, composed of Pali and Sanskrit root words, translates as:

 

City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest.

 

The name is listed in Guinness World Records as the world's longest place name, at 168 letters. Thai school children are taught the full name, although few can explain its meaning as many of the words are archaic, and known to few. Most Thais who recall the full name do so because of its use in a popular song, "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" (1989) by Asanee–Wasan and will often recount it by singing it, much as an English speaker might sing the alphabet song to recite the alphabet. The entirety of the lyrics is just the name of the city repeated over and over.

 

GOVERNMENT

The city of Bangkok is locally governed by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Although its boundaries are at the provincial (changwat) level, unlike the other 76 provinces Bangkok is a special administrative area whose governor is directly elected to serve a four-year term. The governor, together with four appointed deputies, form the executive body, who implement policies through the BMA civil service headed by the Permanent Secretary for the BMA. In separate elections, each district elects one or more city councillors, who form the Bangkok Metropolitan Council. The council is the BMA's legislative body, and has power over municipal ordinances and the city's budget. However, after the coup of 2014 all local elections have been cancelled and the council has been appointed by government on September 15 2014. The current Bangkok Governor is Police General Aswin Kwanmuang, who was appointed by the military government on October 26 following the suspension of the last elected governor M.R. Sukhumbhand Paribatra.

 

Bangkok is subdivided into fifty districts (khet, equivalent to amphoe in the other provinces), which are further subdivided into 169 subdistricts (khwaeng, equivalent to tambon). Each district is managed by a district director appointed by the governor. District councils, elected to four-year terms, serve as advisory bodies to their respective district directors.

 

The BMA is divided into sixteen departments, each overseeing different aspects of the administration's responsibilities. Most of these responsibilities concern the city's infrastructure, and include city planning, building control, transportation, drainage, waste management and city beautification, as well as education, medical and rescue services. Many of these services are provided jointly with other agencies. The BMA has the authority to implement local ordinances, although civil law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police Bureau.

 

The seal of the city shows Hindu god Indra riding in the clouds on Airavata, a divine white elephant known in Thai as Erawan. In his hand Indra holds his weapon, the vajra.[19] The seal is based on a painting done by Prince Naris. The tree symbol of Bangkok is Ficus benjamina. The official city slogan, adopted in 2012, reads:

 

As built by deities, the administrative center, dazzling palaces and temples, the capital of Thailand

กรุงเทพฯ ดุจเทพสร้าง เมืองศูนย์กลางการปกครอง วัดวังงามเรืองรอง เมืองหลวงของประเทศไทย

 

As the capital of Thailand, Bangkok is the seat of all branches of the national government. The Government House, Parliament House and Supreme, Administrative and Constitutional Courts are all located within the city. Bangkok is the site of the Grand Palace and Chitralada Villa, respectively the official and de facto residence of the king. Most government ministries also have headquarters and offices in the capital.

 

GEOGRAPHY

The Bangkok city proper covers an area of 1,568.737 square kilometres, ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area by City Mayors. The city's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region.

 

PARKS AND GREEN ZONES

Bangkok has several parks, although these amount to a per-capita total park area of only 1.82 square metres in the city proper. Total green space for the entire city is moderate, at 11.8 square metres per person; however, in the more densely built-up areas of the city these numbers are as low as 1.73 and 0.72 square metres per person. More recent numbers claim that there is only 3.3 m2 of green space per person, compared to an average of 39 m2 in other cities across Asia. Bangkokians thus have 10 times less green space than is standard in the region's urban areas. Green belt areas include about 700 square kilometres of rice paddies and orchards in the eastern and western edges of the city proper, although their primary purpose is to serve as flood detention basins rather than to limit urban expansion. Bang Kachao, a 20-square-kilometre conservation area in an oxbow of the Chao Phraya, lies just across the southern riverbank districts, in Samut Prakan Province. A master development plan has been proposed to increase total park area to 4 square metres per person.

 

Bangkok's largest parks include the centrally located Lumphini Park near the Si Lom – Sathon business district with an area of 57.6 hectares, the 80-hectare Suanluang Rama IX in the east of the city, and the Chatuchak–Queen Sirikit–Wachirabenchathat park complex in northern Bangkok, which has a combined area of 92 hectares.

 

DEMOGRAPHY

The city of Bangkok has a population of 8,280,925 according to the 2010 census, or 12.6 percent of the national population. However, there are only 5,692,284 registered residents, belonging to 2,672,423 households. A large number of Bangkok's daytime population commutes from surrounding provinces in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, the total population of which is 14,565,547. Bangkok is a cosmopolitan city; the census showed that it is home to 81,570 Japanese and 55,893 Chinese nationals, as well as 117,071 expatriates from other Asian countries, 48,341 from Europe, 23,418 from the Americas, 5,289 from Australia and 3,022 from Africa. Immigrants from neighbouring countries include 303,595 Burmese, 63,438 Cambodians and 18,126 Lao.

 

Although it has been Thailand's largest population centre since its establishment as capital city in 1782, Bangkok grew only slightly throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. British diplomat John Crawfurd, visiting in 1822, estimated its population at no more than 50,000. As a result of Western medicine brought by missionaries as well as increased immigration from both within Siam and overseas, Bangkok's population gradually increased as the city modernized in the late 19th century. This growth became even more pronounced in the 1930s, following the discovery of antibiotics. Although family planning and birth control was introduced in the 1960s, the lowered birth rate was more than offset by increased migration from the provinces as economic expansion accelerated. Only in the 1990s have Bangkok's population growth rates decreased, following the national rate. Thailand had long since become highly centralized around the capital. In 1980, Bangkok's population was fifty-one times that of Hat Yai and Songkhla, the second-largest urban centre, making it the world's most prominent primate city.

 

The majority of Bangkok's population are of Thai ethnicity,[d] although details on the city's ethnic make-up are unavailable, as the national census does not document race.[e] Bangkok's cultural pluralism dates back to the early days of its foundation; several ethnic communities were formed by immigrants and forced settlers including the Khmer, Northern Thai, Lao, Vietnamese, Tavoyan, Mon and Malay. Most prominent were the Chinese, who played major roles in the city's trade and became the majority of Bangkok's population - estimates include up to three-fourths in 1828 and almost half in the 1950s. However, Chinese immigration was restricted from the 1930s and effectively ceased after the Chinese Revolution in 1949. Their prominence subsequently declined as most of younger generations of Thai Chinese have integrated and adopted a Thai identity. Bangkok is still nevertheless home to a large Chinese community, with the greatest concentration in Yaowarat, Bangkok's Chinatown. The majority (91 percent) of the city's population is Buddhist. Other religions include Islam (4.7%), Christianity (2.0%), Hinduism (0.5%), Sikhism (0.1%) and Confucianism (0.1%).

 

Apart from Yaowarat, Bangkok also has several other distinct ethnic neighbourhoods. The Indian community is centred in Phahurat, where the Gurdwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha, founded in 1933, is located. Ban Khrua on Saen Saep Canal is home to descendants of the Cham who settled in the late 18th century. Although the Portuguese who settled during the Thonburi period have ceased to exist as a distinct community, their past is reflected in Santa Kruz Church, on the west bank of the river. Likewise, the Assumption Cathedral on Charoen Krung Road is among many European-style buildings in the Old Farang Quarter, where European diplomats and merchants lived during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Nearby, the Haroon Mosque is the centre of a Muslim community. Newer expatriate communities exist along Sukhumvit Road, including the Japanese community near Soi Phrom Phong and Soi Thong Lo, and the Arab and North African neighbourhood along Soi Nana. Sukhumvit Plaza, a mall on Soi Sukhumvit 12, is popularly known as Korea Town.

 

ECONOMY

Bangkok is the economic centre of Thailand, and the heart of the country's investment and development. In 2010, the city had an economic output of 3.142 trillion baht (98.34 billion US dollars), contributing 29.1 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). This amounted to a per-capita GDP value of ฿456,911 ($14,301), almost three times the national average of ฿160,556 ($5,025). The Bangkok Metropolitan Region had a combined output of ฿4.773tn ($149.39bn), or 44.2 percent of GDP. Bangkok's economy ranks as the sixth among Asian cities in terms of per-capita GDP, after Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Osaka–Kobe and Seoul.

 

Wholesale and retail trade is the largest sector in the city's economy, contributing 24.0 percent of Bangkok's gross provincial product. It is followed by manufacturing (14.3%); real estate, renting and business activities (12.4%); transport and communications (11.6%); and financial intermediation (11.1%). Bangkok alone accounts for 48.4 percent of Thailand's service sector, which in turn constitutes 49.0 percent of GDP. When the Bangkok Metropolitan Region is considered, manufacturing is the most significant contributor at 28.2 percent of the gross regional product, reflecting the density of industry in the Bangkok's neighbouring provinces. The automotive industry based around Greater Bangkok is the largest production hub in Southeast Asia. Tourism is also a significant contributor to Bangkok's economy, generating ฿427.5bn ($13.38bn) in revenue in 2010.

 

The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) is located on Ratchadaphisek Road in inner Bangkok. The SET, together with the Market for Alternative Investment (mai) has 648 listed companies as of the end of 2011, with a combined market capitalization of 8.485 trillion baht ($267.64bn). Due to the large amount of foreign representation, Thailand has for several years been a mainstay of the Southeast Asian economy and a centre of Asian business. The Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranks Bangkok as an "Alpha−" world city, and it is ranked 59th in Z/Yen's Global Financial Centres Index 11.

 

Bangkok is home to the headquarters of all of Thailand's major commercial banks and financial institutions, as well as the country's largest companies. A large number of multinational corporations base their regional headquarters in Bangkok due to the lower cost of the workforce and firm operations relative to other major Asian business centres. Seventeen Thai companies are listed on the Forbes 2000, all of which are based in the capital, including PTT, the only Fortune Global 500 company in Thailand.

 

Income inequality is a major issue in Bangkok, especially between relatively unskilled lower-income immigrants from rural provinces and neighbouring countries, and middle-class professionals and business elites. Although absolute poverty rates are low - only 0.64 percent of Bangkok's registered residents were living under the poverty line in 2010, compared to a national average of 7.75 - economic disparity is still substantial. The city has a Gini coefficient of 0.48, indicating a high level of inequality.

 

CULTURE

The culture of Bangkok reflects its position as Thailand's centre of wealth and modernisation. The city has long been the portal of entry of Western concepts and material goods, which have been adopted and blended with Thai values to various degrees by its residents. This is most evident in the lifestyles of the expanding middle class. Conspicuous consumption serves as a display of economic and social status, and shopping centres are popular weekend hangouts. Ownership of electronics and consumer products such as mobile phones is ubiquitous. This has been accompanied by a degree of secularism, as religion's role in everyday life has rather diminished. Although such trends have spread to other urban centres, and, to a degree, the countryside, Bangkok remains at the forefront of social change.

 

A distinct feature of Bangkok is the ubiquity of street vendors selling goods ranging from food items to clothing and accessories. It has been estimated that the city may have over 100,000 hawkers. While the BMA has authorised the practice in 287 sites, the majority of activity in another 407 sites takes place illegally. Although they take up pavement space and block pedestrian traffic, many of the city's residents depend on these vendors for their meals, and the BMA's efforts to curb their numbers have largely been unsuccessful.

 

In 2015, however, the BMA, with support from the National Council for Peace and Order (Thailand's ruling military junta), began cracking down on street vendors in a bid to reclaim public space. Many famous market neighbourhoods were affected, including Khlong Thom, Saphan Lek, and the flower market at Pak Khlong Talat. Nearly 15,000 vendors were evicted from 39 public areas in 2016. While some applauded the efforts to focus on pedestrian rights, others have expressed concern that gentrification would lead to the loss of the city's character and adverse changes to people's way of life.

 

FESTIVALS AND EVENTS

The residents of Bangkok celebrate many of Thailand's annual festivals. During Songkran on 13–15 April, traditional rituals as well as water fights take place throughout the city. Loi Krathong, usually in November, is accompanied by the Golden Mount Fair. New Year celebrations take place at many venues, the most prominent being the plaza in front of CentralWorld. Observances related to the royal family are held primarily in Bangkok. Wreaths are laid at King Chulalongkorn's equestrian statue in the Royal Plaza on 23 October, which is King Chulalongkorn Memorial Day. The present king's and queen's birthdays, respectively on 5 December and 12 August, are marked as Thailand's national Father's Day and national Mother's Day. These national holidays are celebrated by royal audiences on the day's eve, in which the king or queen gives a speech, and public gatherings on the day of the observance. The king's birthday is also marked by the Royal Guards' parade.

 

Sanam Luang is the site of the Thai Kite, Sport and Music Festival, usually held in March, and the Royal Ploughing Ceremony which takes place in May. The Red Cross Fair at the beginning of April is held at Suan Amporn and the Royal Plaza, and features numerous booths offering goods, games and exhibits. The Chinese New Year (January–February) and Vegetarian Festival (September–October) are celebrated widely by the Chinese community, especially in Yaowarat.

