View allAll Photos Tagged capacitance
“Macro Mondays” and “Inside Electronics”
A peek into the computer case...
The motherboard with components...
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator
Kopfhöreranschluss mit parallelgeschaltetem Kondensator in einem Detektorradio (Radio der Anfangszeit), hergestellt von meinem Urgrossvater in den 1920er Jahren. (Bemerkung: Die Kapazitätsangabe in cm beruht auf dem Gaußsche Einheitensystem, welches wiederum zum CGS- Einheitensystem (Zentimeter Gramm Sekunde) gehört. Eine Kapazität von 1cm entspricht 1.2pF).
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Headphone terminal with parallel connected capacitor in a detector radio (radio of the early days), made by my great-grandfather in the 1920s. (Note: The capacitance in cm is based on the Gaussian unit system, which in turn belongs to the CGS unit system (centimeter gram second). A capacitance of 1cm corresponds to 1.2pF)
This indestructible and reliable AVO Avometer 7 universal meter for voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, decibels and power was manufactured by Automatic Coil Winder & Electrical Equipment in London, according to the serial number in February 1949! The original manual and accessories are still with it, and as befits such a precision instrument, it still works perfectly today!
choke-capacitance coupled single-ended triode connected dual grid 246 power tube + G-Trans/Noguchi PMF 15WS OPT
While still in limited use today, tuning capacitors were far more common in radio transmitters and receivers from prior years. The capacitor, coupled with an inductor (coil) form a resonant "L/C" circuit. The resonant frequency depends on the value of the inductor and capacitor.
Rotating the knob to have more of the plate area overlapping gives a higher capacitance while rotating it to have less overlap yields a lower capacitance.
This allows the user to change the resonant frequency of the circuit and thereby tune to different stations in a radio receiver or adjust the output frequency on a transmitter.
The straight edge of a plate in this capacitor is approximately 1.5".
This video is a supplement to these two blog uploads:
2. Intact Audio Speaker Transformer Attenuators + Lycan 3R WP12024 horn
Turntable: Garrard 301
Tonearm: Karmadon 311
Phono cartridge: Miyabi
MC SUT: Finemet FM-MCT1
Phono preamp: DIY RCA derived 6SJ7-passive RIAA EQ-6SL7-6SN7
Line preamp: DIY triode connected 6F6 + Hashimoto HL20K6 +
Intact Audio Nickel 28-step AVC
Amp: JE Labs triode'd 6C6 Choke-Capacitance Coupled SE2A3 amp with Tamura 7002 Permalloy O{PTs
Speakers: Altec 414As in WE753C-stye cabs + Lycan3R WP12024 horns +` 802/20275
Video by iPhone 12 mini
Michael Faraday's "StormRacer" Airship (Faraday at controls, wearing top-hat).
"To further expand on his theories of electromagnetic fields, Michael Faraday took his experimentation to the skies, chasing electrical storms. The "StormRacer" airship also put his prior discoveries to practical use, using dynamotive engines and capacitance energy storage to aid in locomotion... and most importantly, the "Faraday Cage" concept proved itself time and again, as it allowed for survival from direct hits of lightning strikes and other electical phenomenon..."
(a few more photos to come...)
An array of Landerhabs dropped by ScaraBs (Supply/CArry/Resupply (Autonomous) B-series).
The Scarab's load capacity is greatly improved by the Landerhabs' four EM thrusters powered by high-capacitance batteries. Habs are airdropped into potential mining zones or areas of scientific value.
Habs are extremely modular, with four corner hardpoints for comms, lighting or solar arrays, and one central void for bulkier modules like hydroponics.
On the right, a ScaraB flies in a SULA survey truck.
This is the view North from the Brooklyn Bridge looking into the Lower East Side of Manhattan. It's not SOOC or even anything close although the starting tile is pretty simple and it wasn't that hard to get it straight.
Nothing like on-line course work to kill my Flickr fun but so it is for the time being. I wanted to stop in though and wish everyone the best for this Holiday season and Merry Christmas.
