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My friend Abi gifted me this yardage; I sewed it up on my grandmother's 1950 Singer 15-91.
I've blogged a little about construction; I am proud of this coat. It is underlined in flannel and features five hidden pockets, a padded hem, bust and back waist darts, and a bias-blocked sleeve.
My grandmother personified both a mature and rugged personal style, as well as a pirate-mouth! :) I miss her very much.
Phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes and lineage subdivergence detected in Primula obconica.(a) The phylogenetic topography based on plastid DNA dataset. Bootstrap values of Maximum Parsimony analysis and posterior probabilities of Bayesian inference are given above and below branches, respectively. (b) Maximum Parsimony networks of chlorotypes identified by TCS. Each solid line between circles represents one mutational step between two chlorotypes based on most parsimonious algorithm. The small open circles indicate the missing chlorotypes (not sampled or extinct). The solid line in the middle position of the network represents the two main lineages identified in the phylogenetic analysis, while the dashed line indicates the subdivision in each main lineage. The arrow indicated the connection between Primua obconica and Primula barbicalyx. Yellow and green circles in (a) and (b) correspond to lineage A and lineage B, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. (c) The strict consensus of the Maximum Parsimony trees of ribotypes. The two main lineages are circled by a solid line, while a dashed line in each circle represents the subdivision in each main lineage. The terminal of each branch represents haplotype recovered from plastid DNA and ITS datasets (See Table 1 and 3).
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera (/kaɪˈrɒptərə/; from the Greek χείρ - cheir, "hand" and πτερόν - pteron, "wing") whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, can only glide for short distances. Bats do not flap their entire forelimbs, as birds do, but instead flap their spread-out digits, which are very long and covered with a thin membrane or patagium.
Bats are the second largest order of mammals (after the rodents), representing about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with about 1,240 bat species divided into two suborders: the less specialized and largely fruit-eating megabats, or flying foxes, and the highly specialized and echolocating microbats. About 70% of bat species are insectivores. Most of the rest are frugivores, or fruit eaters. A few species, such as the fish-eating bat, feed from animals other than insects, with the vampire bats being hematophagous, or feeding on blood.
Bats are present throughout most of the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They perform vital ecological roles of pollinating flowers and dispersing fruit seeds; many tropical plant species depend entirely on bats for the distribution of their seeds. Bats are economically important, as they consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides. The smallest bat is the Kitti's hog-nosed bat, measuring 29–34 mm in length, 15 cm across the wings and 2–2.6 g in mass. It is also arguably the smallest extant species of mammal, with the Etruscan shrew being the other contender. The largest species of bat are a few species of Pteropus (fruit bats or flying foxes) and the giant golden-crowned flying fox with a weight up to 1.6 kg and wingspan up to 1.7 m.
CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
Bats are mammals. In many languages, the word for "bat" is cognate with the word for "mouse": for example, chauve-souris ("bald-mouse") in French, murciélago ("blind mouse") in Spanish, saguzahar ("old mouse") in Basque, летучая мышь ("flying mouse") in Russian, slijepi miš ("blind mouse") in Bosnian, nahkhiir ("leather mouse") in Estonian, vlermuis (winged mouse) in Afrikaans, from the Dutch word vleermuis (from Middle Dutch "winged mouse"). An older English name for bats is flittermouse, which matches their name in other Germanic languages (for example German Fledermaus and Swedish fladdermus). Bats were formerly thought to have been most closely related to the flying lemurs, treeshrews, and primates, but recent molecular cladistics research indicates that they actually belong to Laurasiatheria, a diverse group also containing Carnivora and Artiodactyla.
The two traditionally recognized suborders of bats are:
- Megachiroptera (megabats)
- Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)
Not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinctions between the two suborders are:
- Microbats use echolocation; with the exception of the Rousettus genus, megabats do not.
- Microbats lack the claw at the second finger of the forelimb.
- The ears of microbats do not close to form a ring; the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
- Microbats lack underfur; they are either naked or have guard hairs.
Megabats eat fruit, nectar, or pollen. Most microbats eat insects; others may feed on fruit, nectar, pollen, fish, frogs, small mammals, or the blood of animals. Megabats have well-developed visual cortices and show good visual acuity, while microbats rely on echolocation for navigation and finding prey.
The phylogenetic relationships of the different groups of bats have been the subject of much debate. The traditional subdivision between Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera reflects the view that these groups of bats have evolved independently of each other for a long time, from a common ancestor already capable of flight. This hypothesis recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals. Most molecular biological evidence supports the view that bats form a single or monophyletic group.