 

TRANSPORT

Although Bangkok's canals historically served as a major mode of transport, they have long since been surpassed in importance by land traffic. Charoen Krung Road, the first to be built by Western techniques, was completed in 1864. Since then, the road network has vastly expanded to accommodate the sprawling city. A complex elevated expressway network helps bring traffic into and out of the city centre, but Bangkok's rapid growth has put a large strain on infrastructure, and traffic jams have plagued the city since the 1990s. Although rail transport was introduced in 1893 and electric trams served the city from 1894 to 1968, it was only in 1999 that Bangkok's first rapid transit system began operation. Older public transport systems include an extensive bus network and boat services which still operate on the Chao Phraya and two canals. Taxis appear in the form of cars, motorcycles, and "tuk-tuk" auto rickshaws.

 

Bangkok is connected to the rest of the country through the national highway and rail networks, as well as by domestic flights to and from the city's two international airports. Its centuries-old maritime transport of goods is still conducted through Khlong Toei Port.

 

The BMA is largely responsible for overseeing the construction and maintenance of the road network and transport systems through its Public Works Department and Traffic and Transportation Department. However, many separate government agencies are also in charge of the individual systems, and much of transport-related policy planning and funding is contributed to by the national government.

 

ROADS

Road-based transport is the primary mode of travel in Bangkok. Due to the city's organic development, its streets do not follow an organized grid structure. Forty-eight major roads link the different areas of the city, branching into smaller streets and lanes (soi) which serve local neighbourhoods. Eleven bridges over the Chao Phraya link the two sides of the city, while several expressway and motorway routes bring traffic into and out of the city centre and link with nearby provinces.

 

Bangkok's rapid growth in the 1980s resulted in sharp increases in vehicle ownership and traffic demand, which have since continued - in 2006 there were 3,943,211 in-use vehicles in Bangkok, of which 37.6 percent were private cars and 32.9 percent were motorcycles. These increases, in the face of limited carrying capacity, caused severe traffic congestion evident by the early 1990s. The extent of the problem is such that the Thai Traffic Police has a unit of officers trained in basic midwifery in order to assist deliveries which do not reach hospital in time. While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 percent, compared to 20–30 percent in most Western cities) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams, other factors, including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level, inadequate public transport systems, and lack of transportation demand management, also play a role. Efforts to alleviate the problem have included the construction of intersection bypasses and an extensive system of elevated highways, as well as the creation of several new rapid transit systems. The city's overall traffic conditions, however, remain bad.

 

Traffic has been the main source of air pollution in Bangkok, which reached serious levels in the 1990s. However, efforts to improve air quality by improving fuel quality and enforcing emission standards, among others, have been largely successful. Atmospheric particulate matter levels dropped from 81 micrograms per cubic metre in 1997 to 43 in 2007.

 

Although the BMA has created thirty signed bicycle routes along several roads totalling 230 kilometres, cycling is still largely impractical, especially in the city centre. Most of these bicycle lanes share the pavement with pedestrians. Poor surface maintenance, encroachment by hawkers and street vendors, and a hostile environment for cyclists and pedestrians, make cycling and walking unpopular methods of getting around in Bangkok.

 

BUSES AND TAXIS

Bangkok has an extensive bus network providing local transit services within the Greater Bangkok area. The Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) operates a monopoly on bus services, with substantial concessions granted to private operators. Buses, minibus vans, and song thaeo operate on a total of 470 routes throughout the region. A separate bus rapid transit system owned by the BMA has been in operation since 2010. Known simply as the BRT, the system currently consists of a single line running from the business district at Sathon to Ratchaphruek on the western side of the city. The Transport Co., Ltd. is the BMTA's long-distance counterpart, with services to all provinces operating out of Bangkok.

 

Taxis are ubiquitous in Bangkok, and are a popular form of transport. As of August 2012, there are 106,050 cars, 58,276 motorcycles and 8,996 tuk-tuk motorized tricycles cumulatively registered for use as taxis. Meters have been required for car taxis since 1992, while tuk-tuk fares are usually negotiated. Motorcycle taxis operate from regulated ranks, with either fixed or negotiable fares, and are usually employed for relatively short journeys.

 

Despite their popularity, taxis have gained a bad reputation for often refusing passengers when the requested route is not to the driver's convenience. Motorcycle taxis were previously unregulated, and subject to extortion by organized crime gangs. Since 2003, registration has been required for motorcycle taxi ranks, and drivers now wear distinctive numbered vests designating their district of registration and where they are allowed to accept passengers.

 

RAIL SYSTEMS

Bangkok is the location of Hua Lamphong Railway Station, the main terminus of the national rail network operated by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). In addition to long-distance services, the SRT also operates a few daily commuter trains running from and to the outskirts of the city during the rush hour.

 

Bangkok is currently served by three rapid transit systems: the BTS Skytrain, the underground MRT and the elevated Airport Rail Link. Although proposals for the development of rapid transit in Bangkok had been made since 1975, it was only in 1999 that the BTS finally began operation.

 

The BTS consists of two lines, Sukhumvit and Silom, with thirty stations along 30.95 kilometres. The MRT opened for use in July 2004, and currently consists of two line, the Blue Line and Purple Line. The Airport Rail Link, opened in August 2010, connects the city centre to Suvarnabhumi Airport to the east. Its eight stations span a distance of 28 kilometres.

 

Although initial passenger numbers were low and their service area remains limited to the inner city, these systems have become indispensable to many commuters. The BTS reported an average of 600,000 daily trips in 2012, while the MRT had 240,000 passenger trips per day.

 

As of 2016, construction work is ongoing to extend BTS and MRT, as well as several additional transit lines, including the Light Red grade-separated commuter rail line. The entire Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region consists of eight main lines and four feeder lines totalling 508 kilometres to be completed by 2029. In addition to rapid transit and heavy rail lines, there have been proposals for several monorail systems.

 

WATER TRANSPORT

Although much diminished from its past prominence, water-based transport still plays an important role in Bangkok and the immediate upstream and downstream provinces. Several water buses serve commuters daily. The Chao Phraya Express Boat serves thirty-four stops along the river, carrying an average of 35,586 passengers per day in 2010, while the smaller Khlong Saen Saep boat service serves twenty-seven stops on Saen Saep Canal with 57,557 daily passengers. Long-tail boats operate on fifteen regular routes on the Chao Phraya, and passenger ferries at thirty-two river crossings served an average of 136,927 daily passengers in 2010.

 

Bangkok Port, popularly known by its location as Khlong Toei Port, was Thailand's main international port from its opening in 1947 until it was superseded by the deep-sea Laem Chabang Port in 1991. It is primarily a cargo port, though its inland location limits access to ships of 12,000 deadweight tonnes or less. The port handled 11,936,855 tonnes of cargo in the first eight months of the 2010 fiscal year, about 22 percent the total of the country's international ports.

 

AIRPORTS

Bangkok is one of Asia's busiest air transport hubs. Two commercial airports serve the city, the older Don Mueang International Airport and the new Bangkok International Airport, commonly known as Suvarnabhumi. Suvarnabhumi, which replaced Don Mueang as Bangkok's main airport at its opening in 2006, served 52,808,013 passengers in 2015, making it the world's 20th busiest airport by passenger volume. This amount of traffic is already over its designed capacity of 45 million passengers. Don Mueang reopened for domestic flights in 2007, and resumed international services focusing on low-cost carriers in October 2012. Suvarnabhumi is undergoing expansion to increase its capacity to 60 million, which is expected to be completed by 2016.

 

HEALTH AND EDUCATION

EDUCATION

Bangkok has long been the centre of modern education in Thailand. The first schools in the country were established here in the later 19th century, and there are now 1,351 schools in the city. The city is home to the country's five oldest universities, Chulalongkorn, Thammasat, Kasetsart, Mahidol and Silpakorn, founded between 1917 and 1943. The city has since continued its dominance, especially in higher education; the majority of the country's universities, both public and private, are located in Bangkok or the Metropolitan Region. Chulalongkorn and Mahidol are the only Thai universities to appear in the top 500 of the QS World University Rankings. King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, also located in Bangkok, is the only Thai university in the top 400 of the 2012–13 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.

 

Over the past few decades the general trend of pursuing a university degree has prompted the founding of new universities to meet the needs of Thai students. Bangkok became not only a place where immigrants and provincial Thais go for job opportunities, but also for a chance to receive a university degree. Ramkhamhaeng University emerged in 1971 as Thailand's first open university; it now has the highest enrolment in the country. The demand for higher education has led to the founding of many other universities and colleges, both public and private. While many universities have been established in major provinces, the Greater Bangkok region remains home to the greater majority of institutions, and the city's tertiary education scene remains over-populated with non-Bangkokians. The situation is not limited to higher education, either. In the 1960s, 60 to 70 percent of 10- to 19-year-olds who were in school had migrated to Bangkok for secondary education. This was due to both a lack of secondary schools in the provinces and perceived higher standards of education in the capital. Although this discrepancy has since largely abated, tens of thousands of students still compete for places in Bangkok's leading schools. Education has long been a prime factor in the centralization of Bangkok and will play a vital role in the government's efforts to decentralize the country.

 

HEALTHCARE

Much of Thailand's medical resources are disproportionately concentrated in the capital. In 2000, Bangkok had 39.6 percent of the country's doctors and a physician-to-population ratio of 1:794, compared to a median of 1:5,667 among all provinces. The city is home to 42 public hospitals, five of which are university hospitals, as well as 98 private hospitals and 4,063 registered clinics. The BMA operates nine public hospitals through its Medical Service Department, and its Health Department provides primary care through sixty-eight community health centres. Thailand's universal healthcare system is implemented through public hospitals and health centres as well as participating private providers.

 

Research-oriented medical school affiliates such as Siriraj, King Chulalongkorn Memorial and Ramathibodi Hospitals are among the largest in the country, and act as tertiary care centres, receiving referrals from distant parts of the country. Lately, especially in the private sector, there has been much growth in medical tourism, with hospitals such as Bumrungrad and Bangkok Hospital, among others, providing services specifically catering to foreigners. An estimated 200,000 medical tourists visited Thailand in 2011, making Bangkok the most popular global destination for medical tourism.

 

CRIME AND SAFETY

Bangkok has a relatively moderate crime rate when compared to urban counterparts around the world.[119] Traffic accidents are a major hazard, while natural disasters are rare. Intermittent episodes of political unrest and occasional terrorist attacks have resulted in losses of life.

 

Although the crime threat in Bangkok is relatively low, non-confrontational crimes of opportunity such as pick-pocketing, purse-snatching, and credit card fraud occur with frequency. Bangkok's growth since the 1960s has been followed by increasing crime rates partly driven by urbanisation, migration, unemployment and poverty. By the late 1980s, Bangkok's crime rates were about four times that of the rest of the country. The police have long been preoccupied with street crimes ranging from housebreaking to assault and murder. The 1990s saw the emergence of vehicle theft and organized crime, particularly by foreign gangs. Drug trafficking, especially that of ya ba methamphetamine pills, is also chronic.

 

According to police statistics, the most common complaint received by the Metropolitan Police Bureau in 2010 was housebreaking, with 12,347 cases. This was followed by 5,504 cases of motorcycle thefts, 3,694 cases of assault and 2,836 cases of embezzlement. Serious offences included 183 murders, 81 gang robberies, 265 robberies, 1 kidnapping and 9 arson cases. Offences against the state were by far more common, and included 54,068 drug-related cases, 17,239 cases involving prostitution and 8,634 related to gambling. The Thailand Crime Victim Survey conducted by the Office of Justice Affairs of the Ministry of Justice found that 2.7 percent of surveyed households reported a member being victim of a crime in 2007. Of these, 96.1 percent were crimes against property, 2.6 percent were crimes against life and body, and 1.4 percent were information-related crimes.

 

Political demonstrations and protests are common in Bangkok. While most events since 1992 had been peaceful, the series of protests alternately staged by the Yellow Shirts and Red Shirts since 2006 have often turned violent. Red Shirt demonstrations during March–May 2010 ended in a crackdown in which 92 were killed, including armed and unarmed protesters, security forces, civilians and journalists. Terrorist incidents have also occurred in Bangkok, most notably the 2015 Bangkok bombing at the Erawan shrine, and also a series of bombings on the 2006–07 New Year's Eve.

 

WIKIPEDIA

As always, large is better if you can stand the grain and noise.

 

One other in the series:

 

www.flickr.com/photos/75793651@N00/56137383/in/photostrea...

a rainbow and pot of gold inside an abandoned asylum for the chronic insane? This could be interrupted different ways.. As far as the rainbow and pot of gold, this is what I found: The legends of many cultures see the rainbow as a kind of bridge between heaven and earth. One of the most beautiful sights in nature, the rainbow has become in western culture a symbol of renewed hope; something lucky to look upon. To Iranian Moslems, even the brilliance of the colors in a rainbow have significance. A prominent green means abundance, red means war, and yellow brings death. The Arawak Indians of South America recognize the rainbow as a fortunate sign if it seen over the ocean, while tribes in northeastern Siberia see it as the tongue of the sun. The North American Catawba Indians of the Southeast and the Tlingit of the Northwest both regard it as the bridge between the living and the dead.