1. Zombie Fall, 2. Pink Dogwood - Happy Mother's Day, 3. Fête Paradiso - Governors Island, 4. Bleeding (Lonely) Heart (Explored), 5. Swing Chair Ride - Allentown Fair, 6. Disney World Fireworks - At Last!, 7. Barn Door, 8. City Windows with Sunflower Yellow and Blue.,
9. Selfie From the Dry Ice Factory, 10. City Windows, 11. Street Photography - Rural New Jersey Style, 12. Summer's Arrival - The Coneflower, 13. White Lake - Morning Reeds, 14. New York City - Red Lips of Bergdorf Goodman, 15. Great Allentown Fair 2013, 16. Tiger Swallowtail - Standing Proud,
17. Blairstown, The Day After the Snowstorm, 30 October 2011 (Explore), 18. Caught up in the Moment - Grand Central Terminal, 19. South Korea - Contrasts, 20. Sunflower Print, 21. Don't Look for Me, I Have No Fashion Sense., 22. Diagonal Study - Slider Version, 23. Great Allentown Fair - Swing Buggy, 24. Sky Lines,
25. Butterfly Magic!, 26. My Guitar, 27. Whac A Mole - New York City Central Park, 28. Wall Mural - Seoul, South Korea, 29. Smile Please., 30. Fall - Maple Leaves (Explore), 31. Canadian Geese, 32. Amusement Park - New York City Central Park,
33. Pinecone Ginger (Zingiber zerumbet), 34. New York City - Believe It or Not, 35. the Mind's eye View, 36. New York City - the Wall, 37. Winter Storm, 38. Digital Primordial Soup, 39. Tile Study 7 - New York City - Capacitance, 40. No Outlet - No Problem,
41. Sunflower - B&W, 42. Romalea Guttata - Eastern Lubber Grasshopper (Hey! I'm nicer than that HSS Mole!), 43. Poured Concrete, 44. Bumblebees and White Coneflower, 45. New York City - Time Electric w/Red, 46. Pelican Pilings, 47. Metamorphosis - A NYC-Seattle Color Explosion, 48. Locust Blooms - Color Study,
49. Slider World - Now What Does This Do?, 50. Shoemaker Farm - Stranglehold of Decline, 51. Clematis Virginiana - Roadside Weed in All Its Splendor, 52. Red Berries (Explore), 53. Water Vapor Wonder, 54. Monarch on Butterfly Weed, 55. The View is MUCH Better Right Over There!!, 56. Reeds in Early Morning Mist - White Lake,
57. Peiace at the Cement Factory, 58. Magnetic Attraction, 59. New York City - MOMA, 60. New York City - Altered Reflections, 61. Slider Daniel - At last!, 62. Metamorphosis - The Fruit of My Colorplay, 63. All I Really Need To Know....., 64. Flight - 2,
65. Sliding Protest with a bit of Stink!, 66. Reeds at White Lake, Stillwater, New Jersey, 67. Dream, 68. New York City - Brooklyn Bridge, 69. Giant Swallowtail - Role Reversal, 70. Three Balls for a Buck, 71. I Don't Know About You Guys But If I Get Out, I'm Running for The Hills!!!!!, 72. rEd LiPS - ThE LooK
Created with fd's Flickr Toys
6 car vintage Triang Blue Pullman set at "New Dunford"
Just finished converting this 6 car set for DCC, with powered cars at both ends, stay alive capacitance, interior lighting and directional running lights. The Triang knurled wheels have gone, and there is supplementary power pickup in the trailing bogie using DCC Concepts coiled wire low friction contacts. I have used the same pickup arrangement to provide DCC interior lights in all four intermediate cars.
"New Dunford" is my current work in progress inspired by buildings and moorland scenery around Dunford Bridge. Much still to do, not least track ballasting.
When I first glimpsed this, I thought it was ice storm damage, but I soon realized this was actually a 'rolling' transposition, something I didn't think was done on lines this recent or at that high a voltage (this line is built to 500kV specs but currently runs at 345kV).
Lines like this are transposed to help balance the voltage between the energized conductors and ground; the air and insulators between the grounded structure and the energized wires forms a capacitor. That capacitance, as small as it is, adds up over the length of a line, affecting the the voltages at either end of a line (this particular line runs directly from the Antelope Valley Station in ND to a substation west of Huron, SD).
Impulse is generally defined as a change in momentum, but since I comes before M I'll explain it in terms of force.
Impulse is a force applied over a period of time. The best way to practically explain this is with a hammer and nail. When you hammer a nail into a piece of wood, you swing down hard and a lot of force hits that nail, but only for a short period of time. If instead of swinging down with the hammer, you set it on the nail and just pushed with an equal amount of force, would the same effect happen as if you swung the hammer? No, the longer period of time decreases the amount of impulse. It's a high impulse that drives the nail into the wood.
Similarly, running into a brick wall is going to hurt a whole lot, but if I just walk casually into the wall and push my face against it, it's not going to be that bad at all. I'm not saying which approach I took...
Bonus: This could also be for inertia, which is that property of matter that keeps an object moving unless something gets in its way.
Stupid wall.
This picture shows Egyptian light bulbs (Crookes Tubes), which clearly describe the transformation process and where knowledge comes from. It is likely that magnetism was first truly known by the Atlantean cultures, but it is even more interesting to note that during the dynastic periods, hieroglyphs were produced that provided evidence or described knowledge from that time. The only known evidence from the Giza power plant itself is that the Egyptians recognized the subtle power of magnetite (lodestone46)47 (as did many cultures48 49 ) in jewellery, magic50 and medicine. It is interesting to note that the Mesopotamians also had advanced knowledge of electrochemical reactions, and produced their "Baghdad stacks" in earthen vessels. However, some sets of cataclysms and at least one power station failed at the Great Pyramid. Flooding due to the melting of glaciers in 5500 BC may have ended this enlightened (but limited in its use) period for humanity. What followed was a veritable Dark Age. Currently, the recent development of viruses is essentially due to electromagnetic phenomena and we must reread Rudolf Steiner to understand that humanity is currently going through one of the worst periods for the functioning of the human body and that of planet Earth. We are connected to the energy of the Cosmos through the interior of the Earth but also through the constellation Pleiades.
The figures of this hieroglyph will help to elucidate the many electrical models of the Sun, the Earth and transformers: what the author then proposes is not a definitive solution to the question of why the Earth grows, and therefore expands and moves, bends and collapses (on the crust), but also a proposal to better explain how these complex chemistries can interact within solid and liquid environments. The vast majority of plasma arc discharge experiments have naturally focused on ionized gas, which was first proposed to be. However, lightning inside the Earth and electric current clearly need further explanation and exploration.
Ultimately, this could be the solution not only to the secrets of the past, but also a key to the future "harvesting" of the solar wind, as it seems that similar complex chemistry occurs on the surface of comets.