Researchers have proposed alternative views of chiropteran phylogeny and classification, but more research is needed.
In the 1980s, a hypothesis based on morphological evidence was offered that stated the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera. The so-called flying primates theory proposes that, when adaptations to flight are removed, the Megachiroptera are allied to primates by anatomical features not shared with Microchiroptera. One example is that the brains of megabats show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates. Although recent genetic studies strongly support the monophyly of bats, debate continues as to the meaning of available genetic and morphological evidence.
Genetic evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early Eocene and should be placed within the four major lines of microbats.
Consequently, two new suborders based on molecular data have been proposed. The new suborder of Yinpterochiroptera includes the Pteropodidae, or megabat family, as well as the Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, Megadermatidae, and Rhinopomatidae families The other new suborder, Yangochiroptera, includes all of the remaining families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation). These two new suborders are strongly supported by statistical tests. Teeling (2005) found 100% bootstrap support in all maximum likelihood analyses for the division of Chiroptera into these two modified suborders. This conclusion is further supported by a 15-base-pair deletion in BRCA1 and a seven-base-pair deletion in PLCB4 present in all Yangochiroptera and absent in all Yinpterochiroptera. Perhaps most convincingly, a phylogenomic study by Tsagkogeorga et al (2013) showed that the two new proposed suborders were supported by analyses of thousands of genes.
The chiropteran phylogeny based on molecular evidence is controversial because microbat paraphyly implies that one of two seemingly unlikely hypotheses occurred. The first suggests that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in Chiroptera, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids. The second proposes that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae (all megabats), and later evolved as a system of tongue-clicking in the genus Rousettus.
Analyses of the sequence of the "vocalization" gene, FoxP2, were inconclusive as to whether laryngeal echolocation was secondarily lost in the pteropodids or independently gained in the echolocating lineages. However, analyses of the "hearing" gene, Prestin seemed to favor the independent gain in echolocating species rather than a secondary loss in the pteropodids.
In addition to Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera, the names Pteropodiformes and Vespertilioniformes have also been proposed for these suborders. Under this new proposed nomenclature, the suborder Pteropodiformes includes all extant bat families more closely related to the genus Pteropus than the genus Vespertilio, while the suborder Vespertilioniformes includes all extant bat families more closely related to the genus Vespertilio than to the genus Pteropus.
Little fossil evidence is available to help map the evolution of bats, since their small, delicate skeletons do not fossilize very well. However, a Late Cretaceous tooth from South America resembles that of an early microchiropteran bat. Most of the oldest known, definitely identified bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats. These fossils, Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx and Hassianycteris, are from the early Eocene period, 52.5 million years ago. Archaeopteropus, formerly classified as the earliest known megachiropteran, is now classified as a microchiropteran.
Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder Archonta, along with the treeshrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and the primates, because of the apparent similarities between Megachiroptera and such mammals. Genetic studies have now placed bats in the superorder Laurasiatheria, along with carnivorans, pangolins, odd-toed ungulates, even-toed ungulates, and cetaceans. A recent study by Zhang et al. places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to the clade Perissodactyla (which includes horses and other odd-toed ungulates). However, the first phylogenomic analysis of bats shows that they are not sisters to Perissodactyla, instead they are sisters to a larger group that includes ungulates and carnivores.
Megabats primarily eat fruit or nectar. In New Guinea, they are likely to have evolved for some time in the absence of microbats, which has resulted in some smaller megabats of the genus Nyctimene becoming (partly) insectivorous to fill the vacant microbat ecological niche. Furthermore, some evidence indicates that the fruit bat genus Pteralopex from the Solomon Islands, and its close relative Mirimiri from Fiji, have evolved to fill some niches that were open because there are no nonvolant or nonflying mammals on those islands.
FOSSIL BATS
Fossilized remains of bats are few, as they are terrestrial and light-boned. Only an estimated 12% of the bat fossil record is complete at the genus level. Fossil remains of an Eocene bat, Icaronycteris, were found in 1960. Another Eocene bat, Onychonycteris finneyi, was found in the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. This intermediate fossil has helped to resolve a long-standing disagreement regarding whether flight or echolocation developed first in bats. The shape of the rib cage, faceted infraspious fossa of the scapula, manus morphology, robust clavicle, and keeled sternum all indicated Onychonycteris was capable of powered flight. However, the well-preserved skeleton showed that the small cochlea of the inner ear did not have the morphology necessary to echolocate. O. finneyi lacked an enlarged orbical apophysis on the malleus, and a stylohyal element with an expanded paddle-like cranial tip - both of which are characteristics linked to echolocation in other prehistoric and extant bat species. Because of these absences, and the presence of characteristics necessary for flight, Onychonycteris provides strong support for the “flight first” hypothesis in the evolution of flight and echolocation in bats.