 

Pot of Gold: I think that is a metaphor that after all the life you live, and after everything you have went through, rewards become apparent after work, and though they may seem to be impossible to reach, they are there if only you believe they are, such as growing old. You may find this as a burden, a burden at the end of a long journey, but if you just believe in the good that growing old has brought you, you see the immense knowledge you have gained, the family that surrounds you, the impacts you have made on the world. This is what I feel the pot of gold at the end of your rainbow means, so keep looking forward, and soon you are sure to find your pot of gold.

Must be the climate in Alberobello

If you are interested/affected/bored/irritated by this account, please let me know in the comments. This was written just after dad's death and the memories were raw.

 

Born in Birmingham on October 11th 1925. Went to Five Ways Grammar School. His father, William, died when Dad was 15. Was evacuated during the war with his mum to Monmouth. Joined the Royal Engineers and was promoted to Lieutenant. Didn’t see any action but built a lot of bridges across India and Japan, and played a lot of sport. He continued the army connection when he demobbed and joined the TA. He rose to the rank of Captain.

 

Went to Birmingham University for a while after the army. First job was with the weighing machine company, Avery. Became an insurance broker in Liverpool. He joined the Guardian Royal Exchange when the Royal Exchange Assurance company merged with the Guardian Assurance in 1968. He stayed with the GRE until his retirement in 1987.

 

Dad and Mum (Lorna) married in 1955, had Sue in ’56 and I followed in ‘62. We moved to Farndon in 1964 leaving Mum’s parents and Dad’s mother back in Liverpool.

 

Lorna and Denis were divorced in 1976. Dad moved in temporarily with Peter Rowlandson’s family at Twychooks near Farndon church, then moved on to lodge at Nancy’s opposite the garage. In 1978 he moved into 1, Speedsway, Farndon, and was soon joined by Claire, who stayed for several years before they went their separate ways. Dad retired in 1987 and spent many many happy days playing golf and Bridge.

 

His dream came true in 1994 when Mum came back to Farndon to live with him. Unfortunately the dream was shattered that same year when she died. Dad didn’t get over this and was never really the same again. Despite problems with his legs (which eventually caused him to give up golf) he still derived enormous pleasure from the golf club, the people there, and the Bridge.

 

Dad died at his home in Speedsway, Farndon, of bronchial pneumonia complicated by Chronic Obstructed Airways Disease on Monday, January 7th 2008.

  

Short pen portrait

 

On the face of it his appearance doesn’t sound very prepossessing. His self-perceived short stature (five foot eight – every inch of which he was always conscious about), bald pate and false teeth (since 25 when a cricket ball hit him in the mouth) don’t sound too good on paper, but Dad was a good looking lad and grew into a popular and famous (in Farndon and Curzon Park Golf Club anyway) ladies man. He was especially proud of his moustache and was often found stroking it. Dad never had a comb-over but tried his best to cover up the bald spot. The tonsure reached a maximum diameter very early on, it didn’t spread any further and this left him with a luxuriant growth around the sides and at the back through which he would drag his hands with such obvious relish and satisfaction (or was he just checking it was still there?).

 

He threw away his suits after he retired and spent the rest of his life in smart casual mode. Pastel shades took over from greys. He was an adventurous dresser – yellow trousers (not just for the golf course), pink shirts. Not a dandy, but careful about his appearance (it took him half an hour to get ready for the pub). He was not vain, but he was self-conscious. He hated his photo being taken.

 

He always thought he was skinny but actually he was quite well built and certainly not undernourished. He was fit and healthy despite suffering from piles for most of his life (everyone knew this; he was not afraid to give a commentary on his constant companions).

 

He had a very strong suite of ethics that included honesty and generosity (many thought – “ ... to a fault”).

 

He loved intellectually-challenging past-times like cryptic crosswords, quizzes, scrabble and Bridge.

 

He was a great dancer and women loved dancing with him.

 

The Masonic Lodge in Bootle was a major part of his life in the ‘60s.

 

Dad was renowned as a sportsman. Throughout his life he gleaned enormous pleasure from playing cricket (many clubs throughout the north west), rugby and hockey (with the army), badminton, tennis, bowls, and, of course, golf. He was a good sportsman too; Cheshire County Cricket standard (he was invited to play for them in 1959).

 

He was a member of Chester Curzon Park Golf Club for over 30 years and loved every minute (even the bad shots (and there were one or two) were soon forgotten). He was beloved in turn by most of the members, especially the ladies. His handicap went down to 10 at one stage, aided and abetted by a succession of drivers (including “Big Bertha”) and a thousand different putters.

 

His putting style was unique, no-one else putted side-on apert from Sam Snead. He swore by it but usually at it. He didn’t start a trend but he was more than happy to be a one-off and different.

 

He loved playing sport with me and Sue. He was a great coach. Very patient and knowledgeable.

 

With his wrinkles and laughter lines etched deeply into his face, his wicked chuckle and dirty jokes, his off-beat humour and his willingness to talk to anyone and everyone, Dad was a real character.

 

He was also an enigma.

 

Some Memories of Dad

 

Our Dad was as honest as they come; I don’t think he stole a thing in his life. When he needed some ashtrays he wouldn’t just take them from the pub, he had to ask the manager for one. And when they said no problem he insisted on paying for them, which of course resulted in a protracted argument. He usually won. Like when he was paying for drinks (he was always first to the bar) or for meals – it was always a struggle to ever pay for anything when Dad was around. Generous to a fault.

 

He was in Insurance for over 40 years but NEVER claimed on a thing.

 

He drank in moderation (usually lager, latterly white German wine) and smoked to excess.

 

Three main things brought pleasure to Dad – sport, smoking and the opposite sex. Not necessarily in that order, and not necessarily one at a time.

 

Sport, though, was his abiding passion. He held a cricket bat at the age of three and went on bowling until his late 50s. During this time he played for the army, Bootle and Sefton (both in Liverpool), Boughton Hall and Eaton (Chester). Very often he would forego the pleasures of a family holiday for the competitiveness of a cricket match. The smell of linseed oil is a strong memory for me. As are mouldy pads and cricket bags.

 

Entering his retirement he took to wearing really daring colours – pastel shades of pink, yellow, lime green, powder blue. Very out there. Unfortunately some of his trousers weren’t of the best quality, they lacked ... substance. They were sometimes semi-transparent and you could see his undies. This never seemed to bother him at all and he continued to wear them regardless.

 

Because of his recent relative immobility (very painful legs – he virtually subsisted off cocodomol) he had to give up golf and became passionate about Bridge instead. He loved intellectual card games and he threw himself into learning the ins and outs of bidding with as much gusto as once he’d devoted to sports. He was a little disappointed that I didn’t learn the game, but at least Sue learned to play in order to give him a game.

 

He was a young member of Edgbaston CC and collected many autographs.

 

He had a reputation for kindness. The new assistant secretary at the golf club said that he was the first person that she got to know at the club when he came in and gave her a hug. Another person said that he was the first person to help him when he moved into the village.

 

He could never understand why I was a vegetarian and was forever trying to convert me. He’d look at me and say “Go on, Tim, you’ll love this beef ... Mmmmm, this Spanish sausage is fantastic. Just try a little bit. Come on, you know you want to.” “No Dad, you want me to.”

 

In the last few years he had really become adventurous with his food. Previously a meat and two veg man, he moved into Camembert, goats cheese and Spanish meats. But garlic was a flavour too far. Never!

 

Films: war films mainly e.g. “A bridge too far”, “Tora Tora Tora”, “The Battle of Britain”, “Bridge Over the River Kwai” – he took me to see them all at the cinema. He didn’t like “Blade Runner” and eventually our tastes diverged and became too different for shared cinematic trips.

 

Everyone remembers Dad. At his local Barclay’s branch in Saltney, Pauline, the manager, said, “Oh Denis, of course I remember him, he was only in last month. He was such a lovely man. Always had a twinkle in his eye. Always liked a joke and had such a dirty laugh!”

 

He had an almost pathological fear of hospitals and doctors. You’d always know when “Casualty” or another medical drama had just been advertised on TV because there’d be “OH CHRIST!! Oh my GOD!!” followed by a frantic scramble for the zapper (some curses if he couldn’t find it) then silence (a very relieved silence). When I rang him on Sunday 6th January, and he sounded so weak and quiet, there was no way I could persuade him to call the paramedics … Perhaps I should have rang them but he’d have hated it. And he’d have hated the fuss.

 

Dad retired in 1987 but had spent many years leading up to this event by putting in some serious practice in order to make the most of his imminent leisure time. He was renowned for getting back from work in time for Jackanory. His routine was: drop Sue off at Queen’s School at 0900, get into office and clear desk. Leave for “The Paddock” (cafe in Chester’s precinct) at 0930 and stay there with his cronies, talking, and doing the Telegraph cryptic crossword, until 1100 when he’d nip into his car to get to his “patch” around Nantwich to arrive in time for lunch. Some work in the afternoon then back for Jackanory at 16.15. Perhaps I’m exaggerating slightly (his annual appraisals were all glowing and he always exceeded his targets) but work was definitely not his raison d’etre.

 

The oldest swinger in town …

 

Golf took over his life from about the age of 48. “Golfers World”, Ping clubs, Titlist balls, “Hill Billy” electric cart, George Parton (the Pro at Curzon Park), Vic the Secretary, milky coffees (made his own way at the club), a laugh with bar and restaurant staff, a laugh and a smoke with his mates, getting pleasure from saying, “No-one interested in the golf [on telly] then ....? Who the bloody hell is interested in this football game? ... Isn’t there cricket on the other channel? ... I wonder how the rugby’s going?” This gentle ribbing was a favourite past-time of his.

 

He hated playing snooker but would often indulge me at the club after a round of 18 (or 3 in later years). It wasn’t much fun. As soon as he started to miss pots (which was within the first two shots of the game) he would lose interest. He would give up and just whack the balls without looking at them. The old bugger.

 

He loved and looked forward to his Sunday evening telephone conversations with me. These went on every week (bar trips abroad) for 25 years.

 

Earliest memories of Dad include me being bored stiff at Farndon Memorial Hall whilst the parents played out their tennis match. The bowls there were more entertaining (and quicker). The Hall was a major venue of socialising for Dad – badminton, tennis, bowls and dancing.

 

One memory of badminton was when we were playing a “competitive” match against a killer local team (I think it was Aldford). He decided that a shuttle cock could be played on the other side of the net so long as the net wasn’t touched – you could reach over the net to smash it down before it came over to your side – a pre-emptive strike as it were. He was adamant about this and a huge argument resulted. He won the argument and the point but was later to be proved wrong. Dad was forceful and passionate but not always right.

 

He was a very loving, caring, and concerned father to me. We had a close relationship. I felt very protective about him but I still persisted in causing him stress and anxiety when I went abroad even though I knew it hurt him. He didn’t like it when I went to Venezuela over the Xmas period. He was always especially worried about where I’d sleep because years ago I was a little wild and slept in cars all the time, or beaches, or on benches .... I don’t do that anymore, I’m too old, so I recently had to constantly reassure him that I was going to use hotels and beds and bathrooms. It never helped. He was convinced I was sleeping in opium dens and on motorways. Maybe he thought he’d indoctrinated me into such behaviour from an early age when he used to order me out of the house and to go and play on the electric railway lines. He was joking. The closest were in Manchester and too far for me to walk to.

 

With his moustache and matinee-idol looks (see the photos if you don’t believe me!) Dad always liked to think of himself as a David Niven look-alike. Then DN died and he stopped saying that, although I cruelly went on to say that he resembled Niven more and more each day. In latter years I think he evolved from DN into Leslie Philips. He never went as far as to say “Ding Dong” but his lecherous laugh and twinkle in his eye were enough.

 

He was not renowned for his patience (except for coaching sports), especially when driving: “Look at this proper Charlie in front. Bloody road hog. Bet he’s wearing glasses. And a flat hat. Bloody hell, can’t he go any faster?!” And what happened in later years? Never drove over 40 mph, always wore his golf cap (flat) and had to use glasses for everything. (He had several pairs (in various states of disrepair) located thoughout the house where he could find them whenever he lost his usual pair.)

 

He tried to teach me to drive once. It was a nightmare. “Mind that bloody car! Pull over! Pull OVER!!! There’s a bend coming up. Mind that CARRRR!” He was especially annoyed when I crashed the car. He didn’t teach me again after that.

 

Dad had a very difficult relationship with Sue. This started in the early 1970s when she was 14 or so and he was about 45. I always felt awful and learnt to refuse to discuss the situation. Dad was always in a bad mood after the calls. Latterly the two seemed to be moving closer which made him happier. He became more talkative and enthusiastic about the positive side of Sue and her life.

 

Dad had really strange ideas about Capitalism. He was a confirmed Tory (a true True Blue) but he didn’t approve of commerce, entrepreneurs or making a career from “The Trades” (even though it would have resulted in a far better income than anything else Sue and I have tried our hands on). He didn’t even approve of me carol singing when, one Christmas, I set out with Steven Taylor for a tour of the Townfield estate. Afterwards, he ordered us to give the money back, virtually accusing us of obtaining money under false pretences. He was probably right.