We are beings of light
The English word "electricity" comes from "electricus", invented by the English scientist William Gilbert who, in 1600, made a careful study of electricity and magnetism. The uses of electricity began with the telegraph invented by Samuel Morse around 1840, followed by the telephone, radio and television. Thomas Edison added lighting in 1880, soon followed by electric motors and heating.
On the walls of an ancient temple at Dendera, north of Luxor, there are several reliefs showing an object that resembles a kind of electric lamp - a large oblong bulb. An electrical engineer managed to build a working model, and some say that the ancient Egyptians must have had some sort of artificial light inside the pyramids and tombs because there are no traces of soot on the walls. Well, there is soot on some of the walls and ceilings, but if the stones were stained long after the oldest pyramids were built, it's hard to tell.
In the Cairo museum there is a whole room with ancient finds that has no explanatory signs and the guides don't have information about what they might have been. A circular object made of lamellar slate, a volcanic rock, looks like part of a modern or even futuristic machine. Does it illustrate some kind of advanced propeller or turbo fan - or what?
Humanity has resorted to the original method of energy acquisition: exothermic chemical reactions (fuel combustion). appear as energizing methods. Mankind has never really lost the fascination of magnetism. It has been used for hundreds of years as a form of medicine, both in China and Rome, by William Gilbert, as well as in several other books on cornerstones and magnetism (Indian Vastu Shastra and its marble blocks) . However, it has in many ways been slandered or confused with the subject of another science more seriously studied by many scientists: Ether. The reader will therefore forgive this small detour through the subject of Ether, before continuing with electromagnetism.
The search for the unified aether field, The Shams al-Ma'arif is generally regarded as the most influential textbook of its kind in the Arab and Muslim worlds, and is probably as important, if not more so, than the Picatrix in both hemispheres.2. The rise in water volume and sea level are to be expected as the water-producing core is burgeoning with new water from the movement of Earth from a small Brown Dwarf binary system (Saturn-Jupiter) towards a Main Sequence Star (MSS): Sol.
3. The GE forms high pressure rift zones and high tension subduction zones collectively, creating highly tense plate tectonic forces which can shift or slide rapidly, or collapse under changing magma+water convective bubbles (hotspots), such as at the Azores, Doggerland, Zealandia, Tamil Massif, etc...
4. The GE rift zones are cooled quickly by the water interacting at the membranous layer (for life needs membranes to be truly alive) of the crust, and the collapsing solid weight, and water pressure at ocean depths, forms a “double layer” of pressure that stabilizes the outward convective mantle forces with the inward weight+atmospheric pressure upon the crust.
5. In Uniform periods, these cause buckling, overthrust, dome formations, and faults which break the cohesiveness of continental formations,
6. When celestial bodies are near, the increased growth bubbles and outer electro-gravitic forces lift and slide the skin-thin membranic crust, sometimes violently (such as India and Madagascar), creating massive land and ocean crust upheavals.
7. When Cosmic Ray Events (CREs) occur, the GE accelerates, and the production of more matter (from constituent subatomic particles), plasma “wind” and neutrino radiation, increases the mass as well as slows the rotation, thereby explaining the slowing of the Earth’s rotation from 360 days to 365.26 over
15
Finally, the EGE duet must rely on a strong scientific core. There is, fortunately, one to be found in the
Plasma-Electromagnetic hypothesis. Plasma is the first state of matter, accounting for 98% of all matter in the
Universe.
16 17
Electromagnetism, now Electroweak Force as well, succinctly defines the one Force that guides
yin/yang.
18 19
Plasma has several modes of operation before breaking down to lower energy states of gas,
the last 12,000 years during the most recent surge in size growth
Finally, the EGE duet must rely on a strong scientific core. There is, fortunately, one to be found in the
Plasma-Electromagnetic hypothesis. Plasma is the first state of matter, accounting for 98% of all matter in the
Universe.
16 17
Electromagnetism, now Electroweak Force as well, succinctly defines the one Force that guides
yin/yang.
18 19
Plasma has several modes of operation before breaking down to lower energy states of gas,
the last 12,000 years during the most recent surge in size growth.
behavior in the Universe (and possibly Uni-Multiverse). It defines gravitic waves (Poincare), light (EMF),
electric arc discharge, and the internal interactions of particles and subatomic specie (like quarks), which are
measured in electron-volts (eV). The behaviors of particles as waves is explainable in terms of wave-particle
dualities if necessary, or simply as waves (therefore reducing the force to mere magnetic interactions).
However, the moving current of inconceivable charges (as inconceivable a concept as “energy”) provides
concrete proof of energy in action, and provides a dualistic behavior which defines reality itself.
www.academia.edu/37439506/Magnetic_Universe_Theory_A_Top-...
Following up on last year’s IBM Almaden Institute, I went to visit Paul Rhodes at Evolved Machines.
This whiteboard with RC ladders and diff eq’s looked strangely familiar (tickling the EE in this geek).
To more accurately model neuronal signaling, the dendrite is broken up into a finite element model of adjacent segments. Somewhat like a coax cable, the dendrite has an inner core of conductive ions surrounded by a lipid layer that insulates the signal from the common ground of the intercellular fluid. In addition to static membrane capacitance and axial resistance, the myriad ion channel pores penetrating the lipid insulator provide rich non-linear dynamics (modeled as a battery and voltage-regulated resistor). Conformal proteins in the channel dynamically regulate sodium and potassium current, with positive feedback accelerating the local rise of voltage above a threshold, and then reversing to rapid negative feedback (creating a classic neuronal voltage spike).
The voltage spike will propagate, with gain, along the dendrite, from one finite element region to the neighbor, not as a free flow of electrons, but as a bucket brigade of opening and closing ion channels, like fingers cascading down a very long flute.