The appearance and flight movement of bats 52.5 million years ago were different from those of bats today. Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws appearing on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches such as sloths and gibbons. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris likely alternated between flaps and glides while in the air. Such physical characteristics suggest that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats do, rather flying from tree to tree and spending most of its waking day climbing or hanging on the branches of trees. The distinctive features noted on the Onychonycteris fossil also support the claim that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal gliders, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, implies that bats attained powered flight by taking advantage of height and gravity, rather than relying on running speeds fast enough for a ground-level take off.
The mid-Eocene genus Necromantis is one of the earliest examples of bats specialised to hunt vertebrate prey, as well as one of the largest bats of its epoch.
HABITATS
Flight has enabled bats to become one of the most widely distributed groups of mammals. Apart from the Arctic, the Antarctic and a few isolated oceanic islands, bats exist all over the world. Bats are found in almost every habitat available on Earth. Different species select different habitats during different seasons, ranging from seasides to mountains and even deserts, but bat habitats have two basic requirements: roosts, where they spend the day or hibernate, and places for foraging. Most temperate species additionally need a relatively warm hibernation shelter. Bat roosts can be found in hollows, crevices, foliage, and even human-made structures, and include "tents" the bats construct by biting leaves.
The United States is home to an estimated 45 to 48 species of bats. The three most common species are Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat), Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat), and Tadarida brasiliensis (Mexican free-tailed bat). The little and the big brown bats are common throughout the northern two-thirds of the country, while the Mexican free-tailed bat is the most common species in the southwest, sometimes even appearing in portions of the Southeast.
ANATOMY
WINGS
The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of minerals, such as calcium, near their tips. In 2006, Sears et al. published a study that traces the elongation of manual bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp signaling, Bmp2, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs - resulting in the extension of the offspring's manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for volant locomotion. Sears et al. (2006) also studied the relative proportion of bat forelimb digits from several extant species and compared these with a fossil of Lcaronycteris index, an early extinct species from approximately 50 million years ago. The study found no significant differences in relative digit proportion, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over 50 million years.The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than the wings of birds, allowing bats to maneuver more accurately than the latter, and fly with more lift and less drag. By folding the wings in toward their bodies on the upstroke, they save 35 percent energy during flight. The membranes are also delicate, ripping easily; however, the tissue of the bat's membrane is able to regrow, such that small tears can heal quickly. The surface of their wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings, and to fly more efficiently by changing the shape of its wings in response. An additional kind of receptor cell is found in the wing membrane of species that use their wings to catch prey. This receptor cell is sensitive to the stretching of the membrane. The cells are concentrated in areas of the membrane where insects hit the wings when the bats capture them.
OTHER
The teeth of microbats resemble insectivorans. They are very sharp to bite through the hardened armor of insects or the skin of fruit.
Mammals have one-way valves in their veins to prevent the blood from flowing backwards, but bats also have one-way valves in their arteries.
The tube-lipped nectar bat (Anoura fistulata) has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding. Their long, narrow tongues can reach deep into the long cup shape of some flowers. When the tongue retracts, it coils up inside its rib cage.
Bats possess highly adapted lung systems to cope with the pressures of powered-flight. Flight is an energetically taxing aerobic activity and requires large amounts of oxygen to be sustained. In bats, the relative alveolar surface area and pulmonary capillary blood volume are significantly larger than most other small quadrupedal mammals.
ECHOLOCATION
Bat echolocation is a perceptual system where ultrasonic sounds are emitted specifically to produce echoes. By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes, the brain and auditory nervous system can produce detailed images of the bat's surroundings. This allows bats to detect, localize, and even classify their prey in complete darkness. At 130 decibels in intensity, bat calls are some of the most intense, airborne animal sounds.
To clearly distinguish returning information, bats must be able to separate their calls from the echoes that they receive. Microbats use two distinct approaches.
Low duty cycle echolocation: Bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. Bats that use this approach time their short calls to finish before echoes return. This is important because these bats contract their middle ear muscles when emitting a call, so they can avoid deafening themselves. The time interval between the call and echo allows them to relax these muscles, so they can clearly hear the returning echo. The delay of the returning echoes provides the bat with the ability to estimate the range to their prey.