 

He used to call me Timbo.

 

He loved antiques shows on TV, and was always on the lookout for valuable things he might have hidden away. He’d say to us, “That’ll be worth a bit”, and “Don’t whatever you do throw that away”, and “Just have a look in the attic, Tim”, and “I’ll leave this vase for you and Sue so that you can sell it”. Cheers Dad.

 

Midsomer Murders and Taggert were perennial favourites. The Golf Channel was the best TV channel ever created apparently.

 

Deafness came on him in the last 10 years, at least he was deaf when watching TV (not so deaf when you mumbled something derogatory about him under your breath). The volume was always turned up to excruciating levels. One time when he and the neighbours were enjoying Foyle’s War and I was trying to read a book, I put some ear-plugs in. He looked at me bemused, thought about it for a couple of minutes, then muted the sound. When I took the plugs out he turned the sound up again. It was difficult to understand him sometimes, and he could be quite contrary.

 

Fun on a “Solo” outing

 

Dad was pretty dashing when young. His uniform helped this image of course. First the Royal Engineers (Lieutenant) then the TA (Captain). The girls loved him and Dad liked to reciprocate in every way he could (get away with).

 

Here’s a wee limerick that Sue and I came up with this week: There was an old lecher called Dennis, who played a mean game of tennis. But he was better at cricket, and had a wicked middle wicket, which he used to become quite a menace. (Apologies to Uncle Ted.)

 

Claire moved in with Dad in 1978 and stayed for 5 years. One of the best holidays of his life was with Claire in La Rochelle, France. This resulted in one of the most beautiful photos of Dad – relaxed, smiling and obviously really enjoying himself. After they parted in 1983, Dad had plenty of ladyfriends but always lived alone. He was forever hoping to get back with Lorna.

 

He went to India, Japan and Glasgow when he was in the army. He hated travelling and didn’t have a good word to say about any of these places. The food in particular was “bloody awful”. He liked Chinese food though.

 

He could never understand my passion for foreign travel; worse still, he became frantic with worry whenever I told him of my plans. I used to wind him up something rotten and when he asked at New Year where I was heading for next (having just come back from the Amazon jungle) I said, “Kenya”. He said, “I knew you’d say that! Of all the stupid bloody things to do ...” I’m sure he knew I was joking. Maybe.

 

Last year I was in New Zealand and sent him constant postcards and emails during the 3 months I was away. One email told him of the sky diving I’d done over Lake Taupo. His reply (via the golf club’s secretary) was, “Sky Diving! Golly gumdrops, or words to that effect! Glad you told me after the event!” Absolutely Dad!

 

During this trip I was visiting various people including researchers, soil scientists and foresters, one of whom took me for a 9.5 hour tour of forests near Gisborne and I got a constant commentary: “ This is a tree I planted in 1978 ... This is a group we planted in 1982 ... Ooooh look at that! We should have planted up there ...”. There was almost 10 hours of this and Dad sent an email back saying, “Pity about the ‘woodsman’, he really must have been a pine in the ass!” His awful puns were a joy to behold!

 

We went for a holiday, the two of us, a few years ago when I was 36 and he was 73. We went fishing out of Lyme Regis (he always loved boats). After 10 minutes of constantly reeling in mackerel I became bored (and a little sick of it) and went for a jaunt around the boat. It was a small boat. I was walking around the narrow running-board the other side of the cabin when suddenly I heard, “TIMOTHY!! Timothy!! Get DOWN from there!!” I shared a smile of understanding with the other 12 year old who was on the boat with his parents. Dad was forever concerned for my welfare (and always regarded me as a kid).

 

When our family lived together in Townfield Ave (I was 6-ish and Dad was in his 40s) the parents used to hold parties for the locals (mainly sports people and Ravenites). 6 pint tins of Watney’s Red Barrel, elegant glasses of Babysham and sausages on a stick all accompanied by Top of the Pops Hits of 1969. I think Dad was the only person not swinging.

 

When he played football in the Farndon Boxing Day matches for the Raven (any excuse to get out of the house and avoid cooking, washing up, kids ...) his moniker in the team sheet notes was ‘Denis “Casanova” Bromilow’. One year the notes went, “Ex Hitler Youth movement and Kerry Packer’s circus, Stanley Matthews’ records pale into insignificance compared to Dennis’s (sic) performance. Sets a new league record in this match in being 10 times older than the youngest member of the team. Made some good passes recently but has not scored yet, is still once a year man – football of course.”

 

I played in one of these games one year (in 1978 as “Tiny Tim”) and in the notes we were the “dual act”. In this one Dad was ‘Denis “Grease” Bromilow. Ex-army (surplus) and Buckley Wanderers. Roy of the Rovers is alive and well and living in Farndon. The player possesses such supernatural talent that he has recently become a ‘Claire Voyeur’ [Dad’s girlfriend]. Still a keen sportsman despite his age [53!] and recently played golf in 6” of snow. His legendary fitness is partly attributed to his hobby – dancing (in fact he once danced with a man who danced with a girl who danced with the Prince of Wales). Lives with Nancy whose face is beginning to smile again [Nancy was his land lady after the divorce]. After the match a collection will be made for this player and the proceeds will go to any club willing to take him.”

 

Once he played the match wearing a Max Wall wig. It was a bizarre sight to see him dashing down the wing with the long hair streaming out behind him and gleaming pate glaring in the sunshine (well, perhaps this effect wasn’t so unusual). But he loved the joke. Nobody else would have done it.

 

He was a good sprinter even into his late fifties. I remember him challenging me to a race outside Speedsway when I was 20 and he was 57. He could probably have beaten me even then, but I couldn’t run for laughing and he had to help me back into the house because I hadn’t the co-ordination to walk unaided. The faces that he pulled in order to put me off, and the absurdity of the situation (added to the fact that he might actually have won) were too much for me.

 

His gamesmanship with me was a gift of God; he took the skill to higher levels that I’ve ever seen. On the 9th hole at Curzon Park he would always remind me about the pond that was 20 yards beyond the tee: ”Don’t worry about the pond now, Tim. Just put the pond out of your mind, don’t let the deep, dark, inaccessable depths of the pond put you off.” Inevitably I’d drive into it and I’d throw my club down and him a dirty look. He’d just laugh with that wicked chuckle of his and think about the next trick he could play, like walking on my line on the green, or standing with his shadow over my ball, or reminding me about the out-of-bounds on the 11th or 12th, or the trees on the left at the 7th. He wanted me to do well and he wanted me to win, but he didn’t want me to win by too many!

 

When we played tennis (I’d be in my twenties and he in his early sixties), he could beat me without breaking sweat simply by pulling faces and reminding me about the height of the net and the need to get my shots as close to the line as possible, and to serve as fast as possible, and to remember that he was an old man. I’d be a weak, helpless wreck who could hardly lift the racket for laughing.

 

He loved to pull faces with the kids especially. Some of my oldest memories are of him playing Dracula with his false teeth (his lower set were knocked out when a cricket ball ran up his bat and into his face when he was in his 20s) and scaring me rigid. He was still doing this last year with Fiona’s kids.

 

When I was a toddler he used to sit me on his knee and ask me to press the knob on his watch. This was a special knob that opened his legs so that I fell through with a rush. He’d always catch me before I hit the ground. The thrill of it was fantastic and he’d build up the tension like a fastly approaching train so that I was giggling before I’d even touched the watch.

 

I remember, when I was a kid, him driving the old Morris Minor, the model with the foot control for the headlights. He would press my nose and the floor control simultaneously going “On. Off. On. Off.” Not as many traffic accidents as you might think.

 

He hated football but claimed to support Everton. I used t think it was because the blue shirt meant that the team was Protestant (like Man City), but then I was told the team was actually Catholic. Dad confirmed this and when I asked why he supported a Catholic team he said, “I always thought the blue colour was so much smarter”. Sweet.

 

Recently he began to support Liverpool but this was only to get at me (in a jokey way). I’ve supported Liverpool for years but I was originally a fanatic of Leeds United. One day when I was 10 I changed allegiance and ever since (for 30 long years) he’s been ribbing me about it. So when he started supporting Liverpool (last year, after years of me asking how Everton were doing and knowing that there would be silence) he’d say “Come on Liverpool! Aren’t my team doing well? Everton who?” and he’d look at me out of the corner of his eye, and we’d both collapse into hysterics.

 

He was an excellent coach – cricket, golf, tennis, any sport except snooker, which he hated. Oh, and subutteo: when I asked for it one Christmas, he warned, “OK, but I won’t play with you!”

 

He tried his best to mould us both into champion sportsmen. He was the parent who took us to school matches or badminton clubs. He was a very patient coach. Very methodical. Read all the coaching manuals going. Didn’t mind when I hit the cricket ball through the glass-panelled front door or his bedroom window. That didn’t stop him from continuing the programme of tuition. He was so proud when I scored 20 runs for the Rabbits at Boughton Hall when I was 15. (He didn’t seem to notice that they were bowling underarm and the fielders were unable to catch the dolliest of chances.)

 

Not that he was obsessed with our success. He was not disappointed when in later life we failed to get to the Olympics or play for England. All he wanted was for us to enjoy sport and to play it to the best of our abilities. He was, though, quite disappointed when in later years I gave up golf and football, but he didn’t dwell on this. Not very often anyway. Every three weeks or so he might ask, “Did you play any sport this week?” “No.” “Oh” he’d say quietly, and you could hear the regret in his voice, but he wouldn’t say any more.

 

Receiving the Wyatt Cup (bowls?) in the army

 

Toilet was the best room in the house for dad. He used to spend hours in there, probably to get away from us. Peace and quiet! Quiet fag. Book. Toilet paper. What more could a man want.

 

Music never played a great part in Dad’s life; he liked it but he could easily go for several years without playing a record. His Hi Fi (which he bought when he moved into his ‘bachelor pad’ in 1978) was almost sealed with nicotine stains. But I do remember certain tunes that he used to hum and certain records he had. Records such as “The World of Paddy Roberts” and Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass, and The Drifters. Paddy Roberts sticks in the mind. We used to sing together the lyrics of “Gentlemen must please refrain from passing water while the train is standing in the station, stationary. Workers working underneath are apt to get it in the teeth, and they don’t like it, nor would you!”, and “I love Mary ...” and “The foggy foggy dew” and ... oh, there were so many.

 

Dad had a habit of matching songs to the situation or to the mood. He used to heartily sing “The sun has got his hat on ... “ whenever the sun came out. Or “we’re all going on a summer holiday ...”. Or, “I’m going to buy a paper doll that I can call my own, a doll that other fellas cannot steal ....” – a tune that he used to sing in the car when he picked me up and took me to golf when I was 14, after the divorce.

 

He was extremely upset by the divorce. He was always crying when he picked me up for badminton at Rossett on Wednesdays, and for golf at the weekend. This went on for at least two years. One time we were driving back from the club and as per usual he was crying, and he looked at me and said, very seriously, “Should we end it here? Now? Should I drive at the wall?” I told him that it wasn’t a good idea. He often took my advice, even way back then.

 

In his early years in Farndon he was a parish counsellor. I don’t remember that he did a great deal but he was very proud of the fact.

 

Dad loved to shoot his air rifle. He would stand (not sit) for hours at a time at the kitchen window looking out for wildlife to target – foxes, crows, pigeons – nothing was safe. In later years he actually began to be interested in birds and gardens (a major major change in attitude). He even went as far as to get an ID book of birds, and he invested in peanuts and feeders for the garden. Maybe he just wanted to lure in some more victims? He would still have his 22 at the window to the back garden (along with the binoculars). The book might just have been a chance to ID the birds he shot? Anyway, I think the birds got the message. The peanuts have lasted 3 years, unchanged, and not a bird was seen in his garden. Again, his reputation went before him?

 

But I don’t really think so. I think he was gradually (very gradually and slowly – after 40 years) adapting to rural life and becoming interested in natural things. The fact that birds didn’t visit his feeder really made him sad. It’s a shame, if they’d come in flocks of amazing numbers and colours and diversity he would have been exalted. Having said that, I saw a robin going for a mouldy peanut in his garden today ...

 

Over the years I’ve sent Dad loads of postcards and letters, and he’s kept them all. I usually sent him letters after arguments over the ‘phone. I would be trying to reason with him and he was refusing to listen. So I sent long letters explaining what I was attempting to say. He kept them and I think they helped him understand me (and himself) because he could read them at his leisure and digest the contents in peace. He never ever acknowledged that he had even received the letters let alone had read them or accepted their contents.