The dendrite with myriad branches is a fundamental locus of computation, not just the neuron cell body.
I am looking forward to Cognitive Computing 2007 at Berkeley.
Hi-fi set up - Thorens TD124 + Bokrand AS309 tonearm Fulton RS-1 MC Cartridge, Entré ET100 MC SUT, DIY RCA derived split passive RIAA EQ 6SL7 + 6SN7 phono preamp, DIY 12B4A + Sony/TamRadio line output transformers linestage + Intact Audio Nickel AVC, DIY triode-strapped 6J7 CCC SE46 (triode) amp with Noguchi PMF 15WS OPTs driving Fulton FMI 80 speakers
iPhone 12 mini video
Michael Faraday (/ˈfærədeɪ, -di/; 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the study of electrochemistry and electromagnetism. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis. Although Faraday received little formal education, as a self-made man, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology. The SI unit of capacitance, the farad, is named after him.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday ultimately became the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, a lifetime position.
Faraday was an experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language. His mathematical abilities did not extend as far as trigonometry and were limited to the simplest algebra. Physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell took the work of Faraday and others and summarised it in a set of equations which is accepted as the basis of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. On Faraday's uses of lines of force, Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods."
A highly principled scientist, Faraday devoted considerable time and energy to public service. He worked on optimising lighthouses and protecting ships from corrosion. With Charles Lyell, he produced a forensic investigation on a colliery explosion at Haswell, County Durham, indicating for the first time that coal dust contributed to the severity of the explosion, and demonstrating how ventilation could have prevented it. Faraday also investigated industrial pollution at Swansea, air pollution at the Royal Mint, and wrote to The Times on the foul condition of the River Thames during The Great Stink. He refused to work on developing chemical weapons for use in the Crimean War, citing ethical reservations. He declined to have his lectures published, preferring people to recreate the experiments for themselves, to better experience the discovery, and told a publisher: "I have always loved science more than money & because my occupation is almost entirely personal I cannot afford to get rich."
Albert Einstein kept a portrait of Faraday on his study wall, alongside those of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time."
Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court on 25 August 1867, aged 75. He had some years before turned down an offer of burial in Westminster Abbey upon his death, but he has a memorial plaque there, near Isaac Newton's tomb. Faraday was interred in the dissenters' (non-Anglican) section of Highgate Cemetery.
From early 2010's flash memory technology seen in the previous photo, we go back even further, a *lot* further! The video laserdisc format is now over 40 years old, but was never all that popular among mainstream consumers in the United States. UPDATE: Pictured here aren't laserdiscs, but the forerunners known as "Capacitance Electronic Discs" - even rarer to find in some areas I would think.
This photo shows an actual monster-sized laserdisc in comparison to a DVD! Add to the fact that the CEDs were encased in an even bigger plastic housing (the whole of which was inserted into a player, if I'm not mistaken), and it's no wonder people didn't care too much for them. The machines sucked the disc part into the player and spit the plastic case back out, requiring the empty case to be put back in to retirieve the disc - how wild is that!??
Seems like the sheer weight and size of these CEDs might have made them somewhat fragile as well, especially if one was dropped onto it's end from a high shelf. I believe these that were spotted at Iuka's Sunflower Antique Mall marked either my second or third occasion to even see any in person. (And yep, that's a full-sized baby stroller the ones pictured here are sitting under)! If you happen to have one of those laserdisc and/or CED players (and some discs to go along with it), pretty cool indeed!
A creek (once) ran through it
As Bay Area Creeks go, Alameda Creek is rather large. It drains a watershed of around 700 square miles the bulk of which lies east of Niles Canyon out toward Livermore, Altamont and points south. After the creek exits Niles Canyon it crosses six miles or so of alluvial plain then another two miles of what used to be marshland before discharging into San Francisco Bay proper. This lowland section of the creek was prone to flooding during Northern California’s wintertime rainy season. Streams of subtropical moisture, the “Pineapple Express,” can deliver impressive amounts of moisture during the Bay Area’s winter storms. Trenching studies in the alluvial plain have revealed layers of mud and gravel deposited by major floods that historically occurred every 50 to 100 years. Each major flood would inundate the flats between hill and marsh with floodwaters eventually reaching the bay through various outlets – historically Mt. Eden Creek, Old Alameda Creek, Coyote Hills Slough, and even Newark Slough. The marshes once reduced flooding by capacitance – absorbing the oncoming rush of water – and by keeping the marsh channels deep though tidal scouring. As marsh gave way to salt ponds these benefits were lost.
Early settlers in the East Bay took measures to protect their property against floods. They built on higher ground, raised their living quarters above the ground plane, and consstructed levees here and there. As time passed settlements became more expansive and flood control measures followed suite. The last major floods along Alameda Creek happened in the 1950s and they were impressive. The 1950s floods spurred the construction of major flood control channels along Old Alameda Creek and the Coyote Hills Slough. Unlike the sinuous marsh channels they replaced, the new flood control channels, completed in the early 1970s and 500 feet wide, are relatively straight shots from the flats to the bay.
When you hike down the levees of the flood control channels you encounter cut-off remnants of the original creek beds among the adjacent salt ponds. I have recently visited two of these sites. Little snippets of the original Alameda Creek lie orphaned on either side of the current day Old Alameda Creek Flood Control Channel. I often stop to photographs a particularly interesting stretch adjacent to the ruins of the Alvarado Salt Works. Here there is a collapsed bridge that once spanned the creek (when it existed there). It now spans a smallish salt pond puddle. Along the former creek channel there are pilings for what was a major boat landing in the 19th century. In the current day the old creek channel fills with the winter rains and turns a dull green. During the summer it dries out and turns a bright yellow with dark red accents along the periphery.