High duty cycle echolocation: Bats emit a continuous call and separate pulse and echo in frequency. The ears of these bats are sharply tuned to a specific frequency range. They emit calls outside of this range to avoid self-deafening. They then receive echoes back at the finely tuned frequency range by taking advantage of the Doppler shift of their motion in flight. The Doppler shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range.
The new Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera classification of bats, supported by molecular evidence, suggests two possibilities for the evolution of echolocation. It may have been gained once in a common ancestor of all bats and was then subsequently lost in the Old World fruit bats, only to be regained in the horseshoe bats, or echolocation evolved independently in both the Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera lineages.
Two groups of moths exploit a bat sense to echolocate: tiger moths produce ultrasonic signals to warn the bats that they (the moths) are chemically protected or aposematic, other moth species produce signals to jam bat echolocation. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a tympanum, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive maneuvers.
In addition to echolocating prey, bat ears are sensitive to the fluttering of moth wings, the sounds produced by tymbalate insects, and the movement of ground-dwelling prey, such as centipedes, earwigs, etc. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of bat ears helps to sharply focus not only echolocation signals, but also to passively listen for any other sound produced by the prey. These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a Fresnel lens, and may be seen in a large variety of unrelated animals, such as the aye-aye, lesser galago, bat-eared fox, mouse lemur, and others.
By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey item.
OTHER SENSES
Although the eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor visual acuity, no species is blind. Microbats use vision to navigate, especially for long distances when beyond the range of echolocation, and species that are gleaners - that is, ones that attempt to swoop down from above to ambush tasty insects like crickets on the ground or moths up a tree - often have eyesight about as good as a rat's. Some species have been shown to be able to detect ultraviolet light, and most cave dwelling species have developed the ability to utilize very dim light. They also have high-quality senses of smell and hearing. Bats hunt at night, reducing competition with birds, minimizing contact with certain predators, and travel large distances (up to 800 km) in their search for food. Megabat species often have excellent eyesight as good as, if not better than, human vision; they need this for the warm climates they live in and the very social world they occupy, where relations and friends need to be distinguished from other bats in the colony. This eyesight is, unlike its microbat relations, adapted to both night and daylight vision and enables the bat to have some colour vision whereas the microbat sees in blurred shades of grey.
BEHAVIOUR
Most microbats are nocturnal and are active at twilight. A large portion of bats migrate hundreds of kilometres to winter hibernation dens, while some pass into torpor in cold weather, rousing and feeding when warm weather allows for insects to be active. Others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for six months. Bats rarely fly in rain, as the rain interferes with their echolocation, and they are unable to locate their food.
The social structure of bats varies, with some leading solitary lives and others living in caves colonized by more than a million bats. The fission-fusion social structure is seen among several species of bats. The term "fusion" refers to a large numbers of bats that congregate in one roosting area, and "fission" refers to breaking up and the mixing of subgroups, with individual bats switching roosts with others and often ending up in different trees and with different roostmates.
Studies also show that bats make all kinds of sounds to communicate with others. Scientists in the field have listened to bats and have been able to associate certain sounds with certain behaviours that bats make after the sounds are made.
Insectivores make up 70% of bat species and locate their prey by means of echolocation. Of the remainder, most feed on fruits. Only three species sustain themselves with blood.
Some species even prey on vertebrates. The leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) of Central America and South America, and the two bulldog bat (Noctilionidae) species feed on fish. At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the spectral bat, also known as the American false vampire bat, and the ghost bat of Australia. One species, the greater noctule bat, catches and eats small birds in the air.
Predators of bats include bat hawks, bat falcons and even spiders.
REPRODUCTION
Most bats have a breeding season, which is in the spring for species living in a temperate climate. Bats may have one to three litters in a season, depending on the species and on environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and roost sites. Females generally have one offspring at a time, which could be a result of the mother's need to fly to feed while pregnant. Female bats nurse their young until they are nearly adult size, because a young bat cannot forage on its own until its wings are fully developed.
Female bats use a variety of strategies to control the timing of pregnancy and the birth of young, to make delivery coincide with maximum food ability and other ecological factors. Females of some species have delayed fertilization, in which sperm is stored in the reproductive tract for several months after mating. In many such cases, mating occurs in the fall, and fertilization does not occur until the following spring. Other species exhibit delayed implantation, in which the egg is fertilized after mating, but remains free in the reproductive tract until external conditions become favorable for giving birth and caring for the offspring.
In yet another strategy, fertilization and implantation both occur, but development of the fetus is delayed until favorable conditions prevail, during the delayed development the mother still gives the fertilized egg nutrients, and oxygenated blood to keep it alive. However, this process can go for a long period of time, because of the advanced gas exchange system. All of these adaptations result in the pup being born during a time of high local production of fruit or insects.