 

One such letter followed a particularly disturbing incident in the clubhouse a couple of years ago. Dad was very upset about the fact that my hire-car was playing up and he thought I wasn’t doing anything about it and so he was frightened that I would end up having a terrible crash and dying. I could see his point but from where I was standing everything was OK and under control. But he refused to believe me and ended up getting madder and madder. It was especially shocking as he appeared to have forgotten that he was in a very public place. This is my description of him in the letter I sent the next day (from Scotland):

 

“I have to explain how I felt when you spoke to me ... Please bear with me! But it’s not going to be nice reading. We were in the club house having a coffee. You sat next to me, shooting daggers out of the corners of your eyes, muttering, not so sanely or quietly, over and over again, “Stupid! Stupid!” ... You were mad. Unhinged. Distorted. Your face was so contorted it was barely recognisable. ... Your eyes seem to pop out, they bulge when you get mad (become mad). Your cheeks sink in, your mouth gets tight, small, thin-lipped; it purses out and looks like it wants to spit spite and bile and ill-words. … Your eyes fill with hate (they do!); you look as if I have behaved in the most heinous fashion, like I’ve murdered someone, like I’m the worst person in the world.! And all I’ve done is not heeded your advice and instead I have followed my own judgement. This is how I felt about you.”

 

Dad never referred to the letter, but I think he appreciated the tone of it, the non-accusatory but still shocked tone. He was very rarely like this but when it happened it was not a little disturbing.

 

Anyone who knew Dad for any length of time would have known all about his friends, the Haemorrhoids. Dad suffered from these from ... well maybe since he was a child. Ever since I’ve known him anyway. We used to get regular updates about their behaviour and health. Usually they were behaving very badly and were extremely poorly. Not surprising really when you add up all the time he spent reading and smoking fags on cold toilets. His piles went before him (so to speak): he went to a golf club for an “away game” one day and a person came up to him to shake his hand and his first question to Dad was, “And how are your piles?” Dad had never met the guy in his life.

 

As a small child (maybe of 6 or 7) I would periodically get fed up with the household and would pack a small brown paper bag with cans of food, can-opener and socks with the intention of running away (which I would announce solemnly to the family if they were around). One time when I did this, Dad followed me out of the house so I picked up speed to get away from him. He matched my speed and so I went faster. Eventually we were lapping the house at a rate of knots with me just out-stripping Dad, lumbering along with my brown paper bag, and Sue and Mum killing themselves laughing in the kitchen. I’m not entirely sure what was going on in Dad’s head at the time because he could have caught me in a sprint when I was 20 let alone 6.

 

On the other hand, after I was divorced (from my wife, Alison) I went to Dad to talk about what was happening and about me and about what was going on for me. Dad didn’t want to hear and walked away. I tried to catch him up but he walked away faster. We didn’t actually end up chasing each other around the house but it was a close run thing. Dad definitely didn’t like to discuss close, personal things.

 

Dad was a collector: of autographs (cricketers and footballers); of old coins (stuffed into jars and carefully wrapped); of stamps (some still to be pasted into his album). Not professional and not obsessive but I remember cleaning pennies with HP when I was young. Cheap child (family) labour was not a thing he had strong feelings about.

 

I was given 5p a grey hair when I was 8 or so. (I had to pull it out, not bring it to him.) He must have been in his early 40s at the time. Memories of me bending over his head whilst he sat in the chair and watched Grandstand. We must have looked like a family of chimps.

 

I'd be very interested to know whatvyou think. Could you please leave a comment?

 

He bought a small dingy when we were young (Dad must have been in his 40s). They called it “SueTim” maybe because our neighbours, Fiona and Bill Scott, had a boat called “Fibi”. We took it on to the Dee at Farndon one lovely summer’s day. Dad was so proud and I was so excited. We sailed it up the river and were going OK – no hitches or crashes within 100 yards of setting off, quite a record for us – but then we hit a spot where some boys (Leslie Norman I remember) were swimming. Leslie swam over to us and suddenly unhinged the rudder rendering us helpless and adrift. Whilst he and his gang were almost drowning with laughter, Dad was not-so-quietly turning puce with anger. He couldn’t do very much about it and we got to the bank safely but we didn’t ever sail there again.

 

• “Brattie “ Pose // by Posedump On (Marketplace)

Marketplace:

 

marketplace.secondlife.com/p/POSEDUMP-Nip-Slip/23178807

  

: #secondlifeavi #secondlifeavatar #secondlifeblogger #secondlifeblog #secondlifeonly #secondlifefashion #secondlifemodel #secondlifephoto #sl #slonly #slblog #slblogger #slfashion #slavi #dailypost #virtual

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More art therapy, brought to you by my Nintendo DS.

 

Like many other people with conditions that bring them chronic pain, my lifestyle has had to change to fit my limitations. From the outside it doesn't paint an accurate picture about my personality. We aren't lazy, disinterested, antisocial or otherwise "broken"; we're dealing with a setback that, unfortunately, has to be catered to until we find health again or are offered some relief. We are still the same people on the inside, possibly with the addition of some anger/confusion/frustration which I feel is justified given the lack of awareness, resources and treatment options available at this time.

 

I like to walk... go outside, draw, climb things, get hyper, jump on trampolines, swim, work, sit up and paint, cuddle, play on a computer, go out with friends... There are many things I'm missing and dreaming of doing while I am at home doing what I can to work towards recovery. Many things that have to be put on hold right now because they bring excruciating pain which screams at me during and blinds me from the joy they bring to my life. This continues to boggle my mind, as I try every day to do one of these activities all over again and with no luck; it tends to backfire, and believe me I've had some years full of days to experiment with this!

 

So may they find a cure, or some relief.

At the very least, may the people who can relate to what I've said here or this image join us over at .:hh:. so that we can share hope, inspiration and ideas; while the doctors haven't found a "cure" it's my hope we can band together and figure out what works and what doesn't. Who knows, we could solve this... all on our own. <3

 

www.homeboundheART.ning.com

 

[I drew this awhile ago using the COLORS! app and a Nintendo DS Lite. I've since been gifted a DSi (thank you boyfriend!) and am working on getting it equipped with similar hardware so I can keep using Colors. I wanted to mention this since I hope more people will download and use this awesome software! I <3 Colors!]

via Playground Markings UK bit.ly/1Zkqlr5

"FDA approves Promacta to treat pediatric patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura"

Chronic Wasting Disease Detection and Assessment Plan - Shenandoah National Park, VA.

 

parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?documentID=49025

 

Chronic_Wasting_Disease_EA_Final_July2012

 

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UPDATE--OCT. 05: another mature Buck found collared

 

UPDATE--OCT. 15: this assessment cannot be just about CWD testing--no way

 

UPDATE--OCT. 19: National Park Toys

 

NOVEMBER 5TH POST

 

NOVEMBER 13TH POST

 

UPDATE-- JULY 2013 After years of research the real facts about CWD tell a whole different story than what we are accustomed to hearing.

 

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For those of you who may not be aware of what is going on at SNP, there are MANY Whitetail deer running around with ear tags or radio collars on their necks, due to an ill-timed study for detection of Chronic Wasting Disease. What are park officials thinking? The rut is about to get underway and these animals experience much stress during this time of year, both physically and mentally, especially the mature Bucks. This would be a lot more digestible if only the smaller Bucks were collared, but that doesn't seem to be the case. Plus take a look at the size of that hardware!

 

On their 'planning' site, they claim this: Public input is very important to the compliance process and to Park Managers of Shenandoah National Park. The public will have several opportunities to comment on the park's Chronic Wasting Disease Plan. But instead of allowing for any public input, they took to the woods last week, tranquilizing Deer at random and tagging/collaring them. There has not been a public meeting regarding this matter since 2007! Karen Beck-Herzog, Public Affairs Officer at Shenandoah National Park, is stating that "We expect to have public meetings sometime late fall or early winter." But...this is after the fact....go figure. Public input is very important? Really? Yeah right! Why attend a meeting now, the freakin' egg has been laid!

 

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What Is Chronic Wasting Disease?

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious neurological disease affecting deer, elk, and

moose. It causes a characteristic spongy degeneration of the brains of infected animals resulting

in emaciation, abnormal behavior, loss of bodily functions and death.

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And I find this to be an interesting objective included in this assessment plan:

 In backcountry and wilderness areas, allow the deer population to be regulated by natural processes to the greatest extent possible.

 

Don't get me wrong, I applaud the efforts of the NPS to do testing for CWD, but during and after the rut is a poor decision, as well as putting radio collars on the mature Bucks who have a high ranking social status. This period of the year is a very stressful time for Whitetails. I have seen Bucks so wore down and beat down during and after the rut that I was not sure if some would make it into January. The mating season is a critical component and calendar period in the Whitetail world. What the hell are they thinking?

 

CWD Detection and Assessment Plan and EA (2.0 MB, PDF file)

 

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UPDATE--OCT. 15: this assessment cannot be just about CWD testing--no way

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Mamiya 7 + 65mm f/4

Portra 800

... sorry, couldn't resist

it must be good

When the kitchen is small, there's nothing else to do but get organized and use every square inch. The labels are dated, so I can be reminded of how old the stuff really is. It also helps my DH - once I take something out of the box or bag, he can't seem to locate it anymore . ;)

Remember the one we have Lost.

From Me Keith I was Moved by all of You.

  

History

 

Thalidomide was created by Grünenthal in 1953 and was used in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a "wonder drug" to treat morning sickness, headaches, coughs, insomnia and colds. Thalidomide was marketed in the UK under the name Distaval in 1958, and advertisements emphasized the drug's complete safety, using phrases such as “non-toxic” and “no known toxicity”.

However, in 1961 an Australian doctor, William McBride, wrote to the Lancet after noticing an increase in deformed babies being born at his hospital – all to mothers who had taken Thalidomide.

Between 1958 and 1962 tens of thousands of women throughout Europe found that the baby they were carrying unaccountably miscarried, or, worse, after they gave birth were told it was stillborn. Thousands more discovered that their babies had severe birth defects, missing arms, legs, or with severe reductions to these limbs, or even worse, damage to their internal organs, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, genitals, etc. During 1962 record keepers began to count all of the children living who were born damaged by the drug. The only complete records are of those who survived long enough to participate in the national compensation schemes, which were established in Germany, Britain, Japan, Sweden and Australia in the 1970s. The difficulty in uncovering the full toll of the disaster begins with the unknown numbers of miscarriages and stillbirths (possibly up to ten times the number of live births), and the widespread practice of infanticide.

The Thalidomide injuries did not stop once the babies were born. At the age of fifty, the Thalidomide Trust’s records show that around half of all survivors are coping with chronic pain – mainly from muscles and joints (musculo-skeletal pain), largely as a result of the challenges of living with missing or damaged limbs. For many, their bodies are deteriorating far faster than able-bodied people. Several have been told words to the effect “your body is getting the problems of someone in their seventies”, which at forty to fifty years of age is not good news. At least a quarter are coping with developing neurological problems, tingling, numbness, and pain in their affected limbs. This means that a person may be holding a cup, for instance, and the next thing they know is it has fallen to the floor and broken, because of the numbness in their hand. For these survivors, the disaster is still slowly unfolding in their day-to-day lives.

Grünenthal scientists were not only negligent in failing to withdraw the drug when reports of problems came in, or for failing to test it according to the standards of the time, but more than most companies they were very well placed to anticipate the possibility that Thalidomide would cause birth defects.

Grünenthal initially denied claims that the drug hadn’t been extensively tested according to the standards of the time, but once the scandal became undeniable, they sought to deflect blame and limit damage.

In 1961 Thalidomide was eventually withdrawn after being found to be a teratogan - a cause of birth defects. 12 years later, the UK company Distillers Biochemicals Limited (now Diageo) – which was responsible for distributing the drug in the UK – reached a compensation settlement following a legal battle by the families of those affected.

Based on incomplete medical evidence and unrealistic expectations of Thalidomide survivors future needs this settlement has turned out to be at an inadequate level. With all Thalidomide survivors in the UK now over the age of 50, it is no longer sufficient to deal with their rising cost of living, and the dramatic deterioration of their health.

To this day, Grünenthal have never accepted responsibility for the suffering caused by Thalidomide. On September 1st 2012, The Grünenthal Group released a statement containing an apology, stating that it "regrets" the consequences of the drug, which led to babies being born without limbs during the 1950s and 1960s. Although the statement was welcomed by some Thalidomide survivors, it is still not an acceptance of responsibility. They just want to live a comfortable life, and that means Grünenthal should be held accountable and pay for their mistake financially.

 

Spanish

Historia

La talidomida fue creado por Grünenthal en 1953 y fue utilizado a finales de 1950 y principios de 1960 como una "droga milagrosa" para el tratamiento de las náuseas, dolores de cabeza, tos, insomnio y resfriados. La talidomida fue comercializada en el Reino Unido bajo el nombre Distaval en 1958, y destacó los anuncios de seguridad completa del medicamento, utilizando frases como "no tóxico" y "no hay toxicidad conocida".

Sin embargo, en 1961 un médico australiano, William McBride, escribió a la revista The Lancet después de notar un aumento en los bebés que nacen deformes en su hospital - todo a las madres que habían tomado Talidomida.