The yellow color scheme is also found along remnants of Coyote Hills Slough one drainage south. This tidal slough once ran past the northern end of the Coyote Hills just south of Turk Island. Its southern fork, Patterson Creek, wound its way to a stretch of marsh on the eastern side of the Coyote Hills. These days the relatively straight Alameda Creek Flood Control Channel has replaced Coyote Hills Slough’s winding channels. On several occasions I have visited an interesting section of the old slough channel just south of Turk Island. Once you visualize what this ditch once was it gives you a sense of scale for the old marsh channels. Interestingly the border between Fremont, California and the neighboring Union City still follows this ditch. In the current day it too dries out to shallow pools in the summer to sport a bright yellow color and the texture of buckled gypsum.
Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time."
Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791–25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in history.
It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. He also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday ultimately became the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, a lifetime position.
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language; his mathematical abilities, however, did not extend as far as trigonometry and were limited to the simplest algebra. James Clerk Maxwell took the work of Faraday and others and summarised it in a set of equations which is accepted as the basis of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. On Faraday's uses of lines of force, Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods." The SI unit of capacitance is named in his honour: the farad.
It is worth noting that there remain a number of scientific items named after him: Faraday's law of induction; the Faraday effect; the Faraday cage; the Faraday constant; the Faraday cup; Faraday's laws of electrolysis; the Faraday paradox; the Faraday rotator; the Faraday-efficiency effect; the Faraday wave and the Faraday wheel.
The rather weathered statue above, sculpted by John Henry Foley, RA., is situated in Savoy Place, London, standing in front of the Institute of Engineering and Technology (which was created from the merger of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, which previously occupied the buliding, and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers).
Michael Faraday's "StormRacer" Airship (Faraday at controls, wearing top-hat).
"To further expand on his theories of electromagnetic fields, Michael Faraday took his experimentation to the skies, chasing electrical storms. The "StormRacer" airship also put his prior discoveries to practical use, using dynamotive engines and capacitance energy storage to aid in locomotion... and most importantly, the "Faraday Cage" concept proved itself time and again, as it allowed for survival from direct hits of lightning strikes and other electical phenomenon..."
A senior Tesla Australia executive pleads guilty to insider trading
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The G spot is located at the end of the word shopping..
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The Best AT-LP120USB in the world.
USB Preamp removed
Platter and plinth Dampened
Custom tonearm armboard created
Poorly designed stock tonearm replaced
Technics Supermat 1/4" and headshell added
RCA Jacks installed
Custom made, low capacitance cables
Audio Technica AT-150MLX cartridge
TTW center weight added
Extra isolation
New PRO-JECT USB Preamp installed
Low capacitance cables installed
Can it now compete with the legendary Technics SL-1200MK2? NOPE. This project was for educational purposes only and is not recommended. The end results are great, but the cost to mod the 120 could have been spent on a real 1200MK2 which is superior in every way.
If AT could rectify 4 problems with the LP120USB, then it would be a great entry level table for home use. 1 is make the antiskate work. 2, lower the arm assembly so VTA can be properly adjusted. 3, include a rubber mat to reduce platter noise and vibration. 4, get the W&F down by half.
This device is used to test for capacitance, resistance, leakage and power factor. It can test paper, mica, or electrolytic-capacitors.
Auction Item 265A -- Cledis Estes Auctions II of Medina, Ohio.
29 cm (11.4 inches) on a side, 2 turns of 6-strand telephone cable, with wires daisy-chained to make the equivalent of 12 turns. Two ends of loop connected to 700 pF variable capacitor. A separate single turn of a single telephone wire is looped between the two cables and used as a sensing coil, with its two ends fed to the AM radio antenna input. Very directional (a few degrees) for nulling interfering channels and selective, tuning from about 500 kHz to about 1400 kHz, with good long-wave reception, too...
Helps pick up French, German, Dutch, Belgian, Manx, Irish and English AM stations from southern Scotland on medium-wave in late Spring. From my location, daylight range in summer on MW seems to be between 200-300 km when used outdoors, unfiltered by thick stone walls, and 150-200 km in the house, using a 1990s JVC hi-fi radio receiver. Autumn is another story: October after sunset gets reliable reception from Russia, Spain, Poland, Czech Republic, Italy, Algeria, Egypt, Saudia Arabia...about a 1500 km range. All but five or six available frequencies on the AM dial have reliable stations, and some have as many as five, at different times and directions. These latest pick-ups were using a 1956 Phillips B3G63A valve radio for DX and regular listening.
Subsequently added an additional capacitor in parallel with the variable capacitor (i.e. adding capacitance) to better tune the LW band:
Use 0.0047 uF in parallel with variable cap to boost amplitude at lower broadcast frequencies of the LW band (notably France Inter at 162 kHz and Europe 1 at 183 kHz), and alternatively a 0.001 uF capacitor to allow tuning of the loop at the higher frequencies of the LW band (e.g. RTL Luxembourg at 234 kHz and RTE Eire at 252 kHz). The extra caps are alternately selected by a SPDT switch, with centre off to select MW reception.