At birth, the wings are too small to be used for flight. Young microbats become independent at the age of six to eight weeks, while megabats do not until they are four months old.
LIFE EXPECTANCY
A single bat can live over 20 years, but bat population growth is limited by the slow birth rate.
HUNTING, FEEDING AND DRINKING
Newborn bats rely on the milk from their mothers. When they are a few weeks old, bats are expected to fly and hunt on their own. It is up to them to find and catch their prey, along with satisfying their thirst.
HUNTING
Most bats are nocturnal creatures. Their daylight hours are spent grooming and sleeping; they hunt during the night. The means by which bats navigate while finding and catching their prey in the dark was unknown until the 1790s, when Lazzaro Spallanzani conducted a series of experiments on a group of blind bats. These bats were placed in a room in total darkness, with silk threads strung across the room. Even then, the bats were able to navigate their way through the room. Spallanzani concluded the bats were not using their eyes to fly through complete darkness, but something else.
Spallanzani decided the bats were able to catch and find their prey through the use of their ears. To prove this theory, Spallanzani plugged the ears of the bats in his experiment. To his pleasure, he found that the bats with plugged ears were not able to fly with the same amount of skill and precision as they were able to without their ears plugged. Unfortunately for Spallanzani, the twin concepts of sound waves and acoustics would not be understood for another century and he could not explain why specifically the bats were crashing into walls and the threads that he'd strung up around the room, and because of the methodology Spallanzani used, many of his test subjects died.
It was thus well known through the nineteenth century that the chiropteran ability to navigate had something to do with hearing, but how they accomplish this was not proven conclusively until the 1930s, by Donald R. Griffin, a biology student at Harvard University. Using a locally native species, the little brown bat, he discovered that bats use echolocation to locate and catch their prey. When bats fly, they produce a constant stream of high-pitched sounds. When the sound waves produced by these sounds hit an insect or other animal, the echoes bounce back to the bat, and guide them to the source.
FEEDING AND DIET
The majority of food consumed by bats includes insects, fruits and flower nectar, vertebrates and blood. Almost three-fourths of the world's bats are insect eaters. Bats consume both aerial and ground-dwelling insects. Each bat is typically able to consume one-third of its body weight in insects each night, and several hundred insects in a few hours. This means that a group of a thousand bats could eat four tons of insects each year. If bats were to become extinct, it has been calculated that the insect population would reach an alarmingly high number.
VITAMIN C
In a test of 34 bat species from six major families of bats, including major insect- and fruit-eating bat families, all were found to have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C, and this loss may derive from a common bat ancestor, as a single mutation. However, recent results show that there are at least two species of bat, the frugivorous bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) and insectivorous bat (Hipposideros armiger), that have retained their ability to produce vitamin C. In fact, the whole Chiroptera are in the process of losing the ability to synthesize Vc which most of them have already lost.
AERIAL INSECTIVORES
Watching a bat catch and eat an insect is difficult. The action is so fast that all one sees is a bat rapidly change directions, and continue on its way. Scientist Frederick A. Webster discovered how bats catch their prey. In 1960, Webster developed a high-speed camera that was able to take one thousand pictures per second. These photos revealed the fast and precise way in which bats catch insects. Occasionally, a bat will catch an insect in mid-air with its mouth, and eat it in the air. However, more often than not, a bat will use its tail membrane or wings to scoop up the insect and trap it in a sort of "bug net". Then, the bat will take the insect back to its roost. There, the bat will proceed to eat said insect, often using its tail membrane as a kind of napkin, to prevent its meal from falling to the ground. One common insect prey is Helicoverpa zea, a moth that causes major agricultural damage.
FORAGE GLEANERS
These bats typically fly down and grasp their prey off the ground with their teeth, and take it to a nearby perch to eat it. Generally, these bats do not use echolocation to locate their prey. Instead, they rely on the sounds produced by the insects. Some make unique sounds, and almost all make some noise while moving through the environment.