Entre 1958 y 1962, decenas de miles de mujeres de toda Europa descubrieron que el bebé que llevaban inexplicablemente abortado, o, peor aún, después de dar a luz se les dijo que estaba muerto. Miles de personas descubrieron que sus bebés nacieron con defectos congénitos graves, los brazos, las piernas, que faltan o con reducciones severas a estos miembros, o peor aún, el daño a sus órganos internos, cerebro, corazón, riñones, intestinos, genitales, etc Durante 1962 guardianes de los registros empezó a contar toda la vida los niños que nacieron dañado por la droga. Los únicos registros completos son de los que sobrevivieron lo suficiente como para participar en los sistemas nacionales de indemnización, que se establecieron en Alemania, Gran Bretaña, Japón, Suecia y Australia en la década de 1970. La dificultad para descubrir el número de víctimas del desastre comienza con los números desconocidos de abortos involuntarios y mortinatos (posiblemente hasta diez veces el número de nacidos vivos), y la práctica generalizada del infanticidio.

Las lesiones de la talidomida no se detuvo una vez que los bebés nacieron. A la edad de cincuenta años, los registros de la confianza talidomida muestran que cerca de la mitad de todos los sobrevivientes están lidiando con el dolor crónico - principalmente de músculos y articulaciones (dolor musculoesquelético), en gran parte como resultado de los desafíos de vivir con la falta o ramas dañadas. Para muchos, sus cuerpos se deterioran mucho más rápido que las personas sanas. Algunos han dicho palabras en el sentido de "su cuerpo está recibiendo los problemas de alguien en los setenta", que a los cuarenta o cincuenta años de edad no es una buena noticia. Al menos una cuarta están lidiando con el desarrollo de problemas neurológicos, hormigueo, entumecimiento y dolor en las extremidades afectadas. Esto significa que una persona puede ser la celebración de una taza, por ejemplo, y lo siguiente que sé es que ha caído al suelo y se rompe, debido a la sensación de adormecimiento en la mano. Para estos sobrevivientes, el desastre está siendo poco a poco se desarrolla en su día a día.

Grünenthal científicos no sólo fueron negligentes al no haber retirado la droga cuando los informes de problemas de vino, o por no probarlo de acuerdo a los estándares de la época, pero más que la mayoría de las empresas que estaban muy bien situados para prever la posibilidad de que la talidomida haría causar defectos de nacimiento.

Grünenthal inicialmente negó las acusaciones de que el medicamento no ha sido ampliamente probado de acuerdo con los estándares de la época, pero una vez que el escándalo se hizo innegable, trataron de desviar la culpa y limitar el daño.

En 1961, la talidomida fue finalmente retirada después de haber sido encontrado para ser un teratogan - una de las causas de los defectos congénitos. 12 años después, el Reino Unido, Distillers Company Limited (ahora Bioquímicos Diageo) - encargada de la distribución de la droga en el Reino Unido - llegó a un acuerdo de compensación después de una batalla legal por las familias de los afectados.

Sobre la base de evidencia incompleta médica y expectativas poco realistas de la talidomida futuro sobrevivientes necesita esta solución ha resultado ser en un nivel adecuado. Con todos los sobrevivientes de la talidomida en el Reino Unido ahora más de 50 años de edad, ya no es suficiente para hacer frente a su creciente costo de vida, y el dramático deterioro de su salud.

A día de hoy, Grünenthal nunca ha aceptado la responsabilidad por el sufrimiento causado por la talidomida. El 1 de septiembre de 2012, el Grupo Grünenthal emitió una declaración que contenga una disculpa, diciendo que "lamenta" las consecuencias de la droga, lo que llevó a los bebés que nacen sin extremidades durante los años 1950 y 1960. Aunque la declaración fue bien recibida por algunos sobrevivientes de la talidomida, no es todavía una aceptación de responsabilidad. Ellos sólo quieren vivir una vida cómoda, y eso quiere decir Grünenthal deben rendir cuentas y pagar por su error financieramente.

 

Italian

Storia

La talidomide è stato creato da Grünenthal nel 1953 ed è stato utilizzato alla fine del 1950 e 1960 come un "farmaco miracoloso" per curare la malattia di mattina, mal di testa, tosse, insonnia e raffreddori. La talidomide è stato commercializzato nel Regno Unito con il nome di Distaval nel 1958, e la pubblicità ha sottolineato sicurezza del farmaco, con frasi come "non tossico" e "nessuna tossicità conosciuto".

Tuttavia, nel 1961 un medico australiano, William McBride, ha scritto al Lancet dopo aver notato un aumento delle nascite di bimbi malformati essendo nati a suo ospedale - tutti da madri che avevano assunto talidomide.

Tra il 1958 e il 1962 decine di migliaia di donne in tutta Europa ha scoperto che il bambino che portavano inspiegabilmente abortito, o, peggio, dopo che ha dato alla luce hanno detto che era morto. Altre migliaia hanno scoperto che i loro bambini hanno gravi difetti di nascita, braccia, gambe, mancanti o con gravi riduzioni a queste arti, o peggio ancora, danni ai loro organi interni, cervello, cuore, reni, intestino, genitali, ecc Nel 1962 custodi record cominciò a contare tutta la vita i bambini che sono nati danneggiati dal farmaco. Le uniche registrazioni complete sono di coloro che sono sopravvissuti abbastanza a lungo per partecipare ai sistemi di indennizzo nazionali, che sono stati stabiliti in Germania, Gran Bretagna, Giappone, Svezia e Australia nel 1970. La difficoltà nello scoprire il bilancio del disastro inizia con i numeri sconosciuti di aborti spontanei e nati morti (forse fino a dieci volte il numero di nati vivi), e la pratica diffusa di infanticidio.

Le lesioni Talidomide non si è fermata una volta che i bambini sono nati. All'età di 50, del Trust talidomide i tabulati mostrano che circa la metà di tutti i sopravvissuti stanno affrontando con dolore cronico - principalmente da muscoli e le articolazioni (il dolore muscoloscheletrico), soprattutto a causa delle sfide della vita con mancanti o arti danneggiati. Per molti, i loro corpi si stanno deteriorando molto più veloce di persone abili. Molti hanno detto parole per l'effetto "il tuo corpo è sempre il problema di qualcuno nei loro anni settanta", che a 40-50 anni di età non è una buona notizia. Almeno un quarto stanno affrontando con lo sviluppo di problemi neurologici, formicolio, intorpidimento e dolore a carico degli arti colpiti. Ciò significa che una persona può essere in possesso di un tazza, per esempio, e la prossima cosa che so è che è caduto a terra e rotto, a causa del torpore in mano. Per questi sopravvissuti, il disastro è ancora lentamente svolgendo nel loro giorno per giorno la vita.

Grünenthal scienziati non erano solo negligenza nel non ritirare il farmaco quando i report di problemi è venuto in, o per non aver testarlo secondo gli standard del tempo, ma più che la maggior parte delle aziende erano molto ben disposti ad anticipare la possibilità che Thalidomide avrebbe causare difetti di nascita.

Grünenthal inizialmente smentito che il farmaco non era stato ampiamente testati secondo gli standard del tempo, ma una volta che lo scandalo è diventata innegabile, hanno cercato di deviare la colpa e di limitare i danni.

Nel 1961 talidomide è stata infine ritirata dopo essere stato trovato per essere un teratogan - una causa di difetti di nascita. 12 anni dopo, i Distillers Company Limited, Regno Unito Biochemicals (ora Diageo) - incaricata di distribuire il farmaco nel Regno Unito - ha raggiunto un accordo di compensazione a seguito di una battaglia legale da parte delle famiglie delle persone colpite.

Sulla base di prove mediche incomplete e le aspettative non realistiche del futuro Thalidomide sopravvissuti ha bisogno di questa soluzione si è rivelata essere ad un livello insufficiente. Con tutti i sopravvissuti Talidomide nel Regno Unito ora di età superiore ai 50 anni, non è più sufficiente per affrontare la loro crescente costo della vita, e il drammatico deterioramento della loro salute.

Fino ad oggi, la Grünenthal non hanno mai accettato la responsabilità per la sofferenza causata dal talidomide. Il 1 ° settembre 2012, il Gruppo Grünenthal ha rilasciato una dichiarazione che contiene delle scuse, affermando che esso "deplora" le conseguenze della droga, che ha portato a bambini nati senza arti nel corso del 1950 e 1960. Anche se la dichiarazione è stata accolta da alcuni sopravvissuti talidomide, non è ancora una assunzione di responsabilità. Vogliono solo vivere una vita comoda, e questo significa che Grünenthal dovrebbero essere ritenuti responsabili e pagare per il loro errore finanziario.

  

Japanese

 

サリドマイドは1953年にGrünenthalによって作成されたとつわり、頭痛、咳、不眠や風邪を治療するための「特効薬」として、1950年代後半から1960年代初頭に使用された。サリドマイドは1958年に名称Distavalの下に英国で販売された、と広告はそのような「非毒性」と「知られていない毒性」などのフレーズを使用して、薬剤の完全な安全性を強調した。

サリドマイドを取っていた母親にすべて - しかし、1961年にオーストラリアの医師、ウィリアム·マクブライドは、彼の病院で生まれた赤ちゃん変形の増加に気付いた後、Lancet誌に手紙を書いた。

1958と1962の間で十ヨーロッパ全土の女性の何千人もの彼らは誕生それは死産だったと言われたた後に、彼らがどういうわけか運んでいた赤ちゃんが、悪化し流産し、またはことがわかった。もっと自分の赤ちゃんは1962レコードキーパーの間に脚、またはなど彼らの内臓、脳、心臓、腎臓、腸、生殖器、これらの手足、またはさらに悪いことに、ダメージに深刻な減少を伴う重度の先天性欠損、不足している武器を持っていたことを発見した何千も薬剤によって損傷生まれた生きたすべての子を数えるようになった。唯一の完全な記録は、1970年代にドイツ、イギリス、日本、スウェーデン、オーストラリアで設立された国家補償方式、に参加するのに十分な長生き残った人々のである。災害を完全に通行料を暴くの難しさは、流産や死産の未知数（おそらく生児出生の10倍の数まで）、および嬰児の広範な練習から始まる。

赤ちゃんが生まれた後にサリドマイドの怪我は停止しませんでした。主に筋肉や関節（筋骨格痛）から、大部分が欠落しているか損傷し手足と共に生きるの挑戦の結果として - 50歳の時、サリドマイドトラストの記録は、すべての生存者の約半数が慢性疼痛に対処していることを示している。多くの人にとって、自分の体は健常人よりもはるかに速く悪化している。いくつかは、年齢の四〇から五〇歳で良いニュースではない、「あなたの体は70代の誰かの問題を得ている」旨の言葉を言われている。少なくとも、四半期には、彼らの影響を受けた四肢の発達神経学的な問題、うずき、しびれ、痛みに対処されています。これは、人が、たとえば、カップを保持することができ、彼らが知っている次の事は、それが原因で彼らの手のしびれのため、床に落ちたし、壊れていることを意味します。これらの生存者のために、災害はまだゆっくりと彼らの日々の生活の中で展開されている。

Grünenthalの科学者は問題の報告が入ってきたときだけでなく、薬剤を撤回することができないで怠慢だったか、失敗するのは時間の基準に従ってそれをテストするための、より多くの企業よりも、彼らは非常によく可能性を予想するために置かれたサリドマイドだろうと先天性欠損症を引き起こす。

Grünenthalは当初、薬物が広く、時間の基準に従ってテストされていなかったの主張を否定したが、スキャンダルは否定できないとなったら、それらを非難し、限界ダメージを偏向しようとした。

先天性欠損症の原因は - 1961年にサリドマイドは、最終的にteratoganであることが判明された後に撤回された。 12年後、英国の会社ラーズ·バイオケミカルズ·リミテッド（現ディアジオ） - 英国で薬物を分配するための責任があった - 被災者の家族による法廷闘争以下の補償和解に達した。

この和解は、不十分なレベルであることが判明した不完全な医学的証拠とサリドマイド生存者の将来の非現実的な期待に基づいている必要がありますベース。英国内のすべてのサリドマイドの生存者で、今50歳以上、それはもはや彼らの生活費の上昇、そして自分の健康の劇的な悪化に対処するのに十分ではありません。

この日に、Grünenthalはサリドマイドによって引き起こされる苦しみの責任を受け入れたことがありません。 9月1日2012年、Grünenthalグループは、赤ちゃんへ導いたそれを "後悔"薬の影響は、1950年代と1960年代に手足ずに生まれていることを示す、謝罪を含む声明を発表した。文はいくつかのサリドマイド生存者に歓迎されたものの、それはまだ責任の受け入れではありません。彼らはただ、快適な生活をしたい、それがGrünenthalが責任を負うと財政的に自分の過ちのために支払うべきであることを意味します。

 