Subsequently have tried tapping via a switch to use fewer turns. Tried 10, 8 and 6 turns. As expected, this shifts the tuning upward in frequency (so no longer tuning at the bottom end of 550, but closer to 1000 kHz using 6 turns). Unfortunately, the self-capacitance of the cable still restricts the upper range of tuning to around 1400 kHz. The amplitude of weak stations at the top end (1600 kHz or so) is about twice as high as with 12 turns, so there is a slight net advantage but scarcely worth it. So, only solution for tuning the top of the range is to construct another aerial having less self-capacitance, i.e. with individual, more widely spaced and parallel, wires.
Over the summer of 2013 have built several, larger loops for considerably better performance. Will post some details when I get a chance...
Replacing the stock Nichicon GU power filter capacitors of Cayin LA34 Tube Integrated Amplifier with the same capacitance and size.
The phrase "flux capacitor" has appeared in more serious contexts. U.S. Patent 6,084,285 describes a "lateral flux capacitor having fractal-shaped perimeters." The idea being to make a capacitor in an integrated circuit, some of whose capacitance exists between two conductors on a single layer (hence, "lateral"). The device is not a lateral flux-capacitor but a lateral-flux capacitor; that is, lateral modifies flux, and lateral flux is attributive, rather than flux capacitor compound and lateral modifying capacitor.
The power required is pronounced "one point twenty-one jiggawatts" (or "jigowatt"). This pronunciation of "gigawatt" is correct (as derived from its SI unit prefix giga); in fact many amateur radio operators from that timeframe correctly pronounced "giga" as "jiga", although it is more commonly pronounced with two hard "g" sounds as in "golf."
But while "jiggawatt" is a correct pronunciation, it is an incorrect spelling. Nevertheless, the pronunciation is considered humorous by many people.
The Mr Fusison device is made from a Krups 223 coffee maker!!
This is a capacitance bridge made by GR of Cambridge, Massachusetts. GR is noted for making only high quality equipment. This dates from the 1950's.
It found me at the Eastern Connecticut Amateur Radio Assoc. flea market that was held today. It is missing its cover (I did point this out to the seller). I don't think he wanted to take it home because he quickly reduced the already cheap price of $15 down to $10. I had to take it. The tester complements the similar GR 1611-A which I also have (pictured elsewhere in my Flickr 'electronic test equipment' set.)
Does it work? You bet. Notice the 1.0 mfd capacitor attached. The instrument returned a reading of 1.03 mfd. My brand new TekPower TP4000ZC digital multimeter returns 1.038 mfd. I am impressed.
I love the old stuff. Green magic eye, ruby red on indicator, big dials, what more can you ask for?
Michael Faraday FRS [Fellow of the Royal Society] ( 22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday ultimately became the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a lifetime position.
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language; his mathematical abilities, however, did not extend as far as trigonometry and were limited to the simplest algebra. James Clerk Maxwell took the work of Faraday and others and summarized it in a set of equations which is accepted as the basis of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. On Faraday's uses of lines of force, Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods." The SI unit of capacitance is named in his honour: the farad.
Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time."
Artwork: TudioJepegii
boston, massachusetts
early 1970s
teradyne c403/c275 1mhz capacitor classification system
"C403/C275 1-MHz CAPACITOR CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
- Classifies into six tolerance categories
- Designed for production applications with multiplexers or automatic handlers
- Testing rates in excess of 10,000 hr.
- Five terminal connections
- Programmable range and nominal value
- Field proven reliability"
part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf
© the Nick DeWolf Foundation
Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com
A creek (once) ran through it
As Bay Area Creeks go, Alameda Creek is rather large. It drains a watershed of around 700 square miles the bulk of which lies east of Niles Canyon out toward Livermore, Altamont and points south. After the creek exits Niles Canyon it crosses six miles or so of alluvial plain then another two miles of what used to be marshland before discharging into San Francisco Bay proper. This lowland section of the creek was prone to flooding during Northern California’s wintertime rainy season. Streams of subtropical moisture, the “Pineapple Express,” can deliver impressive amounts of moisture during the Bay Area’s winter storms. Trenching studies in the alluvial plain have revealed layers of mud and gravel deposited by major floods that historically occurred every 50 to 100 years. Each major flood would inundate the flats between hill and marsh with floodwaters eventually reaching the bay through various outlets – historically Mt. Eden Creek, Old Alameda Creek, Coyote Hills Slough, and even Newark Slough. The marshes once reduced flooding by capacitance – absorbing the oncoming rush of water – and by keeping the marsh channels deep though tidal scouring. As marsh gave way to salt ponds these benefits were lost.
Early settlers in the East Bay took measures to protect their property against floods. They built on higher ground, raised their living quarters above the ground plane, and consstructed levees here and there. As time passed settlements became more expansive and flood control measures followed suite. The last major floods along Alameda Creek happened in the 1950s and they were impressive. The 1950s floods spurred the construction of major flood control channels along Old Alameda Creek and the Coyote Hills Slough. Unlike the sinuous marsh channels they replaced, the new flood control channels, completed in the early 1970s and 500 feet wide, are relatively straight shots from the flats to the bay.
When you hike down the levees of the flood control channels you encounter cut-off remnants of the original creek beds among the adjacent salt ponds. I have recently visited two of these sites. Little snippets of the original Alameda Creek lie orphaned on either side of the current day Old Alameda Creek Flood Control Channel. I often stop to photographs a particularly interesting stretch adjacent to the ruins of the Alvarado Salt Works. Here there is a collapsed bridge that once spanned the creek (when it existed there). It now spans a smallish salt pond puddle. Along the former creek channel there are pilings for what was a major boat landing in the 19th century. In the current day the old creek channel fills with the winter rains and turns a dull green. During the summer it dries out and turns a bright yellow with dark red accents along the periphery.