FRUITS AND FLOWER NECTAR
Fruit eating, or frugivory, is a specific habit found in two families of bats. Megachiropterans and microchiropterans both include species of bat that feed on fruits. These bats feed on the juices of sweet fruits, and fulfill the needs of some seeds to be dispersed. The fruits preferred by most fruit-eating bats are fleshy and sweet, but not particularly strong smelling or colorful. To get the juice of these fruits, bats pull the fruit off the trees with their teeth, and fly back to their roosts with the fruit in their mouths. There, the bats will consume the fruit in a specific way. To do this, the bats crush open the fruit and eat the parts that satisfy their hunger. The remainder of the fruit, the seeds and pulp, are spat onto the ground. These seeds take root and begin to grow into new fruit trees. Over 150 types of plants depend on bats in order to reproduce.Some bats prefer the nectar of flowers to insects or other animals. These bats have evolved specifically for this purpose. For example, these bats possess long muzzles and long, extensible tongues covered in fine bristles that aid them in feeding on particular flowers and plants.[68] When they sip the nectar from these flowers, pollen gets stuck to their fur, and is dusted off when the bats take flight, thus pollinating the plants below them. The rainforest is said to be the most benefitted of all the biomes where bats live, because of the large variety of appealing plants. Because of their specific eating habits, nectar-feeding bats are more prone to extinction than any other type of bat. However, bats benefit from eating fruits and nectar just as much as from eating insects.
VERTEBRATES
A small group of carnivorous bats feed on other vertebrates and are considered the top carnivores of the bat world. These bats typically eat a variety of animals, but normally consume frogs, lizards, birds, and sometimes other bats. For example, one vertebrate predator, Trachops cirrhosus, is particularly skilled at catching frogs. These bats locate large groups of frogs by distinguishing their mating calls from other sounds around them. They follow the sounds to the source and pluck them from the surface of the water with their sharp canine teeth. Another example is the greater noctule bat, which is believed to catch birds on the wing.
Also, several species of bat feed on fish. These types of bats are found on almost all continents. They use echolocation to detect tiny ripples in the water's surface to locate fish. From there, the bats swoop down low, inches from the water, and use specially enlarged claws on their hind feet to grab the fish out of the water. The bats then take the fish to a feeding roost and consume the animal.
BLOOD
A few species of bats exclusively consume blood as their diet. This type of diet is referred to as hematophagy, and three species of bats exhibit this behavior. These species are the common, the white-winged, and the hairy-legged vampire bats. The common vampire bat typically consumes the blood of mammals, while the hairy-legged and white-winged vampires feed on the blood of birds. These species live only in Mexico, Central, and South America, with a presence also on the Island of Trinidad.
DEFECATION
Bat dung, or guano, is so rich in nutrients that it is mined from caves, bagged, and used by farmers to fertilize their crops. During the U.S. Civil War, guano was used to make gunpowder.
To survive hibernation months, some species build up large reserves of body fat, both as fuel and as insulation.
DRINKING
In 1960, Frederic A. Webster discovered bats' method of drinking water using a high-speed camera and flashgun that could take 1,000 photos per second. Webster's camera captured a bat skimming the surface of a body of water, and lowering its jaw to get just one drop of water. It then skimmed again to get a second drop of water, and so on, until it has had its fill. A bat's precision and control during flight is very fine, and it almost never misses. Other bats, such as the flying fox or fruit bat, gently skim the water's surface, then land nearby to lick water from chest fur.
WIKIPEDIA
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Zipper installation - I use a narrow zig-zag for a better topside finish. I sewing.patternreview.com/review/pattern/113086.
Here with my Vancouver homeboys from outsourcingthingsdone.com checking out the new crop of startups.
Maximum likelihood (ML) consensus tree from concatenated (rrs + gyrB + rpoB + rpoD) sequences of nectar-inhabiting Pseudomonas isolates.Bootstrap percentages from ML analysis are shown above lines, and clades with Bayesian posterior probabilities ?0.9 are indicated by thick brown lines. The small phylogram is included to illustrate branch length heterogeneity (scale bar?=?0.1 nucleotide substitutions per site). The geographic origin of isolates is shown on the leaves: Mediterranean, filled squares; South African, empty squares. Plant hosts and their corresponding families are also indicated, with abbreviations for the latter shown in parentheses. Insect pollinators associated to each plant species are listed in Table S4. Abbreviations for plant species names: AA: Adhatoda andromeda; AO: Ajuga ophrydis; CA, Convolvulus althaeoides; CD: Cycnium adonense; DC: Disa crassicornis; ED: Eriosema distinctum; EG: Echium gaditanum; FL: Fritillaria lusitanica; GI: Gladiolus illyricus; MG: Moraea graminicola; NP: Narcissus papyraceus; OR, Orobanche ramosa; PW, Protea welwitschii; RC, Ruellia cordata. Abbreviations for plant families: Aca, Acanthaceae; Ama, Amaryllidaceae; Bor, Boraginaceae; Con, Convolvulaceae; Fab, Fabaceae; Iri, Iridaceae; Lam, Lamiaceae; Lil: Liliaceae; Orc, Orchidaceae; Oro, Orobanchaceae; Pro, Proteaceae.