Saridomaido wa 1953-nen ni Grünenthal ni yotte sakusei sa reta to tsuwari, zutsū, seki, fumin ya kaze o chiryō suru tame no `tokkōyaku' to shite, 1950-nendai kōhan kara 1960-nendai shotō ni shiyō sa reta. Saridomaido wa 1958-nen ni meishō Distaval no shita ni Igirisu de hanbai sa reta, to kōkoku wa sono yō na `hi dokusei' to `shira rete inai dokusei' nado no furēzu o shiyō shite, yakuzai no kanzen'na anzen-sei o kyōchō shita. Saridomaido o totte ita hahaoya ni subete - shikashi, 1961-nen ni ōsutoraria no ishi, U~Iriamu· makuburaido wa, kare no byōin de umareta akachan henkei no zōka ni kidzuita nochi, ransetto-shi ni tegami o kaita. 1958 To 1962 no ma de jū yōroppa zendo no josei no nan sen-ri mo no karera wa tanjō soreha shizandatta to iwa retata nochi ni, karera ga dō iu wake ka hakonde ita akachan ga, akka shi ryūzan shi, matawa koto ga wakatta. Motto jibun no akachan wa 1962 rekōdokīpā no ma ni ashi, matawa nado karera no naizō, nō, shinzō, jinzō, chō, seishokki, korera no teashi, matawa saraniwaruikoto ni, damēji ni shinkokuna genshō o tomonau jūdo no senten-sei kesson, fusoku shite iru buki o motte ita koto o hakken shita nan sen mo yakuzai ni yotte sonshō umareta ikita subete no ko o kazoeru yō ni natta. Yuiitsu no kanzen'na kiroku wa, 1970-nendai ni Doitsu, Igirisu, Nihon, suu~ēden, ōsutoraria de setsuritsu sa reta kokka hoshō hōshiki, ni sanka suru no ni jūbun'na naga ikinokotta hitobito nodearu. Saigai o kanzen ni tsūkō-ryō o abaku no muzukashi-sa wa, ryūzan ya shizan no michisū (osoraku nama-ji shussei no 10-bai no kazu made), oyobi midorigo no kōhan'na renshū kara hajimaru. Akachan ga umareta nochi ni Saridomaido no kega wa teishi shimasendeshita. Omoni kin'niku ya kansetsu (suji kokkaku-tsū) kara, daibubun ga ketsuraku shite iru ka sonshō shi teashi to tomoniikiru no chōsen no kekka to shite - 50-sai no toki, saridomaidotorasuto no kiroku wa, subete no seizon-sha no yaku hansū ga mansei tōtsū ni taisho shite iru koto o shimeshite iru. Ōku no hito ni totte, jibun no karada wa kenjō hito yori mo haruka ni hayaku akka shite iru. Ikutsu ka wa, nenrei no shi rei kara go rei-saide yoi nyūsude wanai, `anata no karada wa 70-dai no dareka no mondai o ete iru' mune no kotoba o iwa rete iru. Sukunakutomo, shihanki ni wa, karera no eikyō o uketa shishi no hattatsu shinkeigakutekina mondai, uzuki, shibire, itami ni taisho sa rete imasu. Kore wa, hito ga, tatoeba, kappu o hoji suru koto ga deki, karera ga shitte iru tsugi no koto wa, sore ga gen'in de karera no te no shibire no tame, yuka ni ochitashi, kowarete iru koto o imi shimasu. Korera no seizon-sha no tame ni, saigai wa mada yukkuri to karera no hibi no seikatsu no naka de tenkai sa rete iru. Grünenthal no kagaku-sha wa mondai no hōkoku ga haitte kita toki dakedenaku, yakuzai o tekkai suru koto ga dekinaide taimandatta ka, shippai suru no wa jikan no kijun ni shitagatte sore o tesuto suru tame no, yori ōku no kigyō yori mo, karera wa hijō ni yoku kanōsei o yosō suru tame ni oka reta Saridomaidodarou to senten-sei kesson-shō o hikiokosu. Grünenthal wa tōsho, yakubutsu ga hiroku, jikan no kijun ni shitagatte tesuto sa rete inakatta no shuchō o hitei shitaga, sukyandaru wa hiteidekinai to nattara, sorera o hinan shi, genkai damēji o henkō shiyou to shita. Senten-sei kesson-shō no gen'in wa - 1961-nen ni Saridomaido wa, saishūtekini teratogandearu koto ga hanmei sa reta nochi ni tekkai sa reta. 12-Nen-go, Igirisu no kaisha rāzu· baiokemikaruzu· rimiteddo (gen diajio) - Igirisu de yakubutsu o bunpai suru tame no sekinin ga atta - hisai-sha no kazoku ni yoru hōtei tōsō ika no hoshō wakai ni tasshita. Kono wakai wa, fujūbun'na reberudearu koto ga hanmei shita fukanzen'na igaku-teki shōko to Saridomaido seizon-sha no shōrai no higenjitsutekina kitai ni motodzuite iru hitsuyō ga arimasu bēsu. Igirisu-nai no subete no Saridomaido no seizon-sha de, ima 50-sai ijō, sore wa mohaya karera no seikatsu-hi no jōshō, soshite jibun no kenkō no gekitekina akka ni taisho suru no ni jūbunde wa arimasen. Kono Ni~Tsu ni, Grünenthal wa Saridomaido ni yotte hikiokosa reru kurushimi no sekinin o ukeireta koto ga arimasen. 9 Tsuki 1-nichi 2012-nen, Grünenthal gurūpu wa, akachan e michibiita sore o" kōkai"-yaku no eikyō wa, 1950-nendai to 1960-nendai ni teashizu ni umarete iru koto o shimesu, shazai o fukumu seimei o happyō shita. Bun wa ikutsu ka no Saridomaido seizon-sha ni kangei sa reta mono no, sore wa mada sekinin no ukeirede wa arimasen. Karera wa tada, kaitekina seikatsu o shitai, sore ga Grünenthal ga sekininwoou to zaisei-teki ni jibun no ayamachi no tame ni shiharaubekidearu koto o imi shimasu.

  

Welsh

 

Thalidomid ei greu gan Grünenthal ym 1953 ac fe'i defnyddiwyd yn y 1950au hwyr a'r 1960au cynnar fel "cyffur rhyfeddod" i drin salwch bore, cur pen, peswch, anhunedd ac annwyd. Thalidomid ei farchnata yn y DU o dan yr enw Distaval ym 1958, a hysbysebion yn pwysleisio diogelwch cyflawn y cyffur, gan ddefnyddio ymadroddion megis "heb fod yn wenwynig" a "dim gwenwyndra hysbys".

Fodd bynnag, yn 1961 meddyg Awstralia, William McBride, ysgrifennodd at y Lancet ar ôl sylwi cynnydd mewn babanod deformed cael eu geni yn ei ysbyty - i gyd i famau a oedd wedi cymryd Thalidomide.

Rhwng 1958 a 1962 degau o filoedd o ferched ledled Ewrop gwelwyd bod y baban eu bod yn cario miscarried anesboniadwy, neu, yn waeth, ar ôl iddynt roi genedigaeth Dywedwyd wrthym ei fod yn farw-anedig. Mae miloedd mwy darganfod bod gan eu babanod namau geni difrifol, breichiau goll, coesau, neu gyda gostyngiadau difrifol i aelodau hyn, neu hyd yn oed yn waeth, difrod i'w organau mewnol, yr ymennydd, y galon, yr arennau, coluddion, organau cenhedlu, ac ati Yn ystod 1962 geidwaid record dechreuodd i gyfrif pob un o'r plant sy'n byw a anwyd niweidio gan y cyffur. Yr unig cofnodion cyflawn yn y rhai a oroesodd yn ddigon hir i gymryd rhan yn y cynlluniau iawndal cenedlaethol, a sefydlwyd yn yr Almaen, Prydain, Japan, Sweden ac Awstralia yn y 1970au. Yr anhawster mewn datgelu y doll llawn y drychineb yn dechrau gyda nifer anhysbys o gamesgor a marw-enedigaethau (o bosibl hyd at ddeg gwaith y nifer o enedigaethau byw), ac mae'r arfer cyffredin o babanladdiad.

Nid oedd yr anafiadau Thalidomide oedd yn rhoi'r gorau unwaith y bydd y babanod eu geni. Ar hanner cant oed, cofnodion yr Ymddiriedolaeth Thalidomid yn dangos bod tua hanner yr holl goroeswyr yn ymdopi â phoen cronig - yn bennaf o gyhyrau a chymalau (poen cyhyrysgerbydol), yn bennaf o ganlyniad i heriau o fyw gyda aelodau goll neu wedi'u difrodi. I lawer, mae eu cyrff yn dirywio yn llawer gyflymach na phobl abl. Mae nifer wedi cael gwybod y geiriau i'r perwyl "eich corff yn cael y problemau y bydd rhywun yn eu saithdegau", a oedd yn 40-50 mlwydd oed nad yw newyddion da. Mae o leiaf chwarter yn ymdopi â datblygu problemau niwrolegol, pinnau bach, diffyg teimlad, a phoen yn eu coesau yr effeithir arnynt. Mae hyn yn golygu y gall person gael ei dal cwpan, er enghraifft, a'r peth nesaf eu bod yn gwybod ei fod wedi disgyn i'r llawr ac yn torri, oherwydd y diffyg teimlad yn eu llaw. Ar gyfer goroeswyr hyn, mae'r drychineb yn dal yn datblygu yn araf yn eu bywydau o ddydd i ddydd.

Gwyddonwyr Grünenthal oedd nid yn unig yn esgeulus wrth fethu i dynnu'r cyffur pan ddaeth adroddiadau am broblemau mewn, neu am fethu i brofi ei fod yn ôl y safonau ar y pryd, ond yn fwy na'r rhan fwyaf o gwmnïau eu bod mewn sefyllfa dda iawn i ragweld y posibilrwydd y byddai Thalidomide achosi namau geni.

Grünenthal i ddechrau gwadu honiadau nad oedd y cyffur wedi cael ei brofi'n helaeth yn ôl y safonau ar y pryd, ond unwaith y bydd y sgandal daeth yn ddiymwad, maent yn ceisio symud y bai a therfyn difrod.

Ym 1961 Thalidomide ei dynnu'n ôl yn y pen draw ar ôl ei gael i fod yn teratogan - un o achosion o namau geni. 12 mlynedd yn ddiweddarach, mae'r DU Distillers Biochemicals cwmni Limited (Diageo erbyn hyn) - a oedd yn gyfrifol am ddosbarthu'r cyffur yn y DU - cyrraedd setliad iawndal yn dilyn brwydr gyfreithiol gan deuluoedd y rhai yr effeithir arnynt.

Yn seiliedig ar dystiolaeth feddygol anghyflawn a disgwyliadau afrealistig o oroeswyr Thalidomide anghenion y dyfodol setliad hwn wedi troi allan i fod ar lefel annigonol. Gyda'r holl goroeswyr Thalidomid yn y DU bellach dros 50 oed, ei bod yn ddigonol i ddelio â'u cynnydd mewn costau byw, ac mae'r dirywiad dramatig ar eu hiechyd mwyach.

Hyd heddiw, erioed Grünenthal wedi derbyn cyfrifoldeb am y dioddefaint a achosir gan Thalidomide. Ar 1 Medi 2012, rhyddhawyd y Grŵp Grünenthal datganiad sy'n cynnwys ymddiheuriad, gan ddweud ei fod yn "difaru" y canlyniadau y cyffur, a arweiniodd at fabanod yn cael eu geni heb aelodau yn ystod y 1950au a'r 1960au. Er bod y datganiad yn ei groesawu gan rai goroeswyr Thalidomid, nid yw'n dal i fod yn derbyn cyfrifoldeb. Maent yn unig yn awyddus i fyw bywyd cyfforddus, ac mae hynny'n golygu y dylai Grünenthal fod yn atebol ac yn talu am eu camgymeriad yn ariannol.

This is the last of a series, and

second in a series in studio.

Talented MM Keia shy #792578

 

Strobist:

Location 2 shoot UM thru's one CR canon 540ex 1/16pwr the other outside hall CL canon 540ex 1/8pwr with cybersyc tigger and remote

Il dolore è come l'acqua del lago di notte.

 

Comments with icons/awards are NOT welcome.

Sumo serves as a guide dog for Chris, who suffers from chronic pain as a result from an accident back in the his truck driving days. It's not likely you will ever find these two separated, and as man's best friend that's just the way it should be. Sadly after Chris' accident, he was in between places and stayed a Motel 6 in nearby Janesville: at the time the manager requested Chris' assistance with some not so good business practices. In declining the offer, Chris came home one day to find Sumo on the floor in the room with his back right leg clearly broken. Unfortunately it would never fully heal, and thus the leg had to be removed. While he doesn't move at full speed, Sumo still has just as big a heart as always staying by Chris' side. I requested if I could get a photo for the (608)strangers as I'm sure many have seen Chris and Sumo out walking State Street. Chris easily agreed and Sumo posed quite nicely as well, we started out as strangers but I found that I was left with a new impression of man's best friend. Chris is hoping that in the coming months he can get a bus ticket to help him and Sumo find their way to Denver, where certain medical practices are legal. These might help subside the pain, and be at peace with the way things are. We are all human, just waiting for that chance to better ourselves through others. I suggest checking out the 100 strangers group here on Flickr for more awesome encounters by talented writers and photographers.