The yellow color scheme is also found along remnants of Coyote Hills Slough one drainage south. This tidal slough once ran past the northern end of the Coyote Hills just south of Turk Island. Its southern fork, Patterson Creek, wound its way to a stretch of marsh on the eastern side of the Coyote Hills. These days the relatively straight Alameda Creek Flood Control Channel has replaced Coyote Hills Slough’s winding channels. On several occasions I have visited an interesting section of the old slough channel just south of Turk Island. Once you visualize what this ditch once was it gives you a sense of scale for the old marsh channels. Interestingly the border between Fremont, California and the neighboring Union City still follows this ditch. In the current day it too dries out to shallow pools in the summer to sport a bright yellow color and the texture of buckled gypsum.
A creek (once) ran through it
As Bay Area Creeks go, Alameda Creek is rather large. It drains a watershed of around 700 square miles the bulk of which lies east of Niles Canyon out toward Livermore, Altamont and points south. After the creek exits Niles Canyon it crosses six miles or so of alluvial plain then another two miles of what used to be marshland before discharging into San Francisco Bay proper. This lowland section of the creek was prone to flooding during Northern California’s wintertime rainy season. Streams of subtropical moisture, the “Pineapple Express,” can deliver impressive amounts of moisture during the Bay Area’s winter storms. Trenching studies in the alluvial plain have revealed layers of mud and gravel deposited by major floods that historically occurred every 50 to 100 years. Each major flood would inundate the flats between hill and marsh with floodwaters eventually reaching the bay through various outlets – historically Mt. Eden Creek, Old Alameda Creek, Coyote Hills Slough, and even Newark Slough. The marshes once reduced flooding by capacitance – absorbing the oncoming rush of water – and by keeping the marsh channels deep though tidal scouring. As marsh gave way to salt ponds these benefits were lost.
Early settlers in the East Bay took measures to protect their property against floods. They built on higher ground, raised their living quarters above the ground plane, and consstructed levees here and there. As time passed settlements became more expansive and flood control measures followed suite. The last major floods along Alameda Creek happened in the 1950s and they were impressive. The 1950s floods spurred the construction of major flood control channels along Old Alameda Creek and the Coyote Hills Slough. Unlike the sinuous marsh channels they replaced, the new flood control channels, completed in the early 1970s and 500 feet wide, are relatively straight shots from the flats to the bay.
When you hike down the levees of the flood control channels you encounter cut-off remnants of the original creek beds among the adjacent salt ponds. I have recently visited two of these sites. Little snippets of the original Alameda Creek lie orphaned on either side of the current day Old Alameda Creek Flood Control Channel. I often stop to photographs a particularly interesting stretch adjacent to the ruins of the Alvarado Salt Works. Here there is a collapsed bridge that once spanned the creek (when it existed there). It now spans a smallish salt pond puddle. Along the former creek channel there are pilings for what was a major boat landing in the 19th century. In the current day the old creek channel fills with the winter rains and turns a dull green. During the summer it dries out and turns a bright yellow with dark red accents along the periphery.
The yellow color scheme is also found along remnants of Coyote Hills Slough one drainage south. This tidal slough once ran past the northern end of the Coyote Hills just south of Turk Island. Its southern fork, Patterson Creek, wound its way to a stretch of marsh on the eastern side of the Coyote Hills. These days the relatively straight Alameda Creek Flood Control Channel has replaced Coyote Hills Slough’s winding channels. On several occasions I have visited an interesting section of the old slough channel just south of Turk Island. Once you visualize what this ditch once was it gives you a sense of scale for the old marsh channels. Interestingly the border between Fremont, California and the neighboring Union City still follows this ditch. In the current day it too dries out to shallow pools in the summer to sport a bright yellow color and the texture of buckled gypsum.
Sadly, after almost a century the retail premises of the brilliantly named William Watt are now closed. Must be the current climate. Although the retail premises are closed it appears from the sign in the window he is still in business and operating from Ohm.
Apologies for the shocking puns but I don't have the capacitance to resistor them.
It is notable that this boldly designed 1890 tenement by Thomas Purves Marwick remains relatively unaltered, including the original shopfronts.
Replaced all the old vacuum tubes with the following: a matched quad of Electro Harmonix EL84 (Apex Matched), a matched pair of Ei Yugoslavia 12AU7 (NOS) and a Mullard 12AX7 reissue.
The Musical Fidelity X10-D has a pair of Electro Harmonix 6922. Signal capacitors were replaced with Mundorf MCap and WIMA. A Nichicon cap with a huge capacitance of 4700uf was installed in the power supply section. This is already my 4th X10-D. :)
Van Den Hul D300 MKIII interconnect cable was used in this set up,
All in Lovan Classic I Audio Rack.
"Magic Wire" is so called because of detecting proximity to antenna.
THE MAGIC WIRE
As shown in the diagram, the input tube is a type 6R7 duo-diode triode. The triode section forms the oscillator, in conjunction with the coil L1 which is center-tapped to the cathode. When the triode section is oscillating, the r.f. voltage developed from cathode to ground is impressed on the diode section, causing current to flow through R2 and making the diode plates negative with respect to ground. The control grid of the 25L6 power tube is connected to the diode plates of the 6R7 and consequently a negative bias is placed on the grid which reduces its plate current to a very low value. As soon as the triode ceases to oscillate, there is no longer any r.f. voltage applied to the diodes, the voltage drops and the 25L6 draws high plate current, causing the relay to operate.