This is the updated version of Bootstrap Bill Turner played by Stellan Skarsgard. From Pirates Of The Caribbean at Worlds End. Decals made by me everything else is lego. Give credit if used, comment and visit my blog bricktastic.wordpress.com/
Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL and PPDK.The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method using Mega (version 4.0). Bootstrap analysis was computed with 1000 replicates and bootstrap values below 50% were omitted. C3–C4 refers to species that possessed the genes for both C3 and C4 photosynthesis with C3 photosynthesis being the primary pathway. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL. GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used for constructing the phylogenetic tree of rbcL were as follows: Ulva prolifera (FJ042888), Thalassiosira pseudonana (YP_874498), Flaveria bidentis (ADW80649), Flaveria trinervia (ADW80661), Flaveria pringlei (ADW80648), Zea mays (NP_043033), Sorghum bicolor (ABK79504), Oryza sativa (CAG34174), Saccharum officinarum (YP_054639), Arabidopsis thaliana (AAB68400), Volvox carteri (ACY06055), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (ACJ50136), Ostreococcus tauri (YP_717262), Ectocarpus siliculosus (CBH31935), Populus tremula (CAD12560), and Eleocharis vivipara (CAQ53780). (B) Phylogenetic analysis of PPDK. GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used for constructing the phylogenetic tree of PPDK were as follows: Ulva prolifera (JN936854), Thalassiosira pseudonana (XP_002290738), Flaveria bidentis (AAA86941), Flaveria trinervia (CAA55703), Flaveria pringlei (CAA53223), Zea mays (ADC32810), Sorghum bicolor (AAP23874), Oryza sativa (CAA06247), Saccharum officinarum (AAF06668), Arabidopsis thaliana (AEE83621), Volvox carteri (XP_002955807), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (XP_001702572), Ostreococcus tauri (XP_003075283), Ectocarpus siliculosus (CBN74442), Populus tremula (CAX83740), and Eleocharis vivipara (BAA21654).
My first post can be found http://kelly.hogaboom.org/?p=21094.
If you are just now finding this post or pattern, you can print the pattern in a Misses size, or a Plus size.
My first post can be found http://kelly.hogaboom.org/?p=21094.
If you are just now finding this post or pattern, you can print the pattern in a Misses size, or a Plus size.
My first post can be found http://kelly.hogaboom.org/?p=21094.
If you are just now finding this post or pattern, you can print the pattern in a Misses size, or a Plus size.
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Bootstrap 4167 with mashup of Oscar de la Renta Vogue 2655 sleeves. Used Bootstrap's custom fitting options- needed no other alterations, save for the sleeve substitution.
Worn with very old (that's the downside of sewing...garments last forever) black Ann Klein Vogue 2433 skirt. Skirt definitely needs a pressing!
Sewing notes:
Wool possibly flannel, [purchased ages ago in a brick and mortar store. Prepped by running through cycle on dryer with damp hand towels. Faux suede collar - next to neck not visible in this photo. Under collar - part that shows - in wool. Mettler silk finish cotton thread on wool (probably should have used polyester or silk, but didn't). Stitch length 3, tension 3.5, needle microtex size 12. Metrosene thread on lining ... A poly crepe backed satin.
Dritz covered buttons, a bear to make, ended up pushing wool into mold, moistening the edges and using the pusher thing to force the edges into shape while the wool dried. Was able to get the backs on, if I did this.
Canvas interfacing cut on bias for sleeve hems; purchased wigan for jacket hem.
Button holes the most difficult part. All but three were took several attempts.
My friend Abi gifted me this yardage; I sewed it up on my grandmother's 1950 Singer 15-91.
I've blogged a little about construction; I am proud of this coat. It is underlined in flannel and features five hidden pockets, a padded hem, bust and back waist darts, and a bias-blocked sleeve.
My grandmother personified both a mature and rugged personal style, as well as a pirate-mouth! :) I miss her very much.
Will Turner is one of the main protagonists in Disney's 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and two of its three sequels, Dead Man's Chest and At World's End. He is the son of Bootstrap Bill Turner. He was portrayed by Orlando Bloom.
William Turner first appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl as a young boy, drifing on a piece of wood out on the sea. His ship had been attacked by pirates, and a Navy ship found him. In fact, it was Elizabeth Swann who found him, though she was also a young girl at the time. She found a strange Medallion with the pirate skull and crossbones around his neck, so she took it and hid it so that the Navy Soldiers would not think he was a pirate.