167/100

taken on 35mm film

FROM WIKIPEDIA

+++++++++++++++++++++++

Isabella Khair Hadid (/həˈdiːd/; born October 9, 1996)[4] is an American fashion model, signed to IMG Models in 2014. In December 2016, the Industry voted her "Model of the Year" for Model.com's Model of the Year 2016 Awards.[5]

 

Early life

 

Isabella Khair Hadid was born and raised in Los Angeles, California[6] to real-estate developer Mohamed Hadid[7][8] and former model Yolanda Hadid. Her mother is a Dutch-born American, and her father is Palestinian American.[9] Hadid has two siblings, an older sister named Gigi, who is also a model, and a younger brother, Anwar. She has two older half-sisters, Marielle and Alana, on her father's side.[10]

 

Hadid and her siblings were originally raised on a ranch in Santa Barbara, California for ten years.[11] As a teenager, Hadid was an equestrian and had dreams of attending the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro but had to give up competing in 2013 due to her suffering from chronic Lyme disease.[12][13][14] It was not announced that she suffered from chronic Lyme until October 2015.[15] She was diagnosed, along with her mother and brother, with the chronic illness in 2012.[16]

 

In Fall of 2014, Hadid moved to New York City and began studying photography at the Parsons School of Design, signing to IMG shortly before. She has since dropped out of school due to the success of her modeling career, but has expressed interest in returning to school to take on Fashion Photography as a career once she is done modeling.[17] Hadid has also expressed interest in acting.[18]

Career

2012–2014: Early work

Hadid began modeling at age 16 with a Flynn Skye commercial project. Hadid also starred in the "Swan Sittings" by Lesa Amoore, alongside actor Ben Barnes, and "Smoking Hot" by Holly Copeland, modeled for Hannah Hayes F/W 2013 collection, various other commercial projects, and had done campaign work for Chrome Hearts in summer 2013 and 2014.[19][20]

2014–2015: Professional rise

Bella Hadid starring as "Black Widow" in Love Advent, Day 14 2015

 

Hadid signed to IMG Models on August 21, 2014.[21]

 

She made her New York Fashion Week debut in the fall of 2014, walking for Desigual. In the spring fashion weeks of 2015, Hadid walked for Tom Ford in Los Angeles, and walked in the amfAR 22nd Cinema Against AIDs Gala fashion show in May. In the fall 2015 New York Fashion Week, she walked for Diane von Fürstenberg, Tommy Hilfiger, Jeremy Scott (she closed his show), and Marc Jacobs. At London Fashion Week, walked for Topshop Unique and Giles, and at Milan Fashion Week for Philipp Plein, Moschino, Missoni, and Bottega Veneta. While at Paris Fashion Week she walked for Balmain. In December 2015 she made her Chanel debut, walking for the first time in the luxury brand's Métiers d'Art show in Rome.[22][23]

 

In December 2014, Hadid made her first cover appearance on Jalouse Magazine and was featured on Day 27 of Love Magazine's Love Advent that same year.[24][25] Hadid appeared on the November 2015 cover of Seventeen and has shot editorials for magazines, including Vogue Australia and Elle.[26] She was also on the cover of Unconditional Magazine, Grey Magazine, Jalouse Magazine, V Magazine (with sister, Gigi), Editorialist, Wonderlands 10th Birthday Issue, S Moda, Evening Standard, Teen Vogue, and Twin Magazine F/W Issue.[27][28][29]

 

Hadid also featured in numerous editorials for various magazines, including Vogue Girl Japan, Harper's Bazaar, GQ, W magazine, Town and Country, Pop magazine, three for Glamour magazine, and two for Love magazine. She was also featured again in Love magazine's Love Advent Day 14 and 15 in 2015. Hadid also made an appearance in two CR Fashion Book's – "Body Book" and "Fantasy Campaigns".[30][31]

 

Hadid was one of eight young models to land Topshop's Holiday campaign and appeared in Balmain's Fall 2015 ad campaign (alongside sister Gigi), as well as starring in the Holiday campaign for Victoria's Secret's younger line, PINK, alongside spokesmodel Rachel Hilbert and Devon Windsor.[32] Hadid was also featured in the Spring 2015 ad campaign for Botkier Bags and the Fall 2015 ad campaign for Ralph Lauren Denim & Supply, as well as the campaign for Boghossian Jewels. She was also a co-star in Samsung's Fall/Winter Look Book, alongside Xiao Wen Ju, which incorporated both technology and fashion.[33]

 

At the end of 2015, she was awarded Model.com's Break Out Star: Women for Reader's Choice Category.

2016: Model of the Year

 

In January, Hadid made her Chanel Couture debut during Paris Haute Couture S/S Fashion Week.[34] She walked exclusively for Givenchy and walked for Chanel and Miu Miu at their shows in Paris Fashion Week in March 2016, as well as walking for FentyxPuma in New York Fashion Week in February 2016.[35] She also made her first Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Australia appearance in May 2016, exclusively opening and closing the Misha Resort 2017 show.[36] Hadid walked for the amfAR 23rd Cinema Against AIDs fashion show and Dior Cruise 2017 show in London in May.[37][38] In June, she walked in the Haute Couture segment of Givenchy's Menswear S/S 2017 show during Men's Paris Fashion Week. During Paris Haute Couture F/W Fashion week she walked for both Versace, Dior, and Alexandre Vauthier, where she closed the show. Hadid also closed the show for Fendi Haute Couture in Rome later that week.[39] Hadid started off the S/S 2017 season during NYFW, opening for DKNY and walking for Michael Kors, Anna Sui, Ralph Lauren, and Marc Jacobs.[40][41] During London Fashion Week Hadid walked exclusviely for Versus Versace, opening the show. The next week, in Milan, she opened for Alberta Ferretti and Fendi; as well as walking for Max Mara, Moschino, Versace, Bottega Veneta, and closing for Philosophy di Lorenzo Serafini.[42][43] On November 30, Hadid walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, wearing two looks, one from their Bright Night Angels segment and one from Secret Angels. Her Bright Night Angels look also featured a pair of wings.[44]

 

During 2016, she appeared on the covers of Seventeen Magazine Mexico, Self Service Magazine, CR Fashion Book's #CRGirs, V Magazine, Harper's Bazaar Spain, Japan, Australia, and Russia; Elle Brasil, US, UK, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia; Allure, Double Magazine, Glamour Germany, US, Russia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Iceland; Exit magazine, W magazine Korea, L'Officiel Russia, Sunday Times Style, British GQ, Flare, and Paper Magazine.[45][46][47][48][49] In May, Hadid spotlighted on her first Vogue cover for Vogue Turkey, a Vogue Me cover with Korean rapper G-Dragon in August, and received another three Vogue covers for Japan, Italia, and Paris, alongside model Taylor Hill, in September.[50][51] She had editorials in these magazines, as well as in; Glamour UK, British GQ, LOVE Club, Dazed, W Magazine, Vogue US and Paris, as well as an online editorial in Vogue for Valentine's Day. In May, Hadid made her first short film appearance of the year, starring in Tyer Ford's film, Private.[52] Hadid was also the star of LOVE Advent's calendar for Day 1 in a segment entitled "Aerobics".[53]

 

Hadid was also featured in the "My America" campaign by Marc Jacobs, TopShop's Denim Campaign for Summer 2016, starred in Joe's Jeans 2016 campaign, and Misha Collection's Resort and Misha Gold campaign.[36][54][55] Alongside Frank Ocean, Kate Moss, and others, she was featured in the Calvin Klein F/W 2016 global campaign. She starred in J.W Anderson's Fall/Winter campaign.[56] Hadid was also featured in Givenchy F/W 2016 campaign and in the brands' Resort 2017 line.[57]

 

On May 31, it was announced that Hadid is the new ambassador of Dior Makeup and would be starring in a new web series from the fashion house called Dior Makeup Live with Bella Hadid starting in June, and did a tutorial using their makeup for Vogue US's YouTube channel in August.[38] Hadid's first collaboration was announced on December 13. She partnered up with her best friend's, Jesse Jo Stark, family's brand, Chrome Hearts.[58] Hadid also shot her first campaign with the brand, just after turning 16 years old, and recently played the role of photographer for the Stark family for W Magazine back in August.[59][60] The date the collection she co-designed will be coming out is yet to be announced.

 

In March 2016, Hadid won Model of the Year at the Daily Front Row's Fashion Los Angeles Awards.[61] In June 2016, Hadid was ranked among Models.com's Top 50 Models list. In September 2016, she won Model of the Year at the GQ Men of the Year Awards in London.[62] In December, Models.com nominated Hadid for their Reader's Choice awards; for both Model of the Year and Social Media Star of the Year. She won Model of the Year Women from the Industry's vote.[63]

2017

Bella Hadid, alongside sister Gigi, backstage at Anna Sui F/W 2017.

 

In January 2017, Hadid walked in Givenchy's S/S 2017 Haute Couture segment during their F/W Menswear Fashion Show in Paris.[64] During Haute Couture S/S week, she also walked for Chanel and opened Alexandre Vauthier. In February, she walked in her sister, Gigi's, Tommy Hilfiger collaboration "TommyxGigi" in Los Angeles and in Paris she closed the H&M Studio show, both last minute additions to the S/S 2017 season.[65] To start off the F/W 2017 season, Hadid walked for Alexander Wang, Sies Marjan, Carolina Herrera, Brandom Maxwell, Michael Kors, Anna Sue, Ralph Lauren; and opened for Prabal Gurung and Zadig et Voltaire; and closed for Oscar de la Renta, during NYFW.[66][67][68] During London Fashion Week, she was exclusive at Versace Versus, where she opened the show.[69] In Milan she walked for Albertta Feretti, Fendi, Moschino, and Versace. To close out the F/W 2017 RTW season, in Paris, she walked for Lanvin, Chanel, and opened Off-White. Hadid also starred in Alexandre Vauthier's F/W 2017 look book, in place of a runway show. While in Cannes, France for the 70th Annual Film Festival, she walked for Naomi Campbell's Fashion for Relief and the amfAR Gala's charity walks.[70][71] For the F/W 2017 Haute Coutre week, she walked for Miu Miu Resort, Maison Margiela, Fendi, and opened for Alexandre Vauthier.[72]

 

Hadid's first cover of the year was for the January issue of W Magazine Korea, a reprint of her W editorial from the US editions "Royals Issue".[73] Her first new cover of the year was for the recently rebranded Teen Vogue, Hadid starred on one of the Volume 1 covers with best friend, Jesse Jo Stark. Her first standard issue vogue cover was for the year was for Vogue China in April, appearing on their cover again in September, and another in June for Vogue Italia.[74][75][76][77] Hadid also appeared on the cover of CR Fashion Book, Grazia Italia, Sunday Times Style, Porter Magazine; ELLE US, Russia, and France; InStyle, 032c, and was one of the covers for the first issue of Super ELLE China.[78] In 2017, she also had editorials in Vogue Paris, LOVE Magazine, V Magazine, and Dazed Magazine.[79]

 

Hadid and her sister, Gigi, started off the S/S campaign season together - starring alongside one another in both that seasons Fendi and Moschino campaigns.[80] Along with shooting a campaign with her sister, Hadid also shot a campaign for Zadig & Voltaire with her younger brother, Anwar. Hadid also starred solo in the DKNY, TAG Heuer, and Boghossian Jewels Les Merveilles S/S 2017 campaigns.[81][82][83] Hadid also starred in both Ochirly's Spring and Summer campaigns and in the ZaynxVersus capsule collection campaign. She starred in her first beauty campaign in S/S 2017 for Dior Makeup's "Pump N' Volume" mascara.[84] After being declared one of their Nike: NY Made ambassadors in 2016, Hadid starred in her first campaign with Nike for their OG Cortez sneaker.[85] As ambassador of the brand's accessorie's line, Hadid starred as the face of Bulari's Goldea Roman Night fragrence and F/W 2017 Serpiniti collection campaign.[86][87] Hadid starred in a second accessories campaign for Max Mara.[88] Also in the F/W 2017 season, Hadid starred alongside Miles McMillan in Giuseppe Zanotti, Justin Grossman in NARS Cosmetics, and Kendall Jenner in Ochirly's Fall campaign.[89][90]

 

As ambassador of Dior Beauty, Hadid also starred in a series of videos entitled "Dior Makeup with Bella Hadid" throughout the year; these videos had begun in December 2016. On February 8, Hadid was announced the new ambassador for Bulgari's accessory lines and, on February 13, she was announced the new face and ambassador of TAG Heuer.[91][92]

  

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"Bella Hadid on Being Muslim and Trump's Travel Ban". TeenVogue. April 4, 2017. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Hadid

With high THC content CAP’N CHRONIC is a part of a big bud wake and back breakfast. With 420 mg of THC you’ll be floating on cloud 420 all the big bud day long.

 

www.redbubble.com/i/t-shirt/CAP-N-CHRONIC-The-Sticky-Icky...

Thanks to Lord Unconfirmed who finally got in touch with one of the publishers of the magazine who provided hi-res images of the colossi.