It will be noted that no rectifier tube or filler circuit is required in this design, yet the instrument functions on either a.c. or d.c. On a.c., the 6R7 oscillations and the 25L6 draws plate current only on the positive half-cycles. This principle effects a considerable saving in construction cost and in the size of the instrument.
After the parts required have been obtained, the first step in building the unit is to make the chassis, which consists simply of a piece of 16-gauge aluminum or steel bent and drilled in accordance with the plan shown. The front panel, which is included with the standard 6 by 6 cabinet, is drilled and a hole and grommet are placed in the rear panel. The oscillator coil is made by winding 100 turns of No.28 d.c.c. wire on a one-inch bakelite tube 3-1/4 inches long. A tap is brought out at the center of the winding. When the winding has been completed, the entire coil is dipped in a hot half-and-half mixture of beeswax and paraffin to keep the winding in place and exclude moisture. The sensitivity of the outfit is largely dependent upon the efficiency of the coil, so it should be carefully made. C1 is mounted on a small piece of 1/8-inch bakelite, because it must be insulated from the panel.
Wire the chassis first, starting with the heater circuits. Do not connect in the power cord until all wiring has been completed. The shield of the 25L6 is connected to its cathode, the shield of the 6E7 to the heater terminal which goes directly to the line. When all the main wiring has been completed, bring the power cord through the rear panel hole, and solder the three terminals to the terminal strip. The antenna wire is brought in through a rubber-grommeted hole in the top of the cabinet and connected to the stator or plate terminal of C1. A knot in the wire will relieve any strain on this connection. Stranded wire is preferred for the antenna.
The capacitances of C1 and C2 are largely dependent upon the length of antenna wire desired. If only 4 or 5 feet are required, C2 may be omitted. On the other hand, if the wire exceeds 15 feet, C2 will have to be larger than the value given. If the capacitance of C1 were made large (say 150 mmf. or more), C2 could of course be omitted but then the adjustment would become too critical.
The relay employed is a 3,000-ohm plug-in type of standard manufacture. It is a double-pole model and will handle a non-inductive load of 100 watts. It is somewhat more sensitive than is required and any other good relay of 1,000 ohms or more resistance should be suitable. The capacitor, C4, is shunted across the relay coil to prevent chattering. It may be advisable, in some cases, to put a 0.1 mf. paper capacitor across the relay contacts to stop sparking on heavy loads. It is better practice, however, to use a separate power relay when operating any but light loads.
In operation, the antenna wire is strung out well away from grounded metal objects and a 110-volt lamp is plugged into the outlet on the panel. When the tubes have heated, the lamp should light when the antenna wire is touched. If it lights without touching the wire, C2 should be screwed down until the lamp goes out. These adjustments should be made with C1 about one-half mashed. The panel may then screwed in on the cabinet and final adjustment made. This is done by gradually adjusting the vernier knob of the dial until the light remains lit when adjusting but goes out when the hand is removed from the dial. This may be carried to a point where the light will flash as soon as one approaches within 3 feet of the wire or instrument. It is better not to aim for such sensitivity, though, since it will vary somewhat with line voltage. A good, practical and stable point is about six to fifteen minutes or so for the instrument to acquire a stable point of operation owing to its sensitivity.
PARTS REQUIRED
C1 - Midget variable capacitor, 60 mmf. (see text)
C2 - Trimmer capacitor, 35 mmf. or more (see text)
C3 - Tubular paper capacitor, 0.05 mf. or more, 200 v.
C4 - Electrolytic capacitor, 10 mf., 100 V.
R1 - Carbon resistor, 5 meg, 1 watt
R2 - Carbon resistor, 1 meg., 1 watt
R4 - Wire-wound resistor, 5,000 ohms, 10 watts
R5 - Wire-wound resistor, 10,000 ohms, 10 watts
1 -- Steel cabinet 6x6x6 inches, front & back panels removable
1 -- Piece 16-gauge aluminum, for chassis 5-1/2 x 7-3/4 inches
1 -- Piece bakelite tubing, 1 inch diameter., 3-1/2 inches long
1 -- Piece bakelite, 1'1/2 x 1-1/2, 1/8 inch thick for C1
2 -- Octal wafer sockets, 1-1/2 inches center for mounting holes
1 -- 5-prong wafer socket, 1-1/2 inches center for mounting holes
1 -- Relay, Utah type RAC-110, 3,000 ohm
1 -- 6R7 metal tube
1 -- 25L6 metal tube
1 -- Kurz-Kasch vernier dial, small
1 -- Resistor line cord, 280 ohms (R3)
1 -- Single outlet receptacle
Miscellaneous screws, nuts, mounting bracket, and grommets.
- James P Hughes
boston, massachusetts
early 1970s
daymarc type 1620 sorter w/ teradyne test system
part of an archival project, featuring the photographs of nick dewolf
© the Nick DeWolf Foundation
Image-use requests are welcome via flickrmail or nickdewolfphotoarchive [at] gmail [dot] com
Star Trek II Wrath of Khan was one of the better ST movies and it was released on many media formats. Analogue and later also digital (DVD, HD-DVD, Blu-Ray,...)
These are all pure analogue video formats:
- Video 8 (8 mm magnetic video tape)
- Betamax (1/2" magnetic video tape)
- VHS (1/2" magnetic video tape)
- Video2000 (3/4" magnetic video tape)
- Laserdisc (12" optical video disc)
- CED (12" capacitance video disc)