Will later appeared when he was around 21 years old, when he was presenting a sword to the Governer, also Elizabeths father. He sees Elizabeth coming down the stairs and says to her that she looks beautiful. Elizabeth and Will had known each other since they had met on the ship when they were both little, and they both have feelings for each other, but don't actually show it until later on.
Jack Sparrow was running away from some guards when he hid in the blacksmiths where Will works. Will found him hiding there and they got into a fierce sword battle, Jack got caught and thrown into jail by the guards. Then, pirates attacked; pirates using Jack's Ship.
My friend Abi gifted me this yardage; I sewed it up on my grandmother's 1950 Singer 15-91.
I've blogged a little about construction; I am proud of this coat. It is underlined in flannel and features five hidden pockets, a padded hem, bust and back waist darts, and a bias-blocked sleeve.
My grandmother personified both a mature and rugged personal style, as well as a pirate-mouth! :) I miss her very much.
My first post can be found http://kelly.hogaboom.org/?p=21094.
If you are just now finding this post or pattern, you can print the pattern in a Misses size, or a Plus size.
一小時 RWD 就上手（SUSY responsive grid for compass.）
（怎麼課程有三小時？因為要讓你練習啊！）
如果你
使用 bootstrap/foundation grid 之後，才發現它的 responsive grid 設定很腦殘。
想要控制每個中斷點（breakpoint）的欄位設計，而不只是一起縮小寬度或取消欄位而已。
想學習一套 mobile first 版面設計的最佳實踐方式。
那你就該來玩玩SUSY！
當全天下了無新意的使用 bootstrap/foundation 之後，聰明人就該跳出來自己設計網站了。其實 CSS3 的 media query 只是一個規格書，該如何好好利用做出任意又靈活的 Responsive Web Design，從 SUSY 入門是一個非常棒的選擇，從初學到客製化排版系統，一小時就能上手。
My friend Abi gifted me this yardage; I sewed it up on my grandmother's 1950 Singer 15-91.
I've blogged a little about construction; I am proud of this coat. It is underlined in flannel and features five hidden pockets, a padded hem, bust and back waist darts, and a bias-blocked sleeve.
My grandmother personified both a mature and rugged personal style, as well as a pirate-mouth! :) I miss her very much.
The flannel is from the Kaufman "Mammoth" collection - mid/heavyweight and gorgeous! - and the denim from my favorite denim shop, Pacific Blue Denim. Blogged.
The programmers have to ensure that the coding that is prepared after the conversion of PSD to Wordpress is very light so search engines would give their web domain a higher preference over the competition
I'm making up a particular historic shirt - and this is my first version, done in a homespun plaid. I adore homespun, not so much because I like it but my mother does, and my mother taught me much of my joy to sew.
I designed the yoke overlay, the cuff placket, and the collar.
Shirt blocks: slim-fit men's shirt by Vado, on Bootstrap Fashion.
Structure of the NblA locus and sequence analysis.(A) A phylogenetic tree of NblA proteins. Nodes with bootstrap probabilities > = 90% (1000 replicates) are shown. Red algae are indicated in red and cyanobacteria are indicated in black. The accession numbers of sequences compared are summarized in Table S4; (B) A partial alignment of NblA proteins. More highly conserved residues are shown in deeper blue. The numbers in the corners indicate alignment start/end positions of amino acid residues in the P. yezoensis nuclear/plastid NblA homologs, respectively; (C) Predicted genomic structure and PCR amplification of NblA locus. The position of forward (F) and reverse (R) primers used is indicated by arrows on the predicted genomic structure. PCR amplification of the gene was performed using genomic DNA (gDNA) from protoplasts and complementary DNA (cDNA) from thalli of P. yezoensis as templates. The dotted line in the genomic structure represents undetermined nucleotide sequence.
I used to have this sequence nearly memorized, back when I writing bootstrap code for a lightweight kernel on raw hardware.
Here with my Vancouver homeboys from outsourcingthingsdone.com checking out the new crop of startups.
HSMAI America's Curate event for organizational member companies at The Thompson Hotel, Nashville.
Photos by The Bootstrap Storytelling Co./Sean Fisher for HSMAI
Here with my Vancouver homeboys from outsourcingthingsdone.com checking out the new crop of startups.
Green Bootstrap Caulerpa (Caulerpa filiformis) invades native brown algae (Sargassum sp.). Fairy Bower, Manly, NSW
Since the default Google form is not so great looking, we built a new web form in a simple HTMl page. To spruce it up we used Twitter Bootstrap, which provides some nice default styles for form elements.